Compounds > cefuroxime
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cefuroxime

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Description

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. Cefuroxime is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Cefuroxime is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is also available in oral form. Cefuroxime is a relatively safe drug, but it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It is important to note that cefuroxime is not effective against all types of bacteria. It is also important to use cefuroxime only as prescribed by a doctor. Cefuroxime is synthesized by a multi-step process that involves the reaction of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with a suitable side chain. It is studied to understand its efficacy against different bacterial strains and to optimize its formulation for various routes of administration. Its importance lies in its broad-spectrum activity, oral bioavailability, and effectiveness in treating a wide range of bacterial infections.'

Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5361202
CHEMBL ID466
CHEBI ID94687
SCHEMBL ID40413
SCHEMBL ID40415
MeSH IDM0003733
PubMed CID2659
SCHEMBL ID3861498
MeSH IDM0003733
PubMed CID5479529
CHEMBL ID1436
CHEBI ID3515
SCHEMBL ID1821942
MeSH IDM0003733

Synonyms (145)

Synonym
(6r,7r)-3-{[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl}-7-({(2e)-2-furan-2-yl-2-[(methyloxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
PRESTWICK2_000720
5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-7-[[(2e)-2-(2-furanyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-, monosodium salt, (6r,7r)-
(6r,7r)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2e)-2-(2-furyl)-2-methoxyimino-acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
NCGC00091560-01
cefuroxime free acid
CHEMBL466
(6r,7r)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2e)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
NCGC00091560-03
NCGC00091560-02
NCGC00258438-01
tox21_113378
tox21_200884
cas-55268-75-2
tox21_111149
dtxcid302774
bdbm50350472
EPITOPE ID:118709
BRD-K63641886-236-01-9
SCHEMBL40413
SCHEMBL40415
JFPVXVDWJQMJEE-IZRZKJBUSA-N
(6r,7r)-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-[(z)-2-(fur-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6r,7r)-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-[z-2-(fur-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
(6r,7r)-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-[(z)-2-(fur-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid
JFPVXVDWJQMJEE-SWWZKJRFSA-N
5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-7-[[(2z)-2-(2-furanyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-, (6r,7r)-
CHEBI:94687
(6r,7r)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-{[2-furyl(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
Q413728
desacetyloxyethyl (e)-cefuroxime axetil
STR09741
(6r,7r)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-[(2e)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
E78662
gtpl10900
AKOS037655932
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-7-((2-furanyl(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-, (6r-(6alpha,7beta(e)))-
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-7-(((2e)-2-(2-furanyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-, (6r,7r)-
unii-z5ptj86mty
cefuroxime sodium impurity e [ep]
trans-cefuroxime
z5ptj86mty ,
(6r,7r)-3-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-7-(((2e)-2-(2-furanyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefuroxime 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
cefuroxime sodium impurity e [ep impurity]
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-7-((2-furanyl(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-, (6r-(6.alpha.,7.beta.(e)))-
KBIO1_000159
DIVK1C_000159
SPECTRUM_001423
cefuroxime
55268-75-2
KBIO2_007039
KBIOGR_000632
KBIO3_002603
KBIOSS_001903
KBIO2_004471
KBIO2_001903
SPBIO_000891
NINDS_000159
SPECTRUM3_001492
SPECTRUM4_000156
SPECTRUM2_000706
(6r,7r)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
FT-0603013
SCHEMBL3861498
Q27181001
3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-furanyl)-2-methoxyimino-1-oxoethyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-[2-(2-furanyl)(methoxyimino)acetamido]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
DTXSID00860681
1089673-09-5
AC-4539
BIDD:GT0619
(6r,7r)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-[(2z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
BRD-K02733959-236-02-8
PRESTWICK3_000720
cefuril
cefuroximum [inn-latin]
einecs 259-560-1
brn 5783190
biofuroksym
(6r,7r)-7-(2-(2-furyl)glyoxylamido)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 7(sup 2)-(z)-(o-methyloxime) carbamate (ester)
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-7-((2-furanyl(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-, (6r-(6alpha,7beta(z)))-
cefuroximo [inn-spanish]
cefuroxime [usan:inn:ban]
BPBIO1_001033
KEF ,
C06894
DB01112
cefuroxime (usan/inn)
D00262
cefuroxime (tn)
cefuroximum
cephuroxime
zinacef danmark
cefuroximo
CHEBI:3515 ,
(6r,7r)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-{[(2z)-2-furan-2-yl-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefuroxim
3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7beta-[(2z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
sharox
BSPBIO_000939
cefuroximine
CHEMBL1436
cefuroxime acid
EN300-53016
dtxsid5022774 ,
AKOS015962849
cefuroxime [usan:ban:inn]
o1r9fj93ed ,
unii-o1r9fj93ed
(6r,7r)-3-[(carbamoyloxy)methyl]-7-{[(2z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
kov ,
cefuroxime [usp impurity]
cefuroxime [mi]
cefuroxime [mart.]
cefuroxime [who-dd]
cefuroxime [inn]
cefuroxime axetil impurity d [ep impurity]
cefuroxime [usan]
cefuroxime [vandf]
4KOV
bdbm50422689
KS-5162
SCHEMBL1821942
cefuroxime, antibiotic for culture media use only
W-105575
cefuroxime, vetranal(tm), analytical standard
5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid,3-[[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl]-7-[[(2z)-2-furanyl(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-, (6r,7r)-
(6r,7r)-3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-7-[[(2z)-2-(2-furyl)-2-methoxyimino-acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
mfcd00864889
Q63409033
BRD-K02733959-236-07-7
CS-0013520
cefurossima
HY-B1256A
cefuroxime (mart.)
cefuroxime (usp impurity)
(6r,7r)-3-((carbamoyloxy)methyl)-7-(((2z)-2-furan-2-yl-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl)amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
3-((carbamoyloxy)methyl)-7beta-((2z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido)-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
s01aa27
cefuroximum (inn-latin)
cefuroximo (inn-spanish)
cefuroxima
Z2382058334
PD193945

Research Excerpts

Overview

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions, ranging from mild urticaria to severe anaphylactic shock. Axetil (CA) is a poorly soluble, broad spectrum antibiotic which undergoes enzymatic degradation in gastrointestinal tract. CefuroXime lysine is a new second- generation cep Halosporins, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier to cure meningitis.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefuroxime is a time-dependent antimicrobial widely used for intravenous perioperative prophylaxis in spine surgery."( Pharmacokinetics of double-dose cefuroxime in porcine intervertebral disc and vertebral cancellous bone-a randomized microdialysis study.
Bue, M; Hanberg, P; Jørgensen, AR; Öbrink-Hansen, K; Stilling, M; Søballe, K; Thomassen, M, 2020)		1.56
"Cefuroxime (CXM) is an antibiotic recommended for surgical site infection prevention in cardiac surgery. "( Pharmacokinetic Model for Cefuroxime Dosing during Cardiac Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Campisi, S; Delavenne, X; Gergelé, L; Hodin, S; Lanoiselée, J; Molliex, S; Morel, J; Ollier, E; Palao, JC; Tamisier, N; Zufferey, PJ, 2020)		2.3
"Cefuroxime is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent administered in cases of perioperative prophylaxis. "( Cefuroxime-associated Kounis syndrome with unique peculiarity in perioperative prophylaxis.
Gao, J; Gao, Y; Ma, J, )		3.02
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions, ranging from mild urticaria to severe anaphylactic shock. "( Cefuroxime-induced anaphylaxis with prominent central nervous system manifestations: A case report.
Gu, J; Liu, S; Zhi, Y, 2019)		3.4
"Cefuroxime Axetil (CA) is a poorly soluble, broad spectrum antibiotic which undergoes enzymatic degradation in gastrointestinal tract. "( Preparation and evaluation of cefuroxime axetil gastro-retentive floating drug delivery system via hot melt extrusion technology.
Bandari, S; Lalge, R; Maurya, A; Murthy, SN; Pimparade, M; Repka, MA; Shankar, VK; Thipsay, P; Zhang, F, 2019)		2.25
"Cefuroxime lysine is a new second-generation cephalosporins, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier to cure the meningitis. "( Determination of cefuroxime lysine in rat brain microdialysates by ultra-fast liquid chromatography with UV and tandem mass spectrometry: application to an acute toxicokinetic study.
Bi, K; Chen, X; Li, Q; Zhao, L; Zhu, H, 2014)		2.18
"Cefuroxime is a drug which balances efficacy with safety."( A Relook of Cefuroxime in Community Infections: An Option Still Beneficial.
Badhwar, VR; Ganapathy, S; Prabhudesai, PP; Tulara, NK; Varaiya, AY; Vyas, D, 2016)		1.53
"Cefuroxime (CFU) is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin with a relatively broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and belongs to the second generation of cephalosporins. "( Development and validation of a microbiological agar assay for determination of cefuroxime sodium in pharmaceutical preparations.
Agarrayua, DA; Bittencourt, CF; Laporta, LV; Machado, JC; Manfio, ML; Schmidt, CA, 2009)		2.02
"Cefuroxime is a well-established second-generation cephalosporin that is given preoperatively in surgery units at a standard dose of 1.5 g."( Soft tissue penetration of cefuroxime determined by clinical microdialysis in morbidly obese patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
Barbour, A; Ben-David, K; Burkhardt, O; Derendorf, H; Rout, WR; Schmidt, S, 2009)		1.37
"Cefuroxime appeared to be a safe alternative in beta-lactam-allergic patients after testing. "( Safety of cefuroxime as an alternative in patients with a proven hypersensitivity to penicillins: a DAHD cohort survey.
Arnoux, B; Bousquet, PJ; Bousquet-Rouanet, L; Caimmi, S; Demoly, P; Galéra, C, 2010)		2.21
"Cefuroxime seems to be a better candidate as first line therapy, however no clinical study supports its use."( [Empirical antibiotic therapy for urinary tract infection in children. Analysis of three hundred patients admitted to a general hospital].
Lefebvre, C; Lombet, J, 2010)		1.08
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation lactamase-stable cephalosporin. "( Boosted IgE response after anaphylaxis reaction to cefuroxime with cross-reactivity with cefotaxime.
Blanca, M; Florido, JF; Mayorga, C; Quiralte, J; Sáenz de San Pedro, B; Torres, MJ, 2002)		2.01
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin used against different kinds of bacterial infections. "( Determination of cefuroxime in human serum or plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
Jansson, B; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2004)		2.11
"Cefuroxime ought to be a valuable and efficacious substitute for penicillins in the treatment of gonhorrhoea due to beta-lactamase-producing gonococcal strains."( Cefuroxime treatment of urethritis caused by a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Bergström, S; Burman, LA; Elmros, T; Holm, S; Kjellberg, E; Norlander, L; Normark, S, 1980)		2.43
"Cefuroxime is a second generation cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. "( Cefuroxime: mechanisms of action, antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, adverse reactions and therapeutic indications.
Gold, B; Rodriguez, WJ, )		3.02
"Cefuroxime is a broad spectrum B-lactamase stable cephalosporin antibiotic. "( Excretion of cefuroxime in biliary disease.
Browning, AK; McFarland, RJ; Thomas, M, 1984)		2.08
"Cefuroxime axetil is a new orally absorbed prodrug of the antibiotic cefuroxime. "( Pharmacology of Cefuroxime as the 1-acetoxyethyl ester in volunteers.
Ayrton, J; Harding, SM; Williams, PE, 1984)		2.06
"Cefuroxime axetil is a novel oral cephalosporin. "( The absolute bioavailability of oral cefuroxime axetil in male and female volunteers after fasting and after food.
Harding, SM; Williams, PE, 1984)		1.98
"Cefuroxime (CXM) is a new injectable cephalosporin stable against beta-lactamases. "( [Review [new antibiotics series I]: cefuroxime (author's transl)].
Nakagawa, K, 1982)		1.98
"Cefuroxime is a safe, well-tolerated, and rapidly absorbed drug for the treatment of neonates with suspected or proved infections; it is a useful alternative to gentamicin, if the use of an aminoglycoside is not clearly indicated."( Cefuroxime in the treatment of neonates.
de Louvois, J; Hurley, R; Mulhall, A, 1982)		2.43
"Cefuroxime is a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. "( The excretion of cefuroxime in human bile.
Burnand, KG; Dash, CH; Thomas, MH; Woodyer, AB, 1981)		2.05
"Cefuroxime appears to be an effective and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of patients with severe chest infections."( Clinical study of cefuroxime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.
Bax, RP; Brumfitt, W; Hamilton-Miller, JM; Havard, CW; Pearson, RM; Samanta, TC, 1980)		1.32
"Cefuroxime is a very effective agent for the treatment of severe purulent respiratory infections. "( Experience with cefuroxime in 190 patients with severe respiratory infections.
Kennedy, MR; Mullinger, BM; Pines, A; Raafat, H, 1980)		2.05
"Cefuroxime axetil is an effective antimicrobial for uncomplicated pediatric UTIs."( Two-day therapy with cefuroxime axetil is effective for urinary tract infections in children.
Collins, JJ; Feld, LG; Kornberg, AE; Mydlow, PK; Sherin, K; Veiga, P, 1994)		1.33
"Cefuroxime axetil is a beta-lactamase-stable, second-generation, oral cephalosporin that penetrates sinus tissue in concentrations exceeding the MIC90 values (the minimum concentration of drug needed to inhibit the growth of 90% of an isolate of a particular microorganism) for pathogens most commonly associated with acute sinusitis, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. "( Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of sinusitis. A review.
Collins, JJ; Graham, JA; Pakes, GE; Rauch, AM, 1994)		3.17
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin that can be used for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. "( Phosphate binders do not reduce bioavailability of oral cefuroxime-axetil in patients on peritoneal dialysis treatment.
Brink, HS; de Jong, PE; Geerlings, W; Huisman, RM, 1994)		1.98
"Cefuroxime axetil is an oral cephalosporin with proven efficacy in adult lower respiratory tract infections. "( [Treatment of bacterial pneumonias with cefuroxime-axetil. Predictive value of measurement of the in vitro susceptibility].
Cluzel, R; Modaï, J; Portier, H, 1996)		2
"Cefuroxime axetil is an oral cephalosporin which is rapidly hydrolysed to the active parent compound, cefuroxime. "( Cefuroxime axetil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy.
Brogden, RN; Perry, CM, 1996)		3.18
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin with in vitro activity against the organisms that are commonly associated with neurosurgical wound infections. "( Antibiotic prophylaxis during clean neurosurgery: a large, multicenter study using cefuroxime.
Collins, JJ; Giguere, GC; Holloway, KL; Jemsek, JG; Smith, KW; Wilberger, JE, )		1.8
"Cefuroxime axetil is a prodrug of cefuroxime and has little, if any, antibacterial activity until hydrolyzed in vivo to cefuroxime."( Nonlinear intestinal absorption kinetics of cefuroxime axetil in rats.
Casabo, VG; Merino, M; Nacher, A; Ruiz-Balaguer, N, 1997)		1.28
"Cefuroxime axetil is a cefuroxime ester that can be administered by mouth. "( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral forms of cefuroxime axetil.
Chiche, D; Drugeon, HB; Garraffo, R, 1997)		1.98
"Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used widely for the treatment of various infections."( Cefuroxime utilization evaluation: impact of physician education on prescribing patterns.
Greenberg, A; Schlesinger, Y; Skorohod, Y; Yinnon, AM, 2000)		3.19
"Cefuroxime axetil is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent with a pharmacokinetic profile that permits convenient twice-daily administration. "( Cefuroxime axetil: an updated review of its use in the management of bacterial infections.
Goa, KL; Ormrod, D; Scott, LJ, 2001)		3.2
"Cefuroxime (Zinacef) is a new second generation cephalosporin which is resistant to beta-lactamases produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, with an antibacterial spectrum that includes practically all likely ocular pathogens except pseudomonas. "( The intraocular penetration of cefuroxime after parenteral administration.
Bron, AJ; Kennedy, MR; McLendon, B; Richards, AB; Walker, SR, 1979)		1.99
"Cefuroxime axetil is a mixture of two equally active isomers (50% each). "( Stability of cefuroxime axetil in suspensions.
Bethea, C; Das Gupta, V; Pramar, Y; Zerai, T, 1991)		2.09
"Cefuroxime-Axetil is an ester of cefuroxime, which can be used as an oral antimicrobial agent. "( [In-vitro activity of cefuroxime-axetil against pathogens of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract].
Bille, J; Kayser, FH, 1990)		2.04
"Cefuroxime axetil is a safe and effective oral antimicrobial for the treatment of pneumonia in adults."( A multicenter trial comparing the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor in pneumonia of adults.
Anthony, W; Lowe, J; Nolen, TM; Schleupner, C; Tan, JS; Yangco, BG, )		1.1
"Cefuroxime is a cephalosporin which is absorbed via the digestive tract in the form of cefuroxim-axetil."( [Activity of cefuroxime against bacterial strains isolated from acute otitis media].
Herrmann, JL; Simonet, M; Veron, M, 1990)		1.37
"Cefuroxime-axetil is a safe and effective treatment of upper respiratory tract infections."( [Efficacy and tolerability of cefuroxime-axetil in infections of the upper respiratory tract. Comparative study with cefadroxil].
Dupuis, G; Ebbo, D; Evennou, A; Pappo, M, 1989)		1.29
"Cefuroxime axetil is a valuable therapy for the treatment of urinary tract infection particularly when due to beta-lactamase producing bacteria."( Treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections with single daily doses of cefuroxime axetil.
Harris, K; Joy, GE; Leigh, DA; Tait, S; Walsh, B, 1989)		1.22
"Cefuroxime seems to be an adequate alternative for prophylaxis of vascular graft infection, but in some patients with bacteriuria or indwelling catheters, a one day regimen may be too short."( Infections and antibiotic prophylaxis in reconstructive vascular surgery.
Herbst, A; Kamme, C; Norgren, L; Qvarfordt, P; Ribbe, E; Thörne, J, 1989)		1
"Cefuroxime axetil is a orally active prodrug formulation of cefuroxime, which upon absorption undergoes immediate deesterification to free cefuroxime. "( Cefuroxime axetil.
Fant, WK; Marx, MA, 1988)		3.16
"Cefuroxime axetil is an ester pro-drug which permits the oral administration of cefuroxime. "( Effect of dose and food on the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Chubb, J; Finn, A; Meyer, M; Straughn, A, )		1.83
"Cefuroxime axetil (CAE) is an acetoxyethyl ester prodrug of cefuroxime. "( Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of uncomplicated UTI: a comparison with cefaclor and augmentin.
Brown, GW; Cox, DM; Hebblethwaite, EM; Plested, SJ; Williams, KJ, 1987)		3.16
"Cefuroxime axetil (CAE) is a prodrug of cefuroxime which is suitable for oral administration, being hydrolysed by non-specific esterases to release cefuroxime (CXM) into the bloodstream. "( A dose-ranging study of cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in general practice.
Brown, GW; Griggs, JV; Spencer, RC, 1987)		2.02

Effects

Cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

Cefuroxime axetil (CA) has exhibited interactions with the polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, and Eudragit E resulting in the generation of unacceptable amounts of impurities and degradation. The drug has been recommended in the 2015 list of the US FDA list of drugs which can be used safely during pregnancy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefuroxime has a second-generation cephalosporin spectrum of activity similar to cefamandole."( Cefuroxime: antimicrobial activity, Pharmacology, and clinical efficacy.
LeFrock, JL; Smith, BR, 1983)		2.43
"Cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and group A beta-haemolytic streptococci."( Cefuroxime axetil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy.
Brogden, RN; Perry, CM, 1996)		2.46
"Cefuroxime has been recommended in the 2015 list of the US FDA list of drugs which can be used safely during pregnancy."( A Relook of Cefuroxime in Community Infections: An Option Still Beneficial.
Badhwar, VR; Ganapathy, S; Prabhudesai, PP; Tulara, NK; Varaiya, AY; Vyas, D, 2016)		1.53
"Cefuroxime axetil (CA) has exhibited interactions with the polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, and Eudragit E resulting in the generation of unacceptable amounts of impurities and degradation. "( Designing a self-associated cationic polymer for enhanced compatibility, palatability, and gastric release of cefuroxime axetil.
Kulkarni, MG; Menjoge, AR, 2007)		1.99
"Cefuroxime has a second-generation cephalosporin spectrum of activity similar to cefamandole."( Cefuroxime: antimicrobial activity, Pharmacology, and clinical efficacy.
LeFrock, JL; Smith, BR, 1983)		2.43
"Cefuroxime has shown good clinical efficacy and tolerance in lower respiratory tract infections."( [Parenteral cephalosporins for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections].
Vogel, F, 1993)		1.01
"Cefuroxime has a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity which encompasses methicillin-sensitive staphylococci and the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and group A beta-haemolytic streptococci."( Cefuroxime axetil. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy.
Brogden, RN; Perry, CM, 1996)		2.46
"Cefuroxime axetil has been evaluated previously in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, but not specifically in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. "( Comparison of oral cefuroxime axetil and oral amoxycillin/clavulanate in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
Collins, JJ; Feris, J; Giguere, G; Hidalgo, H; Higuera, F, 1996)		2.07
"Cefuroxime axetil has been associated with few reported adverse effects. "( Bilateral renal cortical necrosis associated with cefuroxime axetil.
Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Manley, HJ, 1998)		2
"Cefuroxime has been recommended as a component of treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in guidelines produced by several groups, including the US and British Thoracic Societies. "( Clinical use of cefuroxime in paediatric community-acquired pneumonia.
Olivier, C, )		1.92
"Cefuroxime axetil has been shown to have efficacy comparable to doxycycline in adults with early Lyme disease (LD). "( Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease.
Childs, JA; Eppes, SC, 2002)		2.08
"Free cefuroxime has been obtained by equilibrium dialysis and measured by HPLC."( [Binding of cefuroxime to macromolecules from bronchitic sputum in patients with chronic bronchitis].
Chiche, D; Houdret, N; Lhermitte, M; Roussel, P, 1991)		1.12
"Cefuroxime has some theoretical advantages over gentamicin in its antibacterial spectrum."( Randomised single blind trial to compare the toxicity of subconjunctival gentamicin and cefuroxime in cataract surgery.
Jenkins, CD; McDonnell, PJ; Spalton, DJ, 1990)		1.22
"Cefuroxime axetil has good activity against the Enterobacteriaceae and moderate activity against non-Bacteroides fragilis anaerobes."( Cefuroxime axetil.
Fant, WK; Marx, MA, 1988)		2.44

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefuroxime had a lower inhibitory activity (MIC = 4 micrograms/ml) and a lower affinity for PBP 3 (ID50 = 0.5 microgram/ml)."( PBP binding and periplasmic concentration as determinants of the antibacterial activities of three new oral cephalosporins in Escherichia coli.
Bauernfeind, A; Cornaglia, G; Fontana, R; Ligozzi, M; Satta, G, 1994)		1.01

Treatment

Cefuroxime axetil treatment gave a significantly higher bacteriological eradication rate and clinical cure rate than PcV. Cows treated with cefuroXime were more likely (p<0.01) to be re-treated for clinical mastitis in the 30 days after initial treatment than cows treated with procaine penicillin.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Cefuroxime treatment seems to be well tolerated also in patients with signs of impaired metabolic liver function at start of treatment."( Liver function during treatment with cefuroxime.
Iwarson, S; Martinell, J; Trollfors, B, 1980)		1.26
"Cefuroxime axetil treatment gave a significantly higher bacteriological eradication rate and clinical cure rate than PcV."( Is penicillin the appropriate treatment for recurrent tonsillopharyngitis? Results from a comparative randomized blind study of cefuroxime axetil and phenoxymethylpenicillin in children. The Swedish Study Group.
Grahn, E; Henning, C; Holm, S; Lomberg, H; Staley, H, 1995)		1.22
"More cefuroxime-treated patients had abnormal physical examinations at the time of discharge than did ceftriaxone-treated patients (39/159 vs 25/174, p = 0.02)."( Comparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis.
Hoyt, MJ; Lebel, MH; McCracken, GH, 1989)		1
"Cows treated with cefuroxime were more likely (p<0.01) to be re-treated for clinical mastitis in the 30 days after initial treatment than cows treated with procaine penicillin or procaine penicillin and DHS."( Clinical and bacteriological response to treatment of clinical mastitis with one of three intramammary antibiotics.
Arthur, DG; Bryan, MA; McDougall, S; Vermunt, JJ; Weir, AM, 2007)		0.66
"Treatment with cefuroxime appears to be a safe and effective therapy for pediatric soft-tissue infections due to H influenzae and S pneumoniae."( Cefuroxime therapy for bacteremic soft-tissue infections in children.
Barson, WJ; Brady, MT; Hribar, MM; Marcon, MJ; Miller, MA; Pacini, DL; Powell, DA, 1985)		2.05

Toxicity

1 ml of intracameral cefuroxime has been shown to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis. Its overdose can have potentially toxic eye effects in both anterior and posterior segments.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in both treatment groups (eight sultamicillin-treated patients and three cefuroxime axetil-treated patients); one patient receiving cefuroxime axetil discontinued treatment due to nausea."( An open multicentre study to compare the efficacy and safety of sultamicillin with that of cefuroxime axetil in acute ear nose and throat infections in adults.
Alvart, R, 1992)		0.71
" Three of 35 evaluated patients were withdrawn from therapy because of adverse events, one of which was a drug-related hypersensitivity reaction."( The safety, efficacy, and tolerability of cefuroxime axetil suspension in infants and children receiving previous intravenous antibiotic therapy.
Nahata, MC; Ossi, MJ; Powell, DA; Powell, NE, 1991)		0.55
" Adverse events were minor and comparable among the treatment groups."( A multicenter trial comparing the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor in pneumonia of adults.
Anthony, W; Lowe, J; Nolen, TM; Schleupner, C; Tan, JS; Yangco, BG, )		0.38
" Thirteen out of 181 (7%) patients treated with cefuroxime axetil experienced drug-related adverse events, including 4% with diarrhoea."( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and augmentin in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.
Brown, GW; Cox, DM; Hebblethwaite, EM, 1987)		0.79
" These cells were exposed to antibiotics for 24 hr and subsequently toxic effects on cells were evaluated by three different assays."( Cytotoxic effects of four antibiotics on endothelial cells.
Lanbeck, P; Paulsen, O, 1995)		0.29
"Both ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime provide safe and effective parenteral antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with serious skin and skin structure infections."( Efficacy and safety of ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime in the treatment of serious skin and skin structure infections in pediatric patients. UNASYN Pediatric Study Group.
Azimi, PH; Barson, WJ; Janner, D; Swanson, R, 1999)		0.85
" There were slightly more adverse events in the moxifloxacin group than in the cefuroxime axetil group, but there were fewer serious adverse events following moxifloxacin treatment (three vs."( A comparison of the safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039) and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults. The Sinusitis Study Group.
Bagger-Sjöbäck, D; Gehanno, P; Hampel, B; Ibanez, JM; Nikolaidis, P; Siegert, R; Sommerauer, B, 2000)		0.77
"Intracameral cefuroxime 1 mg appears safe in terms of local toxicity."( Prophylactic intracameral cefuroxime. Evaluation of safety and kinetics in cataract surgery.
Montan, PG; Rylander, M; Setterquist, H; Wejde, G; Zetterström, C, 2002)		0.98
" In spite of statements about the safe use of drugs in lactation by the American Academy of Pediatrics, medical professionals remain confused regarding the management of drug therapy in nursing mothers, and this can lead to suboptimal prescribing and poor compliance."( The safety of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefuroxime during lactation.
Benyamini, L; Berkovitch, M; Bortnik, O; Braunstein, R; Bulkowstein, M; Merlob, P; Stahl, B; Zimmerman, D, 2005)		0.59
" Adverse events were recorded in 38."( Clinical efficacy and safety of a short regimen of azithromycin sequential therapy vs standard cefuroxime sequential therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: an international, randomized, open-label study.
Banaszak, AM; Daković-Rode, O; Kuzman, I; Oremus, M, 2005)		0.55
"In patients sensitized to beta-lactams, a safe beta-lactam alternative is often needed."( Safety of cefuroxime as an alternative in patients with a proven hypersensitivity to penicillins: a DAHD cohort survey.
Arnoux, B; Bousquet, PJ; Bousquet-Rouanet, L; Caimmi, S; Demoly, P; Galéra, C, 2010)		0.76
"Cefuroxime appeared to be a safe alternative in beta-lactam-allergic patients after testing."( Safety of cefuroxime as an alternative in patients with a proven hypersensitivity to penicillins: a DAHD cohort survey.
Arnoux, B; Bousquet, PJ; Bousquet-Rouanet, L; Caimmi, S; Demoly, P; Galéra, C, 2010)		2.21
"Nonoperative treatment of acute diverticulitis with extraluminal air is safe and effective in patients with a small amount of distant intraperitoneal air or pericolic air without clinical signs of peritonitis."( Nonoperative management of perforated diverticulitis with extraluminal air is safe and effective in selected patients.
Leppäniemi, AK; Mentula, PJ; Sallinen, VJ, 2014)		0.4
"These data suggest that, in routine practice, the intracameral injection of cefuroxime at the conclusion of cataract surgery is associated with a lower risk of POE and is safe for patients with or without a perioperative capsular rupture."( Effectiveness and Safety of an Intracameral Injection of Cefuroxime for the Prevention of Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery With or Without Perioperative Capsular Rupture.
Carriere, I; Daien, V; Daures, JP; Domerg, C; Gillies, MC; Lacombe, S; Nagot, N; Papinaud, L; Villain, M, 2016)		0.91
"Stromal hydration of CCI with cefuroxime is safe in mouse corneas."( Safety Profile of Stromal Hydration of Clear Corneal Incisions with Cefuroxime in the Mouse Model.
Ferguson, V; Harbottle, RP; Moosajee, M; Tracey-White, D, 2016)		0.96
"5 mg of intracameral cefuroxime is shown to be, principally, toxic to the retina with transient or permanent retinal changes on optical coherence tomography which correlate with visual outcomes postoperatively."( OCULAR TOXICITY AFTER INADVERTENT INTRACAMERAL INJECTION OF HIGH DOSE OF CEFUROXIME DURING CATARACT SURGERY: A CASE SERIES.
Doyle, E; Kamal-Salah, R; Osoba, O, )		0.68
"Current practice methods are unclear as to the most safe and effective prophylactic pharmacotherapy and method of delivery to reduce postoperative endophthalmitis occurrence."( Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of intracameral cefuroxime, moxifloxacin and vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery: a meta-analysis.
Ambati, BK; Bardsley, T; Bondalapati, S; Bowen, RC; Evans, PR; Greene, T; Kliethermes, M; Lawyer, TW; Mamalis, CA; McFarland, M; Rudnisky, CJ; Shi, D; Snow, KB; Zhou, AX, 2018)		0.72
" Although rare, vancomycin was associated with toxic retinal events."( Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of intracameral cefuroxime, moxifloxacin and vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery: a meta-analysis.
Ambati, BK; Bardsley, T; Bondalapati, S; Bowen, RC; Evans, PR; Greene, T; Kliethermes, M; Lawyer, TW; Mamalis, CA; McFarland, M; Rudnisky, CJ; Shi, D; Snow, KB; Zhou, AX, 2018)		0.72
" After a complete cycle of spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, the results indicated complete reversibility of the adverse effects previously mentioned."( Safety assessment of cefuroxime on male reproductive system: Subacute toxicity and potential reversibility after a complete cycle of spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation in Wistar rats.
Boudawara, T; Daoud, S; Kallel, R; Ksouda, K; Sahnoun, Z; Tahri, A, 2019)		0.83
"Intracameral cefuroxime appears to be a safe and efficient choice for prophylaxis against endophthalmitis after PPV."( Safety of intracameral cefuroxime in pars plana vitrectomy.
Kumaran, N; Laidlaw, DAH; Neffendorf, JE; Sandinha, T; Williamson, TH; Wong, RS, 2021)		1.3
"To describe intracameral toxic effects of cefuroxime at a higher dose than recommended in cataract surgery."( Ocular toxicity after inadvertent overdose of intracameral cefuroxime during cataract surgery.
Díez-Álvarez, L; Gómez-Mariscal, M; Jaumandreu, L; Muñoz-Negrete, FJ; Rebolleda, G; Salvá-Palomeque, T, 2021)		1.13
"1 ml of intracameral cefuroxime has been shown to reduce the incidence of endophthalmitis, its overdose can have potentially toxic eye effects in both anterior and posterior segments."( Ocular toxicity after inadvertent overdose of intracameral cefuroxime during cataract surgery.
Díez-Álvarez, L; Gómez-Mariscal, M; Jaumandreu, L; Muñoz-Negrete, FJ; Rebolleda, G; Salvá-Palomeque, T, 2021)		1.18
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32

