Compounds > misoprostol
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misoprostol

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Description

Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID44828492
CHEMBL ID1553629
SCHEMBL ID18958918
MeSH IDM0025309
PubMed CID5282381
CHEMBL ID606
CHEBI ID94387
CHEBI ID63610
SCHEMBL ID7787
MeSH IDM0025309

Synonyms (161)

Synonym
HY-13288
NCGC00186033-01
bdbm50389939
CHEMBL1553629 ,
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-{2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
org 27569
ORG27569 ,
LP01016
CS-0514
S1534
868273-06-7
5-chloro-3-ethyl-1h-indole-2-carboxylic acid (2-(4-piperidin-1-yl)phenylethyl)amide
gtpl7851
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-[2-(4-piperidin-1-ylphenyl)ethyl]-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
AKOS022184226
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenethyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-[2-[4-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]ethyl-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
org-27569
AC-32888
DTXSID00660764
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-[2-[4-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]ethyl]-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
J-517342
SCHEMBL18958918
HMS3651O11
org 27569, >=98% (hplc)
SW219411-1
BCP08021
ab120342
EX-A2224
Q7101736
9gl ,
SB19548
SDCCGSBI-0633776.P001
CCG-268766
AS-56123
A853025
unii-7yw2s3z2cb
5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-(2-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
1h-indole-2-carboxamide, 5-chloro-3-ethyl-n-(2-(4-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl)ethyl)-
7yw2s3z2cb ,
AB00513745-05
gtpl1936
smr000058558
sc-29333 ,
misodel
gymiso
xp-16j
isprelor
MLS000028863
cytotec
misopess
methyl (11alpha,13e)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate
SMP1_000193
methyl (+-)-11-alpha,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate
ccris 6859
prost-13-en-1-oic acid, 11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester, (11alpha,13e)-
sc 29333
prost-13-en-1-oic acid, 11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester, (11alpha,13e)-(+-)-
brn 4155643
(11-alpha,13e)-(+-)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid methyl ester
misoprostolum [inn-latin]
(+-)-methyl (1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-((e)-(4rs)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentaneheptanoate
hsdb 3573
misoprostol
misoprostol, >=99% (hplc)
DB00929
cytotec (tn)
59122-46-2
misoprostol (jan/usp/inn)
D00419
NCGC00162445-01
NCGC00162445-02
HMS2090L10
CHEMBL606
misoprostol, 1% in cellulose
A832173
methyl 7-[(1r,2r,3r)-2-[(e)-4-methyl-4-oxidanyl-oct-1-enyl]-3-oxidanyl-5-oxidanylidene-cyclopentyl]heptanoate
7-[(1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-[(e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoic acid methyl ester
NCGC00162445-03
methyl 7-[(1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-[(e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoate
dtxsid7020897 ,
cas-59122-46-2
dtxcid70897
tox21_112010
bdbm85606
misoprostol (methyl ester)
mvi 200
misogon
misoprostil
misotac
misoprostol [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
misotol
misoprostolum
unii-0e43v0bb57
misoprost
0e43v0bb57 ,
AKOS015899652
BRD-A50310035-001-01-6
misoprostol component of arthrotec
misoprostol [usan]
misoprostol [usp monograph]
misoprostol [inn]
misoprostol [ep monograph]
misoprostol [who-dd]
arthrotec component misoprostol
misoprostol [mart.]
misoprostol [hsdb]
misoprostol [orange book]
prost-13-en-1-oic acid, 11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester, (11.alpha.,13e)-(+/-)-
misoprostol [usp-rs]
misoprostol [vandf]
(+/-)-methyl (1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-((e)-(4rs)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentaneheptanoate
misoprostol [mi]
misoprostol [jan]
CCG-221093
HY-B0610
SCHEMBL7787
(+/-) methyl-11alpha,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13e-en-1-oate
(+/-) methyl 11alpha, 16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13e-en-1-oate
OJLOPKGSLYJEMD-URPKTTJQSA-N
(+/-) methyl-11alpha,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost13e-en-1-oate
(+/-) methyl 11alpha,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13e-en-1-oate
103601-27-0
prost-?13-?en-?1-?oic acid, 11,?16-?dihydroxy-?16-?methyl-?9-?oxo-?, methyl ester, (11alpha,?13e)?-?, mixt. with cellulose 2-?hydroxypropyl methyl ether
Q-201409
(+/-)-(11a,13e)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-prost-13-en-1-oic acid methyl ester
methyl 7-((1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-((e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-1-yl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)heptanoate
HMS3648F03
REGID_FOR_CID_5282381
methyl 7-[(1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-[(1e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-1-yl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoate
sr-01000695425
SR-01000695425-2
misoprostol, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
CHEBI:94387
misoprostol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
misoprostol for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
HMS3715K08
EX-A1774
Q416025
rel-methyl 7-((1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-((e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-1-yl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)heptanoate
SR-01000695425-4
62015-39-8
methyl 7-((1r,2r,3r)-3-hydroxy-2-((e)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-enyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)heptanoate
prost-13-en-1-oic acid, 11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester,(11a,13e)-
9-oxo-11alpha,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-prost-13e-en-1-oic acid, methyl ester
AS-83017
F88033
848849-83-2
EN300-7483126
chebi:63610
misoprostol (usp-rs)
misoprostol 1%
g02ad06
misoprostol (ep monograph)
misoprostol 1% dispersion
misoprostol (usp monograph)
misoprostol (mart.)
misoprostolo
misoprostol (usan:usp:inn:ban:jan)
misoprostolum (inn-latin)
a02bb01