Pharmacokinetics

The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of a contemporary dosing scheme of cefuroxime as perioperative prophylaxis in cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) Multiple blood samples were taken over one dosing interval of intravenous cefurxime.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To determine appropriate doses of cefuroxime and ceftazidime for septic patients with acute renal failure (ARF) treated by continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis (CAVHD), we performed pharmacokinetic studies in patients receiving these antibiotics."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime and ceftazidime in patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis.
Brown, EA; Davies, SP; Kox, WJ; Lacey, LF, 1991)		0.88
" Using pharmacokinetic parameters of the plasma concentrations in vivo and those of the Hill equation the corresponding time course of ER was calculated and by integration with respect to time (0tERdt), an estimate was obtained of the effect on bacteria."( Antibacterial activity of four cephalosporins in an experimental infection in relation to in vitro effect and pharmacokinetics.
Brus-Weijer, L; Krul, AM; Mattie, H; van Dokkum, AM; van Strijen, E, 1990)		0.28
"A linear three-compartment model is proposed as a means of estimating disposition and extracorporeal elimination pharmacokinetic parameters during haemodialysis."( A new approach to pharmacokinetic parameters: estimation of cefuroxime during haemodialysis.
Evora, CM; Llabrés, M; Sánchez, E; Torres, A, 1990)		0.52
" The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 69."( Probenecid effect on cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in calves.
Kokue, EI; Soback, S; Ziv, G, 1989)		0.6
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in a one-compartmental model with regard to antibiotic absorption."( [Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis].
Akhtamova, ZM; Dorokhov, VV; Khokholov, LE; Voropaeva, SD, 1985)		0.59
" The concentration of drug in serum and urine was measured during treatment, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated on the second and last days; the parameters obtained on the 2 days did not differ significantly."( Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefuroxime in patients with severe renal insufficiency.
Berg, KJ; Nilsen, OG; Walstad, RA, 1983)		0.53
" These results show that the pharmacokinetic features of cefuroxime are not affected in cirrhotic patients without ascites; therefore the antibiotic is particularly suitable for acute infections in hospital, and also for cirrhotic patients without ascites without any difference in the dosage."( Pharmacokinetic studies of cefuroxime in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Okolicsanyi, L; Orlando, R; Pugina, M; Venuti, M; Xerri, L, 1982)		0.81
"Most pharmacokinetic studies of antibodies in pregnancy have been carried out at the time of abortion or delivery."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnancy.
Philipson, A; Stiernstedt, G, 1982)		0.59
"The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-8h, AUC0-infinity, Cmax, tmax, t1/2, Ke) of cefuroxime following a single intramuscular injection of 750 mg of a test product (Maxil, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Amman, Jordan) were compared to those of a reference product (Zinacef, Glaxo, UK)."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of 2 brands of cefuroxime following a single intramuscular injection.
Irshaid, YM; Jalal, I; Najib, NM; Rawashdeh, NM; Zghol, F, 1995)		0.78
" The mean peak plasma concentration was 158 micrograms/ml and the end half-life elimination time 77 min."( [Preventive antibiotic administration in rhinoplasty. Tissue level and pharmacokinetics with reference to rhinoplasty techniques].
Michelson, A; Rettinger, G; Wolf, SR; Zichner, M, 1993)		0.29
" The peak concentration of clarithromycin (181 +/- 94."( Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects.
Conte, JE; Duncan, S; Golden, J; Lin, E; McKenna, E; Zurlinden, E, 1996)		0.51
" These pharmacokinetic data can be used as a basis to compare the four oral cephalosporins; however, comparative susceptibility data must also be considered."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral ceftibuten, cefixime, cefaclor, and cefuroxime axetil in healthy volunteers.
Affrime, MB; Hyatt, JM; Nix, DE; Reidenberg, P; Symonds, WT; Teal, MA; Wilton, JH, )		0.36
" The bioavailability of the two forms was different, the observed peak concentration and time-concentration curve values of the tablet form being, respectively, 39 and 27% higher than those of the granule form."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral forms of cefuroxime axetil.
Chiche, D; Drugeon, HB; Garraffo, R, 1997)		0.54
"To estimate the cefuroxime pharmacokinetic parameters in critically ill pediatric septic patients using a Bayesian pharmacokinetic method and three serum drug assays per patient."( [Cefuroxime Bayesian pharmacokinetics in severely ill septic children].
Flores-Pérez, J; Juárez-Olguín, H; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo-Goytía, G; Pérez-Guillé, MG; Raquel Moreno, MA, )		1.39
"We offer a tentative cefuroxime pharmacokinetic model for critically ill pediatric septic patients which may be useful for the control of cefuroxime serum concentrations."( [Cefuroxime Bayesian pharmacokinetics in severely ill septic children].
Flores-Pérez, J; Juárez-Olguín, H; Lares-Asseff, I; Lugo-Goytía, G; Pérez-Guillé, MG; Raquel Moreno, MA, )		1.36
"The objectives of this study were to determine the oral bioavailability of cefuroxime (C) and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic model that best describes the plasma concentration behaviour following single intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP) and oral single doses."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of oral cefuroxime axetil in the rat.
Casabo, VG; Merino-Sanjuan, M; Nacher, A; Ruiz-Carretero, P, 2000)		0.79
" No changes in elimination half-life relative to a normal population occurred with cefuroxime, cefotiam, and ampicillin."( Pharmacokinetics of antibiotic prophylaxis in major orthopedic surgery and blood-saving techniques.
Dehne, MG; Hempelmann, G; Mühling, J; Nopens, H; Sablotzki, A, 2001)		0.54
" The population pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by means of nonlinear mixed effect modelling approach according to a nonlinear elimination and nonlinear absorption two-compartment model."( Pharmacokinetic models for the saturable absorption of cefuroxime axetil and saturable elimination of cefuroxime.
Casabó, VG; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A; Ruiz-Carretero, P, 2004)		0.57
" The aim of the present study was to develop a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model characterizing the events seen in a bacterial system when it is exposed to antibacterial agents with different mechanisms of action."( Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for assessment of activity of antibacterial agents from time-kill curve experiments.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Löwdin, E; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2007)		0.34
" From the pharmacodynamic perspective, BSAC breakpoints seem more adequate to define or detect BLNAR strains."( Are beta-lactam breakpoints adequate to define non-susceptibility for all Haemophilus influenzae resistance phenotypes from a pharmacodynamic point of view?
Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Coronel, P; Echeverría, O; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M, 2007)		0.34
" The pharmacokinetic profile of cefuroxime exhibited both one and two compartmental distribution."( Effect of severity disease on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in children with multiple organ system failure.
Asseff, IL; Guillé, GP; Olguín, HJ; Pérez, AG; Quesada, AC; Saldaña, NG; Vieyra, AC, 2008)		0.88
" After a 21 day period of recovery of the malnourished groups a second pharmacokinetic study was performed using the same sample times as in the first study."( Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in young rats.
González-Hernández, I; Jung-Cook, H; Sotelo, A, 2008)		0.6
" In the second pharmacokinetic study although the animals received a good quality diet, it was observed that the area under the curve of group K was lower, and the relative bioavailability was 54."( Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in young rats.
González-Hernández, I; Jung-Cook, H; Sotelo, A, 2008)		0.6
" The population was characterized by a population pharmacokinetic model, and distributions of CLcr and body weight were reflective of the target group."( Estimation of cefuroxime dosage using pharmacodynamic targets, MIC distributions, and minimization of a risk function.
Cars, O; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Viberg, A, 2008)		0.71
" A computerized pharmacodynamic model simulating free antibiotic concentrations (calculated considering reported percentages of protein binding) of 400 mg twice-daily cefditoren, 500 mg twice-daily cefuroxime and 875/125 mg three times daily amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was used to explore antibacterial activity against initial mixed inocula with 25% of each strain."( Influence of different resistance traits on the competitive growth of Haemophilus influenzae in antibiotic-free medium and selection of resistant populations by different {beta}-lactams: an in vitro pharmacodynamic approach.
Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Cafini, F; Coronel, P; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M, 2009)		0.54
"Preterm and term newborn infants show wide interindividual variability (IIV) in pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin."( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study.
Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)		0.35
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) software."( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study.
Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)		0.35
" We are not aware of a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for cefuroxime axetil."( New semiphysiological absorption model to assess the pharmacodynamic profile of cefuroxime axetil using nonparametric and parametric population pharmacokinetics.
Bulitta, JB; Holzgrabe, U; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Sorgel, F, 2009)		0.82
"The purpose of this project was to develop and validate a pharmacokinetic model and to quantify the rate and extent of distribution between plasma and skin of two beta-lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin (AMX) and cefuroxime (CFX), which are frequently administered systemically to treat skin and skin structure infections."( Quantification and prediction of skin pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and cefuroxime.
Juluru, R; Patel, V; Shukla, C; Stagni, G, 2009)		0.77
"A rapid, selective and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic investigation of cefuroxime in human plasma."( Liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cefuroxime in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Bhardwaj, S; Gurule, S; Khuroo, A; Monif, T; Partani, P, 2010)		0.77
" A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the data using maximum a priori-Bayesian estimation, with weight as a covariate."( Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
Brown, JW; Healy, DP; Knoderer, CA; Rodefeld, MD; Saft, SA; Sowinski, KM; Turrentine, MW; Walker, SG, 2011)		1.81
" For demographic data and pharmacokinetic parameters, the authors used Fisher's exact test for nominal variables and Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test for parametric and non-parametric variables, respectively."( Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on cefuroxime plasma concentration and pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing coronary surgery.
Carmona, M; Ferreira, F; Nascimento, J; Santos, S; Strabelli, T, 2012)		0.65
" A 3-compartment open model was used as the basic model for the population pharmacokinetic study."( Bioequivalence and population pharmacokinetic modeling of two forms of antibiotic, cefuroxime lysine and cefuroxime sodium, after intravenous infusion in beagle dogs.
Bi, K; Chen, X; Geng, L; Li, Q; Li, X; Yin, R; Zhao, L, 2012)		0.6
"To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefuroxime lysine, a new second-generation of cephalosporin antibiotics, after intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), or intramuscular (IM) administration."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime lysine after single intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular administration to rats.
Bi, KS; Chen, XH; Jiang, ZY; Li, Q; Wei, BB; Yin, R; Zhao, LS, 2012)		0.92
" The concentration-time data were then calculated by compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic methods using DAS software."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime lysine after single intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular administration to rats.
Bi, KS; Chen, XH; Jiang, ZY; Li, Q; Wei, BB; Yin, R; Zhao, LS, 2012)		0.66
" There was no significantly sex-related difference in other pharmacokinetic parameters of cefuroxime lysine between male and female rats."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime lysine after single intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular administration to rats.
Bi, KS; Chen, XH; Jiang, ZY; Li, Q; Wei, BB; Yin, R; Zhao, LS, 2012)		0.88
" The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of microdialysis (MD) for measuring cefuroxime in bone and to obtain pharmacokinetic profiles for the same drug in porcine cortical and cancellous bone."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in porcine cortical and cancellous bone determined by microdialysis.
Bendtsen, M; Birke-Sørensen, H; Brock, B; Bue, M; Fuursted, K; Hardlei, TF; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2014)		0.94
"In this observational pharmacokinetic study, multiple blood samples were taken over one dosing interval of intravenous cefuroxime."( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefuroxime in critically ill patients: non-standard dosing approaches are required to achieve therapeutic exposures.
Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; Lipman, J; Noë, M; Roberts, JA; Stove, V; Verstraete, AG, 2014)		0.86
" Nevertheless, only limited solid-tissue pharmacokinetic data are available to support this theory."( Continuous versus short-term infusion of cefuroxime: assessment of concept based on plasma, subcutaneous tissue, and bone pharmacokinetics in an animal model.
Bibby, BM; Birke-Sørensen, H; Bue, M; Fuursted, K; Hardlei, TF; Kerrn-Jespersen, S; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2015)		0.68
"Cefuroxime pharmacokinetic profile was investigated in 6 Beagle dogs after single intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration at a dosage of 20 mg/kg."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration to dogs.
Albarellos, GA; Landoni, MF; Lorenzini, PM; Lupi, MP; Montoya, L; Passini, SM, 2016)		2.2
" Nevertheless, tissue pharmacokinetic studies of relevant antimicrobials in both prophylactic and therapeutic situations are still sparse."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose cefuroxime in porcine intervertebral disc and vertebral cancellous bone determined by microdialysis.
Birke Sørensen, H; Bue, M; Hanberg, P; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2016)		0.72
"For both IVD and vertebral cancellous bone, the area under the concentration curve from zero to the last measured value (AUC(0-last)) was significantly lower than that of free plasma."( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose cefuroxime in porcine intervertebral disc and vertebral cancellous bone determined by microdialysis.
Birke Sørensen, H; Bue, M; Hanberg, P; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2016)		0.72
" The aim of this study was to develop a new intravenous dosing strategy for cefuroxime in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA-CVVH) by analyzing its extracorporeal removal and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and a Phosphate-Containing Replacement Fluid.
Burgers, DM; Foudraine, NA; Janssen, PK; le Noble, JL; Neef, K, 2016)		0.95
"Overall, CLN showed excellent physicochemical properties, fulfilled the requirements for parenteral administration, and presented improved in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, which reflected its practical approach to enhance cefuroxime delivery to the brain."( Development of nanoemulsion for efficient brain parenteral delivery of cefuroxime: designs, characterizations, and pharmacokinetics.
Basri, HB; Basri, M; Gani, SSA; Harun, SN; Nordin, SA; Shamsuddin, AF, 2018)		0.9
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed in order to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters, and to assess the probability of attaining cefuroxime concentrations above clinically relevant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 65% and 90% of the 8 h dosing interval."( Bone, subcutaneous tissue and plasma pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in total knee replacement patients - a randomized controlled trial comparing continuous and short-term infusion.
Bibby, BM; Birke-Sørensen, H; Bue, M; Fuursted, K; Hansen, P; Hardlei, TF; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2019)		0.96
"The methodology included: (i) dosing regimen selection and acquisition of pharmacokinetic data; (ii) microbiological data acquisition; and (iii) Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the PTA (probability of PK/PD target attainment) and CFR (cumulative fraction of response), as indicators of treatment success."( Are oral cefuroxime axetil, cefixime and cefditoren pivoxil adequate to treat uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis after switching from intravenous therapy? A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective.
Aguirre-Quiñonero, A; Canut-Blasco, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A, )		0.55
"The aim of this study was to build and verify a preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of Chinese pregnant women."( Preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of renally cleared drugs in Chinese pregnant women.
Li, X; Liu, D; Liu, X; Song, L; Xu, Y; Yu, Z; Zhou, T, 2020)		0.56
"The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of a contemporary dosing scheme of cefuroxime as perioperative prophylaxis in cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Lanckohr, C; Mittrup, M; Rimmler, C; Welp, H; Würthwein, G, 2021)		1.1
" Drug levels were used to build a population pharmacokinetic model."( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Lanckohr, C; Mittrup, M; Rimmler, C; Welp, H; Würthwein, G, 2021)		0.89
" This study aimed to predict maternal and fetal drug disposition using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."( Prediction of Maternal and Fetoplacental Concentrations of Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, and Amoxicillin during Pregnancy Using Bottom-Up Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models.
Abduljalil, K; Jamei, M; Ning, J; Pan, X; Pansari, A, 2022)		0.96
" The aim of the present study was to develop a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model characterizing the events seen in a bacterial system when it is exposed to antibacterial agents with different mechanisms of action."( Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for assessment of activity of antibacterial agents from time-kill curve experiments.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Löwdin, E; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2007)		0.34
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35

Compound-Compound Interactions

Study on 42 surgical patients was carried out to find out whether cefuroxime may be substituted for gentamicin in combination with metronidazole.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside when used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics."( In vitro activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and carbenicillin, alone and in combination with aminoglycosides against Serratia marcescens.
Bartlett, M; Crane, JK; Griffin, PS; Miller, MA; Yousuf, M, 1979)		0.52
"05 mg/g) alone or in combination with one dose of dexamethasone (0."( Effect of dexamethasone or HWA-138 in combination with antibiotics in experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.
Hawkins, EP; Kaplan, SL; Mason, EO; Rodriguez, AF, 1991)		0.28
"A study on 42 surgical patients was carried out to find out whether cefuroxime may be substituted for gentamicin in combination with metronidazole in the treatment of peritonitis secondary to perforation of appendix."( Comparison of cefuroxime and gentamicin in combination with metronidazole in the treatment of peritonitis due to perforation of the appendix.
Arvilommi, H; Saario, I; Silvola, H, 1983)		0.86
"Although a large skeletal defect secondary to osteomyelitis in children is not an uncommon problem, there are no descriptions of the management of such a defect with a free vascularized fibular graft in combination with a locking plate."( Free vascularized fibular grafting in combination with a locking plate for the reconstruction of a large tibial defect secondary to osteomyelitis in a child: a case report and literature review.
Chen, SB; Cheng, XG; Jia, WT; Jin, DX; Sheng, JG; Zeng, BF; Zhang, CQ, 2010)		0.36
"To assess the comparative bioavailability of two formulations (250 mg/5 mL suspension) of cefuroxime axetil (CAS 64544-07-6), administered with food, in healthy volunteers of both sexes."( Comparative bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil suspension formulations administered with food in healthy subjects.
Borges, A; de Cássia Val, L; De Nucci, G; Mendes, GD; Monif, T; Orellana, AM; Patni, AK; Reyar, S; Sereno, D, 2010)		0.87
"QT interval-prolonging drug-drug interactions (QT-DDIs) may increase the risk of life-threatening arrhythmia."( Coupling Data Mining and Laboratory Experiments to Discover Drug Interactions Causing QT Prolongation.
Chang, JB; Iyer, V; Kass, RS; Lorberbaum, T; Sampson, KJ; Tatonetti, NP; Woosley, RL, 2016)		0.43
" Class effect analyses suggested this interaction was specific to lansoprazole combined with ceftriaxone but not with other cephalosporins."( Coupling Data Mining and Laboratory Experiments to Discover Drug Interactions Causing QT Prolongation.
Chang, JB; Iyer, V; Kass, RS; Lorberbaum, T; Sampson, KJ; Tatonetti, NP; Woosley, RL, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

The oral bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil is enhanced by food. Administration of the drug with poori and dal-fry may enhance the bioavailability when compared with idly and chutney.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"In a three-way cross-over study the bioavailability of cefuroxime was determined in 12 healthy volunteers after oral administration of 250 mg as cefuroxime axetil (Elobact; CAS 64544-07-6) in a plain aqueous suspension and as tablets from different batches."( Comparative investigations on the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Grobecker, H; Kees, F; Lukassek, U; Naber, KG, 1991)		0.78
" The bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil was low due to being administered in the fasting state."( Comparison of the serum and tissue concentrations of cefuroxime from cefuroxime axetil and phenoxymethylpenicillin in patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Jetlund, O; Thurmann-Nielsen, E; Walstad, RA, 1991)		0.84
"A randomized cross-over study comparing serum and urinary concentrations of cefuroxime after a 750 mg intravenous dose of cefuroxime and a 500 mg oral dose of cefuroxime axetil was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of the current marketed formulation of cefuroxime axetil."( Bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil: comparison of standard and abbreviated methods.
Davey, PG; Lang, CC; Moreland, TA, 1990)		0.84
"The advances achieved in the field of oral cephalosporins consist of improved bioavailability and enhanced intrinsic activity of the compounds."( [Structure-activity relationship of oral cephalosporins].
Bingen, E; Lambert-Zechovsky, N, 1989)		0.28
" This study was designed to evaluate the dose proportionality of four different doses administered after a meal and to determine the absolute bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil administered with and without food."( Effect of dose and food on the bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Chubb, J; Finn, A; Meyer, M; Straughn, A, )		0.58
" Recent work has led to the development of cefuroxime axetil (CXM-AX, SN407) which is the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of CXM is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and promptly cleaved to cefuroxime thereafter."( [Clinical studies on cefuroxime axetil in acute mastitis].
Hashimoto, I; Mikami, J; Nakamura, T; Sawada, Y, 1987)		0.85
" The bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil was significantly enhanced in children by the concomitant ingestion of cefuroxime axetil and infant formula or whole milk."( Pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity of cefuroxime axetil.
Ginsburg, CM; McCracken, GH; Olson, K; Petruska, M, 1985)		0.83
" Studies of the pharmacokinetics of the drug in volunteers gave inconsistent results suggesting that there may be variable bioavailability of the compound."( Oral cefuroxime axetil: clinical pharmacology and comparative dose studies in urinary tract infection.
Adams, DH; Ball, AP; Farrell, ID; Fox, C; Wood, MJ, 1985)		0.78
"The present study was designed to investigate the effect of food and of a raised intragastric pH on the bioavailability of two prodrug beta-lactam, antibiotics, namely bacampicillin and cefuroxime axetil."( Influence of food and reduced gastric acidity on the bioavailability of bacampicillin and cefuroxime axetil.
Moncrieff, J; Schoeman, HS; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1984)		0.68
" The bioavailability as measured by urinary recovery of cefuroxime was 40 to 50% if the drug was taken after food and 30% if the drug was taken after overnight fasting."( Pharmacology of Cefuroxime as the 1-acetoxyethyl ester in volunteers.
Ayrton, J; Harding, SM; Williams, PE, 1984)		0.86
" Pharmacokinetics were studied in 8 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin), relative bioavailability and tolerance were studied in 100 volunteers (CAE versus pivmecillinam and CAE versus pivampicillin), and tolerance alone was studied in 50 volunteers (CAE versus ampicillin)."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of cefuroxime axetil in volunteers during repeated dosing.
Harding, SM; Sommers, DK; Van Wyk, M; Williams, PE, 1984)		0.55
" The effect of concomitant use of a phosphate binder on the bioavailability of cefuroxime-axetil was studied in 7 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients who had not recently suffered from peritonitis."( Phosphate binders do not reduce bioavailability of oral cefuroxime-axetil in patients on peritoneal dialysis treatment.
Brink, HS; de Jong, PE; Geerlings, W; Huisman, RM, 1994)		0.76
"Betalactams, mainly when orally administered, may lead to intestinal flora modifications related to their spectrum of activity, rate of absorption and degradation."( Betalactam therapy and intestinal flora.
Cassetta, MI; Conti, S; Dei, R; Fallani, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 1995)		0.29
" The cefuroxime front the crystal form of ester is poorly absorbed and the concentrations of [II] after its application were similar to those observed after of the bigest particles of amorphous form both in vivo and in vitro."( Esters of cephalosporins. Part I. Permeability of cefuroxime liberated from its 1-acetoxyethyl ester through biological membranes; influence of the form and size of the ester particles.
Gumułka, W; Interewicz, B; Oszczapowicz, I; Sasinowska-Motyl, M; Szelachowska, M; Wiśniewska, I, )		0.9
"Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of three different forms (crystalline and two amorphous ones) of the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime and bioavailability after oral administration to rats have been investigated."( Esters of cephalosporins. Part II. Differences in the properties of various forms of the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime.
Denys, A; Horoszewicz-Małafiej, A; Kuklewicz, C; Małafiej, E; Niedworok, J; Oszczapowicz, I; Sierańska, E; Szelachowska, M, )		0.54
" Parameters characterizing absorption of prodrug in free solution were obtained: maximum rate of absorption (Vmax) = 289."( Nonlinear intestinal absorption kinetics of cefuroxime axetil in rats.
Casabo, VG; Merino, M; Nacher, A; Ruiz-Balaguer, N, 1997)		0.56
" Thus, the addition of the SLS surfactant to the suspension did not alter the bioavailability of the formulation."( Bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil formulations.
Donn, KH; James, NC; Powell, JR, 1994)		0.62
" The bioavailability of the two forms was different, the observed peak concentration and time-concentration curve values of the tablet form being, respectively, 39 and 27% higher than those of the granule form."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral forms of cefuroxime axetil.
Chiche, D; Drugeon, HB; Garraffo, R, 1997)		0.54
" Such stereoselective differences in both absorption and/or hydrolysis may contribute to the observed oral bioavailability (30-50%) of cefuroxime in vivo."( Stereoselective absorption and hydrolysis of cefuroxime axetil diastereomers using the Caco-2 cell monolayer model.
Barrett, MA; Hutt, AJ; Lansley, AB; Lawrence, MJ, )		0.59
" It is concluded that (i) the Delta2 isomerization does not significantly affect the bioavailability of prodrug esters since enzymatic hydrolysis in the intestinal fluid proceeds mainly to the active Delta3-cephalosporin and (ii) the high degree of stereoselectivity of the enzymatic ester hydrolysis should make it possible to increase the bioavailabilities of certain prodrug esters (CAE, CPD) by using the more stable diasterioisomer."( Stability of cephalosporin prodrug esters in human intestinal juice: implications for oral bioavailability.
Blouin, RA; Duchene, P; Hofheinz, W; Laneury, JP; Shedlofsky, S; Stoeckel, K, 1998)		0.3
" When given orally, bioavailability is greater than 99%, and the drug is highly concentrated in lung tissue and macrophages."( Levofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia.
File, TM, )		0.13
"The objectives of this study were to determine the oral bioavailability of cefuroxime (C) and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic model that best describes the plasma concentration behaviour following single intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP) and oral single doses."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of oral cefuroxime axetil in the rat.
Casabo, VG; Merino-Sanjuan, M; Nacher, A; Ruiz-Carretero, P, 2000)		0.79
"The oral bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil is enhanced by food."( Effect of two types of Indian breakfast on bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Adithan, C; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Shashindran, CH; Topno, I; Vasu, S, 2000)		0.84
" The values of apparent absorption rate constant, lag-time, Tmax and t1/2 beta for the two regimens were not significantly different."( Effect of two types of Indian breakfast on bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Adithan, C; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Shashindran, CH; Topno, I; Vasu, S, 2000)		0.55
"The administration of cefuroxime axetil with poori and dal-fry may enhance the bioavailability when compared with idly and chutney."( Effect of two types of Indian breakfast on bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil.
Adithan, C; Asad, M; Koumaravelou, K; Shashindran, CH; Topno, I; Vasu, S, 2000)		0.86
" The systemic bioavailability of cefuroxime sodium in goats after intramuscular injections of 20 and 40 mg kg(-1)body weight was 88."( Pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of cefuroxime sodium in goats.
ABO EL-SOOUD, K; El-Banna, HA; Goudah, A; Hanafy, MS, 2000)		0.84
" First-order absorption rate pseudoconstants, k(ap) and effective permeability coefficients, P(eff), were calculated in each set."( Intestinal transport of cefuroxime axetil in rats: absorption and hydrolysis processes.
Casabo, VG; Merino Sanjuan, M; Nacher, A; Ruiz-Balaguer, N, 2002)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of C in the rat were examined after intravenous (i."( Pharmacokinetic models for the saturable absorption of cefuroxime axetil and saturable elimination of cefuroxime.
Casabó, VG; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A; Ruiz-Carretero, P, 2004)		0.57
" Because of the obvious drawbacks of drug delivery by injection, the development of alternatives with enhanced oral bioavailability is receiving much attention in pharmaceutical research."( Improvement of lipophilicity and membrane transport of cefuroxime using in vitro models.
Bretschneider, B; Mrestani, Y; Mrestani-Klaus, C; Neubert, RH, 2004)		0.57
"Many existing and new drugs fail to be fully utilized because of their limited bioavailability due to poor solubility in aqueous media."( What is a suitable dissolution method for drug nanoparticles?
Chan, HK; Cutler, DJ; Heng, D; Raper, JA; Yun, J, 2008)		0.35
" The relative bioavailability of cefuroxime was 78."( Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in young rats.
González-Hernández, I; Jung-Cook, H; Sotelo, A, 2008)		0.88
"The aim of the present work was to prepare amorphous discreet nanoparticles by sonoprecipitation method for enhancing oral bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil (CA), a poorly water-soluble drug."( Preparation of amorphous cefuroxime axetil nanoparticles by sonoprecipitation for enhancement of bioavailability.
Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR; Yamamura, S; York, P, 2008)		0.85
" The formulations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies, and compared for solubility, dissolution and bioavailability in rats."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		1.8
" However, SDCAGA showed superior bioavailability compared to SDCAP, ACA and CA."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		1.8
"Improvement in physical stability of solid dispersions was attributed to hydrogen bonding, while improvement in bioavailability of SDCAGA compared to SDCAP, in spite of comparable solubility and dissolution profile, may be attributed to Gelucire, which utilizes intestinal esterase for lipolysis, protecting the prodrug from enzymatic degradation to its non-absorbable base form."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersion with polyglycolized glycerides for improved stability and bioavailability.
Aher, S; Biradar, SV; Dhumal, RS; Paradkar, AR, 2009)		1.8
"To assess the comparative bioavailability of two formulations (250 mg/5 mL suspension) of cefuroxime axetil (CAS 64544-07-6), administered with food, in healthy volunteers of both sexes."( Comparative bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil suspension formulations administered with food in healthy subjects.
Borges, A; de Cássia Val, L; De Nucci, G; Mendes, GD; Monif, T; Orellana, AM; Patni, AK; Reyar, S; Sereno, D, 2010)		0.87
" The bioavailability study was carried out for 24 healthy male volunteers."( Comparative bioavailability study of cefuroxime axetil (equivalent to 500 mg cefuroxime/tablet) tablets (Zednad® versus Zinnat®) in healthy male volunteers.
Al-Hadiya, BM; Al-Khamis, KI; Asiri, YA; El-Sayed, YM; Kadi, AA; Mowafy, HA, 2011)		0.64
" The best formulation (F10) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic and bioavailability studies in healthy human volunteers."( Development of gastroretentive drug delivery system for cefuroxime axetil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation in human volunteers.
Bomma, R; Veerabrahma, K, )		0.38
"To have advantages of reduced dosing frequency, improved bioavailability and effective delivery system of Cefuroxime Axetil, a Chitosan based intragastric sustained release microbead formulation of Cefuroxime Axetil was developed."( Chitosan-based intragastric delivery of cefuroxime axetil: development and in-vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive approach.
Nagar, M; Yadav, AV, 2012)		0.86
"The aim of the study was to investigate the bioavailability of a generic product of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil film-coated tablets (test) as compared to that of a branded product (reference) at the same strength to determine bioequivalence and to apply for regulatory approval."( Bioequivalence study of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil film-coated tablets in healthy volunteers.
Drewniak, T; Gutkowska, A; Gutkowskpi, P; Kaza, M; Ksycińska, H; Leś, A; Piatkowska-Chabuda, E; Rudzki, PJ; Serafin-Byczak, K; Skowrońska-Smolak, M; Tarasiuk, A; Wilkowska, E, )		0.64
"In this study, the authors compared the effects of amlodipine (AML) on the bioavailability of cephalexin (LEX) and cefuroxime axetil (CXM)."( Effects of amlodipine on the oral bioavailability of cephalexin and cefuroxime axetil in healthy volunteers.
Ding, L; Ding, Y; Jia, Y; Jin, X; Liu, W; Lu, C; Song, Y; Wen, A; Yang, J; Yang, L; Zhu, Y, 2013)		0.84
" In vivo bioavailability study in albino rabbits showed three times improvement in oral bioavailability."( Design and characterization of cefuroxime axetil biphasic floating minitablets.
Dinda, SC; Jammula, S; Nayak, S; Panigrahi, KC; Patra, ChN; Rao, ME; Swain, S, 2015)		0.7
"Nanohybrid of cefuroxime (CFO) with layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been prepared, and the rate of dissolution and bioavailability of CFO using nanohybrid as a drug delivery system has been broadly studied."( Nanohybrid based on antibiotic encapsulated layered double hydroxide as a drug delivery system.
Alamry, KA; Alyahyawi, NA; Arshad, MN; Asiri, AM; Khan, SB; Marwani, HM, 2015)		0.78
" Peak plasma concentration (Cmax ), time-to-peak plasma concentration (Tmax ), and bioavailability for the intramuscular and subcutaneous administration were (mean ± SD) 22."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration to dogs.
Albarellos, GA; Landoni, MF; Lorenzini, PM; Lupi, MP; Montoya, L; Passini, SM, 2016)		0.76
"The utilization of the membrane transport protein PEPT1 as a drug delivery system is a promising strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs."( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
Biegel, A; Brandsch, M; Gebauer, S; Hartrodt, B; Neubert, K; Thondorf, I, 2005)		0.33
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)		0.36
"The knowledge on human serum albumin (HSA) binding is of utmost importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of drugs."( Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
Bajusz, D; Balogh, GT; Dargó, G; Müller, J; Simon, K, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

A trialled bolus-continuous dosing regimen was successful in maintaining free serum cefuroxime concentrations of 64 mg/L. The area under the concentration/time curve for ceftazidime in vegetations over a post dosing 6 h period was approximately five times greater than that for cefurxime and three times that for methicillin.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The maximum dosage administered in other acute toxicity tests was well tolerated by mice (10 g/kg, subcutaneous), by rats (4 g/kg, intravenous, 5 g/kg, subcutaneous) and by cats, dogs and monkeys (2 g/kg, intramuscularly)."( Toxicological studies on cefuroxime sodium.
Atkinson, RM; Capel-Edwards, K; Pratt, DA, 1979)		0.56
" The doses administered ranged 44 approximately 100 mg/kg body weight, and this dosage level was considered enough to achieve clinical effect."( [Pharmacokinetics and clinical results of cefuroxime (CXM) (author's transl)].
Anakura, M; Chou, K; Nagamatsu, K; Nanbu, H; Tachibana, K; Takimoto, M; Tanagawa, N; Yoshioka, H, 1979)		0.52
" Most patients with diarrhoea had decreased renal function or received higher dosage of the antibodies than the other patients."( Local and Gastrointestinal reactions to intravenously administered cefoxitin and cefuroxime.
Alestig, K; Norrby, R; Trollfors, B, 1979)		0.49
" Each drug was given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight per day in two divided doses."( Evaluation of cefuroxime axetil and cefadroxil suspensions for treatment of pediatric skin infections.
Brown, WD; Chartrand, S; Darden, P; Drehobl, MA; Jacobs, RF; Ossi, MJ; Yetman, R, 1992)		0.64
" The surgeon must administer the drug most suitable for the particular operation and patient at an adequate dosage and over an adequate period."( [Perioperative single dose prevention with cephalosporins in the ENT area. A prospective randomized study].
Maier, W; Strutz, J, 1992)		0.28
" Bacterial numbers were reduced by 3 log10 cfu/mL during the eight-hour experimental period with both dosage form simulations."( Killing kinetics of cefuroxime axetil against Haemophilus influenzae in an in-vitro model simulating serum concentration profiles after oral administration.
Bingen, E; Doit, C; Duvignaud, P; Georges, D; Lambert-Zechovsky, N; Mariani-Kurkdjian, P, 1991)		0.6
" The data suggest that the standard dosage regimen is adequate in the sick elderly patient."( The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in the sick elderly patient.
Bielawska, C; Kelsey, MC; Rai, G; Ridgway, E; Stewart, K, 1991)		0.59
" With the recommended dosing regimens (cefuroxime axetil at 250 mg and cefaclor at 375 mg twice daily or cefaclor at 250 mg three times daily), cefuroxime concentrations exceed the MIC for 90% of the strains tested for a greater time period than cefaclor concentrations with either regimen."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor: relationship of concentrations in serum to MICs for common respiratory pathogens.
Collins, JJ; Davis, IM; Donn, KH; Hart, RW; James, NC; Lloyd, TL; Powell, JR, 1991)		0.87
" No significant difference in clinical efficacy or adverse events was found between the two dosage regimens."( A large scale, general practice based investigation into the clinical efficacy and tolerability of cefuroxime axetil in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
Bulpitt, D; Jaderberg, M; Potter, CE, 1991)		0.5
" Regional dosing was carried out at the start of the operation, following the application of a mid-thigh tourniquet, by administration into a foot vein."( Determination of bone and fat concentrations following systemic cefamandole and regional cefuroxime administration in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty.
Dixon, JH; Fernando, HC; Hoddinott, C; Lovering, AM; Reeves, DS, 1990)		0.5
" The urine recovery after oral dosage and urine bioavailability were 38."( Bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil: comparison of standard and abbreviated methods.
Davey, PG; Lang, CC; Moreland, TA, 1990)		0.61
" Before the study period, 42% of the cefuroxime orders were inappropriate with respect to dosage or indication at the time of the initial order; this rate fell to 26% during the study period and increased to 33% after the study period."( Pharmacist intervention in prescribing of cefuroxime for pediatric patients.
Domaratzki, JL; Dupuis, LL; Strong, DK, 1990)		0.82
" administration of aztreonam (A) and cefuroxime (C), 10 adult CAPD patients (pts) with peritonitis were trained to start the following treatment procedure: a) sterile collection of dialysate effluent for cultures; b) 4 rapid in-and-out exchanges with antibiotic free dialysate; c) addition of 2 g C and 2 g A to a 2-L exchange for 6-h dwell time (the same dosage was repeated once a day in the overnight exchange); d) routine CAPD exchanges."( Effectiveness of single daily intraperitoneal administration of aztreonam and cefuroxime in the treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).
Conte, G; Fuiano, G; Nani, E; Sepe, V; Viscione, M, 1989)		0.78
" Dosage recommendations for HF and CAVH are given."( Clinical aspects and applications of hemofiltration.
Weiss, LG, 1989)		0.28
" The results are discussed in relation to in vivo dosage regimens."( Kill kinetics of the cephalosporin antibiotics cephalexin and cefuroxime against bacteria of veterinary importance.
Brewster, G; Silley, P, 1988)		0.52
" Smaller doses, longer dosing intervals and, potentially, a reduction in total drug cost may be the real advantage of these agents."( Review of the new second-generation cephalosporins: cefonicid, ceforanide, and cefuroxime.
Polk, RE; Tartaglione, TA, 1985)		0.5
" The area under the concentration/time curve for ceftazidime in vegetations over a post dosing 6 h period was approximately five times greater than that for cefuroxime and three times that for methicillin."( Penetration of beta-lactam antibiotics into cardiac vegetations, aorta and heart muscle in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: comparison of ceftazidime, cefuroxime and methicillin.
McColm, AA; Ryan, DM, 1985)		0.66
" The estimation of the optimal scheme of cefuroxime dosing by the Krueger-Timer principles provided treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnant women with intramuscular injections of the antibiotic in a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for 7-8 days."( [Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis].
Akhtamova, ZM; Dorokhov, VV; Khokholov, LE; Voropaeva, SD, 1985)		0.85
" All volunteers were dosed with both bacampicillin and cefuroxime axetil under the above regimens."( Influence of food and reduced gastric acidity on the bioavailability of bacampicillin and cefuroxime axetil.
Moncrieff, J; Schoeman, HS; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1984)		0.74
"Ceftazidime, cefuroxime and methicillin proved equally effective in the therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rabbits with a dosing regimen of 40 mg/kg intramuscularly at 8-hourly intervals for three days."( Comparison of ceftazidime, cefuroxime and methicillin in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rabbits.
Acred, P; McColm, AA; Ryan, DM, 1984)		0.93
" The fosfomycin breakpoint for the low dosage of 2-3 times 3 g per infusion daily was defined with 16 micro g/ml and for the high dosage of 2-3 times 5 g fosfomycin per infusion with 64 micro g/ml."( [Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic: in vitro activity compared with mezlocillin, cefuroxime and gentamicin].
Lindenschmidt, EG; Schassan, HH, 1980)		0.49
" There were no wound infections in this study when only a single dosage of antibiotic was administered intravenously."( Excretion of cefuroxime in biliary disease.
Browning, AK; McFarland, RJ; Thomas, M, 1984)		0.64
" The kinetic behavior of cefuroxime axetil and ampicillin was not influenced by repeated dosing at 250 mg."( Pharmacology of Cefuroxime as the 1-acetoxyethyl ester in volunteers.
Ayrton, J; Harding, SM; Williams, PE, 1984)		0.92
" administered during induction of anaesthesia is the dosage of choice."( The evaluation of cefuroxime in the prevention of postoperative infection.
Croton, RS; Eilon, LA; Green, HT; Knowles, MA; Sykes, D; Treanor, J; Wake, P, 1981)		0.6
" The dose given was 200 approximately 300 mg/kg/day and the dosing duration was 14 approximately 22 days."( [Fundamental and clinical studies of cefuroxime in pediatric purulent meningitis (author's transl)].
Hori, M; Kumagai, K; Kurosu, Y; Toyonaga, Y, 1980)		0.53
" 4 Since creatinine clearance decreases sharply with age, it might be suggested that cefuroxime dosage be related to creatinine clearance in the elderly, even when no renal impairment is suspected."( Pharmacokinetic study of cefuroxime in the elderly.
Broekhuysen, J; Deger, F; Douchamps, J; Freschi, E; Mal, N; Neve, P; Parfait, R; Siska, G; Winand, M, 1981)		0.79
" This dosage of cefuroxime was protective when given for only two consecutive days starting on the first to third days of gentamicin treatment, but enhanced gentamicin nephrotoxocity when started on the sixth or subsequent days."( Effect of timing of cefuroxime dosage on its protection of rats against gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
Atkinson, RM; Capel-Edwards, K; Foord, RD; Harman, IW; Patterson, GG; Pratt, DA; Wheeldon, JM, 1980)		0.93
" In addition, the single dose prophylaxis has the advantage of easier handling, reduced dosage frequency and lower cost."( Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery: a prospective randomized comparative trial of one day cefazolin versus single dose cefuroxime.
Carrel, T; Galbraith, U; Geroulanos, S; Schilling, J; Turina, M; von Segesser, LK, 1993)		0.49
" In this study the pharmacokinetic profiles of different dosing regimens utilizing these drugs during reconstructive vascular procedures are presented."( Optimizing antimicrobial prophylaxis in reconstructive vascular surgery.
Agema, A; Degener, JE; Dijkstra, PK; Sikkema, B; van der Goot, L; van der Meer, AL; Voesten, HG, 1993)		0.29
" Based on these data, modification of dosing schedule is not deemed necessary when Clcr is above 50 mL/min/1."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
Hayashi, M; Konishi, K; Saruta, T; Suzuki, H, 1993)		0.61
" In patients given only metronidazole, the likelihood of infection rose as the density of bacteria in the wound increased according to a sigmoid dose-response curve (5."( Dipslide culture in colonic surgery: a tool for assessment of surgical performance and a guide to antibiotic use.
Claesson, BE; Filipsson, S; Holmlund, DE, 1995)		0.29
" Two dosage forms (tablets and granules) have been developed for oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral forms of cefuroxime axetil.
Chiche, D; Drugeon, HB; Garraffo, R, 1997)		0.54
" Both drugs were administered twice at a dosage of 40 mg/kg of body weight (pre- and intraoperative)."( Prospective randomized comparison of cefodizime versus cefuroxime for perioperative prophylaxis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
Bartunek, A; Graninger, W; Hiesmayr, M; Parschalk, B; Pernerstorfer, T; Wenisch, C; Zedtwitz-Liebenstein, K, 1997)		0.54
" All the data have been calculated for the highest recommended oral dosage in France."( Choice of an oral beta-lactam antibiotic for infections due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Goldstein, FW, 1997)		0.3
"Cefuroxime axetil (CA) was encapsulated in pH-sensitive acrylic microspheres in order to formulate a suspension dosage form."( Development of a microencapsulated form of cefuroxime axetil using pH-sensitive acrylic polymers.
Alonso, MJ; Cuña, M; Lorenzo-Lamosa, ML; Torres, D; Vila-Jato, JL, )		1.84
" For beta-lactams the most relevant pharmacokinetic index for clinical efficacy is the time for which serum concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen, which should be at least 40 to 50% of the dosing interval."( Concentration of cefuroxime in middle ear effusion of children with acute otitis media.
Efthymiopoulos, C; Marr, C; Thorarinsson, H; Thoroddsen, E, 1997)		0.64
"0 microg/ml) for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis for at least 5 h (42%) of the 12-h dosing interval."( Concentration of cefuroxime in middle ear effusion of children with acute otitis media.
Efthymiopoulos, C; Marr, C; Thorarinsson, H; Thoroddsen, E, 1997)		0.64
" We measured serum cefuroxime and vancomycin levels after three different dosage regimens, in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)."( Is single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis sufficient for coronary artery bypass surgery? An analysis of peri- and postoperative serum cefuroxime and vancomycin levels.
Pokela, R; Syrjälä, H; Vuorisalo, S, 1997)		0.83
" In conclusion, the findings of this study support the use of a bd dosing schedule of cefuroxime in a sequential therapy regimen with oral cefuroxime axetil, demonstrating it to be clinically equivalent to the standard tds dosage currently used, as well as being simpler and more convenient to administer at a lower cost."( Sequential therapy with cefuroxime followed by cefuroxime axetil in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Droszcz, W; Marr, C; Reisenberg, K; Staley, H; Vogel, F; Vondra, V, 1997)		0.83
" The clinical and bacteriological efficacies and pharmacokinetic properties of both the dosage forms were estimated."( [Stepwise therapy of community-acquired pneumonia. Results of cefuroxime and cefuroxime axetil study].
Dvoretskiĭ, LI; Iakovlev, SV; Shakhova, TV; Suvorova, MP; Vlasenko, NA, 1998)		0.54
" The serum concentrations of cefuroxime were found to be above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae for 100% of the dosing interval and 42% of the time for intermediate-resistant strains."( Measuring antibiotic levels in otitis media.
Thoroddsen, E, 1998)		0.59
" Results showed that SBA was maintained for 100% of the dosing interval for clarithromycin and 50-100% for azithromycin regardless of PCN susceptibility when standard doses were employed."( Comparison of bactericidal activity after multidose administration of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and ceruroxime axetil against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Lacy, MK; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Owens, RC; Quintiliani, R; Xu, X, 1998)		0.3
" The spectrophotometric and the atomic absorption spectrometric procedures hold well their accuracy and precision when applied to the analysis of cefotaxime sodium and cefuroxime sodium dosage forms."( Spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of certain cephalosporins.
Abdellatef, HE; Ayad, MM; Elsaid, HM; Shalaby, AA, 1999)		0.5
" A greater number of infections were eradicated by levofloxacin than by cefuroxime axetil: infections were eradicated in 68% of patients receiving the 500 mg dosage and in 63% of those taking 250 mg levofloxacin, whereas the eradication rate with the comparator drug was much lower (48%)."( Clinical effectiveness of levofloxacin in patients with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the relationship with in-vitro activity.
Davies, BI; Maesen, FP, 1999)		0.54
"The effect of endotoxin-induced fever on the pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of cefuroxime was investigated in buffalo calves following a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg body weight."( Modification of the pharmacokinetics and dosage of cefuroxime by endotoxin-induced fever in buffalo calves.
Chaudhary, RK; Rampal, S; Srivastava, AK, 1999)		0.78
"Twenty subjects, selected for surgery because of chronic rhinosinusitis, were randomly allocated to receive either a short (3-8 d) or a long (9-14 d) preoperative treatment regime with 500 mg cefuroxime axetil BID, the last dosage being taken 3 to 4 hours before surgery."( Penetration of cefuroxime into chronically inflamed sinus mucosa.
Dinis, PB; Gomes, A; Lobato, R; Martins, ML; Monteiro, MC, 1999)		0.85
" The dosage was 500 mg once or twice a day depending on the studies."( [Levofloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia].
Léophonte, P; Veyssier, P, 1999)		0.3
" dosing with long-acting forms of penicillin which had been shown to prevent post-streptococcal sequelae."( Comparison of short-course (5 day) cefuroxime axetil with a standard 10 day oral penicillin V regimen in the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis.
Adam, D; Helmerking, M; Scholz, H, 2000)		0.58
" The results suggest that new short-course dosing regimens are viable and may be favourable in terms of increased tolerability, reduction in healthcare costs, enhanced patient compliance and the control of the development of antibiotic resistance."( Short-course antibiotic therapy for infections with a single causative pathogen.
Adam, D, 2000)		0.31
" Increasing concentrations of tobramycin led to reduction in endotoxin release, which may be of benefit when dosing aminoglycosides once daily."( Endotoxin release from Escherichia coli after exposure to tobramycin: dose-dependency and reduction in cefuroxime-induced endotoxin release.
Bring, J; Goscinski, G; Lundholm, M; Odenholt, I; Sjölin, J, 2000)		0.52
" Cefuroxime axetil proved effective as a component of intravenous/oral sequential therapy in the treatment of CAP, although there are currently no dosage recommendations available for this regimen in some countries."( Cefuroxime axetil: an updated review of its use in the management of bacterial infections.
Goa, KL; Ormrod, D; Scott, LJ, 2001)		2.66
" This randomized, unblinded study compared 2 dosage regimens of cefuroxime axetil (20 mg/kg/d and 30 mg/kg/d) with amoxicillin (50 mg/kg/d), each given for 20 days."( Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease.
Childs, JA; Eppes, SC, 2002)		0.87
" Three decision trees for solid oral dosage forms or liquid suspensions are provided for evaluating when and how polymorphs of drug substances should be monitored and controlled in ANDA submissions."( Regulatory considerations of pharmaceutical solid polymorphism in Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs).
Adams, RC; Furness, MS; Gill, DS; Holcombe, FO; Raw, AS; Yu, LX, 2004)		0.32
" To be able to optimize the dosing it is necessary to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime which requires a selective and sensitive analytical method for cefuroxime in plasma or serum."( Determination of cefuroxime in human serum or plasma by liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
Jansson, B; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2004)		0.88
" These data suggest that telithromycin provides effective first-line therapy for use in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis in a short and convenient once-daily dosage regimen."( Bacteriological efficacy of 5-day therapy with telithromycin in acute maxillary sinusitis.
Buchanan, P; Leroy, B; Rangaraju, M; Roos, K; Tellier, G, 2005)		0.33
"Prevalence of surgical antimicrobial use, factors associated with use, the profile of antimicrobial use, timing, route, dosage regimen and duration of initiated prophylaxis."( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic.
Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)		0.33
" The timing of the first dosage was within 2 h of operation in 95."( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic.
Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)		0.33
" Particular areas of concern include route of administration, duration and timing of first dosage of SAP, and the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials."( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic.
Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)		0.33
" In conclusion, an amorphous or non-crystalline CA solid dispersion prepared using SEDS could be very useful for the formulation of solid dosage forms."( Cefuroxime axetil solid dispersions prepared using solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids.
Hwang, SJ; Jo, GH; Jun, SW; Kim, MS; Lee, S; Park, JS; Woo, JS, 2005)		1.77
" Stereo and structural isomers of cefuroxime axetil (CA), anti-cefuroxime axetil (ACA) and Delta(3)-cefuroxime axetil (DCA), can be present in cefuroxime dosage forms as the process related impurities as well as possible degradation product."( A stability indicating assay method for cefuroxime axetil and its application to analysis of tablets exposed to accelerated stability test conditions.
Ivana, I; Ljiljana, Z; Mira, Z, 2006)		0.88
"Since cefuroxime mainly is excreted by renal filtration, dosing is currently based on serum creatinine (Scr) or creatinine clearance (CLcr)."( A population pharmacokinetic model for cefuroxime using cystatin C as a marker of renal function.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Lannergård, A; Larsson, A; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2006)		1.08
"Based on the results of the present study, and because CysC is practical to use in the clinic, it is suggested that individual dosing of cefuroxime may be based on CysC rather than on Scr or CLcr."( A population pharmacokinetic model for cefuroxime using cystatin C as a marker of renal function.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Lannergård, A; Larsson, A; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2006)		0.81
" Urine samples were taken every 2 h during the whole dosing interval of the particular antibiotic."( Urinary bactericidal activity of oral antibiotics against common urinary tract pathogens in an ex vivo model.
Bedenic, B; Bubonja, M; Budimir, A; Topic, M, 2006)		0.33
" The semimechanistic model that was developed might, after further refinement, serve as a tool for the development of optimal dosing strategies for antibacterial agents."( Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for assessment of activity of antibacterial agents from time-kill curve experiments.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Löwdin, E; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2007)		0.34
" The work indicates an approach to design pH-sensitive polymers for dosage forms that meet the pharmacokinetic requirements of the drug."( Designing a self-associated cationic polymer for enhanced compatibility, palatability, and gastric release of cefuroxime axetil.
Kulkarni, MG; Menjoge, AR, 2007)		0.55
" Severe obese patients need higher dosage of antibiotics."( [Use of antibiotics in colorectal surgery in Denmark].
Frimodt-Møller, N; Jensen, TG; Madsen, H; Pedersen, C; Qvist, N; Salomon, S, 2007)		0.34
" The optimized methods proved to be specific and accurate for the analysis of the cited drugs in laboratory-prepared mixtures and dosage forms."( Column and thin-layer chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of acediasulfone in the presence of cinchocaine, and cefuroxime in the presence of its hydrolytic degradation products.
Aly, SM; El-Anwar, FM; Mohammad, MA; Zawilla, NH, )		0.33
" The data indicate that the pharmacokinetic differences determined by severity of disease are useful for establishing an individualized regimen dosage in children with multiple organ system failure."( Effect of severity disease on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in children with multiple organ system failure.
Asseff, IL; Guillé, GP; Olguín, HJ; Pérez, AG; Quesada, AC; Saldaña, NG; Vieyra, AC, 2008)		0.59
"4 and (ii) sigmoidal dose-response curves with cloxacillin (0."( Restoration of susceptibility of intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams: comparison of strains, cells, and antibiotics.
Appelbaum, PC; Glupczynski, Y; Lemaire, S; Olivier, A; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2008)		0.35
" It is crucial that the dissolution behavior of such novel dosage forms be adequately scrutinized to maximize their therapeutic benefits."( Dissolution kinetic behavior of drug nanoparticles and their conformity to the diffusion model.
Chan, HK; Cutler, DJ; Heng, D; Raper, JA; Yun, J, 2008)		0.35
"An approach for estimation of dosing strategies based on data-derived models and assessment of the risk associated with deviation from the treatment target is presented."( Estimation of cefuroxime dosage using pharmacodynamic targets, MIC distributions, and minimization of a risk function.
Cars, O; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Viberg, A, 2008)		0.71
"5% following the ESCRS dosing scheme, in addition to intracameral administration of cefuroxime."( [Will intracameral cefuroxime become the new standard in endophthalmitis prevention?].
Geldsetzer, K; Pleyer, U, 2008)		0.9
"A simple, accurate and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in combined tablet dosage form has been developed."( Simultaneous determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in tablet dosage form using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Gandhi, SV; Kadukar, SS; Ranher, SS; Ranjane, PN, 2008)		0.84
" Based on predictions from the developed model, preterm neonates do not reach targeted peak and trough gentamicin concentrations after a standard dosage regimen of 4 mg/kg given once daily, suggesting a need for higher loading doses and prolonged dosing intervals in this patient population."( Developmental pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in preterm and term neonates: population modelling of a prospective study.
Ewald, U; Friberg, LE; Honoré, PH; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M, 2009)		0.35
" Dosing regimens are usually based on plasma concentration, however, concentrations at the target site are better correlated with the effect."( Quantification and prediction of skin pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and cefuroxime.
Juluru, R; Patel, V; Shukla, C; Stagni, G, 2009)		0.58
"A new simple high-performance thin layer chromatographic method for determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in combined tablet dosage form is developed and validated."( HPTLC determination of cefuroxime axetil and ornidazole in combined tablet dosage form.
Bothara, KG; Gandhi, SV; Kadukar, SS; Ranjane, PN, 2010)		0.9
" Because of the definite risk of dosage errors, these agents should be prepared in the hospital pharmacy and not in the operating theatre."( Are cefuroxime and vancomycin really safe on the corneal endothelial cells?
Ayşe, NB; Fatma, YM; Firdevs, O; Gülsen, Y; Necati, DM; Ozlem, TY, 2010)		0.92
" The selection and magnitude of the PK/PD index were, however, shown to be sensitive to differences in PK in subpopulations, uncertainty in MICs, and investigated dosing intervals."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of antibiotics predicted by a semimechanistic PKPD model: a step toward model-based dose optimization.
Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Nielsen, EI, 2011)		0.37
" The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of these compounds in their dosage forms."( Spectrophotometric complexation of cephalosporins with palladium (II) chloride in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents.
Bagheri Gh, A; Rezvani, M; Roshanzamir, S; Yosefi rad, A, 2012)		0.38
" The dosing regimen is adequate for the intraoperative period, but in the immediate postoperative period, it requires further review."( Influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on cefuroxime plasma concentration and pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing coronary surgery.
Carmona, M; Ferreira, F; Nascimento, J; Santos, S; Strabelli, T, 2012)		0.65
"We investigated the safety and efficacy of the bilateral periarticular multimodal drug injection (PMDI) at a reduced dosage in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA)."( Use of reduced-dose periarticular injection for pain management in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty.
Chang, CB; Jeon, YT; Kang, YG; Kim, TK; Koh, IJ; Song, J, 2012)		0.38
"To have advantages of reduced dosing frequency, improved bioavailability and effective delivery system of Cefuroxime Axetil, a Chitosan based intragastric sustained release microbead formulation of Cefuroxime Axetil was developed."( Chitosan-based intragastric delivery of cefuroxime axetil: development and in-vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive approach.
Nagar, M; Yadav, AV, 2012)		0.86
" Although guidelines continue to endorse amoxicillin as the preferred treatment, amoxicillin/clavulanate in high dosage would be the preferred treatment based on the otopathogen mix currently."( Otitis media.
Pichichero, ME, 2013)		0.39
" Increasing the intravenous dosage or frequency carries the risk of systemic adverse reactions or infections in other parts of the body."( Preliminary exploration of the development of a collagenous artificial dura mater for sustained antibiotic release.
Dong, H; Kang, CG; Lin, C; Wang, H; Ye, X; Zhao, YL, 2013)		0.39
"Using published pharmacokinetic data on cefuroxime, we developed a computer simulation model to generate a nomogram predicting patients at risk for subtherapeutic cefuroxime levels based on time from initial dosing and additional volume given."( Are children undergoing cardiac surgery receiving antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels?
Cherala, G; Huang, JH; Langley, SM; Legg, A; Munar, MY; Olyeai, AJ; Sunstrom, R, 2014)		0.67
" Our nomogram predicts all patients will be subtherapeutic at 8 hours, consistent with general pediatrics dosing schemes."( Are children undergoing cardiac surgery receiving antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels?
Cherala, G; Huang, JH; Langley, SM; Legg, A; Munar, MY; Olyeai, AJ; Sunstrom, R, 2014)		0.4
" This rational approach to perioperative antibiotic dosing may result in a reduction in postoperative infection in this vulnerable patient population."( Are children undergoing cardiac surgery receiving antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels?
Cherala, G; Huang, JH; Langley, SM; Legg, A; Munar, MY; Olyeai, AJ; Sunstrom, R, 2014)		0.4
"In this observational pharmacokinetic study, multiple blood samples were taken over one dosing interval of intravenous cefuroxime."( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefuroxime in critically ill patients: non-standard dosing approaches are required to achieve therapeutic exposures.
Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; Lipman, J; Noë, M; Roberts, JA; Stove, V; Verstraete, AG, 2014)		0.86
" Dosing simulations showed failure to achieve the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target of 65% fT(>MIC) for an MIC of 8 mg/L with standard dosing regimens for patients with CL(CR) ≥50 mL/min."( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefuroxime in critically ill patients: non-standard dosing approaches are required to achieve therapeutic exposures.
Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; Lipman, J; Noë, M; Roberts, JA; Stove, V; Verstraete, AG, 2014)		0.65
" Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulations were performed to explore the ability of different dosage regimens to achieve the pharmacodynamic targets."( Population pharmacokinetic models for cefuroxime and metronidazole used in combination as prophylactic agents in colorectal surgery: Model-based evaluation of standard dosing regimens.
Asín-Prieto, E; Campo Cimarras, E; Isla, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A; Sáenz de Ugarte Sobrón, J; Soraluce, A; Trocóniz, IF, 2015)		0.69
" Clinical laboratory data showed that unbound plasma concentrations of cefuroxime were not always adequate, therefore we developed a new dosing regimen."( Targeting cefuroxime plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Aalbers, M; Hijmering, ML; Hospes, W; Spanjersberg, AJ; ter Horst, PG, 2015)		1.05
"The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the new dosing strategy by monitoring patients for unbound cefuroxime plasma concentrations during CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."( Targeting cefuroxime plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Aalbers, M; Hijmering, ML; Hospes, W; Spanjersberg, AJ; ter Horst, PG, 2015)		1.03
" In case of renal failure the dosing regimen was adapted."( Targeting cefuroxime plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Aalbers, M; Hijmering, ML; Hospes, W; Spanjersberg, AJ; ter Horst, PG, 2015)		0.82
" Prophylactic concentrations of cefuroxime were reached in all groups, but the dosing time of cefuroxime should not be less than 30 min or greater than 2 h prior to delivery."( Decreased placental and transcellular permeation of cefuroxime in pregnant women with diabetes.
Al-Salami, H; Golocorbin-Kon, S; Grujic, Z; Lalic-Popovic, M; Mikov, M; Milasinovic, L; Paunkovic, J, 2016)		0.97
"Cefuroxime pharmacokinetic profile was investigated in 6 Beagle dogs after single intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration at a dosage of 20 mg/kg."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration to dogs.
Albarellos, GA; Landoni, MF; Lorenzini, PM; Lupi, MP; Montoya, L; Passini, SM, 2016)		2.2
"BMI ≥ 35 or weight ≥ 100 kg may serve as a cutoff for higher perioperative dosage of antibiotics."( Body mass and weight thresholds for increased prosthetic joint infection rates after primary total joint arthroplasty.
Christofilopoulos, P; Harbarth, S; Hoffmeyer, P; Lübbeke, A; Miozzari, HH; Uçkay, I; Vu, D; Zingg, M, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this study was to develop a new intravenous dosing strategy for cefuroxime in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA-CVVH) by analyzing its extracorporeal removal and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and a Phosphate-Containing Replacement Fluid.
Burgers, DM; Foudraine, NA; Janssen, PK; le Noble, JL; Neef, K, 2016)		0.95
" Population PK analysis and dosing simulations were performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and Monte Carlo simulations."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and a Phosphate-Containing Replacement Fluid.
Burgers, DM; Foudraine, NA; Janssen, PK; le Noble, JL; Neef, K, 2016)		0.72
" Simulation of a standard dosing regimen (750 mg/12 hours) predicted failure to achieve the international target plasma cefuroxime concentration (32 mg/L)."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and a Phosphate-Containing Replacement Fluid.
Burgers, DM; Foudraine, NA; Janssen, PK; le Noble, JL; Neef, K, 2016)		0.93
" The developed population PK model for cefuroxime has the potential to inform new dosing schedules in patients receiving cefuroxime during RCA-CVVH."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration With Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and a Phosphate-Containing Replacement Fluid.
Burgers, DM; Foudraine, NA; Janssen, PK; le Noble, JL; Neef, K, 2016)		0.99
" The detailed analysis of PAP revealed prophylactic cefuroxim doses about 30 mg/kg instead of 50 mg/kg and no repeated dosing in operations lasting longer than 4 h."( Clinical practice audit concerning antimicrobial prophylaxis in paediatric neurosurgery: results from a German paediatric oncology unit.
Graf, N; Linsler, S; Oertel, J; Schöpe, J; Simon, A; Weiss, K, 2017)		0.46
" An inadequate dosing not only reduces the efficacy of the antibiotic, but also promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistances."( Clinical on-site monitoring of ß-lactam antibiotics for a personalized antibiotherapy.
Bruch, R; Chatelle, C; Dincer, C; Kling, A; Rebmann, B; Schumann, S; Urban, G; Weber, W; Wirth, S, 2017)		0.46
" Dosing errors led to the majority of toxicities with cefuroxime."( Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of intracameral cefuroxime, moxifloxacin and vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery: a meta-analysis.
Ambati, BK; Bardsley, T; Bondalapati, S; Bowen, RC; Evans, PR; Greene, T; Kliethermes, M; Lawyer, TW; Mamalis, CA; McFarland, M; Rudnisky, CJ; Shi, D; Snow, KB; Zhou, AX, 2018)		0.97
" Cefuroxime was administered in a weight-adjusted dosage equivalent to human medicine (18."( Antibiotic Prophylaxis With Cefuroxime: Influence of Duration on Infection Rate With Staphylococcus aureus in a Contaminated Open Fracture Model.
Arens, D; Kuehl, R; Metsemakers, WJ; Moriarty, TF; Puetzler, J; Raschke, MJ; Richards, RG; Zeiter, S, 2018)		1.69
"The routine dosing regimen provided was sufficient for prophylaxis, but continuous dosing can provide a higher percentage of ƒT > MIC."( Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in infants and neonates undergoing cardiac surgery.
Gertler, R; Grassin-Delyle, S; Gruber, M; Martin, K; Tassani-Prell, P; Urien, S; Wiesner, G, 2018)		0.8
" Antibiotic dilution done by medical staff accounts for the risk of incorrect dosage and related complications."( [Complications of intracameral cefuroxime in cataract surgery].
Andreev, AN; Svetozarskiy, SN, )		0.42
" A trialled bolus-continuous dosing regimen was successful in maintaining free serum cefuroxime concentrations of 64 mg/L."( Colo-Pro: a pilot randomised controlled trial to compare standard bolus-dosed cefuroxime prophylaxis to bolus-continuous infusion-dosed cefuroxime prophylaxis for the prevention of infections after colorectal surgery.
Asín-Prieto, E; Burke, D; Burns, FA; Ewin, D; Fatania, K; Kailavasan, M; Kirby, A; Nisar, S; Pericleous, A; Trocóniz, IF, 2019)		0.97
"Current dosing recommendations for cephalosporin antibiotics are on the basis of pharmacokinetic studies and are frequently ignored in practice."( Clinical Outcomes of Failing to Dose-Reduce Cephalosporin Antibiotics in Older Adults with CKD.
Bathini, L; Battistella, M; Garg, AX; Jain, AK; Jandoc, R; Kuwornu, P; Liu, A; McArthur, E; Muanda, FT; Sood, MM; Weir, MA, 2019)		0.51
" For amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate, the target was free antibiotic concentration remaining above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ≥50% of the dosing interval (fT>MIC≥50%), whereas for cefuroxime axetil and cefotaxime, the target was fT>MIC≥60%."( Application of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to evaluate the adequacy of antimicrobial therapy for pediatric acute otitis media in Spain before and after the introduction of the PCV7 vaccine.
Canut-Blasco, A; Ibar-Bariain, M; Isla, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A; Solinís, MA, 2019)		0.7
"Following TOP, IC and IVT dosing plasma and various ocular tissues (aqueous humor (AH), vitreous humor (VH), conjunctiva, trabecular mesh (TM), lens and retina-choroid (RC)) were collected and analyzed to understand the disposition of cefuroxime."( Uptake and pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in rabbits after intravitreal, intracameral, and topical dosing: relevance to human ocular injection of cefuroxime.
Dittakavi, S; Gabani, BB; Jairam, RK; Kiran, V; Mallurwar, SR; Mohd, Z; Mullangi, R; Srinivas, NR; Sulochana, SP; Zakkula, A, 2020)		1.03
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed in order to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters, and to assess the probability of attaining cefuroxime concentrations above clinically relevant minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 65% and 90% of the 8 h dosing interval."( Bone, subcutaneous tissue and plasma pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in total knee replacement patients - a randomized controlled trial comparing continuous and short-term infusion.
Bibby, BM; Birke-Sørensen, H; Bue, M; Fuursted, K; Hansen, P; Hardlei, TF; Søballe, K; Tøttrup, M, 2019)		0.96
"The goal of this study is to assess, by means of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation, the adequacy of oral cephalosporins cefuroxime axetil, cefixime and cefditoren at different dosing regimens as switch therapy after intravenous cephalosporin treatment in uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis."( Are oral cefuroxime axetil, cefixime and cefditoren pivoxil adequate to treat uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis after switching from intravenous therapy? A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective.
Aguirre-Quiñonero, A; Canut-Blasco, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A, )		0.74
"The methodology included: (i) dosing regimen selection and acquisition of pharmacokinetic data; (ii) microbiological data acquisition; and (iii) Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the PTA (probability of PK/PD target attainment) and CFR (cumulative fraction of response), as indicators of treatment success."( Are oral cefuroxime axetil, cefixime and cefditoren pivoxil adequate to treat uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis after switching from intravenous therapy? A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective.
Aguirre-Quiñonero, A; Canut-Blasco, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A, )		0.55
"The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of a contemporary dosing scheme of cefuroxime as perioperative prophylaxis in cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Lanckohr, C; Mittrup, M; Rimmler, C; Welp, H; Würthwein, G, 2021)		1.1
" Target attainment for Staphylococcus aureus (2-8 mg/L) and Escherichia coli (8-32 mg/L) were evaluated and dosing strategies for optimization were investigated."( Population pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefuroxime in perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Lanckohr, C; Mittrup, M; Rimmler, C; Welp, H; Würthwein, G, 2021)		0.89
" However, the dosing regimens commonly used do not sustain therapeutic concentrations throughout surgery."( Pharmacokinetic Model for Cefuroxime Dosing during Cardiac Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Campisi, S; Delavenne, X; Gergelé, L; Hodin, S; Lanoiselée, J; Molliex, S; Morel, J; Ollier, E; Palao, JC; Tamisier, N; Zufferey, PJ, 2020)		0.86
" For the majority of orthopedic procedures, antibiotic administration follows fixed dosing regimens irrespective of weight."( Weight-based cefuroxime dosing provides comparable orthopedic target tissue concentrations between weight groups - a microdialysis porcine study.
Bue, M; Falstie-Jensen, T; Hanberg, P; Knudsen, MB; Schmedes, AV; Stilling, M; Thillemann, TM; Tøstesen, SK; Tøttrup, M, 2022)		1.09
"Currently, antibiotic treatment is often a standard dosing regimen in bone and joint infections (BJI)."( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review.
Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)		0.72
" Ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, vancomycin and linezolid seem to have adequate average exposure if correlating total concentration to ECOFF, when standard dosing is used."( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review.
Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)		1.02
"Standard once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone may not lead to adequate antibiotic exposure in all cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB)."( Comparative effectiveness of β-lactams for empirical treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study.
Bonten, MJM; Buis, DTP; Herpers, BL; Jansen, RR; Prins, JM; Rozemeijer, W; Sieswerda, E; Sigaloff, KCE; Soetekouw, R; van der Meer, JTM; van der Vaart, TW; van Twillert, G; van Werkhoven, CH; Veenstra, J, 2023)		0.91
" The semimechanistic model that was developed might, after further refinement, serve as a tool for the development of optimal dosing strategies for antibacterial agents."( Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for assessment of activity of antibacterial agents from time-kill curve experiments.
Cars, O; Karlsson, MO; Löwdin, E; Nielsen, EI; Sandström, M; Viberg, A, 2007)		0.34
" maltophilia did not exhibit a gene dosage effect on beta-lactamase expression."( AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
Chung, TC; Hu, RM; Huang, YW; Lin, CW; Lin, YT; Yang, TC, 2010)		0.36
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
drug allergenAny drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
cephalosporinA class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
carbamate esterAny ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin
furansCompounds containing at least one furan ring.
oxime O-etherO-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (50)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.004023.8416100.0000AID485290
Chain A, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.025120.237639.8107AID886
Chain B, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.025120.237639.8107AID886
interleukin 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency74.97800.047349.480674.9780AID651758
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.07500.000811.382244.6684AID686979
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.16230.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.82580.000229.305416,493.5996AID588514; AID743069; AID743075; AID743077; AID743079
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.53920.057821.109761.2679AID1159526
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency50.11870.354828.065989.1251AID504847
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.01789.637444.6684AID588834
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency54.61180.042027.378961.6448AID743210
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency45.21240.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID743219
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.49830.004611.374133.4983AID624296
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency23.77810.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.251215.843239.8107AID504327
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)Ki10.42000.80003.45006.1000AID1803292
Solute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki19,000.00000.18003.39339.8000AID238858; AID681115
Solute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki12,594.64990.79434.22108.0000AID612540
Solute carrier family 15 member 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki6,301.50003.00006.47788.5000AID681114
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Beta-lactamase Citrobacter freundiiKm21.00005.00007.00009.0000AID405084
Beta-lactamase Citrobacter gilleniiKm88.000010.000010.000010.0000AID285442
Beta-lactamase Aeromonas caviaeKm95.00007.00007.00007.0000AID374363
Beta-lactamase Shouchella clausiiKm105.00000.01003.00506.0000AID373209
Beta-lactamase Burkholderia cenocepaciaKm80.000010.000010.000010.0000AID541022
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 2Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm8.00008.00009.333310.0000AID563972
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 Pseudomonas aeruginosaKm5.50004.50007.00009.4000AID520385
Beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm85.00003.20005.825010.0000AID562754
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2Pseudomonas aeruginosaKm5.50005.50007.87509.9000AID520386
Beta-lactamase Pseudomonas aeruginosaKm12.00000.30002.00638.0000AID495661
Beta-lactamase SHV-1Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm80.00004.20004.25004.3000AID519983
Kappa-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Km88.000010.000010.000010.0000AID285442
B2 metallo-beta-lactamase Chryseobacterium indologenesKm23.00003.00003.00003.0000AID562337
Beta-lactamase Acinetobacter pittiiKm0.02000.02002.18146.7300AID555223
Beta-lactamase Acinetobacter pittiiKm0.27000.18001.36833.8500AID555225
Beta-lactamase Acinetobacter pittiiKm0.27000.13001.52504.5400AID555227
Beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm180.00008.70008.70008.7000AID562755
Beta-lactamase Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar WesthamptonKm80.000010.000010.000010.0000AID556340
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-2Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm22.00005.00007.500010.0000AID563976
Beta-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniaeKm23.00005.00007.166710.0000AID519982
Metallo-beta-lactamaseEscherichia coliKm20.25002.00006.857110.0000AID583083; AID583084; AID583085; AID583094
Beta-lactamase Pseudomonas luteolaKm24.00007.00007.50008.0000AID495635
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2 Pseudomonas aeruginosaKm20.00002.00006.65009.4000AID531315
Beta-lactamase VIM-1 Pseudomonas aeruginosaKm148.00004.00004.00004.0000AID530340
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (63)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cellular oxidant detoxificationGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidative stressGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic processGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasisGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell developmentGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulusGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
triglyceride metabolic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of soundGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stressGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to symbiotic bacteriumGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
UV protectionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hormoneGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to selenium ionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathwayGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hydroperoxideGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin EGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidative stressGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expressionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
vasodilationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hydrogen peroxideGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide catabolic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle tissue regenerationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel endothelial cell migrationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
fat cell differentiationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
myoblast differentiationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasisGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle fiber developmentGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
myoblast proliferationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to folic acidGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
biological process involved in interaction with symbiontGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
heart contractionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis involved in wound healingGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic processGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulusGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptorsGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organizationGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transportMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipid hydroperoxideMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptidoglycan transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
renal absorptionSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathwaySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
antibacterial innate immune responseSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (13)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
electron transfer activityGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
NADP bindingGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activityGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione peroxidase activityGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain bindingGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase activityGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transferase activityMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione peroxidase activityMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide:proton symporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
peptide:proton symporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (17)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
mitochondrial matrixGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionGlutathione reductase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
Lewy bodyGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlutathione peroxidase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisomal membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
azurophil granule membraneMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionMicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
brush borderSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 15 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (1183)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1802403Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) from Article 10.1074/jbc.M113.501353: \\Structural, functional, and inhibition studies of a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily protein PA4794: a new C-terminal lysine protein acetyltransferase from ps2013The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 288, Issue:42
Structural, functional, and inhibition studies of a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily protein PA4794: a new C-terminal lysine protein acetyltransferase from pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID521842Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 by CLSI method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID558612Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2617 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID534083Antibacterial activity against cefotaxime-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID1114116Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID279561Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae BLNAS strains2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID1503166Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 39249 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID557479Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID558021Protein binding in human serum at 1000 mg, im2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID534258Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID405317Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group IId isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID544522Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia afzelii isolate FEM1 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID558587Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 19A by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID564531Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-11 plasmid with entire blaAmpC gene by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1114118Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 14001 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID520879Antibacterial activity against Achromobacter xylosoxidans DUC by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID574949Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID522390Activity of Escherichia coli K-12 Beta-lactamase AmpC2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID557522Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1503167Antibacterial activity against linezolid and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus hominis alpha26 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID557510Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533868Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1717 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID583019Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Escherichia coli DH10B plasmid carrying DHA-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID557501Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID495793Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID529572Antimicrobial activity against Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica DSM 30184 after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID520956Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium amycolatum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID202301In vivo protective dose was determined in infected swiss mice (120/strain) infected ip against Salmonella Typhimurium T.O with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E6 CFU/mL of suspension1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID285441Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B after 18 hrs by disk diffusion method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Chromosome-encoded narrow-spectrum Ambler class A beta-lactamase GIL-1 from Citrobacter gillenii.
AID520084Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TG1 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID495906Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli TOP10 hourbouring recombinant plasmid VIM-4 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID528730Antibacterial activity against penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID534082Antibacterial activity against cefotaxime-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID520081Antimicrobial activity against aheB deficient kanamycin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method in presence of 64 mg/L efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID583085Activity of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) wild-type VIM-2 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID1114120Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID534289Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK-NG plasmid by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID540942Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica serotype Newport AM17274 expressing CMY-31 cephalosporinase by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID582925Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) VIM-2 W87F mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID521471Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S3 overexpressing penicillinase TEM-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID64567Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Escherichia coli1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID544531Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] isolate GC 7668 expressing bla SHV-48 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID405303Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID575079Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 7F assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID91481Binding constant against human serum albumin (HSA)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-06, Volume: 44, Issue:25
Cheminformatic models to predict binding affinities to human serum albumin.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID495657Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 expressing recombinant beta-lactamase BEL-1 by solid agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID372549Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in highly mutated locus Ser-385 of ftsI gene by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID495323Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID555228Ratio of Kcat to Km for Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 195 ADC-182009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID423233Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID40189Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Bacillus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID369443Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID583094Activity of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue wild-type VIM-2 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID520087Antimicrobial activity against acrAB-deficient Escherichia coli TG1 harboring AheABC efflux pump by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID558319Antibacterial activity against Campylobacter coli by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID574952Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 11A by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID423241Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-negative Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID423245Antibacterial activity against Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID373207Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii ATCC 21536 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID528729Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID520965Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID521428Induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L1 beta lactamase gene assessed maximum catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity at 50 ug/ml after 3 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID574948Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID1120512Induction of transmembrane potential loss in Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 assessed as lambda575/lambda530 fluorescence emission intensity ratio at 1 times MIC pre-treated for 20 mins and measured 15 mins post dye addition by DiOC2 dye based 2013MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 4, Issue:1
Inhibitors of bacterial tubulin target bacterial membranes
AID495752Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J5 transconjugants expressing beta lactamase CTX-M-9 isolated from human flora associated C3H rat infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow and treated with Cefixime by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID405316Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group IIc isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID405301Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin susceptible Haemophilus influenzae isolate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID660265Antimicrobial activity against wild type Escherichia coli expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID543830Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia burgdorferi B31 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID531313Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa beta-lactamase VIM-7 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID279273Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as period of suppression of bacterial growth2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID520409Antimicrobial activity against macrolide-susceptible Streptococcus sp. 'group A' by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID529579Ratio of Kcat to Km for Legionella gormanii ATCC 33297T beta-Lactamase FEZ-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID558537Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter coli isolate P321 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID405305Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin susceptible Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID574951Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 7F by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID541022Activity at Burkholderia cenocepacia 07-34 beta-lactamase PenB1 expressed in Escherichia coli Top10 by UV-spectrophotometry2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID322325Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5 alpha-URA5924 isolates expressing CTX-M-32 by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID634987Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID533880Antibacterial activity against cefotaxime-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID520959Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID558245Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 20 mg/liter after 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID563971Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli NF-NDM-1 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID564532Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-33 plasmid with entire blaAmpC gene with alanine residue deletion at 215 position by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID521323Antimicrobial activity against rifampin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae Rd clone by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Comparison of the efficacies of oral beta-lactams in selection of Haemophilus influenzae transformants with mutated ftsI genes.
AID372560Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in variable mutated locus Asn-526 or Arg-517 of ftsI gene assessed as resistance rate by broth microdilut2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID562738Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID635061Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID583096Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pLBII-VIM-2 plasmid expressing VIM-2 W87F mutant beta-lactamase by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID1503170Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID495339Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Met377Ile, Ser385Thr, Arg517His substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID535681Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase negative Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID524745Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R, P167S mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID530519Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 5677-04 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID562737Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 transconjugant harboring blaCTX-M-71 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID521425Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID372626Ratio of Kcat/Km for Escherichia coli DH5alpha beta-lactamase TEM-12 to Kcat/Km for Escherichia coli DH5alpha beta-lactamase TEM-1582007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID574956Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID423236Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID518523Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 after 2 days by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Characterization of CSP-1, a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a clinical isolate of Capnocytophaga sputigena.
AID405313Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group I isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID209467In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, erythromycin resistant Streptococcus pyogenes1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID520412Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID530513Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IV isolate 3454-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID285257Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha CL1295 isolate expressing pBK-TEM-151 and CMT by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID372604Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli BER1 producing TEM-158 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID203620Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Staphylococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID557210Antibacterial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative Neisseria meningitidis assessed as percent intermediate isolates by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 53, Issue:4
Antibiotic susceptibility and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from the African meningitis belt, 2000 to 2006: phenotypic and genotypic perspectives.
AID373052Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B carrying pJIM2246 expressing Bacillus clausii NR beta-lactamase BCL1 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID1243995Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli by agar dilution method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101Design and synthesis of some new pyrazolyl-pyrazolines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial agents.
AID531604Activity of Escherichia coli Inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase SHV-562008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Molecular and biochemical characterization of SHV-56, a novel inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID531606Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli Inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase SHV-562008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Molecular and biochemical characterization of SHV-56, a novel inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID543826Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PMai after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID394494Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pACYC184 plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID423097Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID563974Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase IMP1 by spectrophotometry2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID495810Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli harbouring plasmid BK-CMV expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID279182Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae S3 isolate by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase LAP-1 and its association with the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1.
AID575081Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID557474Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533849Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2490 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID575418Antimicrobial activity against anrB-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e assessed as growth inhibition after 16 hrs by broth dilution method relative to wild type2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
The ABC transporter AnrAB contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1114713Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID528727Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae group B clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID558334Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1093 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID681115TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Gly-Sar uptake (pH6.0) in Caco-2 cells2005European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, Jan, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1.
AID586086Antimicrobial activity against verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolate O157 obtained from animals and food assessed as percentage of resistant isolates by disk diffusion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID285261Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha isolate expressing pBK-TEM-36 and IRT by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID206459In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (3072)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID495803Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 2603 strain expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID528726Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mitis clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID534391Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli JM109 by microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
KHM-1, a novel plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase from a Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate.
AID558589Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 1 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID520403Antimicrobial activity against macrolide-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID1114114Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID562334Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid pBC-SK after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID203459Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Staphylococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID575099Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 15A assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID534274Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJG harboring ampG with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID369444Antibacterial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID559920Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring recombinant plasmid RTG4-S69 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID520878Antibacterial activity against Achromobacter xylosoxidans LOL by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID405090Antimicrobial activity against integron carrying Enterobacteriaceae assessed as percent resistant isolates2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections: presence of integrons, risk factors, and outcome.
AID556831Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as bacterial count per mg of cell protein at high extracellular compound concentration after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID520407Antimicrobial activity against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID561445Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B harboring plasmid BCSK carrying beta-lactamase CMY-44 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID531316Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa beta-lactamase VIM-2 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID544533Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] isolate GC 8130 expressing bla SHV-1 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID557503Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID577706Antibacterial activity against 10'7 CFU/ml telA-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a at 30 ug after 16 hrs by disk diffusion assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
TelA contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.
AID530507Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 3444-99 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID495663Activity at Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51170 beta-lactamase BEL-12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID574955Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID582764Antimicrobial activity against eaeA negative verocytotoxin-producing non-O157 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID557502Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID520405Antimicrobial activity against quinolone-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID534278Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK-NG plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID495749Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow 3464b by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID533881Antibacterial activity against cefotaxime-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID423099Antibacterial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID567091Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID521473Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S5 expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM-1162008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID582968Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase A and B-deficient Yersinia enterocolitica GY5718 after 20 hrs by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Contribution of BlaA and BlaB beta-lactamases to antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B.
AID495665Ratio of Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51170 beta-lactamase BEL-1 to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 531 beta-lactamase BEL-22010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID557476Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533851Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 231 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID326267Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha carrying pSCO1 encoding SCO1 by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
SCO-1, a novel plasmid-mediated class A beta-lactamase with carbenicillinase characteristics from Escherichia coli.