Research Excerpts

Overview

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 derivative that has been used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and to prevent ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It has been acknowledged as an effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion when administered intravenously.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Misoprostol is a medicine with a "double" social life recorded in several places, including Brazil. "( Misoprostol on trial: a descriptive study of the criminalization of an essential medicine in Brazil.
Assis, MP, 2021)		3.51
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 derivative that has been used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and to prevent ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in many countries. "( Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Misoprostol Tablets: An Open-Label, Randomized, Single-dose, Crossover Study With Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Chang, D; Dai, Y; Guo, S; Han, Y; Ni, S; Wang, S; Wei, H; Wu, F; Xia, Q; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2022)		2.43
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin that is related structurally to naturally occurring prostaglandin (PG), and it has been acknowledged as an effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion when administered intravenously."( Synthesis of Misoprostol, and Intramolecular Isomerization of A-Type Misoprostol into B-Type Misoprostol using 1, 8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec- 7-ene (DBU).
Cheedarala, RK; Guttikonda, NR; Jaggavarapu, RMR; Kamatham, RR; Nagarjuna, A; Surepally, R; Venkatanarayana, M, 2023)		2.72
"Misoprostol alone is a safe and effective option for terminating second-trimester pregnancies with one or more previous CSs in settings where mifepristone is unavailable."( The safety of misoprostol alone use for second-trimester termination of pregnancy in women with previous caesarean deliveries.
Dundar, B; Erturk, A; Karapinar, BT; Kender Erturk, N; Tasgoz, FN, 2022)		2.52
"Misoprostol is a synthetic PGE"( Efficacy and safety of oral and sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for induction of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Constantinou, T; Daskalakis, G; Koumenis, A; Panagiotopoulos, M; Pergialiotis, V; Stavros, S; Vogiatzi Vokotopoulou, L; Voskos, A, 2023)		2.6
"Misoprostol is an acceptable and feasible treatment option for women seeking postabortion care at secondary facilities in Myanmar. "( Introducing misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion: A feasibility and acceptability study in secondary-level health facilities in Myanmar.
Ku, SK; Mary, M; Maung, HN; Maung, TM; Tin, KN; Winikoff, B, 2023)		2.73
"Misoprostol is a safe alternative to Dinoprostone gel for induction of labor and found to be more effective labor-inducing agent. "( Comparison of fetal safety of vaginal Misoprostol tablet and Dinoprostone gel for induction of labor: An open-label randomized control trial.
Bag, T; Chakraborty, A; Das, P; Mistri, PK; Pande, A; Rakshit, BM; Samanta, A, 2023)		2.62
"Misoprostol-only is a safe and effective option for medication abortion in the first trimester if mifepristone is unavailable or inaccessible."( Effectiveness and safety of misoprostol-only for first-trimester medication abortion: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Raymond, EG; Shochet, T; Weaver, MA, 2023)		2.65
"Oral misoprostol appears to be a safe and effective for IOL in TPROM. "( Oral Misoprostol for Induction of Labour in Term PROM: A Systematic Review.
Kale, M; Mannerfeldt, J; Metcalfe, A; Padayachee, L, 2020)		1.59
"Misoprostol is an alternative to manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of incomplete miscarriage."( Misoprostol versus manual vacuum aspiration for treatment of first-trimester incomplete miscarriage in a low-resource setting: A randomized controlled trial.
Agwu, UM; Egbuji, CC; Ekwedigwe, KC; Nwafor, JI, 2020)		2.72
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin analog commonly used to induce termination of pregnancy. "( Microcrystalline Cellulose and Crospovidone Identified in Placentas With Vaginal Misoprostol Use.
Bruner, E; Butler, DC; Cuff, R; Page, T; Phillips, A; Presnell, SE, 2020)		2.23
"Misoprostol given orally is a commonly used labour induction method. "( Low-dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Aflaifel, N; Cuthbert, A; Haas, DM; Kerr, RS; Kumar, N; Weeks, AD; Williams, MJ, 2021)		2.42
"Misoprostol is a life-savingmedication in obstetric practice but the prevalence of misoprostol-related self-induced abortion is increasing in many communities."( Incidence of self-induced abortion with misoprostol, admitted to a provincial hospital in Papua New Guinea: A prospective observational study.
Agua, V; Ao, P; Bolnga, JW; Dl Mola, G; Laman, M; Lufele, E; Pomat, W; Teno, M, 2021)		2.33