AID520410Antimicrobial activity against macrolide-resistant Streptococcus sp. 'group A' by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID555221Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 109 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557477Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558336Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1618 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID521353Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate k-421 obtained from ear of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID561443Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 34943 harboring beta-lactamase CMY-44 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID495808Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha 2878 transformant expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID558329Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P305 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID1219874Inhibition of recombinant human ABCC3 expressed in baculovirus infected insect Sf21 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as inhibition of transporter-mediated [3H]-estradiol-17beta-glucuronide uptake by liquid scintillation counting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Oral availability of cefadroxil depends on ABCC3 and ABCC4.
AID394495Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pB-acc4 plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID577509Antibacterial activity against 10'7 CFU/ml wild-type Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a at 30 ug after 16 hrs by disk diffusion assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
TelA contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.
AID587728Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 IMP-1-pLBII after 18 hrs by microdilution broth method2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID498872Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii B9 containing carbapenemase blaOXA-23 gene assessed as growth inhibition by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
First isolation of the blaOXA-23 carbapenemase gene from an environmental Acinetobacter baumannii isolate.
AID394493Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pA-acc1 plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID511288Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha pB-ges-13 plasmid2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
GES-13, a beta-lactamase variant possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID558616Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2880 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID67534Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Enterobacter1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID583028Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Escherichia coli pGLK-1 plasmid carrying FOX-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID519743Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae INSRA1229 harboring SHV-72 Ile8Phe, Ala146Val, and Lys234Arg mutations by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
The Lys234Arg substitution in the enzyme SHV-72 is a determinant for resistance to clavulanic acid inhibition.
AID520088Antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID634990Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID531677Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid containing OXA-58-4 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1114710Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID583095Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pLBII-VIM-2 plasmid expressing VIM-2 W87A mutant beta-lactamase by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID279256Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 with GyrA S81F and ParC D83N mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID582967Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase B-deficient Yersinia enterocolitica GY5542 after 20 hrs by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Contribution of BlaA and BlaB beta-lactamases to antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B.
AID1114709Antibacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID571936Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring weak promoter and active promoter P2 in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID520413Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID528731Antibacterial activity against penicillin intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID562331Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring metallo-beta-lactamase IND-6 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID495842Hydrolytic activity of Escherichia coli DH10B beta-lactamase VIM-2 by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID555213Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 195 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID558248Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 infected in NMRI mouse assessed as log reduction in intracellular bacterial cfu in peritoneum at 200 mg/kg, sc administered 2 hrs after infection measured after 4 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID557490Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID583020Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Enterobacter asburiae CIP 105006 plasmid carrying ACT-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID1703582Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 measured after 6 hrs by PAMPA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 203Discovery of novel berberine derivatives with balanced cholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition profile.
AID405318Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group III-like isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID557488Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558249Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 infected in NMRI mouse assessed as log reduction in extracellular bacterial cfu in peritoneum at 200 mg/kg, sc administered 2 hrs after infection measured after 4 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID558243Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 2 mg/liter after 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID558583Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID534257Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN1 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID1219873Inhibition of recombinant human ABCC2 expressed in insect Sf21 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as inhibition of transporter-mediated [3H]-estradiol-17beta-glucuronide uptake by liquid scintillation counting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Oral availability of cefadroxil depends on ABCC3 and ABCC4.
AID562757Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae AH27 CTX-M-15 beta-lactamase2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID521430Induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L1 beta lactamase gene assessed maximum catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity at 1 ug/ml2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID535679Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase negative Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 gene assessed as resistant isolates by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID557516Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID562337Activity at Chryseobacterium indologenes 597 metallo-beta-lactamase IND-6 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by Michaelis-Menten equation2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID322324Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli INSRA5924 isolates expressing CTX-M-32 and TEM-1B enzymes by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID554987Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 52 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID495324Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID525549Antimicrobial activity against ampicillin resistant nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolate BB1052 harboring with plasmid pB1000 bearing beta-lactamase ROB-1 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID528722Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus viridans clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID520957Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium jeikeium isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID521325Antimicrobial activity against beta lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae MSC06663 isolate harboring Met377Ile, Ser385Thr and Asn526Lys mutations in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Comparison of the efficacies of oral beta-lactams in selection of Haemophilus influenzae transformants with mutated ftsI genes.
AID555220Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 103 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID1533858Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 3411 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID405086Ratio of Kcat to Km of Citrobacter freundii PER2 beta lactamase relative to cephalothin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Biochemical characterization of PER-2 and genetic environment of blaPER-2.
AID534287Antimicrobial activity against ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring ampG with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID530511Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 7507-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID557468Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID557509Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID372607Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha producing beta-lactamase TEM-158 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID519833Antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method in presence of 64 mg/L efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID1219875Inhibition of recombinant human ABCC4 expressed in baculovirus infected insect Sf21 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as inhibition of transporter-mediated [3H]-estradiol-17beta-glucuronide uptake by liquid scintillation counting analysis2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3
Oral availability of cefadroxil depends on ABCC3 and ABCC4.
AID206097Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Streptococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID369445Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID522392Ratio of Kcat Km for Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID558627Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3587 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID210366In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (3272)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID530517Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 3386-05 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID423237Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID554985Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 20 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID65050Minimum inhibitory concentration against, Escherichia coli ISM with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E6 CFU/mL of suspension)1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID95544Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Klebsiella1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID544524Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia afzelii isolate G1039 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID557270Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 1564 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID531607Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli beta-lactamase SHV-112008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Molecular and biochemical characterization of SHV-56, a novel inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID534088Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID543825Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PAnz after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID95549Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Klebsiella1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID495551Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae isolate by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID201553Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Sarcina1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID495322Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID520963Antimicrobial activity against Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID564535Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-11 plasmid carrying entire blaAmpC gene with alanine residue insertion at 215 position and R210P substitution by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID544523Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia afzelii isolate G600 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID1114117Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID373206Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii OC by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID531318Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli beta-lactamase VIM-1 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID564533Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-11 plasmid carrying entire blaAmpC gene with alanine residue insertion at 215 position by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID279257Antibacterial activity against clarithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID285439Antimicrobial activity against Citrobacter gillenii CIP 106783 after 18 hrs by disk diffusion method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Chromosome-encoded narrow-spectrum Ambler class A beta-lactamase GIL-1 from Citrobacter gillenii.
AID372547Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b without amino acid substitutions in ftsI gene and bla gene by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID564530Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-33 plasmid with entire blaAmpC gene by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID279183Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B expressing recombinant beta lactamase LAP12007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase LAP-1 and its association with the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID495806Antimicrobial activity against Providencia stuartii 6858 strain expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID518519Antimicrobial activity against Capnocytophaga sputigena isolate NOR after 2 days by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Characterization of CSP-1, a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a clinical isolate of Capnocytophaga sputigena.
AID554986Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 21 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557523Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558594Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 6 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID521840Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transconjugated with Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA375 containing qnrA1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11genes by CLSI method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID534269Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF5 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID423238Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-negative Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID534285Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557472Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558595Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 7 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID369448Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus viridans after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID206457In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2672)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID543829Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate TIsar3 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID394492Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pA-acc4 plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID495349Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ala437Ser substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID535677Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID556340Activity of Salmonella enterica serotype Westhampton beta-lactamase CTX-M-532009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Novel plasmid-encoded ceftazidime-hydrolyzing CTX-M-53 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Salmonella enterica serotypes Westhampton and Senftenberg.
AID396026Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae EcDC64 isolate expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID495342Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID519982Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae Beta-Lactamase SHV-552008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Biochemical characterization of SHV-55, an extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID558606Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1147 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID555223Activity of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 65 ADC-142009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID530286Antimicrobial activity against PR-39-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 DA10899 harboring Q179Stop mutant gene by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Mechanism and fitness costs of PR-39 resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2.
AID562756Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae AH24-270 CTX-M-71 beta-lactamase2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID495328Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Gly490Glu, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID558603Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 37 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID405310Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID571938Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring promoter hybrid 1 and active promoter P2 in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID575103Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23A assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID540943Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae HP205 expressing CMY-36 cephalosporinase by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID564527Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-33 plasmid by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID554988Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 56 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID511290Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
GES-13, a beta-lactamase variant possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID583026Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Escherichia coli EC-6 plasmid carrying AmpC-B2 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID531675Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID405311Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase producing amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID524924Antimicrobial activity against beta lactamase CTX-M-10 producing Escherichia coli MI1443 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID520082Antimicrobial activity against aheB deficient kanamycin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring AheABC efflux pump by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID521350Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 40 obtained from blood of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID535354Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as resistant isolates by by based on parenterally dosed broth dilution method in presence of beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID574953Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID524741Antimicrobial activity against beta lactamase CTX-M-10 producing Escherichia coli GB20 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID634986Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID372605Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli BER1 producing beta-lactamase pI 5.2 and pI 5.4 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID524930Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring N106S and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID495791Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate PF-1 expressing beta-lactamase BIC-1 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID543828Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate TIsar2 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID557482Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID530506Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype II isolate 9051-04 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1114115Antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 assessed as growth inhibition by broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, May, Volume: 22, Issue:5
Microbiologically active Mannich bases derived from 1,2,4-triazoles. The effect of C-5 substituent on antibacterial activity.
AID394496Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pB-acc1 plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID495340Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID495802Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 138 expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID533875Antibacterial activity against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID522391Inhibition of Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID556827Ratio of MIC for beta-lactamase-negative methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by microdilution method at pH 7.4 to ratio of MIC for beta-lactamase-negative methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by microdilution metho2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID535671Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 mutant gene assessed as resistant isolates by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID495654Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 531 expressing beta-lactamase BEL-2 by solid agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID560131Activity of recombinant beta-lactamase RTG4 expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 by nitrocefin hydrolysis assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID372610Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha producing beta-lactamase TEM-1 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID206461In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (663E)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID405308Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase positive ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID558241Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 20 mg/liter upto 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID495336Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ile449Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID540948Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pB-c2 plasmid expressing cephalosporinase CMY-2 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID557511Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID322318Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent nonsusceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID1533871Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 3580 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID557519Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID279560Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae strains that are normal flora2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID530499Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 3047-05 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID534276Induction of beta-lactamase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID1533856Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 256 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID520404Antimicrobial activity against macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID557493Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533864Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1749 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID533879Antibacterial activity against amoxicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID210363In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (4630)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID326266Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K12 carrying pR3521 encoding SCO1 by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
SCO-1, a novel plasmid-mediated class A beta-lactamase with carbenicillinase characteristics from Escherichia coli.
AID1209734Inhibition of mouse OAT1 expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of fluorescein uptake at 500 uM over 20 mins relative to untreated-control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:4
Organic anion transporter 3 interacts selectively with lipophilic β-lactam antibiotics.
AID279184Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase LAP-1 and its association with the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1.
AID520960Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium striatum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID562741Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID495908Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli TOP10 harbouring recombinant plasmid VIM-1-N215K by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID495905Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli TOP10 hourbouring recombinant plasmid VIM-19 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID557478Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533865Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1402 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID147160Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Neisseria perfl.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID521431Induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L2 beta lactamase gene assessed maximum catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity at 1 ug/ml2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID279265Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID558581Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID521836Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transconjugated with Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA367 containing blaKPC-3, qnrB19, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11, aac(6')-1b genes by CLSI method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID558323Antibacterial activity against Campylobacter jejuni isolate P270 harboring blaOXA-61::cat gene by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID530340Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa VIM-1 beta-lactamase2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Characterization of the new metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-13 and its integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Spain.
AID67540Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Enterobacter1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID530508Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 7037-99 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID285260Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha isolate expressing pBK-TEM-28 and ESBL by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID528728Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes group A clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID555210Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 103 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID405307Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase positive ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID521427Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L2 beta lactamase gene by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID583091Activity of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue wild-type IMP-1 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID557507Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID543820Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PMew after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID562328Antimicrobial activity against Chryseobacterium indologenes 597 expressing metallo-beta-lactamase IND-6 after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID575078Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 35B assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID530520Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 9171-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID544532Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia clinical isolate after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID540944Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] transformant harboring pA172 plasmid expressing cephalosporinase CMY-31 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID524746Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V, P167S mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID561447Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B harboring plasmid BCSK by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID521354Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 4134 obtained from sputum of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID534260Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK415 and ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID558619Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3275 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1533837Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 infected in BALB/C mouse assessed as mouse survival at 25 mg/kg, ip bid measured on day 4 post infection (Rvb = 50%)2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID518522Antimicrobial activity against Capnocytophaga sputigena CIP 104301T after 2 days by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Characterization of CSP-1, a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a clinical isolate of Capnocytophaga sputigena.
AID533210Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates by by based on po dosed PK/PD technique2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID521433Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L2 beta lactamase gene at 50 ug/ml2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557487Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID563977Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase VIM22009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID405304Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase producing amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID528725Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus intermedius clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID533874Antibacterial activity against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID530522Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and harboring plasmid expressing wild-type pbp2x by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID535669Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase positive, ampicillin-clavulanic acid resistant Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 mutant gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID557491Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID557498Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558591Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID405084Activity of Citrobacter freundii PER2 beta lactamase2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Biochemical characterization of PER-2 and genetic environment of blaPER-2.
AID396033Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate expressing pBGS18 plasmid by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID533878Antibacterial activity against amoxicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID563966Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID495337Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Met377Ile, Ser385Thr, Leu389Phe, substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID423100Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID423098Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID558582Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID405091Antimicrobial activity against non-integron carrying Enterobacteriaceae assessed as percent resistant isolates2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections: presence of integrons, risk factors, and outcome.
AID203622Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Staphylococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID698707Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49766 incubated for 20 to 24 hrs2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-26, Volume: 55, Issue:14
Structure-based discovery of substituted 4,5'-bithiazoles as novel DNA gyrase inhibitors.
AID534288Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK415 plasmid by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID634988Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID1533874Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2973 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID583018Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Escherichia coli pGLK-1 plasmid carrying FOX-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID544585Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] isolate GC 8133 expressing bla TEM-55 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID373209Activity of Bacillus clausii NR beta-lactamase BCL1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID534492Antimicrobial activity against ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID519636Activity of beta-lactamase FUS1 assessed as compound hydrolysis by spectrophotometry relative to benzyl-penicillin2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of OXA-63, a new class D beta-lactamase from Brachyspira pilosicoli BM4442.
AID582966Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase A-deficient Yersinia enterocolitica GY5717 after 20 hrs by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Contribution of BlaA and BlaB beta-lactamases to antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B.
AID285442Activity of Citrobacter gillenii CIP 106783 Beta-lactamase GIL1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Chromosome-encoded narrow-spectrum Ambler class A beta-lactamase GIL-1 from Citrobacter gillenii.
AID575083Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID533876Antibacterial activity against amoxicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID279562Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae BLPAR strains2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID558538Antibacterial activity against bla-positive and beta-lactamase-weakly positive Campylobacter coli isolate P1627 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID495321Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-sensitive Haemophilus influenzae by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID534275Induction of beta-lactamase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID519981Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae Beta-Lactamase SHV-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Biochemical characterization of SHV-55, an extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID575076Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID285258Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha CL1179 isolate expressing pBK-TEM-152 and CMT by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID520881Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring recombinant p6S3 expressing beta lactamase OXA-114a by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID557525Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID520964Antimicrobial activity against Rhodococcus equi isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID495664Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51170 beta-lactamase BEL-12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID558533Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1698 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID1529184Protein binding in immobilized human serum albumin by HPLC analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID522394Ratio of Kcat Km for Escherichia coli K-12 Beta-lactamase AmpC2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID405306Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin susceptible Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID326268Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
SCO-1, a novel plasmid-mediated class A beta-lactamase with carbenicillinase characteristics from Escherichia coli.
AID524929Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring N106S and P167S mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID557494Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID524938Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, P167S and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID574954Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID206460In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (3849)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID373053Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID520382Antimicrobial activity Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring bacteriophage T4 plasmid alpha omega by agar macrodilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID279255Antibacterial activity against gatifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID405302Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase positive ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID528723Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus constellatus clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID279559Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae strains causing clinical infections2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID423243Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID495911Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli J53 strain2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID541019Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP102009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID557467Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID561630Antimicrobial activity against ampD1-, ampD2-deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by twofold serial agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
AmpDI is involved in expression of the chromosomal L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID534272Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN1 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID534086Antibacterial activity against levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID587730Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-18 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis using 100 uM nitrocefin2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID238858Binding affinity against membrane transport protein PEPT1 in human Caco-2 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 48, Issue:13
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
AID524398Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible beta-lactamase negative Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Determination of an inoculum effect with various cephalosporins among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
AID520961Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium urealyticum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID524397Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible beta-lactamase positive Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Determination of an inoculum effect with various cephalosporins among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.
AID520385Activity at Pseudomonas aeruginosa M5109 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 by spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID583083Activity of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) VIM-2 W87A mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID422499Activity of Carnobacterium divergens BM4489 penicillinase Cad-1 at 1 uM enzyme concentration assessed as initial rate of hydrolysis by spectrophotometer2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Genetic and biochemical characterization of CAD-1, a chromosomally encoded new class A penicillinase from Carnobacterium divergens.
AID535356Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes clinical isolates by broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID1209733Binding affinity to mouse OAT3 expressed in CHO cells at 10 to 1000 uM measured over 20 mins2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:4
Organic anion transporter 3 interacts selectively with lipophilic β-lactam antibiotics.
AID587733Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis using 100 uM nitrocefin2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID534293Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-EcG plasmid and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID519632Activity of beta-lactamase FUS1 assessed as compound hydrolysis by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of OXA-63, a new class D beta-lactamase from Brachyspira pilosicoli BM4442.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID495799Ratio of Kcat to Km of KPC-2 using nitrocefin hydrolysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID279258Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 with ParC S79Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID562740Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pBC-CTX-M-15 plasmid by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID520408Antimicrobial activity against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID558630Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 4747 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID541016Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring beta-lactamase PenB12009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID583088Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli XL1-Blue wild-type IMP-1 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID544525Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia garinii isolate PSth after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID557500Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID279564Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae BLPACR strains2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID495907Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli TOP10 strain harbouring recombinant plasmid VIM-1 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID541007Antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cenocepacia 09-54 expressing beta-lactamase PenB22009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID373211Ratio of Kcat to Km for Bacillus clausii NR beta-lactamase BCL1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) relative to benzyl-penicillin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID560132Activity of recombinant beta-lactamase RTG4 expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10 by nitrocefin hydrolysis assay relative to benzylpenicillin2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID200338Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Salmonella1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID555226Ratio of Kcat to Km for Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 103 ADC-162009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID394497Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring pBCSK plasmid by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 51, Issue:10
Plasmid-encoded ACC-4, an extended-spectrum cephalosporinase variant from Escherichia coli.
AID279266Antibacterial activity against azithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 with L22 insertion 93SFRPRA94 mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID279262Antibacterial activity against clarithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID535675Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 gene assessed as resistant isolates by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID531605Activity of Escherichia coli beta-lactamase SHV-112008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Molecular and biochemical characterization of SHV-56, a novel inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID587732Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis using 100 uM nitrocefin2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID528606Activity of Escherichia coli 2138 beta-lactamase KPC-2 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Genetic and structural insights into the dissemination potential of the extremely broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-2 identified in an Escherichia coli strain and an Enterobacter cloacae strain isolated from the same patient in France.
AID279272Antibacterial activity against gatifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 37 with GyrA S81Y, GyrB E474K and ParC S79Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID634989Antibacterial activity against drug-sensitive Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 by broth microdilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Studies on the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
AID544526Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia garinii isolate M2094 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID660262Ratio of MIC for wild type Escherichia coli TG1 to MIC for acrB-deficient Escherichia coli KAM3 by two-fold serial dilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID1533875Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 85 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID285256Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha CF1295 isolate expressing CMT and TEM1 by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID562736Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae AH24-270 expressing blaCTX-M-71 gene by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID206092Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Streptococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID558325Antibacterial activity against bla gene-negative and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P850 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID521349Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 909 obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID524749Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V, N114D, A140S, P167T, D288N mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-1 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID405314Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group IIa isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID528724Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus oralis clinical isolate by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID521348Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 187 obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID562338Ratio of Kcat to Km for Chryseobacterium indologenes 597 metallo-beta-lactamase IND-6 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by Michaelis-Menten equation2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID531315Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa beta-lactamase VIM-2 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID521346Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2904 obtained from blood of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID534084Antibacterial activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID520962Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium xerosis isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID529573Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid pLBII carrying beta-lactamase CAR-1 gene after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID561444Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B harboring plasmid BCSK carrying beta-lactamase CMY-33 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID524926Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring A77V and P167S mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID555211Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 109 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID531681Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID202302Minimum inhibitory concentration against Salmonella Typhimurium T.O with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E6 CFU/mL of suspension1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID372606Antibacterial activity against rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli C600 transconjugant producing beta-lactamase of pI 5.2 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID521475Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S7 expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-12 and penicillinase TEM-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID525547Antimicrobial activity against ampicillin resistant nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolate BB1050 harboring with plasmid pB1000 bearing beta-lactamase ROB-1 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID571937Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring strong promoter and active promoter P2 in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID586085Antimicrobial activity against verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolate O157 obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates by disk diffusion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID210364In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (4635)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID558326Antibacterial activity against bla gene-negative and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1962 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID279563Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae BLNAR strains2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Diversity of ampicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in Korea.
AID495807Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli C600 2878 transconjugate expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID560490Antibacterial activity against 5 x 10'5 CFU/ml Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring plasmid ACYC184 by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum properties of CMY-30, a Val211Gly mutant of CMY-2 cephalosporinase.
AID279788Survival rate of BALB/c mouse infected with Escherichia coli O111:B4 at 25 ug, im within 48 hrs2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Protection of mice from lethal Escherichia coli infection by chimeric human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and immunoglobulin G1 Fc gene delivery.
AID543827Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii A14S after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID575082Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID1533876Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1449 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID372554Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in variable mutated locus Asn-526 or Arg-517 of ftsI gene assessed as susceptibility rate by broth microd2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID560115Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring beta-lactamase RTG3 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1529187Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as change in dissociation constant pKa2 of compound in aqueous medium to presence of human serum albumin by UV-pH titration based spectrophotometric analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID564526Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii AYE expressing VEB-1 gene by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID583084Activity of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) VIM-2 W87F mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID555225Activity of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 103 ADC-162009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557271Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 2688 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID369634Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae expressing mutant ftsI gene2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Can the Etest correctly determine the MICs of beta-lactam and cephalosporin antibiotics for beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae?
AID530523Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607 expressing multiple copies of wild-type pbp2x by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID554990Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 65 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID511289Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha pB-ges-12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
GES-13, a beta-lactamase variant possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID372608Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha producing beta-lactamase TEM-12 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID529574Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid BC-SK after 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID541004Antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cenocepacia 07-34 expressing beta-lactamase PenB12009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID1533860Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2895 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID535673Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 mutant gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID530512Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID64559Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against, Escherichia coli1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID495750Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J5 by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID543823Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PHap after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID373204Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii SIN by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID373051Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii ATCC 21537 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID558615Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2874 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID529577Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas maltophilia ULA-511 beta-Lactamase L-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID1533861Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2516 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID583030Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Enterobacter asburiae CIP 105006 plasmid carrying ACT-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID535350Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as resistant isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID556828Ratio of MIC for hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 by microdilution method at pH 7.4 to ratio of MIC for hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 by microdilution method at pH 5.52009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID521351Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate k-585 obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID557492Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558240Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 1.5 mg/liter upto 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID558318Antibacterial activity against Campylobacter jejuni by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID534262Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK-G and ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID369446Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus group A after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID544528Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID555227Activity of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 195 ADC-182009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID396030Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate expressing pAP2 plasmid containing Enterobacter cloacae acrA gene by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID560117Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID164050Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Pseudomonas1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID558330Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P316 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID541010Antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cenocepacia 212 expressing beta-lactamase PenB32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID534266Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF2 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID583082Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) wild-type VIM-2 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID520414Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID520406Antimicrobial activity against quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Antistreptococcal activity of AR-709 compared to that of other agents.
AID1533853Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1344 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID519737Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae beta-lactamase SHV-1 by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
The Lys234Arg substitution in the enzyme SHV-72 is a determinant for resistance to clavulanic acid inhibition.
AID221948Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against,gram-negative strains.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID324360Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter johnsonii 7037 expressing SCO1 by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Identification of the novel narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina.
AID200333Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Salmonella1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1209735Inhibition of mouse OAT3 expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of fluorescein uptake at 500 uM over 20 mins relative to untreated-control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:4
Organic anion transporter 3 interacts selectively with lipophilic β-lactam antibiotics.
AID530504Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IB isolate 5436-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID495798Ratio of Kcat to Km of Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-1 beta-lactamase BIC-1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B using nitrocefin hydrolysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID543831Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia burgdorferi isolate LW2 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID279271Antibacterial activity against azithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID1533863Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 757 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID373208Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii DSM 8716 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID543821Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PSig2 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID534259Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJG harboring ampG with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID203596Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Staphylococcus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID322314Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID557268Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID374363Activity of Aeromonas caviae A324R metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-19 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by computerized microacidimetric method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID534286Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJG harboring ampG with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID583089Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli XL1-Blue wild-type VIM-2 beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID279269Antibacterial activity against levofloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 19 with GyrA S81Y and ParC D83Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID525548Antimicrobial activity against ampicillin resistant nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolate BB1051 harboring with plasmid pB1000 bearing beta-lactamase ROB-1 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID541023Ratio of Kcat to Km for Burkholderia cenocepacia 07-34 beta-lactamase PenB1 expressed in Escherichia coli Top102009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID33699Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Alcaligenes1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID525550Antimicrobial activity against ampicillin resistant serotype-e Haemophilus influenzae isolate BB1053 harboring with plasmid pB1000 bearing beta-lactamase ROB-1 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID571935Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring promoter hybrid 2 in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID495662Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 531 beta-lactamase BEL-22010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID575100Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 22F assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID533209Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates assessed as resistant isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID324358Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B expressing SCO1 by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Identification of the novel narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina.
AID558337Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1650 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID574950Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 35B by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID543824Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PJes after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID520086Antimicrobial activity against acrAB-deficient Escherichia coli TG1 harboring AcrAB efflux pump by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID405315Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae group IIb isolates with ftsI gene mutation by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID534270Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF6 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID534355Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU ATCC 17903 harboring pOXA-58-5 plasmid by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID322316Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID519734Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha with deltaampC by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
The Lys234Arg substitution in the enzyme SHV-72 is a determinant for resistance to clavulanic acid inhibition.
AID557475Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID557489Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID583087Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli XL1-Blue VIM-2 A64W mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID279187Ratio of kcat to Km of Enterobacter cloacae S3 isolate beta lactamase LAP1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase LAP-1 and its association with the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1.
AID285443Ratio of kcat to Km of Citrobacter gillenii CIP 106783 Beta-lactamase GIL1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B relative to benzyl-penicillin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Chromosome-encoded narrow-spectrum Ambler class A beta-lactamase GIL-1 from Citrobacter gillenii.
AID530514Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 4214-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID575102Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19F assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID555216Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 20 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID1824272Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate T2301 expressing NDM-1 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI protocol based broth microdilution assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Nitroxoline and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID535691Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase CTX-M-15-producing fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli FMV5825 expressing qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr and harboring gyrA Ser83Ile and Asp87Asn mutant gene and ParC Ser80Ile and Glu84Val mutant gene obtained2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID562755Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae AH27 CTX-M-15 beta-lactamase2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID396029Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate in presence of 20 ug/ml efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-beta-naphthylamide by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID577711Antibacterial activity against 10'5 CFU/ml wild-type Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a after 16 hrs by by two fold serial dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
TelA contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.
AID534354Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU ATCC 17903 harboring pYMAb3 plasmid by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID543822Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia spielmanii isolate PC-Eq17 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID564529Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-11 plasmid by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID558535Antibacterial activity against bla gene-negative and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P843 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID534491Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID583024Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Escherichia coli ECB2 plasmid carrying CMY-2 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID558599Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 11 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID559922Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring recombinant plasmid RTG4-V49 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID530510Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 6138-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID558626Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3481 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID529582Ratio of Kcat to Km for Bradyrhizobium japonicum beta-Lactamase BJP-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID557208Antibacterial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative Neisseria meningitidis by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 53, Issue:4
Antibiotic susceptibility and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from the African meningitis belt, 2000 to 2006: phenotypic and genotypic perspectives.
AID326265Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 3521r carrying pR352 encoding SCO1 by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
SCO-1, a novel plasmid-mediated class A beta-lactamase with carbenicillinase characteristics from Escherichia coli.
AID555222Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 195 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID524747Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V, N114D, A140S, D288N mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-1 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID322313Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID511287Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NL68 expressing GES-13 beta lactamase2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
GES-13, a beta-lactamase variant possessing Lys-104 and Asn-170 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID557524Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID587731Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 metallo-beta-lactamase IMP18 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis using 100 uM nitrocefin2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID560489Antibacterial activity against 5 x 10'5 CFU/ml CMY-2 producing Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring plasmid AC-cmy2 by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum properties of CMY-30, a Val211Gly mutant of CMY-2 cephalosporinase.
AID521470Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S2 expressing penicillinase TEM-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID322319Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5 alpha isolates by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID535348Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID531678Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii TVICU53 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID558622Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3374 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1503171Antibacterial activity against linezolid and methicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis 4150 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID495909Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli J53 transconjugate with Escherichia coli DIH-1 expressing natural plasmid containing beta-lactamase VIM-192010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID495635Activity of Pseudomonas luteola LAM Beta-lactamase LUT-12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the natural chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas luteola.
AID558331Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P338 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID279260Antibacterial activity against azithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 with 23S rRNA A2058G mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID521426Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L1 beta lactamase gene by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID369447Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus group B after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
In vitro activity of telavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates recently obtained in Europe.
AID544527Antimicrobial activity against Borrelia garinii isolate G1 after 72 hrs by colorimetric assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia spielmanii to antimicrobial agents commonly used for treatment of Lyme disease.
AID556830Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as bacterial count per mg of cell protein at low extracellular compound concentration after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID555219Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 69 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID524744Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R mutations in beta lactamase CTX-3 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID534382Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 W1895 transconjugant harboring pCF243 by microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
KHM-1, a novel plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase from a Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate.
AID557480Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID561629Antimicrobial activity against ampD2-deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by twofold serial agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
AmpDI is involved in expression of the chromosomal L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID423104Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID495797Activity at Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-1 beta-lactamase BIC-1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B carrying pSau12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID558236Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 2 mg/liter after 12 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID556829Ratio of MIC for hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 by microdilution method at pH 5.5 to MIC for beta-lactamase-negative methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by microdilution method at pH 5.52009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID558605Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1146 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID564524Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii KI by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID561441Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 1285 harboring beta-lactamase CMY-33 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID535351Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as susceptible isolates by po dosed PK/PD technique2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID558608Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1394 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID583098Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pLBII-VIM-2 plasmid expressing VIM-2 beta-lactamase by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID495636Ratio of kcat/Km for Pseudomonas luteola LAM Beta-lactamase LUT-12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the natural chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase from Pseudomonas luteola.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID495843Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli DH10B beta-lactamase VIM-2 by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID495748Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID1503164Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 44674 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID518521Antimicrobial activity against Capnocytophaga sputigena CRBIP 17.39 after 2 days by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Characterization of CSP-1, a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a clinical isolate of Capnocytophaga sputigena.
AID557209Antibacterial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative Neisseria meningitidis assessed as percent susceptible isolates by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 53, Issue:4
Antibiotic susceptibility and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from the African meningitis belt, 2000 to 2006: phenotypic and genotypic perspectives.
AID322323Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5 alpha-URA5905 isolates expressing CTX-M-15 and TEM-1B enzymes by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID520386Activity at Pseudomonas aeruginosa COL-1 metallo-beta lactamase VIM-2 by spectrometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID1243994Antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila by agar dilution method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101Design and synthesis of some new pyrazolyl-pyrazolines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial agents.
AID557521Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID285265Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha isolate expressing pBK-CMV by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID520882Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID571933Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring strong promoter in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID558327Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P285 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID324361Activity of Acinetobacter johnsonii SCO12007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Identification of the novel narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina.
AID529581Ratio of Kcat to Km for Janthinobacterium lividum THIN-B2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID373205Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii T by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID557484Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID563976Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase VIM2 by spectrophotometry2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID94302In vivo protective dose was determined in infected swiss mice (120/strain) infected ip Klebsiella pneumoniae 102 with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E5 CFU/mL of suspension. Activity value range is 5.27-15.351987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID556832Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as change in bacterial count after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID530518Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 4857-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID278432Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes M12 by time-kill curve assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1
Semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for assessment of activity of antibacterial agents from time-kill curve experiments.
AID534379Antibacterial activity against Citrobacter freundii KHM243 clinical isolate by microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
KHM-1, a novel plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase from a Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate.
AID201555Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in isosensitest broth against Sarcina1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID524923Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V, N114D, A140S, D240G, D288N mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-32 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID557485Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID518520Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10(pNOR-1) expressing CSP-1 gene after 2 days by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Characterization of CSP-1, a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase produced by a clinical isolate of Capnocytophaga sputigena.
AID583025Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID429062Antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis JIE273 expressing 16S rRNA methyltransferase RmtC2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
RmtC 16S rRNA methyltransferase in Australia.
AID524935Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, N106S mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID558328Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P286 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID557267Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID681114TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Gly-Sar uptake (pH6.0) in SKPT cells2005European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, Jan, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Interaction of 31 beta-lactam antibiotics with the H+/peptide symporter PEPT2: analysis of affinity constants and comparison with PEPT1.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1120509Increase in bacterial membrane permeability in Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 at 1 times MIC pre-treated for 5 mins and measured 30 mins post dye addition by propidium iodide dye based flow cytometry2013MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 4, Issue:1
Inhibitors of bacterial tubulin target bacterial membranes
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1503172Antibacterial activity against linezolid and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium VRE2 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID372553Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b without amino acid substitutions in ftsI gene and bla gene assessed as susceptibility rate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID556834Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as bacterial count per mg of cell protein at low extracellular compound concentration after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID530339Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa VIM-13 beta-lactamase2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Characterization of the new metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-13 and its integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Spain.
AID373050Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus clausii NR expressing beta-lactamase BCL1 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID423232Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID405085Ratio of Kcat to Km of Citrobacter freundii PER2 beta lactamase2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Biochemical characterization of PER-2 and genetic environment of blaPER-2.
AID520389Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa COL-1 metallo-beta lactamase VIM-2 over Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa M5109 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-112008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID520388Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa COL-1 metallo-beta lactamase VIM-22008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID557481Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID521347Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate k-598 obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID322321Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5 alpha-URA5776 isolates expressing CTX-M-14 enzyme by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID222088Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against, gram-positive strains.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID524937Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, N106S and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID558593Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 5 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID563975Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase IMP12009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID372612Antibacterial activity against rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli C600 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID521474Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S6 expressing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM-116 and SHV-122008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID279263Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 with GyrA E85G, GyrB S478I and ParC S79Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID558621Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3346 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID582924Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) VIM-2 W87A mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID557394Antibacterial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative Neisseria meningitidis assessed as percent resistant isolates by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 53, Issue:4
Antibiotic susceptibility and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from the African meningitis belt, 2000 to 2006: phenotypic and genotypic perspectives.
AID210365In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (4636)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID557515Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID554984Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 14 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID40192Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Bacillus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID373054Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) carrying pET9a expressing Bacillus clausii beta-lactamase BCL1 by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID558335Antibacterial activity against Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1093 harboring blaOXA-61::cat gene by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID530505Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype II isolate 3776-04 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID495809Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harbouring plasmid BK-VIM-19 expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID524932Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A and Q38R mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID557514Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558597Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 9 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID534280Induction of beta lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-NG and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID495331Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Gly490Glu, Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID571939Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 expressing promoterless beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID558607Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1384 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID558246Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 0.5 mg/liter after 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID564534Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-33 plasmid carrying entire blaAmpC gene with alanine residue deletion at 215 position and R210P substitution by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID563972Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase NDM-1 by spectrophotometry2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID557269Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 1394 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558598Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 10 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID561627Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by twofold serial agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
AmpDI is involved in expression of the chromosomal L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID423235Antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID558239Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 2 mg/liter upto 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID524742Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring P167S mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID495656Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 expressing recombinant beta-lactamase BEL-2 by solid agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID524743Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring D240G mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID557512Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID561446Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B harboring plasmid BCSK carrying beta-lactamase CMY-2 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID1533872Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 774 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID556833Bacteriostatic activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as change in bacterial count after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID528710Antibacterial activity against penicillin intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate assessed as susceptibility level by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID533208Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates assessed as susceptible isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID558618Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3263 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID163924Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Pseudomonas1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID495326Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Gly490Glu, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID495341Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Ser385Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID524925Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring A77V mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID534353Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU ATCC 17903 by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID534261Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK-N and ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID660261Ratio of MIC for wild type Escherichia coli JC7623 to MIC for acrAB-deficient Escherichia coli JZM1202012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID1533862Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 3267 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID540949Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pBCSK plasmid by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID495804Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 2878 strain expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID521838Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA375 with blaKPC-3, qnrA1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11 genes by CLSI method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID495839Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID562754Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae AH24-270 CTX-M-71 beta-lactamase2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID612540Binding affinity to human PepT2 in SKTP cells2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15
Fragmental modeling of hPepT2 and analysis of its binding features by docking studies and pharmacophore mapping.
AID495792Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B harbouring recombinant plasmid pSau1 expressing beta-lactamase BIC-1 from Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-1 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel ambler class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase from a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate from the Seine River, Paris, France.
AID530503Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 9012-04 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID279186Activity of Enterobacter cloacae S3 isolate beta lactamase LAP1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH10B2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase LAP-1 and its association with the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant QnrS1.
AID534264Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK415 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID575080Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 11A assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID524750Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-15 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID423244Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-negative Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID557496Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID279261Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 with GyrA S81Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID555214Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 243 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID495751Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J5 transconjugants expressing beta lactamase CTX-M-9 isolated from human flora associated C3H rat infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID285259Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha isolate expressing pBK-TEM-29 and ESBL by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID521356Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2907 obtained from sinusitis of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID554991Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 67 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID495910Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli TOP10 strain2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID533207Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID495904Antimicrobial activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae DIH-2 clinical isolate expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID563967Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID279259Antibacterial activity against gatifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 with ParC S79Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID524928Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring N106S mutation in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID558611Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1564 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID583014Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Escherichia coli ECB2 plasmid carrying CMY-2 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID373217Ratio of Kcat for Bacillus clausii NR beta-lactamase BCL1 to Kcat for Bacillus cereus beta lactamase BcI2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID534265Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF1 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557499Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID583092Activity of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue VIM-2 A64W mutant beta-lactamase by spectrophotometer2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID520958Antimicrobial activity against Corynebacterium minutissimum isolates by CLSI M45-A protocol based microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Activity of Tigecycline against Coryneform Bacteria of Clinical Interest and Listeria monocytogenes.
AID1824273Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli clinical isolate T2228 expressing VIM-1 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by CLSI protocol based broth microdilution assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 228Nitroxoline and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID521472Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S4 expressing inhibitor-resistant TEM-342008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID561628Antimicrobial activity against ampD1-deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by twofold serial agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
AmpDI is involved in expression of the chromosomal L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID372555Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in highly mutated locus Ser-385 of ftsI gene assessed as susceptibility rate by broth microdilution metho2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID558322Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID279264Antibacterial activity against clarithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID495753Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J5 transconjugants expressing beta lactamase CTX-M-9 isolated from human flora associated C3H rat infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow and treated with Cefixime-cluvulanic acid by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-associated rats treated with cefixime.
AID1633668Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 PBS buffer at 100 uM measured upto 6 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4
Novel Sustainable-by-Design HDAC Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AID540947Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pB-c36 plasmid expressing cephalosporinase CMY-36 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID521344Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC BAA-3432008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID530288Antimicrobial activity against PR-39-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 DA6192 by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Mechanism and fitness costs of PR-39 resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2.
AID519740Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae beta-lactamase SHV-72 by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
The Lys234Arg substitution in the enzyme SHV-72 is a determinant for resistance to clavulanic acid inhibition.
AID583093Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pBC-SK plasmid by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID563970Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 harboring beta-lactamase NDM-1 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID555218Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 65 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID396027Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae EcDC64 isolate expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in presence of 20 ug/ml efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-beta-naphthylamide by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID530515Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 6149-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID495335Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Ser385Thr, Leu389Phe, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID529578Ratio of Kcat to Km for Chryseobacterium meningosepticum beta-Lactamase GOB-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID555209Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 90 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID1533839Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 infected in BALB/C mouse assessed as mouse survival at 50 mg/kg, ip bid measured after 5 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID530500Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 5662-05 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID562739Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pBC-CTX-M-71 plasmid by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
New variant of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, CTX-M-71, with a Gly238Cys substitution in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Bulgaria.
AID372609Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha producing beta-lactamase TEM-35 by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID555217Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 56 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557513Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID557506Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1529186Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as change in dissociation constant pKa1 of compound in aqueous medium to presence of human serum albumin by UV-pH titration based spectrophotometric analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID520383Antimicrobial activity Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 by agar macrodilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID558631Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 4755 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID396028Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID162718Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Proteus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID558536Antibacterial activity against bla gene-negative and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P854 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID1074030Apparent permeability from apical to basolateral side in pig LLC-PK1 cells by LC-MS/MS analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Discovery of 7-tetrahydropyran-2-yl chromans: β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors that reduce amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the central nervous system.
AID495841Ratio of Kcat to Km for beta-lactamase VIM-1 in Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing pBCLL/39H by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID561442Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli YD006 harboring beta-lactamase CMY-33 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Reduced susceptibility to cefepime among Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing novel variants of CMY-2 beta-lactamase.
AID534281Induction of beta lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-G and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID524933Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID558604Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1055 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1209736Inhibition of human OAT3 expressed in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of fluorescein uptake at 500 uM over 20 mins relative to untreated-control2013Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 41, Issue:4
Organic anion transporter 3 interacts selectively with lipophilic β-lactam antibiotics.
AID525546Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae Rd KW20 harboring with plasmid pB1000 bearing beta-lactamase ROB-1 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID534388Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli JM109 harboring recombinant pKHM-1 by microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
KHM-1, a novel plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase from a Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate.
AID495345Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ala368Thr, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID575417Antimicrobial activity against anrB-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e at 30 ug after 16 hrs by disk diffusion assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
The ABC transporter AnrAB contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID279267Antibacterial activity against clarithromycin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3243 with 23S rRNA A2059T mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID519631Activity of Brachyspira pilosicoli beta-lactamase OXA-63 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as compound hydrolysis by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of OXA-63, a new class D beta-lactamase from Brachyspira pilosicoli BM4442.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID558609Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1397 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID519983Activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae Beta-Lactamase SHV-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Biochemical characterization of SHV-55, an extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID535349Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as susceptible isolates by by based on po dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID94304Minimum inhibitory concentration against Klebsiella pneumoniae 102 with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E5 CFU/mL of suspension1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID535352Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates by by based on parenterally dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID495348Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ile449Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID521324Antimicrobial activity against beta lactamase-nonproducing ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae MSC06647 isolate harboring Asn526Lys mutation in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Comparison of the efficacies of oral beta-lactams in selection of Haemophilus influenzae transformants with mutated ftsI genes.
AID1180407Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49766 after 20 to 24 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15
Benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid 2,5-dimethylpyrrole derivatives as multiple inhibitors of bacterial Mur ligases (MurC-MurF).
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID495661Activity at Pseudomonas aeruginosa 531 beta-lactamase BEL-22010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID564525Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii CIP70.10 by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID521432Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L1 beta lactamase gene at 50 ug/ml2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID372548Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in variable mutated locus Asn-526 or Arg-517 of ftsI gene by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID555208Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 69 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID560488Antibacterial activity against 5 x 10'5 CFU/ml CMY-30 producing Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring plasmid AC-cmy30 by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum properties of CMY-30, a Val211Gly mutant of CMY-2 cephalosporinase.
AID285262Antimicrobial activity against recombinant Escherichia coli DH5-alpha isolate expressing pBK-TEM-1 and TEM1 by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID520387Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa M5109 metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-112008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID544583Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID558592Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 4 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID540946Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pB-c31 plasmid expressing cephalosporinase CMY-31 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID558629Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3791 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID531317Activity of Escherichia coli beta-lactamase VIM-1 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID534273Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID374362Ratio of Kcat to Km of Aeromonas caviae A324R metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-19 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by computerized microacidimetric method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID495903Antimicrobial activity in Escherichia coli DIH-1 expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
VIM-19, a metallo-beta-lactamase with increased carbapenemase activity from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID534267Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF3 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID555215Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying ampC gene of Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 14 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557799Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 by CLSI agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
New plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, found in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID558534Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1699 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID558324Antibacterial activity against bla gene-negative and nitrocefin reaction-negative beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P835 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID33697Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest against Alcaligenes1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID571932Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring a weak promoter in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID583016Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Escherichia coli EC-6 plasmid carrying AmpC-B2 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520384Antimicrobial activity Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing beta lactamase VIM-2 by agar macrodilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Biochemical characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain.
AID583017Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 transformed with Escherichia coli ECB-1 plasmid carrying ACC-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID438298Inhibition of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 5204 PBP2X preincubated for 4 hrs before addition of substrate (R)-[2-(benzoylamino)propionylsulfanyl]acetic acid2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Discovery of new inhibitors of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin binding protein (PBP) 2x by structure-based virtual screening.
AID1533867Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2728 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID1533870Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 358 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID324359Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B by agar dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Identification of the novel narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina.
AID521355Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 657 obtained from sputum of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID279254Antibacterial activity against levofloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 with GyrA S81Y and ParC S79Y mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID530509Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 3789-04 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID521469Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli S1 expressing penicillinase TEM-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Urine bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting different resistance phenotypes/genotypes in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model simulating urine concentrations obtained after oral administration of a 400-milligram single dose of ce
AID534292Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-NG plasmid and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID322320Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli INSRA5776 isolates expressing CTX-M-14 and TEM-1B enzymes by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID423234Antibacterial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID534385Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 W1895 by microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
KHM-1, a novel plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase from a Citrobacter freundii clinical isolate.
AID396032Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate expressing pAP3 plasmid containing Enterobacter aerogenes acrR gene by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID558015Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID557518Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID519980Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae Beta-Lactamase SHV-552008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 52, Issue:5
Biochemical characterization of SHV-55, an extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AID558623Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3412 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID558333Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P790 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID575419Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e assessed as growth inhibition after 16 hrs by broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
The ABC transporter AnrAB contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID495332Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ser311Pro, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID409950Inhibition of human brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID557797Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transconjugated with Proteus mirabilis pHS10 carrying qnrC gene by CLSI agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
New plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, found in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID535353Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as susceptible isolates by by based on parenterally dosed broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID575101Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23B assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID520083Antimicrobial activity against aheB-deficient kanamycin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring AheABC efflux pump by agar dilution method in presence of 64 mg/L efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID279270Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 with GyrA S81Y, GyrB P413S and ParC S79F mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID530287Antimicrobial activity against PR-39-resistant sbmA-deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 DA12088 by Etest2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Mechanism and fitness costs of PR-39 resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2.
AID495330Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID528708Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate assessed as susceptibility level by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID396031Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant AcrAB-TolC efflux pump deficient Enterobacter cloacae EcdeltaacrA isolate expressing pACYC184 plasmid by Etest2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9
Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of Enterobacter cloacae and determination of its involvement in antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate.
AID1503162Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID423101Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID322322Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli INSRA5905 isolates expressing CTX-M-15 and TEM-1B enzymes by agar dilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID583029Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Escherichia coli DH10B plasmid carrying DHA-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID1533869Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2224 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID534271Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557486Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID423239Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID1533855Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 3589 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID531683Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 15151T by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID423240Antibacterial activity against beta lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID557795Antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis 06-489 isolated from infected human urinary tract by CLSI agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
New plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, found in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1533859Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 1136 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID559918Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring beta-lactamase RTG4 gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID520877Antibacterial activity against Achromobacter xylosoxidans MER by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID558624Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3455 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID520876Antibacterial activity against Achromobacter xylosoxidans CIP69598 by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID577714Ratio of MIC wild-type Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a to MIC for telA-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
TelA contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.
AID534291Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-G plasmid and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID205210Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Serratia1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID587729Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying empty pBC-SK after 18 hrs by microdilution broth method2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID405309Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID206456In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2619)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID575077Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID557473Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3413 PBP1A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID534268Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRKF4 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557497Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID557266Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID535355Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates assessed as susceptible isolates by by based on parenterally dosed PK/PD technique2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 54, Issue:7
Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory pathogens in Spain: latest data and changes over 11 years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007).
AID205199Geometrical average of minimum bactericidal concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Serratia1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID65049In vivo protective dose was determined in infected swiss mice (120/strain) infected ip with Escherichia coli ISM with an inoculum size-0.5 mL of 10 E6 CFU/mL of suspension. Activity value range is 3.47-6.631987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID322315Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent nonsusceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID1533854Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2901 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID563968Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring beta-lactamase NDM-1 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID534290Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK415 plasmid and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID587727Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha carrying Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS 297 IMP-18-pLBII after 18 hrs by microdilution broth method2011Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 55, Issue:1
Genetic context and biochemical characterization of the IMP-18 metallo-beta-lactamase identified in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States.
AID583097Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pLBII-VIM-2 plasmid expressing VIM-2 A64W mutant beta-lactamase by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding.
AID495334Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Met377Ile, Ser385Thr, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID1533852Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 417 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID495325Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Met377Ile, Ser385Thr, Arg517His substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID562341Ratio of Kcat to Km for Chryseobacterium meningosepticum CCUG 4310 beta-lactamase BlaB1 expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha by Michaelis-Menten equation2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
IND-6, a highly divergent IND-type metallo-beta-lactamase from Chryseobacterium indologenes strain 597 isolated in Burkina Faso.
AID558338Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter jejuni isolate P1730 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID528608Ratio of Kcat to Km for Escherichia coli 2138 beta-lactamase KPC-2 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Genetic and structural insights into the dissemination potential of the extremely broad-spectrum class A beta-lactamase KPC-2 identified in an Escherichia coli strain and an Enterobacter cloacae strain isolated from the same patient in France.
AID558017Cmax in human at 1000 mg, im2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID530502Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 7490-03 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID495347Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID558625Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3458 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID495338Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID558617Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3260 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID528709Antibacterial activity against penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate assessed as susceptibility level by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
In vitro activity of telavancin against resistant gram-positive bacteria.
AID495327Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID544586Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] isolate GC 8128 expressing bla SHV-105 gene by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID521834Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA367 with blaKPC-3, qnrB19, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-12, aac(6')-1b genes by CLSI method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID558242Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 9 mg/liter after 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID575084Antimicrobial activity against multiple drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B assessed as percent susceptible isolates by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.
AID577713Antibacterial activity against 10'5 CFU/ml telA-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Serovar 1/2a after 16 hrs by by two fold serial dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
TelA contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and other cell wall-acting antibiotics.
AID1533857Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 3332 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID524931Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring P167S and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID557520Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1074028Efflux ratio of permeability in pig LLC-PK1 cells transfected with human MDR1 at 1 uM by LC-MS/MS analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Discovery of 7-tetrahydropyran-2-yl chromans: β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors that reduce amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the central nervous system.
AID558601Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 24 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1120500Induction of membrane associated proteins mislocalization in Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 assessed as reduction in GFP-MinD protein localization by fluorescence assay2013MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 4, Issue:1
Inhibitors of bacterial tubulin target bacterial membranes
AID558600Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 12 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID324362Ratio of kcat to Km for Acinetobacter johnsonii SCO12007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Identification of the novel narrow-spectrum beta-lactamase SCO-1 in Acinetobacter spp. from Argentina.
AID525545Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae Rd KW20 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates with plasmid pB1000 bearing blaROB-1: fitness cost and interspecies dissemination.
AID285264Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha TC1179 isolate expressing TEM-1 by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID540945Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] transformant harboring pH205 plasmid expressing cephalosporinase CMY-36 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
CMY-31 and CMY-36 cephalosporinases encoded by ColE1-like plasmids.
AID582763Antimicrobial activity against eaeA positive verocytotoxin-producing non-O157 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID535694Antimicrobial activity against Azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 transconjugant harboring Escherichia coli DH5alpha-5825 qnrB2 gene by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID530342Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa VIM-13 beta-lactamase2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Characterization of the new metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-13 and its integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Spain.
AID373055Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by agar-dilution technique2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID531680Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 harboring TVICU53 plasmid by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID372611Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha by microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID531679Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID575340Antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e at 30 ug after 16 hrs by disk diffusion assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
The ABC transporter AnrAB contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID520085Antimicrobial activity against acrAB-deficient Escherichia coli TG1 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID524936Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, N106S and P167S mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID423102Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID530516Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 7368-04 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1659472Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as induction of changes in mass spectral profile of bacteria 1 times MIC uM by MALDI-TOF MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-27, Volume: 63, Issue:16
Machine Learning in Mass Spectrometry: A MALDI-TOF MS Approach to Phenotypic Antibacterial Screening.
AID524934Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-3 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID210367In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (3273)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID558025Half life in human at 1000 mg, im2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID557470Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae 1076 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID531676Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid containing OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID555224Ratio of Kcat to Km for Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 65 ADC-142009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID530521Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and harboring empty vector by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID534085Antibacterial activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID563973Ratio of Kcat to Km for Klebsiella pneumoniae 05-560 beta-lactamase NDM-12009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID535697Antimicrobial activity against Azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID495838Hydrolytic activity of Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID524927Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MI1443 harboring A77V and D240G mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-10 by E-test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID438297Inhibition of penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 PBP2X preincubated for 1 hr before addition of substrate (R)-[2-(benzoylamino)propionylsulfanyl]acetic acid2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Discovery of new inhibitors of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin binding protein (PBP) 2x by structure-based virtual screening.
AID495805Antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 6828 strain expressing beta-lactamase VIM-19 by microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID1533873Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 200 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID279268Antibacterial activity against moxifloxacin resistance selected Streptococcus pneumoniae 19 with GyrA S81F mutation after 10 antibiotic-free subcultures by macrodilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Multistep resistance selection and postantibiotic-effect studies of the antipneumococcal activity of LBM415 compared to other agents.
AID531682Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-4 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID520880Antibacterial activity against Achromobacter xylosoxidans TB1 by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Characterization of a naturally occurring class D beta-lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
AID495346Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Ser357Asp, Ala437Ser, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID529580Ratio of Kcat to Km for Caulobacter crescentus beta-Lactamase CAU-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID1114711Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID534089Antibacterial activity against penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID495329Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID206458In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (853)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID534279Induction of beta lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK415 and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID541013Antimicrobial activity against Burkholderia cenocepacia 5007902 expressing beta-lactamase PenB42009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Naturally occurring Class A ss-lactamases from the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
AID405312Antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase producing amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolate assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Ampicillin-resistant non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae in Spain: recent emergence of clonal isolates with increased resistance to cefotaxime and cefixime.
AID535057Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU ATCC 17903 harboring pOXA-58-6 plasmid by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID534282Induction of beta lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN2 harboring pRK-EcG and ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557504Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID531684Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 15151T containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1120513Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168 after 18 hrs by macro-dilution method2013MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 4, Issue:1
Inhibitors of bacterial tubulin target bacterial membranes
AID1529182Protein binding in plasma (unknown origin)2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-27, Volume: 63, Issue:4
Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design.
AID558613Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2686 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID1503163Antibacterial activity against linezolid and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SAU-1 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID558247Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 infected in NMRI mouse assessed as log reduction in bacterial cfu in peritoneum at 200 mg/kg, sc administered 2 hrs after infection measured after 4 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID521429Induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L2 beta lactamase gene assessed maximum catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity at 50 ug/ml after 2.5 hrs2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID558628Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3681 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID534277Induction of beta-lactamase activity in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK415 plasmid at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID322317Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID554989Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 60 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID563969Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.
AID557471Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae 1077 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1243992Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus citreus by agar dilution method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101Design and synthesis of some new pyrazolyl-pyrazolines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial agents.
AID423103Antibacterial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as susceptible isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID495344Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Asp350Asn, Met377Ile, Gly490Glu, Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID529575Activity of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica DSM 30184 beta-lactamase CAR-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID423242Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 isolated from respiratory tract infected patients assessed as resistant isolates after 20 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12
National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study.
AID1114714Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID534263Induction of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity in ampN deficient Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ harboring pRK-NG and ampG gene with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion at 20 ug/ml2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID583027Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 transformed with Escherichia coli ECB-1 plasmid carrying ACC-1 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID558244Bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus E19977 assessed as log reduction in cfu at 1.5 mg/liter after 24 hrs by time-kill study2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Intracellular activity of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse peritonitis model.
AID534352Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID210368In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (3512)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID575420Antimicrobial activity against anrB-deficient Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e assessed as growth inhibition after 16 hrs by broth dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10
The ABC transporter AnrAB contributes to the innate resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin, bacitracin, and various beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID372603Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli BER1 producing beta-lactamase TEM-1582007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID372561Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b with an amino acid substitution in highly mutated locus Ser-385 of ftsI gene assessed as resistance rate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID556837Bacteriostatic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 infected in human keratinocytes assessed as change in bacterial count after 24 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Activities of ceftobiprole and other cephalosporins against extracellular and intracellular (THP-1 macrophages and keratinocytes) forms of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID279789Mortality rate of BALB/c mouse infected with Escherichia coli O111:B4 at 25 ug, im within 48 hrs2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Protection of mice from lethal Escherichia coli infection by chimeric human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and immunoglobulin G1 Fc gene delivery.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID557505Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 PBP2A2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID534087Antibacterial activity against levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID521345Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate k-637 obtained from CSF of patient2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID558590Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID560113Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring recombinant plasmid RTG4-S69-V49 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 53, Issue:7
Genetic and biochemical characterization of the first extended-spectrum CARB-type beta-lactamase, RTG-4, from Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID531314Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa beta-lactamase VIM-7 by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Kinetic characterization of VIM-7, a divergent member of the VIM metallo-beta-lactamase family.
AID162720Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Proteus1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID1533866Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 2919 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID583015Antimicrobial activity against OmpC/OmpF porin deficient Escherichia coli HB4 by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Phenotypic and biochemical comparison of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activities of five plasmid-borne AmpC β-lactamases.
AID524748Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli GB20 harboring V27A, Q38R, A77V, N114D, A140S, P167S, D288N mutations in beta lactamase CTX-M-1 by broth microdilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Mutational events in cefotaximase extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of the CTX-M-1 cluster involved in ceftazidime resistance.
AID1114712Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 assessed as growth inhibition after 18 hr by CLSI broth microdilution method2013Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, Jul, Volume: 22, Issue:7
AID558332Antibacterial activity against Campylobacter jejuni isolate P338 harboring blaOXA-61::cat gene by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID535494Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase positive, ampicillin-clavulanic acid resistant Haemophilus influenzae expressing fst1 mutant gene assessed as resistant isolates by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Genotypic versus phenotypic characterization, with respect to beta-lactam susceptibility, of Haemophilus influenzae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam resistance markers.
AID530341Ratio of Kcat to Km for Pseudomonas aeruginosa VIM-1 beta-lactamase2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Characterization of the new metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-13 and its integron-borne gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in Spain.
AID530501Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 6649-05 by broth dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8
Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID533877Antibacterial activity against amoxicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as percent susceptible isolates by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 52, Issue:11
In vitro activity of ceftaroline against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates exhibiting resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and cefotaxime.
AID519834Antimicrobial activity against aheB deficient kanamycin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966 harboring plasmid pEX19Gm by agar dilution method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Role of the AheABC efflux pump in Aeromonas hydrophila intrinsic multidrug resistance.
AID1503169Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis 3226 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID534283Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJ by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID564528Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pADC-50 plasmid by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID285440Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH10B expressing GIL1 after 18 hrs by disk diffusion method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Chromosome-encoded narrow-spectrum Ambler class A beta-lactamase GIL-1 from Citrobacter gillenii.
AID556341Ratio of Kcat/Km for Salmonella enterica serotype Westhampton beta-lactamase CTX-M-532009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Novel plasmid-encoded ceftazidime-hydrolyzing CTX-M-53 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from Salmonella enterica serotypes Westhampton and Senftenberg.
AID285255Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha CF1179 isolate expressing CMT and TEM1 by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID373210Ratio of Kcat to Km for Bacillus clausii NR beta-lactamase BCL1 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the chromosome-encoded class A beta-lactamase BCL-1 from Bacillus clausii.
AID558620Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 3282 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID555212Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter genomosp. 3 isolate 128 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID521352Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC BAA-6122008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Highly variable penicillin resistance determinants PBP 2x, PBP 2b, and PBP 1a in isolates of two Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal groups, Poland 23F-16 and Poland 6B-20.
AID534284Antimicrobial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KJN1 harboring ampN with xylE-Gmomega cassette insertion by agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 54, Issue:6
AmpN-AmpG operon is essential for expression of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID557517Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP32009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1533850Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate 254 by broth microdilution assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Boosting the efficacy of anti-MRSA β-lactam antibiotics via an easily accessible, non-cytotoxic and orally bioavailable FtsZ inhibitor.
AID557483Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 2527 PBP1B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558614Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 2688 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID519634Ratio of Kcat to Km for beta-lactamase FUS1 assessed as compound hydrolysis by spectrophotometry2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of OXA-63, a new class D beta-lactamase from Brachyspira pilosicoli BM4442.
AID372559Antibacterial activity against genetically beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-susceptible Haemophilus influenzae type b without amino acid substitutions in ftsI gene and bla gene assessed as resistance rate by broth microdilution method2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Genetic characteristics and clonal dissemination of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients in Japan.
AID558610Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 1424 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID285263Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5-alpha TC1295 isolate expressing TEM-1 by disk diffusion assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient.
AID521436Ratio of induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L1 beta lactamase gene to induction of xylE gene expression in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolate KJ deficient in L2 beta lactamase gene assessed as catec2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Induction of L1 and L2 beta-lactamases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AID564536Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 harboring pTOPO plasmid by Etest method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Extended-spectrum cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID558602Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate 33 by agar dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID558596Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae 8 by time-kill analysis2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6
Comparative antipneumococcal activities of sulopenem and other drugs.
AID557469Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae 3009 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID558539Antibacterial activity against bla gene-positive and nitrocefin reaction-positive beta-lactamase harboring Campylobacter coli isolate P1826 by NCCLS agar doubling dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Beta-lactamase-mediated beta-lactam resistance in Campylobacter species: prevalence of Cj0299 (bla OXA-61) and evidence for a novel beta-Lactamase in C. jejuni.
AID495840Hydrolytic activity of beta-lactamase VIM-1 in Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing pBCLL/39H by microacidimetric method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Novel VIM metallo-beta-lactamase variant from clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Algeria.
AID522388Activity of Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU12010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4
Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID557508Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 24 PBP2B2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID1609803Antibacterial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44 at 128 to 256 ug/ml after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 27, Issue:21
Tryptoline-based benzothiazoles re-sensitize MRSA to β-lactam antibiotics.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID571934Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli MC4100 harboring promoter hybrid 1 in beta-lactamase GES-1 by Etest2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Relative strengths of the class 1 integron promoter hybrid 2 and the combinations of strong and hybrid 1 with an active p2 promoter.
AID210362In vitro antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria, penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (4629)1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-05, Volume: 9, Issue:7
New N-substituted 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives as potential agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Synthesis and in vitro activity.
AID1503165Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus 69856 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID555450Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Genetic variability among ampC genes from acinetobacter genomic species 3.
AID557272Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae 3676 by CLSI method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID582965Antimicrobial activity against Yersinia enterocolitica Biovar 1B 8081 after 20 hrs by Etest2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 54, Issue:9
Contribution of BlaA and BlaB beta-lactamases to antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B.
AID535058Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU ATCC 17903 harboring pOXA-58-7 plasmid by Vitek II system2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Contribution of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with its hybrid promoter provided by IS1006 and an ISAba3-like element to beta-lactam resistance in acinetobacter genomic species 13TU.
AID495655Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 51170 expressing beta-lactamase BEL-1 by solid agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1503168Antibacterial activity against linezolid and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis G1027 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 18 to 24 hrs by broth microdilution method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 1404-Alkyliden-azetidinones modified with plant derived polyphenols: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
AID147163Geometrical average of minimum inhibitory concentration was determined in isosensitest broth against Neisseria perfl.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new class of 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-hydrazonoacetamido cephalosporins.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID654698Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49766 after 20 to 24 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
In silico discovery and biophysical evaluation of novel 5-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) rhodanine inhibitors of DNA gyrase B.
AID557495Displacement of Biocillin FL from Streptococcus pneumoniae 3665 PBP2X2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 53, Issue:5
Binding of faropenem and other beta-lactam agents to penicillin-binding proteins of pneumococci with various beta-lactam susceptibilities.
AID495333Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ile449Val, Ala502Thr, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID544584Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel beta-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155
AID495658Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli TOP10 by solid agar dilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
BEL-2, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID495343Antimicrobial activity against Beta-lactamase-positive, ampicillin-cluvulanate-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with Ala502Val, Asn526Lys substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 by broth microdilution method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract isolates in Korea: results of a nationwide acute respiratory infections surveillance.
AID529576Ratio of Kcat to Km for Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica DSM 30184 beta-Lactamase CAR-12008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7
Functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the CAR-1 enzyme of Erwinia carotovora.
AID1803292Glutathione Reductase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2012.688042: \\Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.
AID1803294Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2012.688042: \\Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.
AID1803293Glutathione S-transferase Activity Assay from Article 10.3109/14756366.2012.688042: \\Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.\\2013Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Susceptibility of cord blood antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase to different antibiotics: in vitro approach.
AID977611Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2013The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 288, Issue:42
Structural, functional, and inhibition studies of a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily protein PA4794: a new C-terminal lysine protein acetyltransferase from pseudomonas aeruginosa.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,236)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990537 (24.02)18.7374
1990's578 (25.85)18.2507
2000's526 (23.52)29.6817
2010's466 (20.84)24.3611
2020's129 (5.77)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 118.72

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index118.72 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.95 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.55 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index223.43 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (118.72)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Trials517 (22.35%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Reviews100 (4.32%)6.00%
Reviews1 (0.73%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies346 (14.96%)4.05%
Case Studies1 (0.73%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational13 (0.56%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other6 (100.00%)84.16%
Other1,337 (57.80%)84.16%
Other135 (98.54%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (56)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Postpartum Infections Following Caesarean Section [NCT02072798]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
Impact of Oropharyngeal Microorganism Colonization on the Peristomal Infection After Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy and the Effect of Tailored Antibiotics Prophylaxis [NCT01237730]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-07-31Recruiting
The Comparison of Outcomes of Antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy (CODA) Trial [NCT02800785]1,552 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
Introduction of Nitrofurantoin in Place of Ciprofloxacin in Patients of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection: a Controlled Clinical Trial to Establish the Relationship Between Revival and Associated Shift in Sensitivity Pattern of the Causative Microbes [NCT03716804]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-06Completed
Effects of Applying Powdered Prophylactics Verses Intravenous Antibiotics Only on Post-operative Infection Rate [NCT01372371]1,844 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-06-30Recruiting
Prospective Randomized Study to Compare Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Osteomyelitis Treated With Intravenous Antibiotics Versus Intravenous Antibiotics With an Early Switch to Oral Antibiotics [NCT02099240]Early Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-06Terminated(stopped due to Not enough patient enrollment and lack of staffing)
Colo-Pro_2: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Double Blind Trial to Compare Standard Bolus Dosed Cefuroxime Prophylaxis to Bolus-continuous Infusion Dosed Cefuroxime Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Infections After Colorectal Surgery [NCT05609240]Phase 2180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-10Recruiting
Prospective Randomised Study of Daptomycin as Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Sternal Wound Infections After Median Sternotomy [NCT01080963]Phase 4650 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Population Pharmacokinetics, Effectiveness and Safety of Cefuroxime in Neonates [NCT05388747]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-05-16Recruiting
Perioperative Cefuroxime in Obese Patients: Dosage According to the BMI [NCT03141476]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-01Completed
Does Antibiotic Prophylaxis at Urinary Catheter Removal Prevent Urinary Tract Infections [NCT05577273]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-14Enrolling by invitation
Ampicillin / Sulbactam Versus Cefuroxime as Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Cesarean Section: a Randomized Study [NCT01138852]Phase 4176 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial: Role of EFTs (Emotional Freedom Techniques) in Reducing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. [NCT02169856]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Continuous Infusion of Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Bacteraemia [NCT03108690]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistics)
Efficacy and Safety of Periarticular Multimodal Drug Injections in Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT00901628]Phase 4101 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Comparative Efficacy of Intravenous Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone in Preventing Surgical Site Infection After Neurosurgical Procedures [NCT05398081]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-01Completed
An Open Randomized Controlled Study of Bismuth Quadruple Therapy With Cefuroxime as Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT04723472]82 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Suspended(stopped due to Want to modify the study further)
Single Dose Cefepime Versus Cefuroxime Plus Metronidazole as a Prophylactic Antibiotic: A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT04009772]Phase 2/Phase 3500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-01Recruiting
Comparison of Two Antibiotic Prophylactic Protocols in Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes. A Randomized Prospective, Open Trial [NCT02819570]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Recruiting
Intracameral Levofloxacin (0.5%) Versus Intracameral Cefuroxime (1mg/0.1ml) Effect on Corneal Endothelial Cell Count and Morphology in Uneventful Phacoemulsification [NCT04212078]Phase 1/Phase 2138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-29Recruiting
An Open, Prospective, Randomized, Multi-Center Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Followed by Oral Azithromycin vs. Cefuroxime Monotherapy or Plus Oral Erythromycin for the Treatment of Chinese Hospitalized Patients With Community- Acquired P [NCT00648726]Phase 3139 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
The Preventive Urinary Tract Infection Role of One Week Solutions of Antimicrobial Application Before Minimally Invasive Upper Tract Lithotomy [NCT02789579]Early Phase 1150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-30Recruiting
Does Sugared or Sugar Free Chewing Gum Reduces Postoperative Ileus After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT02162134]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
The Effect of Intracameral Cefuroxime on Post-op Fibrin in Pediatric Cataract Surgery [NCT00730938]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Post Operative Cefuroxime in Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery [NCT02850250]0 participants (Actual)Observational2018-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to CI left the country so study has never opened)
Effect of Inappropriate Therapy With Cefuroxime in Adult Patients Hospitalized With Pyelonephritis [NCT04616352]973 participants (Actual)Observational2020-12-26Completed
Very Short-course Versus Standard Course Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Acute ChOlangitis After Adequate Endoscopic BiliaRy drAinage [NCT05750966]440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-19Recruiting
Randomized, Multicenter, Phase III, Controlled Clinical Trial, to Demonstrate the no Inferiority of Reduced Antibiotic Treatment vs a Broad Spectrum Betalactam Antipseudomonal Treatment in Patients With Bacteremia by Enterobacteriaceae [NCT02795949]Phase 3344 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Beta-lactam Monotherapy Versus Beta-lactam - Macrolide Association as Empiric Antibiotherapy Strategies in Non-severe Hospitalized Community-acquired Pneumonia: a Randomized, Non-inferiority, Open Trial. [NCT00818610]Phase 4601 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Intervention for Postpartum Infections Following Caesarean Section [NCT02009098]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Withdrawn
A Prospective, Randomized, Blind, Multicenter Trial Comparing Orally Administered Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole With Intravenously Administered Cefuroxime and Metronidazole as Prophylaxis of Infection Following Elective Colorectal Surgery [NCT00613769]Phase 41,073 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
24 Versus 48 Hours of First Generation or Second Generation Cephalosporin as Prophylaxis to Reduce Surgical Site Infection in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04303390]Phase 4568 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-06Completed
Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Single-Dose Cefuroxime Prophylaxis in Herniated Disk Surgery [NCT00530400]Phase 41,369 participants (Actual)Interventional1994-04-30Completed
Randomised And Double Blind Study To Evaluate The Best Moment To Infuse The Prophylactic Antibiotic In Knee Arthroplasty Performed Under Ischemia [NCT00497341]Phase 41,332 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Use of Antibiotics to Eradicate Bacterial Pathogens Colonising the Colonic Mucosa in Ulcerative Colitis Patients [NCT00355602]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Cataract Surgery Version 7e January 22 2003 [NCT00136344]35,000 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Role of Delay and Antibiotics on PERForation Rate While Waiting appendECTomy - Randomized Non-inferiority Trial [NCT04378868]Phase 41,800 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-18Completed
Phase 3 Study of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Use Prior Emergent Surgery, Because of Acute Appendicitis [NCT01524081]Phase 3187 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Management of HIV-Infected Patients at Risk of Recurrent Purulent Sinusitis: Role of Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Decongestant Prophylaxis [NCT00000752]Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn
Antibiotikaprofylakse Ved Vaginalplastik [NCT00162604]200 participants Interventional2005-05-31Recruiting
Peri-articular Injections Containing a Corticosteroid During Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT00492973]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
The Efficacy of Preventive Antibiotic Treatment During the Puerperium Among Pregnant Women With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections [NCT01507974]220 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-16Completed
Evaluation of Directed Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy (TRUSP) [NCT01659866]Phase 4563 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Risk of Acute Liver Injury in Users of Antimicrobials in the HealthCore Integrated Research Database Population [NCT01434173]1,299,056 participants (Actual)Observational2001-07-31Completed
Standard Versus Pre-emptive Antibiotic Treatment to Reduce the Rate of Infectious Outcomes After Whipple's Procedure (SPARROW): a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05784311]Phase 4322 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-06Recruiting
Oral + Parenteral Antibiotic Prophylaxis Before Colonic Surgery With vs Without Mechanical Bowel Preparation: a Prospective, Multicentric, Randomised, Controlled Trial. [NCT04161599]Phase 4968 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-01Recruiting
Colo-Pro Pilot: A Pilot Study to Compare Standard Single Dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Bolus-continuous Infusion Dosed Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Infections After Colorectal Surgery [NCT02445859]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Optimal Timing of Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis [NCT01790529]Phase 45,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Population Pharmacokinetics of Amikacin and Cefuroxime in Critically Ill Septic Patients Admitted to the ICU or the ED [NCT04470973]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-07-15Recruiting
Preoperative Oral Antibiotics and Surgical Site Infections in Colon Surgery Without Mechanical Bowel Preparation. A Prospective, Multicentre, Single Blinded, Randomized Trial (ORALEV Study) [NCT02505581]Phase 4536 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
The Value of Perioperative Antibiotics on the Success of Oral Free Flap Reconstructions [NCT02436083]Phase 4350 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Study of Qingfei Granule for the Treatment of the Pediatric Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection With Bacterial Infection [NCT04479657]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-17Recruiting
Risk Factors for Failure of Erythema Migrans Treatment - Comparison of Doxycycline and Cefuroxime Axetil for Treatment of Adult Patients With Erythema Migrans: Clinical and Microbiological Outcome. [NCT01518192]Phase 4544 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Infections After Hysterectomy - a Placebo-controlled Study Comparing the Prophylactic Use of Azithromycin and Cefuroxime With Single Cefuroxime [NCT05337566]2,278 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-05Recruiting
Comparison of Doxycycline and Cefuroxime Axetil in Patients With Erythema Migrans [NCT03584919]509 participants Interventional2006-06-01Completed
100000 Cases Real World Research of the Safety and Efficacy Revaluation of Cefuroxime Axetil Dispersible Tablets After Listing [NCT03020940]100,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-01-31Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Amount of Pain Medication Taken Per Day
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Complications, Such as Infections, Hospital Readmissions, Manipulations Under Anesthesia, Etc.
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Knee Range of Motion
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Knee Society Scores
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia(PCA) Consumption During 24 Hours After Surgery
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]Maximal Flexion Angle Degree on Postoperative 7 Day
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]Pain( Visual Analog Scale )
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]Participant Number of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting During 24 Hours After Surgery
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]The Proportion of Patients Who Could Raise Leg With Replaced Knee Extended
NCT00901628 (6) [back to overview]the Proportion of Patients Who Were Satisfied With the Pain Management
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]New or Increased Symptoms Since Erythema Migrans in Patients and Controls at 6 Months.
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]New or Increased Symptoms Since Erythema Migrans in Patients Controls at 12 Months.
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 12 Months
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 14 Days
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 2 Months
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 6months
NCT01518192 (8) [back to overview]Selected Subjective Symptoms in Patients and Control Subjects
NCT01659866 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Post-biopsy Infection.
NCT02445859 (1) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Days in Hospital After Index Treatment Within 90 Days
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Eventual Appendectomy Incidence Proportion
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Number of Clinic Visits or Emergency Room Visits
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With at Least One Complications From Treatment
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Patient-reported Quality of Life as Measured by EuroQol (EQ-5D)
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Participants With Perforated Appendicitis
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Rates of Participants With Appendiceal Cancer
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]Total Number of Patients Who Had Resolution of Appendicitis Symptoms at 30 Days

Amount of Pain Medication Taken Per Day

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: Average of 3 days after surgery

Interventionmg/day morphine equivalant (Mean)
Control Group47.8
Corticosteroid46.0

[back to top]

Complications, Such as Infections, Hospital Readmissions, Manipulations Under Anesthesia, Etc.

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: any point during the first postoperative year

InterventionNumber of participants with complication (Number)
Control Group0
Corticosteroid3

[back to top]

Knee Range of Motion

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventiondegrees (Mean)
Control Group112.5
Corticosteroid112.4

[back to top]

Knee Society Scores

The Knee Society Score is on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst possible score, and 100 being the best possible score. The Knee Society Score takes into account subjective patient reports of pain and functional ability as well as clinical measures of passive knee range of motion. (NCT00492973)
Timeframe: 3 months postoperative

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Control Group87.1
Corticosteroid83.3

[back to top]

Length of Hospital Stay

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: days after surgery

Interventiondays (Mean)
Control Group3.5
Corticosteroid2.6

[back to top]

Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia(PCA) Consumption During 24 Hours After Surgery

Fentanyl based PCA consumption via PCA pump (microgram) (NCT00901628)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

Interventionmicrogram (Mean)
Periarticular Injection Group169.4
No Injection Group262.3

[back to top]

Maximal Flexion Angle Degree on Postoperative 7 Day

An independent investigator measured the maximal flexion angle (degree) of replaced knee with 28 centimeter armed goniometer on postoperative 7 day (NCT00901628)
Timeframe: postoperative 7 day

Interventiondegree (Mean)
Periarticular Injection Group92.3
No Injection Group95.2

[back to top]

Pain( Visual Analog Scale )

An independent investigator who was blinded to randomization assessed pain level using 0 to 10 visual analog scale (VAS) that ranged from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain)at the night after operation. (NCT00901628)
Timeframe: the night after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Periarticular Injection Group2.3
No Injection Group6.4

[back to top]

Participant Number of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting During 24 Hours After Surgery

An independent investigator assessed participant number of postoperative nausea and vomiting during 24 hours after surgery. Nausea was defined as a subjective unpleasant sensation associated with awareness of the urge to vomit; and vomiting, as the forceful expulsion of gastric contents from the mouth. (NCT00901628)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Periarticular Injection Group22
No Injection Group15

[back to top]

The Proportion of Patients Who Could Raise Leg With Replaced Knee Extended

(NCT00901628)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Periarticular Injection Group18
No Injection Group6

[back to top]

the Proportion of Patients Who Were Satisfied With the Pain Management

(NCT00901628)
Timeframe: postoperative 7 day

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Periarticular Injection Group38
No Injection Group39

[back to top]

Adverse Events

Number of patients reporting adverse events (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: at 14 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Doxycycline22
Cefuroxime Axetil23

[back to top]

New or Increased Symptoms Since Erythema Migrans in Patients and Controls at 6 Months.

Comparison of the number patients and controls with new or increased symptoms since erythema migrans at 6 months. (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients9
Controls16

[back to top]

New or Increased Symptoms Since Erythema Migrans in Patients Controls at 12 Months.

Comparison of the number of patients and controls with new or increased symptoms since erythema migrans at 12 months. (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients5
Controls21

[back to top]

Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 12 Months

Number of patients with objective Lyme disease manifestations and/or post-Lyme disease symptoms in patients treated for solitary erythema migrans at 12 months post inclusion (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Doxycycline3
Cefuroxime Axetil4

[back to top]

Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 14 Days

Number of patients with objective manifestations of Lyme disease(persistence of erythema migrans or any of the extracutaneous-cardiac, nervous or skeletal-Lyme disease manifestations)and/or with post-Lyme disease symptoms in patients treated for solitary erythema migrans at 14 days post inclusion (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: at 14 days post inclusion

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Doxycycline30
Cefuroxime Axetil27

[back to top]

Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 2 Months

Number of patients with objective Lyme disease manifestations and/or post-Lyme disease symptoms in patients treated for solitary erythema migrans at 2 months post inclusion (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Doxycycline19
Cefuroxime Axetil14

[back to top]

Objective Lyme Disease Manifestations and Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms at 6months

Number of patients with objective Lyme disease manifestations and/or post-Lyme disease symptoms in patients treated for solitary erythema migrans at 6 months post inclusion (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Doxycycline5
Cefuroximew Axetil6

[back to top]

Selected Subjective Symptoms in Patients and Control Subjects

Comparison of the number of patients and controls with selected 8 symptoms (fatigue, arthralgias, myalgias, headache, paresthesias, dizziness, irritability, or nausea) within the preceding week, irrespective of whether they were new or increased since erythema migrans. (NCT01518192)
Timeframe: Examination at 12 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Patients178
Controls181

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Post-biopsy Infection.

To measure and compare the rates of infection following TRUSP in subjects with and without CR-GNB. This measure is number of participants with post-biopsy infection. (NCT01659866)
Timeframe: 30 days post-biopsy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cipro-susceptible6
Cipro-resistant3

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Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection

Superficial and deep surgical site infections as defined by the CDC (Centre's for Disease Control) definitions of surgical site infections. (NCT02445859)
Timeframe: Number of patients with a surgical site infection within 30 days of a colorectal surgical procedure.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard Regimen10
Interventional Regimen13

[back to top]

Days in Hospital After Index Treatment Within 90 Days

Mean number of days in the hospital per participant calculated at 90 days post randomization. (Number of days/Number of Participants in Therapy Arm who responded to the 90 day survey question) (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: 90 days post randomization

InterventionDays per participant (rate) (Mean)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm0.68
Appendectomy Arm0.15

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Eventual Appendectomy Incidence Proportion

incidence proportion of appendectomy within 90 days post randomization among those randomized to antibiotics (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: 90 days post randomization

Interventionincidence proportion (Number)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm0.29

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Number of Clinic Visits or Emergency Room Visits

Total number of participants with any visit to emergency department or urgent care clinic after index treatment within 90 days (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: 90 days post randomization

Interventionvisits (Number)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm55
Appendectomy Arm26

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Number of Participants With at Least One Complications From Treatment

Comparison of the number of participants with at least one surgical complication and antibiotic complications. (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: 90 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm37
Appendectomy Arm21

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Patient-reported Quality of Life as Measured by EuroQol (EQ-5D)

The primary evaluation of patient-reported quality of life, as measured by the EuroQuol-5D at four-weeks, will be conducted using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, where patients' data are analyzed according to the patients' randomized treatment assignment. EQ5D assesses health status in terms of five dimensions of health. The maximum score of 1 indicates the best health state, the minimum score is 0 (as score as bad as being dead). (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: Four-weeks after randomization

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm0.92
Appendectomy Arm0.91

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Rate of Participants With Perforated Appendicitis

Rates of patients who had perforated appendicitis will be calculated for each arm among those received an appendectomy. (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: 90 days post enrollment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm59
Appendectomy Arm99

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Rates of Participants With Appendiceal Cancer

Rates of appendiceal cancer among participants will be calculated among the antibiotics and appendectomy arms. (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: Through study completion, up to 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm4
Appendectomy Arm6

[back to top]

Total Number of Patients Who Had Resolution of Appendicitis Symptoms at 30 Days

Total Number of Patients who had resolution of appendicitis symptoms at 30 Days. This was measured as absence of fever and abdominal pain and tenderness. (NCT02800785)
Timeframe: at 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotics Therapy Arm462
Appendectomy Arm466

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0810azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.0810beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0810acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.08101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		2.610fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0710monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.1310tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		1.9610glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
glycine
[no description available]		1.9810alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.1710aldotriosefundamental metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9610carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4520
histamine
[no description available]		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		1.9810hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.3911diatomic iodinenutrient
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		210alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.1110metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.0510monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.110octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.1110oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		210phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
taurine
[no description available]		1.9810amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		1.9910uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.8721isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.6430acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.4620monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.7921phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.4110organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		8.3911aromatic amine
theophylline
[no description available]		6.9810dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.51101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		8.4711dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.420benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		2.0110aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		5.63181
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.4820benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0710aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.1210dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		8.54273
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0110ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		1.9610aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.4120monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.5110organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.3820aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		13.269814aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		2.41101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.5320acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.4420amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0310organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		4.46511,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0410
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0710anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0110piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.3720difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.2641chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		13.4410416
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		1.9810methoxybenzenes
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0710organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.7230monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		1.9810primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.9831benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.4311aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		1.9810
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.0410carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0210secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.3820dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.0710benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.4611amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.4520benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		4.0631fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9910ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		15.7813658C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.39201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.03102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		9.4751fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		14.3155223-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9810benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		1.9710oxopurine
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		1.9710acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		3.1210aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		6.62106benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		1.9510pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		710long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.1510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		6.22133isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.9640N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.1210furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0110phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0110diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.9210benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.5110phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		6.64203aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.5110gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3911alkylbenzene
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0110carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.125011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		6.46141beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.1710glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0610ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.656111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.011011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		7.97495penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0710chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0710L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		8.64234C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		1.9710carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		7.91371azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.610pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		7.8740kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.3820D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		5.8122monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		1.9910phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.3820ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		4.02140penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.71100penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.78110penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		1.9610diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		13.4711819beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		7.2110mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.3820arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0710aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		3.014011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		5.11016-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.0510iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		7.41178penicillin allergen;
penicillin
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		6.1794penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.4720pyrrolidin-2-ones
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.		210benzaldehydes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		chromogenic compound
diisopropyl ether
[no description available]		2.0510
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.3920aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		1.9710naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		2.3820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		1.9610pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		1.9910isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.0810nitrile
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		7.3920mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		4.342211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.0210calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0510dialdehydebiomarker
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.4720amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.661acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		9.81504cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
naphthyl acetate
naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol		1.9710
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.5110ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		13.37718glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		1.9910alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		5.14111cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		6.19121dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		3.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.4320antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		9.9691penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		5.77201penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		3.4211
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.0710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.4110copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.5420titanium group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		210f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.610N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
palladium chloride
palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.0710palladium coordination entitycatalyst
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9810diatomic bromine
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0310calcium phosphate
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.0110
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510tellurium oxoacid
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		210
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.5420titanium oxidesfood colouring
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.6530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		9.73417beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		3.821aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
taurolidine
[no description available]		1.9810thiadiazinane
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		8.7630cephalosporinantibacterial drug
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.1331benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		3.4411chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		2.0210chlorphenamine
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		14.387821beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
pivampicillin
Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		1.9610penicillanic acid ester;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		prodrug
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9810pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		14.3814942penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
vanadyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.1110metal sulfate;
vanadium coordination entity
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		3.7721amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		4.4851penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		8.38295amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.1110catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		9.661penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		6.96231alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		9.01236beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		1.9510penicillin
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		3.821organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.1210aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		4.4551cephalosporinantibacterial drug
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.9140conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		4.6850cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.28100cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.42236penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		6.42124beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.17170cephalosporinantibacterial drug
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		10.22121cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		7.33187cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		11.556815cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		4.0531fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
octenidine
[no description available]		2.520dihydropyridine
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		5.0152
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		1.9710quinolines
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		4.4851fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.4110aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		7.6930
trimethoprim sulfamethizole
trimethoprim sulfamethizole: used in treating liver pulmonary lesions		2.1510
betamethasone sodium phosphate
betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.		3.3611organic sodium salt;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		1.9910benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		25.84798229cephalosporinfungal metabolite
ritipenem
ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source		2.3820
flomoxef
flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.		1.9910N-acyl-amino acid;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
fropenem
[no description available]		4.8842faropenem
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		210fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chloranilic acid
chloranilic acid: structure		210
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.45201,2,3-triazole
cefaloram
cefaloram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. cefaloram : A cephalosporin derivative with potent antibacterial activity which binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division, inactivation of which interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causing cell lysis.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
talampicillin
Talampicillin: An ester of AMPICILLIN which is readily hydrolyzed on absorption to release ampicillin. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in a greater bioavailability of ampicillin than can be achieved with equivalent doses of ampicillin.. talampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-phthalidyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
sanfetrinem
sanfetrinem: orally absorbed hexetil ester of GV-104326		1.9910
pd 131628
PD 131628: CI-990 is L-alanylamide prodrug of PD-131628; structure given in first source		1.9810
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		1.9910fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
tetracyanoquinodimethane
tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.		210alicyclic compound;
nitrile;
quinodimethane
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		3.1450carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		9.76368macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		1.9810iditolfungal metabolite
cephacetrile
Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.		9.1650cephalosporin
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.7530
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		7.14205beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.2110beta-carbolines
amdinocillin pivoxil
Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.		3.7521penicillanic acid ester;
penicillin;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
prodrug
hwa 138
1-(5-hydroxy-5-methylhexyl)-3-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		1.9710
ci 934
CI 934: structure given in first source		1.9610
fluorescein 5-maleimide
[no description available]		2.0410
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		4.9142penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
methotrexate
[no description available]		1.9710dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sulbactam
[no description available]		8.98189penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		3.84110
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		8.12283beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		13.442209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		7.3110carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		11.27376aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.110methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		1.9810oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
cerium sulfate
[no description available]		210
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.3720amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
temocillin
temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.		2.8840penicillin
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9910
aluminoxamine
aluminoxamine: aluminum chelate of desferrioxamine		1.9710
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		3.8621piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		2.1110
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0110corticosteroid hormone
rosoxacin
rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.		7.3720pyridines;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		9.86425
5-demethylnobiletin
5-demethylnobiletin: antineoplastic from Citrus plants; structure in first source		2.610ether;
flavonoids
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		6.7352
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.6630peptide
elastin
[no description available]		1.9710oligopeptide
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.0110heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		6.13152alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		10.2644beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		3.37113alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		6.34114
7-aminocephalosporanic acid
7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.		2.3820alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		6.9610penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.4160acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
indican
[no description available]		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		2.0510
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		7.57125penicillanic acid ester
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.110macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.1102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		5.8522alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		8.62292
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		6.1184epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		10.17347macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyfluthrin
cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).		2.0110
imidazolidines
[no description available]		1.9510azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin
Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.		3.3711oligopeptide
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		11.13619cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.7430one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.0710acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.9410organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		2.1710
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.38178penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefsulodin
Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.		7.8740cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
chloramphenicol succinate
chloramphenicol succinate: inactive precursor (PRODRUGS) of chloramphenicol; used for parenteral administration of chloramphenicol; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer		3.3511amphetamines;
hemisuccinate
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		1.9710azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.0310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.8430cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.5110stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		4.324111alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		7.6730carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		5.9981C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
quinine
[no description available]		4.2220cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
isepamicin
[no description available]		3.3811
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.1710
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.4320organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		1.9810monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		3.7721
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.0210leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		2.0210dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		2.0210amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.9140antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		8.35235oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefzil
cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.		7.2872
sf 837
midecamycin: minor descriptor (75-80); on-line search LEUCOMYCINS (75-80); Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-80); macrolide antibiotic		2.0210organic molecular entity
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		6.91122cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.6320retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		1.99101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		6.4752hydrochloride
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0210acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cefroxadine
cefroxadine: orally active, broad spectrum cephalosporin. cefroxadine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methoxy and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		1.9610cephalosporin
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.4110morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.3360carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.0710organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.5110cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		3.8621morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0110oligopeptide
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		9.643211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		210carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		1.9710boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.8732metal atom;
pnictogen
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.85421,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
cefteram pivoxil
cefteram pivoxil: structure given in first source		2101,3-thiazoles;
cephams;
oxime O-ether;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester;
tetrazoles
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.1210dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		6.3111cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.9240cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
cefetamet pivoxyl
cefetamet pivoxyl: pivaloyloxymethyl ester of Ro 15-8074; structure given in first source; metabolite of cefetamet		5.38531,3-thiazoles;
cephams;
oxime O-ether;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		7.940cephalosporin
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		12.37146131,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
flumethrin
flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide		1.9910
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.0510chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.0310
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		7.1110
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		3.4720amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
cilastatin
[no description available]		4.6232carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
furazlocillin
furazlocillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*(E))))-isomer; structure		1.9510
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials		1.9910
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.4211
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.8740penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		6.3771carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.7661imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sitafloxacin
sitafloxacin: structure in first source		1.9810
3-aminophthalate
3-aminophthalate: structure in first source		2.0510
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		6.2542biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		3.9721magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
cefmenoxime
Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.		7.8940cephalosporinantibacterial drug
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		5.24431,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
desacetylcefotaxime
desacetylcefotaxime: RN given refers to parent cpd (6R-(6alpha,7alpha(Z)))-isomer		7.6630
cefoselis
cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.		1.9810
tebipenem
tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source		2.4110
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		14.29831
avibactam
avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.		2.4110azabicycloalkane;
hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
ureas		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903
ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.		2.15101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
iminium betaine;
organic phosphoramidate;
oxime O-ether;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
prodrug
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		4.5251carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
zeolites
[no description available]		2.1110
cp 70429
sulopenem: a penem antibiotic		2.4110
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.2510
zabofloxacin
zabofloxacin: a fluoroquinolone antibiotic		2.0310
norvancomycin
norvancomycin: glycopeptide; adverse reactions tend to occur in older patients, those who use other antibiotic concomitantly or those who receive this agent longer than 14 days		2.0810
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.0810
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.3920nystatins
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		6.2101
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		5.9341
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9610organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ceftiofur
ceftiofur: structure in first source		2.0510
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		1.981021-hydroxy steroid
cefamandole nafate, monosodium salt, 14c-labeled, (6r-(6alpha,7beta,(r*)))-isomer
cefamandole nafate: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R*)))-isomer. cefamandole nafate : A cephalosporin prodrug having (R)-O-formylmandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		1.9910
chitosan
[no description available]		3.4260
sy 5555
SUN 5555: structure given in first source		6.9810
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		13.1311925
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		3.8821
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.2110
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.6930
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.0310
bocillin fl
BOCILLIN FL: used for detecting pencillin-binding proteins; structure in first source		2.0710
cefteram
cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		1.9710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		1.9910ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		1.9610carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		6.34212
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.0831
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		3.1210benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
clorobiocin
clorobiocin: chlorine-containing antibiotic related to novobiocin		1.9610
rpx7009
RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2510
pyrethrins
[no description available]		1.9910
cefuroxime axetil
[no description available]		17.46287112
cefuroxime lysine
[no description available]		4.7771
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.8330
daptomycin
[no description available]		1.9710
ferric ammonium citrate
ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.		1.9510
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0510
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.17102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.96130cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0210cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
eye
[no description available]		8.1250
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		1.9610
gallidermin
gallidermin: lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotic (lantibiotic); from Staphylococcus gallinarum; structure given in first source		2.0510
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4420acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.2310amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.4320monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.2450aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.0640amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.4620hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.0410dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.0410chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.5920pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
parathion
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.2310primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.0610
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0510benzenes;
organic amino compound
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.5220phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4520oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.5370imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.1750acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.85100aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.85100acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.0740monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0410acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.5620acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.460phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.460organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.4370secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.8430triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.460adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.5820acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.5620diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4320dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		4.6580dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.4601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.4620aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.2550carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.460dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.2510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.5620nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.4370pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.7590benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.85100ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.8430aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		3.5620amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0610carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.59201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0210pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.6580propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.8630piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.2310diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.460secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.9640organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4620organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520benzamides
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.6480amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.9640aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.5620azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.460methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		4.7690purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.6580aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.0540dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.0410organic molecular entity
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.7230N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4320quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.2550carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.4720hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.5620ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0410aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.2550aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.0840benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.56201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.2550aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		4.0840benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.4110monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.5470organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.460monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.2550isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.6580aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0210cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.95320aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.7330benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.08402-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0410amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.0640aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		3.8430dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.08401,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.5370clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.84301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.5520conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.4110organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.4320chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		4.2550substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.5370dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.97401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.5820primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4620alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.67801,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.2550benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.6780amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.0810bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.5820dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.5820carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.0410N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.2650monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.5820dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		3.8530ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.8630piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.460monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.2550organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.460branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.9640benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.9830aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.8630morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.8430aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.0640dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.8230aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.8630oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		210benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0210ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.5620triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.5820aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.5820dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.7430phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.8530monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.07402-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0740carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.6580dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.2310aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.9640resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.7330anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.8530piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.5370aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.9740difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.6680conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.5270aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.8430N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.460ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.5820benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.2450nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.8530fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.8430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.5470carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.03120chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.5470gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.8430aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.2550sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2550aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0410piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.6480monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		4.460aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.5820azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.2550acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.460aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.4320haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.4520barbiturates
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0740azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5370benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.8630benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.460one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		3.5620hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.6580monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.8430primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.460benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.2550ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.5470dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.460bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.8430indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.86100aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7330benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.4620organic molecular entity
iotroxic acid
iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.5820carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5820azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.5920benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.0210organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.4160carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.8530catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.0640benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.3960piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.5820cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.7430aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.8230dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.7590benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.6680amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.7590benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.24501,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.5470benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.0840nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.5820N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.5620benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		4.0840benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.2550biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0610cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.8430anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.2550aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.5820nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.2310diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8530ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5820imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.8530piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.8530organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.8430amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.8730aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.5470guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.2650benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0410ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.5820benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0410benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.0740beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.460benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.5470organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.6580aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.6680C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.2310aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.460aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0610dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.2550imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.0840bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.2550dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.2550benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.460dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.9640benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.5920monoterpenoid
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.4520acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.0410aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.5620methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		5.091301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0840heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.460aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0410benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.460cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.2310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.2550benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.5370C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.2310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.4602-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.460C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.99401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.360C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5820nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.4601,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.0840isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0210catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.6480fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.2550organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0410alkylbenzene
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.65803-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.2550aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.5370carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.2310ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.56201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.56701,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.4520organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.9540aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		210phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.0740phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.0840aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.0840benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.56201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.2550aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.5820barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.8430oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.2310piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.2450N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.7430acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.2550barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.2310aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.5820primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.4620pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		3.1550organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.6580indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		2.0410N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.7330pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.0610pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.5820benzothiadiazine
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.9740acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0610pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.8530isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.6580aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4420amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.8530aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.8430pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.6680benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0410dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.460benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.7430benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8430benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.5820N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.8630pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.4220phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.8530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.8430aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.5920xanthenes
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.8430phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.87100naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.0840pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.5820aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.23101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.5480aralkylamine
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.5620benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.25501,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.46201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.0810alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		2.0410N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.0210ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.5370pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.2650pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.7590ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.8930dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.06101,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.4620N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.0410sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0410pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.360isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0410pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0410substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		210primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0410pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.6580
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.7430pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.9640isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.1550benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.4620salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.6580sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.9540aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.7430naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.360N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.5620benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.5820imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.5370furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.6680phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0210diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.4220benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.5820phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.5620phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.2450aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0610aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.5620monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.0840imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.5620N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2550benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8330N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.6580N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.460aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.0840amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.4620triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.0640monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.0740pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.2550triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.5620N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		210organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.8430oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.35170aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.2450
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.8430dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.2310chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.9740piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.460cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.5920gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ether
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.5620carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.0840nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.2550imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.7430monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.46011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		3.5820alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		4.24170beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.4320nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.04101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.23102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.59201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.85303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0410barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.8430non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.255011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0410fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		2.0410N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		6.65660penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.0410organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.5620pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.23102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		5.45190C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.140carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.452017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0210steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.5820aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.4720pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		5.39560azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.4160kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.1550amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4.1140ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		3.3260penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		5.23150penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4420organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0410benzoxazole
aniline
[no description available]		2.0410anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.8530alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.0410aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		5.4180penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0410antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.87304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.67670beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.2650mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.8430beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.4320nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0410organic sodium saltdye
mestranol
[no description available]		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
chlorquinaldol
Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.		2.4110monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		210erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.2310arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.9740benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.0610amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.64806-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid
8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
acriflavine chloride
3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine.		2.4620organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
histological dye;
intercalator
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		5.09130penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.8530glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5820phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.0710aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0410polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.4420peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.4520bromide salt
1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid
4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: reagent for removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution		2.4110aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		mutagen
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4620aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.2310quinolines
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.5470penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.2310phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.8530N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8530benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.954011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.58201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0410isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0410pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0410ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0210furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.04103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.582017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.4520thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.0410dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.5820amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5620carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0310organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
glycylglycine
[no description available]		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
lactulose
[no description available]		4.0940glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		2.0610oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.432020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.0940acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
Berberine chloride (TN)
[no description available]		2.2510organic molecular entity
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.0610aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.34170cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.064017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.0410
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source		2.4110hydroxyquinoline
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.96401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.9640
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.5370ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.0410methylpyridines
ethidium bromide
[no description available]		2.7430organic bromide saltgeroprotector;
intercalator;
trypanocidal drug
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		5.24150glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aromatic ketone
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.8430benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.8730aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.8530benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.7530benzodioxine
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.2550dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.9640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.85100dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.9440penicillinantibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.5470antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		2.4110C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
cladribine
[no description available]		4.0640organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		5.29160penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.1450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.5470azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
terodiline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.1450pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		210delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.0410N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620oxopurine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0410benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.460selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.02106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		5.45190beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.1450glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.8430aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.1350cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.5820nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		4.0740indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.4320benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		5.4180beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		6.7690penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.85100timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		2.0610piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8530carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5820amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.6480azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.2310pyrroline
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.9640penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.83110amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.2450taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.6580beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.8430catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		5.16440penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.5620ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.25501-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.7430triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.94110alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.7690beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.7690L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.1450monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.7430penicillin
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.6590
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.55705-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4320organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.23101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0210cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.2510chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.4520azepanes
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.2550anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.460aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8530aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		3.75100cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0210organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.7430acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.2450anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.66660penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.0640aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.7590alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		5.1130cephalosporinantibacterial drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8430diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		3.83110cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.0410
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.5620diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.94110cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.9540benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0610thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.58220cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.1550fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.5370monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.5370
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		3.1550
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.460delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.7430aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.5920naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.4520aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.5620delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.4520benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.7430dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.66803-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.5620N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4420carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.0840aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8430dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.4620
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.25503-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.7430
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.8430aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.7430quinolines
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.41606-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.9540fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.56201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.460phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.2650beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.9740tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.0640pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.7530
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.0840aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.5820aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.0640alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.5620aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.5470monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.0640carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.460biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.54701,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.7430guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.0840oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.5620adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.04101,4-benzoquinones
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		2.0410aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
trichlorophene
trichlorophene: contains 20 carbon atoms; do not confuse with trichlorophene as name for trichloro derivs of 2,2'-methylenebisphenol (contain 13 carbon atoms)		2.0810
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.4160
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.2450cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.4620cephalosporinfungal metabolite
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5820benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.0410
flomoxef
flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.		2.0410N-acyl-amino acid;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
fropenem
[no description available]		3.360faropenem
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.4160benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.7230fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
3-pentadecylphenol
3-pentadecylphenol: structure in first source		2.2110phenols
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.0410benzoate ester;
phenols
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.5620dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.0610aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.7430ureas
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
dansylglycine
[no description available]		210
leucyl-glycyl-glycine
leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.		2.4420tripeptidemetabolite
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
cefminox
cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.		2.0410cephamycin;
tetrazoles
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.4620
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.5920acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.0610
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.4520aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.7430carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.0640razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
sanfetrinem
sanfetrinem: orally absorbed hexetil ester of GV-104326		2.0510
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.5820conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
penicillin n
penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887		2.0710penicillin
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7430benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		2.0610
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.4520phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
gentamicin c1a
[no description available]		2.4110gentamycin C
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
5,6-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxybenzo(g)-1,3-benzodioxolo(5,6-a)quinolizinium chloride
[no description available]		2.2510alkaloid
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.5820carbapenems
glycyl-histidyl-lysine
glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.		2.0610tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
8-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4110quinolines
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.2550hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.4460carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5820indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.0840aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
alanylproline
alanylproline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.0610dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.94110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.0610dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0410
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.14503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.0410
moexipril
[no description available]		3.8530peptide
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
totarol
totarol: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Podocarpus nagi		2.0810diterpenoidmetabolite
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		2.0610dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
prolyl-glycyl-glycine
prolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first source		2.4420oligopeptide
2,8-dihydroxyquinoline
[no description available]		2.4110dihydroxyquinoline;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		5.6690beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.8630primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.5820alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.2310benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0840indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0410bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		4.53230penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.		2.0210tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide		metabolite
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		2.0510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.85100dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
cefbuperazone
cefbuperazone: RN given refers to parent cpd(6R-(6alpha,7alpha,7(2R*,3S*)))-isomer; structure. cefbuperazone : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and {N-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-D-threonyl}amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7beta respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
peptide
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.08405-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		3.99130penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.72509-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		5.29160carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
prolylarginine
prolylarginine: fragment of tuftsin peptide with analgesic action; RN given refers to all L-isomer. Pro-Arg : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-arginine residues.		2.0210dipeptidemetabolite
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.2310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.8630benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
damvar
damvar: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.6580aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.0840isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.7430morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.460methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.2310amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.2110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
temocillin
temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.		2.7430penicillin
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.4160
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4320piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
melagatran
[no description available]		2.7430azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prolylglutamic acid
Pro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.7430
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.2310benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.061011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.7430carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.843017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		2.0410
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.0410
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5820amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.85301,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.4620catechols
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0610raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.5820heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.753011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.8430coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.6580cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		6.35480alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.85301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		6.59620beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7230cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.0710
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.2550L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.5820acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.85302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		3.2960
miglitol
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
7-aminocephalosporanic acid
7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.5620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.4320penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.6580acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.0840tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0410amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
acarbose
[no description available]		2.9640amino cyclitol;
glycoside
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0810acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.5620retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.5820retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.0840macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.7430dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.0840dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.4520benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.84302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.85100
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0610
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.6580epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.09130macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.0410formycinantineoplastic agent
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.85302'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.4520
teniposide
[no description available]		4.2450aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		3.83110cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.5620actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4110quinolines
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.2450L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8530nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartyl-aspartic acid
aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp). Asp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.		2.4420dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid
N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source		2.4110
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0410organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0410
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.08103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.2510chloroquine
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.5920vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.1450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.4620amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
cefsulodin
Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.		2.7530cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.4420oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.7230purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.85100pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0410
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.8430ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.2450aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.0410
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.4520N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.2310zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.5620diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.85301,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.2750monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.8230acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
n-glycylalanine
Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.		2.0610dipeptidemetabolite
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7430isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.84302-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.5570cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410purine nucleoside
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.0740
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.8530stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.8430pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
5-nitro-8-(1-pyrrolidinyl)quinoline
[no description available]		2.4110nitro compound;
quinolines
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.723011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.4160carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4520barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		2.0410thioureas
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.7590
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.2310tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.5920aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.5820beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		2.0210dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ether
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		2.0610salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		2.0410amino alcohol
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.4420steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0410
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.2310beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		4.2450cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.7330glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
trimethionine
[no description available]		2.4420oligopeptide
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0310organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.0840triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0210quinolines
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		3.85302-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.1110organic sodium salt
quercetin
[no description available]		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.5620D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4320prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.2550antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		4.64260oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.255011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.2310
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.0840dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.0840aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.4420
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.08402-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		4.0840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0410alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		4.2350cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0210enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.5620retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0210
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		4.2550morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.4160homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.2310acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.7330alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.2310pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.460carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7330morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.4160morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.0840organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0610organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.8530cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.4160morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.5820medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0410cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.0410cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.0640organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0840phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.2450acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0410guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.2550dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		3.8430cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0640morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.14501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		5.16140cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.6680dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.8530benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.0740azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.0640dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0610maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0410
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5820bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.2650dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
alanyl-alanyl-alanine
alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ala-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.		2.4420tripeptidemetabolite
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.2310amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		6.344801,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		6.65660cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.24170cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		6.7690cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
alanylalanine
L-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8530dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine: RN given refers to unlabeled (L-Tyr-D-Ala)-isomer		2.0210
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
phenylalanylalanine
phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Phe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.4620aromatic ketone
alpha-aspartylalanine
alpha-aspartylalanine: found in pig brain. Asp-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-valine residues.		2.0210dipeptidemetabolite
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
alanyltyrosine
Tyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.9640dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.55701,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		6.878201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		6.68680beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.7130cephalosporin
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.0610cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.7530
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		4.85100carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		3.3160amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
aspartyllysine
aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice. Asp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.		2.0210dipeptidemetabolite
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.0610
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.7330carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
s 1006
S 1006: structure given in first source. cefcapene : A cephalosporin compound having (carbamoyloxy)methyl and N-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)pent-2-enoyl]amino side-groups. It is used (generally as the corresponnding pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug) as an oral antibacterial.		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
enamide;
secondary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
nitrocefin
nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source		3.75100
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cefditoren pivoxil
[no description available]		3.3601,3-thiazoles;
cephams;
oxime O-ether;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		3.3160penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4420carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.6680cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.5820ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.4420monobactamantibacterial drug
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.5370imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
methampicillin
methampicillin: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. metampicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0410
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.8430
cefdinir
[no description available]		4.5370cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0410artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.5820macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
phenylalanylglycine
phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.		2.0610dipeptidemetabolite
glutamylalanine
Glu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.4420dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanyl-valine
Val-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
alanylglycine
[no description available]		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
valyltyrosine
valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
lysylglutamic acid
lysylglutamic acid: a geroprotective agent. Lys-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.0210dipeptidemetabolite
Ala-Lys
Ala-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine.		2.4420dipeptidemarine metabolite
glycylhistidine
glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.4420dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
isoleucyl-tyrosine
isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect. Ile-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.		2.4420dipeptidemetabolite
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0410
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
cefozopran
[no description available]		2.0410cephalosporin;
imidazopyridazine;
thiadiazoles
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.5620
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
nvp pdf 713
[no description available]		2.0310
tebipenem
tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source		2.4520
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
valyl-prolyl-proline
Val-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages.		2.4420tripeptidemetabolite
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
prolylvaline
Val-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-proline residues.		2.0610dipeptidemetabolite
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
ppi-0903
ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
iminium betaine;
organic phosphoramidate;
oxime O-ether;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
prodrug
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rwj 54428
RWJ 54428: structure in first source		2.0510
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		4.35190
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
isoleucyl-prolyl-proline
[no description available]		2.0210oligopeptide
cp 70429
sulopenem: a penem antibiotic		2.0510
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
2-phenylbenzothiazole
PBT2 compound: a metal-protein-attenuating compound that may be useful in treating Alzheimer's disesae		2.4110
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
baci-im
[no description available]		3.8630homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
streptogramin b
Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
isoleucyl-valyl-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.4420oligopeptide
ar-709
[no description available]		2.0410
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
prolyl-proline
Pro-Pro : A dipeptide formed from two L-proline residues.		2.0210dipeptidehuman urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.4420
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.460
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.2550heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
ropocamptide
ropocamptide: from granulocytes & keratinocytes, precursor to cathelicidins; MW 16-18 kDa; GenBank AJ224927 (eCATH-1). cathelicidin : A group of small, cationic polypeptides (consisting of 12-97 amino acids) that are found in humans and other species, including farm animals (E.g. cattle, horses, pigs, sheep etc). They show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi.		2.0410
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.0610organic lithium saltfluorochrome
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.8530organosulfonic acid
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.0610cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
pc190723
PC190723: Antibacterial; an inhibitor of FtsZ with potent and selective anti-staphylococcal activity including methicillin- and multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source		2.5320
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
bocillin fl
BOCILLIN FL: used for detecting pencillin-binding proteins; structure in first source		2.0410
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.8630ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.360carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.45190
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.4420
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.2550
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.6480
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.5870benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.4520aromatic amide
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.56701,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.3160heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.1650benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.7690benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.8530
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0410
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
tigecycline
[no description available]		4.460
sancycline
sancycline: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.5220heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.23102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.65802-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.2310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.94110cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.2550benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.8530dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.2550purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.65802-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.8530L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.2650piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.5620benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.95402-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0840imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.460nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.0840formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0410
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.5920imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0840carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.5820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.9640cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.2550
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		04.64260
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		05.52210
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		08.55331
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		018.0218982
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		04.64260
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.52210
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		08.55331
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		018.0218982
Ocular Toxicity
[description not available]		07.3110
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		05.63161
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.6480
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		05.63161
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		03.6480
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.8171
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		013.048714
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		018.75258148
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		013.048714
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		03.3820
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		013.466620
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.3941
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		010.58225
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		08.39354
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		010.58225
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		014.339434
Recrudescence
[description not available]		010.073610
Anasarca
[description not available]		07.26121
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.26121
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.811
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		08.69175
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.811
Pus
[description not available]		04.5390
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.8130
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.		02.4110
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.7430
Pyrexia
[description not available]		010.21259
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.7430
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		010.21259
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		02.4110
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		09.44387
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		09.44387
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		021.8111927
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		015.549628
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		016.8111927
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.2770
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		09.2770
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.1941
Angiofibroma
A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are numerous small and large, frequently dilated, vascular channels. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3310
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.1941
Abscess, Peritonsillar
[description not available]		04.0650
Cyst
[description not available]		02.4120
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.4110
Accident Injury
[description not available]		02.4110
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		03.5210
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		05.0291
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		010.43405
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		05.0291
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		010.43405
Ocular Infections
[description not available]		04.3560
Eye Infections
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.		04.3560
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		05.3941
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.0442
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		05.3941
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.0442
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.610
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.610
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.610
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.610
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.9911
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		04.6532
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		04.6532
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		03.9911
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		0421
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.610
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		02.7830
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		012.35251
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		05.0791
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.5720
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		05.0791
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		09.761
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.610
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.610
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.0831
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		010.91287
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.1131
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.1131
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		08.14322
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		013.621810
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		013.621810
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		07.88175
Asystole
[description not available]		02.7830
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.5920
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.7830
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.5920
Macrocephaly
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		03.150
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.7130
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.2110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		08.92274
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		08.92274
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		05.422
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		05.422
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.0650
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.4120
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		02.2510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		05.98142
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.0650
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		05.98142
E coli Infections
[description not available]		010.85446
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		05.83221
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		010.85446
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		05.83221
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		04.5851
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.9821
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.9821
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		010.515722
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.2310
Episcleritis
[description not available]		02.3110
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		02.3110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.85221
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.3110
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.3110
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.3110
Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.2510
Abscess, Intracranial, Subdural
[description not available]		02.2510
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		08.48394
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		08.48394
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.14170
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.9740
MODS
[description not available]		05.3141
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.9740
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		05.3141
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4110
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		07.07172
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		07.07172
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.5320
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.5320
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		02.3110
Hallux Rigidus
A condition caused by degenerative arthritis (see OSTEOARTHRITIS) of the METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT of the great toe and characterized by pain and limited dorsiflexion, but relatively unrestricted plantar flexion.		02.3110
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		02.3110
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.7530
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		03.6730
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.0910
Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0910
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		03.6730
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.5520
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.6230
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.1510
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.8621
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.6230
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.8621
Exanthem
[description not available]		06.2171
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.4520
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		06.2171
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		02.1510
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.1510
Incisional Hernia
Protrusion of tissue at or near the site of an incision from a previous surgery.		02.1510
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis
[description not available]		02.1510
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		011.865025
Deficiency, IgA
[description not available]		02.4120
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).		02.1710
Deficiency, IgG
[description not available]		02.1710
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		011.865025
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		07.41173
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		013.4111047
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		07.41173
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.1510
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.1510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.6230
Hives
[description not available]		03.1150
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		08.1150
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.1710
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		010.27399
Absence Status
[description not available]		07.1710
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.1710
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		010.27399
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		07.1710
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		03.0440
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		015.6518366
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		117.6518366
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.4670
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		02.1710
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		012.118323
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		012.118323
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.8421
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.1710
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.8421
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.1710
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.1710
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.1710
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.1710
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.1710
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.72110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		09.72110
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		07.21221
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.730
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.730
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.1710
Arachnidism
[description not available]		02.520
Bleb
[description not available]		03.0750
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.2110
Acute Retinal Necrosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2110
Corneal Perforation
A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.		07.2110
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.2110
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.2110
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1960
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		07.2110
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		09.1960
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		08.15148
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		08.15148
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.9940
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0810
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.7130
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.0810
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.7130
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		07.730
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.730
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.9240
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.9240
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		05.5244
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		05.5244
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.7630
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.7630
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		04.1150
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		04.1150
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		04.0831
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		04.0831
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.9540
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.774218
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.7130
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.774218
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.7130
Posterior Capsular Rupture, Ocular
A breach in the continuity of the posterior chamber of the eyeball.		02.5220
Infarct
[description not available]		02.7730
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.110
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.110
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.7430
Phlegmon
[description not available]		05.58171
Fractures, Periprosthetic
[description not available]		02.110
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		05.9652
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		05.58171
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		06.45124
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		06.45124
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		010.8242
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		05.8242
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		07.48115
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.4220
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		02.110
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		05.2243
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		04.1931
Moraxella Infections
[description not available]		02.110
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.110
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		05.5892
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.110
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.5892
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		011.4763
Candidiasis, Invasive
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.		03.511
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		04.61100
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		016.234315
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		011.234315
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		08.052710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		08.052710
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.821
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.821
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.5111
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.5111
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.821
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.5111
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.243
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.243
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.4920
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.4920
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		09.822814
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		09.822814
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		05.2262
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		08.473711
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		08.473711
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		05.2262
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.1250
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		07.04137
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1310
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.4220
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease
[description not available]		04.3640
Erythema Chronicum Migrans
A deep type of gyrate erythema that follows a bite by an ixodid tick; it is a stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE. The site of the bite is characterized by a red papule that expands peripherally as a nonscaling, palpable band that clears centrally. This condition is often associated with systemic symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, backache, and stiff neck.		08.07114
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.1431
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		02.4620
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.1431
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		07.98195
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		05.4582
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		09.653410
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		09.653410
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		02.4220
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		02.4220
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.1510
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.1510
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Allergy, Latex
[description not available]		02.1110
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.1110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.551
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.551
Anaplasma Infection
[description not available]		03.0410
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		03.0410
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		09.5234
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		09.5234
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.3951
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		03.8540
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.1750
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.1750
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.5420
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.5420
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.1310
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.1310
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		04.6961
Pyomyositis
An intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. It is associated with INFECTION such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and PYODERMA. It was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). Symptoms include muscle pain, FEVER, and leucocytosis. It has been diagnosed by MRI SCANS.		02.4920
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		04.6961
Fractures, Closed
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.		04.6632
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.1310
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.1310
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		03.8321
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		03.8321
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		03.0410
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.1510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		09.7421
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1510
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.1510
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.9240
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.7130
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		07.7130
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.1310
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.9240
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		03.5311
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		03.5311
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1510
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		02.4320
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		02.0510
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.6930
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.6930
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		03.7721
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		09.7221
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.3370
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		04.3370
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		07.262
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		07.262
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.4320
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.4320
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		04.6261
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.59100
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.59100
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.7130
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.7130
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital
Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.		02.0510
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.0410
Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous
A chronic inflammatory condition of the KIDNEY resulting in diffuse renal destruction, a grossly enlarged and nonfunctioning kidney associated with NEPHROLITHIASIS and KIDNEY STONES.		02.4120
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.8161
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.7821
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.7821
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		05.1962
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		07.33124
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		07.33124
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0510
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.0510
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		07.0510
Sore Throat
[description not available]		08.421510
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		02.0510
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		08.421510
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.0410
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0410
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.4120
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.4120
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		02.730
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0510
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.4320
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.99103
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		05.99103
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.4420
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.0510
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		03.4311
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		03.4311
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6830
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		07.6830
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0510
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		05.5392
Bedwetting
[description not available]		02.0510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.4120
Ache
[description not available]		03.8740
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.4120
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.8740
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		02.0510
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.420
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.420
Itching
[description not available]		03.6330
Emesis
[description not available]		02.9340
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.6330
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.9340
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4620
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.4620
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4620
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		07.12254
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Ludwig's Angina
Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the MOUTH FLOOR.		02.0510
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.0510
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		02.0510
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3920
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		03.8121
Nails, Ingrown
Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.		02.0510
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.8121
Cholecystitis, Emphysematous
[description not available]		02.0510
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		04.3141
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.3141
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.6930
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		03.3520
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.0510
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.3141
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.6930
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		03.3520
Earache
Pain in the ear.		02.4520
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.0510
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.0510
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.7330
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.4420
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.7130
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.4420
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0610
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.420
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.0510
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Ear Infection
[description not available]		02.4320
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.4220
Erythema Migrans, Lingual
[description not available]		02.0610
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.0710
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.0710
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		05.1941
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.18111
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		02.4720
Hip Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the hip.		02.0610
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		06.1162
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		03.4511
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		03.4511
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		06.1162
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		04.3822
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		04.3822
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		02.0710
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		02.0710
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		02.0610
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.6454
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.4320
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.0610
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		02.0610
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.4320
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		02.0710
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		02.0710
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.0710
Cellulitis, Orbital
[description not available]		02.4820
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.0710
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.4220
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.0710
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		04.4651
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.0710
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.422
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.422
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0710
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		04.341
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		04.341
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.0710
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.0710
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.0710
Cholecystolithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.		02.0710
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		04.3711
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		04.3711
Emphysema, Subcutaneous
[description not available]		03.6130
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.3711
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.4320
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0710
Joint Pain
[description not available]		03.6330
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3520
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		03.3520
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		03.6330
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		05.150
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		06.7471
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		05.150
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		0210
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		06.4563
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		06.4563
Infections, Serratia
[description not available]		02.0110
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		03.3911
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		03.3911
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		06.5796
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		06.5796
Pilonidal Cyst
[description not available]		03.3911
Pilonidal Sinus
A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.		03.3911
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.4220
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.0110
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0110
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.0110
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.4220
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.0110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0110
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.0110
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		02.0110
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.3820
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.3820
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		02.0110
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		04.0731
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0110
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		04.341
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Acute conjunctival inflammation in the newborn, usually caused by maternal gonococcal infection. The causative agent is NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. The baby's eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal.		02.0110
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0110
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		02.4120
Anterior Compartment Syndrome
Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive PHYSICAL EXERTION.		02.0110
Boutonneuse Fever
A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.		02.9310
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		03.821
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3920
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.0110
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		03.0950
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3820
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3820
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		08.42137
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		08.42137
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		06.5554
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		011.284224
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		03.3420
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		02.9310
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		03.3420
Ritter Disease
[description not available]		02.9310
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		02.4120
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.9140
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9140
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.4220
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0110
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		03.7721
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.4220
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.7721
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		04.0931
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS.		08.2460
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		01.9910
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.4120
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.0110
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.4120
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.0110
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		03.5890
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		03.5890
Ethmoid Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.		03.0950
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0210
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		03.580
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.0210
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.7921
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.7921
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		02.0210
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		02.0210
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		02.0210
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		03.3220
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		03.3220
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.0210
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.0210
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		03.411
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.7921
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.7921
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		03.411
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		011.2472
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.7230
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.0210
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.5461
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.6930
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.0210
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.7230
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		03.3220
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.4120
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		011.0962
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.0210
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.0210
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.411
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		03.411
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.0210
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		02.0210
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.0210
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		02.0210
Bites
[description not available]		02.6930
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.4120
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.0210
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.940
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.6830
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.0210
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.6361
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		04.6361
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		03.4111
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		03.4111
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.420
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		03.4111
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		03.4111
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		02.0310
Alternating Exotropia
[description not available]		02.0210
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		05.7742
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		05.7742
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.821
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.821
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.		02.0210
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		03.8440
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		03.8440
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Infection
[description not available]		012.4854
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		012.4854
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0310
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		02.0310
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.0310
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.0310
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0310
Borrelia hermsii Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Cyclitis, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0310
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.0310
Uveitis, Intermediate
Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.		02.0310
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		07.0310
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0310
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0310
Cramp
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		04.6232
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		02.0310
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.0310
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.9410
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.9410
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		03.3220
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.0310
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.0310
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.0310
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.0310
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.0310
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.6830
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.6830
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		02.9510
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		02.9510
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		03.3520
Cranial Airocele
[description not available]		02.0310
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		03.4211
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.2841
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.2841
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		09.4651
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0410
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.0310
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0410
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Submandibular Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.		02.0410
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		05.1762
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.0410
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		07.0410
Megacolon, Toxic
An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.		02.0410
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		05.4444
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		03.3511
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		03.3511
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		05.4444
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		08.98345
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		07.36105
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B
[description not available]		08.72234
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		08.98345
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		07.36105
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.6730
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		01.9610
Bewilderment
[description not available]		01.9610
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		09.0531
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9610
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.632
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9610
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9610
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		01.9610
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		03.8140
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		05.6673
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.6530
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		010.6673
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		06.1494
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		03.3511
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		06.1494
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		03.3511
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		03.7721
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		04.6132
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		04.6132
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		0665
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		01.9610
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		01.9610
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		03.3511
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.3511
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.7621
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		03.3511
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.3511
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		03.7621
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.3820
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.3820
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute
[description not available]		01.9610
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		01.9610
Grippe
[description not available]		02.3820
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.3820
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		03.2460
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.3720
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.9274
Pleuropneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.		03.3411
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3411
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		03.3411
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		01.9610
Listeria Cerebritis
[description not available]		03.5830
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		01.9610
Hypogalactia
A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.		01.9610
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		01.9510
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		01.9610
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9610
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		02.6730
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		02.6730
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		04.3322
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		04.3322
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		05.6554
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9810
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		05.6554
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.7821
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.7821
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.6332
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.6332
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		04.0730
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).		02.3920
Atelectasis
[description not available]		03.3711
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.6730
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.6730
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.0731
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.0731
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		01.9810
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3120
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.3120
Dental Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		03.7821
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		01.9810
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		01.9810
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.9810
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		04.3222
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		01.9810
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.7721
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)		01.9810
Infections, Neisseriaceae
[description not available]		02.6830
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		04.6132
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		02.3820
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		02.3820
Impotence
[description not available]		02.3920
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.3920
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		01.9810
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		01.9810
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.0731
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		04.6232
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		04.6232
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		03.3711
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.910
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.910
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.6830
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)		01.9810
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9810
Amnionitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		01.9810
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9810
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3711
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3711
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		03.3711
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		08.3711
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		01.9910
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		01.9910
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		01.9910
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.6930
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.6930
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		03.3711
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.3711
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		01.9910
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		01.9910
Yolk Sac Tumor
[description not available]		01.9910
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		01.9910
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)		01.9910
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		03.3711
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.3711
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.0631
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.0631
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9910
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.3711
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9910
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		01.9910
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		06.9910
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		03.3811
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		06.9910
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.3820
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		01.9910
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		01.9910
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9910
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		02.9110
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.420
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		01.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		07.3920
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		01.9910
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		03.3811
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		01.9910
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		03.3811
Pancoast Syndrome
A condition caused by an apical lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand.		01.9910
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.7921
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		01.9910
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		01.9910
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.9110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.0631
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9910
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.0631
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		01.9910
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		01.9910
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		01.9910
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		01.9910
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		01.9910
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.9110
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.9110
Frontal Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.		01.9910
Parotiditis
[description not available]		01.9910
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		01.9910
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.8240
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		03.8240
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		01.9910
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		0210
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		05.0252
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		05.0252
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		0210
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		0210
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		0210
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		0210
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		0210
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		0210
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		0210
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		0210
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		0210
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		0210
Diphyllobothriasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium.		01.9910
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.9210
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.9210
Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		0210
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		0210
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		0210
Cacosmia
[description not available]		03.3911
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.3911
Sneezing
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		03.3911
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.3911
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		03.3911
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		03.3911
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.3911
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		0210
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		0210
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3820
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		0210
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		03.3911
Haverhill Fever
[description not available]		0210
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Borrelia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.		02.9210
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.9210
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		0210
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		02.8940
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		0210
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		0210
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		0210
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		0210
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		0210
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.3911
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.3911
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.9210
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.9210
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9910
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9910
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		0210
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.3920
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		0210
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		0210
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		0210
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		0210
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.0110
Appendiceal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0110
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.		02.0110
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		02.0110
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		01.9510
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		01.9510
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		04.3122
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		01.9510
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		01.9510
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		01.9810
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		01.9810
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		01.9810
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.3611
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.7621
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9810
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		03.7721
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		03.7721
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9810
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		03.3611
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		03.3611
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.3611
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		03.3611
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		01.9810
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		01.9810
Postintubation Croup
[description not available]		01.9810
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9810
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Croup
Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.		01.9810
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		03.3611
Pericementitis
[description not available]		03.3611
Pericoronitis
Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.		03.3611
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		03.3611
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		03.3611
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		03.3611
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		01.9710
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.3611
Eye Hemorrhage
Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.		03.3611
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.3611
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.3611
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		01.9710
Carditis
[description not available]		01.9710
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		01.9710
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		05.3751
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9710
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9710
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9710
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9710
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		01.9710
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9710
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9710
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.3222
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.3222
Bites, Human
Bites inflicted by humans.		01.9710
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		01.9710
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3511
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		03.3511
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		01.9710
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic
[description not available]		01.9710
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9610
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		01.9610
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		01.9610
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		01.9610
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9610
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.0410
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.0510