"Misoprostol is a non-invasive, effective medical method for completion of abortion in missed abortion."( Misoprostol for medical treatment of missed abortion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Chen, XW; Marwah, S; Wang, P; Wang, QM; Wu, HL, 2017)		2.62
"Misoprostol is an alternative to oxytocin and is simpler to use, as it is administered via the oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal and vaginal routes rather than intravenously."( Induction of labour in term premature rupture of membranes; oxytocin versus sublingual misoprostol; a randomised clinical trial.
Eslami Hasan Abadi, S; Motamedi, E; Pourali, L; Saghafi, N; Tara, F; Vatanchi, AM, 2018)		1.43
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analog of prostaglandin-E1 and it is the most widely used drug for the medical management of incomplete abortion. "( Misoprostol-induced Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Premenopausal Woman: A Case Report with Literature Review.
Akram, S; Mazhar, F; Sultana, J, 2018)		3.37
"Misoprostol is a common agent that is used to ripen the cervix and induce labor, yet there is no clear evidence of the optimal number of doses needed to achieve a higher rate of vaginal delivery."( Induction of labor using one dose vs multiple doses of misoprostol: a randomized controlled trial.
Arabkhazaeli, M; Bernstein, PS; Kapedani, A; Moon, JY; Pimentel, VM; Tropper, PJ; Wang, A, 2018)		2.17
"Misoprostol is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of early pregnancy failure."( Success And Safety Of Misoprostol For Treatment Of Early Pregnancy Failure.
Habib, S; Nazir, Q; Noor, MM; Parveen, Z; Sultana, R, )		1.89
"Misoprostol (MSP) is a prostaglandin E1 analog that has demonstrated a cytoprotective role in the I/R process."( Attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress by misoprostol in renal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Alarcón-Galván, G; Cantú-Machuca, DV; Cordero-Pérez, P; Cura-Esquivel, I; Delgado-Chávez, EN; Esquivel-Figueroa, D; García-Narro, JH; Garza-Ocañas, L; Moreno-Peña, DP; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE; Torres-González, L, 2018)		1.44
"Misoprostol with oxytocin is an effective drug-combination for decreasing intra-operative blood loss during cesarian section with clinical superiority to sublingual over rectal route."( Rectal vs. sublingual misoprostol before cesarean section: double-blind, three-arm, randomized clinical trial.
Abdel-Hamid, MM; Abou-Gamrah, AE; El-Sabaa, HA; El-Saied, MM; El-Sayed, MA; Hemeda, H; Mansour, AM; Mohamed, RM; Shawky, ME; Sweed, MS, 2018)		2.24
"Misoprostol is a life-saving drug in many developing countries for women at risk of post-partum hemorrhaging owing to its affordability, stability, ease of administration and clinical efficacy. "( Crystal structure of misoprostol bound to the labor inducer prostaglandin E
Audet, M; Batyuk, A; Breton, B; Cherezov, V; Gati, C; Han, GW; Hanson, MA; Hu, H; Katritch, V; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Manahan, D; Popov, P; Shui, W; Stevens, RC; Velasquez, J; Weierstall, U; White, KL; Zarzycka, B, 2019)		2.28
"Misoprostol is a safe and effective drug with low complications for the induction of labor. "( Induction of labor with titrated oral misoprostol solution versus oxytocin in term pregnancy: randomized controlled trial.
Aalami-Harandi, R; Karamali, M; Moeini, A, 2013)		2.1
"Misoprostol is an effective treatment for early pregnancy failure. "( Efficacy of misoprostol in relation to uterine position in the treatment of early pregnancy failure.
Haas, J; Klaritsch, P; Lang, U; Panzitt, T; Reif, P; Tappauf, C, 2013)		2.21
"Misoprostol is a promising analog to use for cervical priming before OH."( Cervical priming before diagnostic operative hysteroscopy in infertile women: a randomized, double-blind, controlled comparison of 2 vaginal misoprostol doses.
Bastu, E; Celik, C; Dogan, M; Ergun, B; Nehir, A; Yuksel, B, )		1.05
"Misoprostol is an appropriate alternative for intravenous oxytocin in patients undergoing cesarean section, with lesser side effects and longer duration of action."( A comparison of rectal misoprostol and intravenous oxytocin on hemorrhage and homeostatic changes during cesarean section.
Fazel, MR, 2013)		2.14
"Misoprostol is an inexpensive and stable prostaglandin E1 analogue that can be administered orally, vaginally, sublingually or rectally."( Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Dowswell, T; Vogel, JP; West, HM, 2013)		1.47
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1. "( [Pharmacology of misoprostol (pharmacokinetic data, adverse effects and teratogenic effects)].
Aubert, J; Bejan-Angoulvant, T; Jonville-Bera, AP, 2014)		2.18
"Misoprostol is an orally active prostaglandin. "( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Aflaifel, N; Alfirevic, Z; Weeks, A, 2014)		2.36
"Misoprostol is a commonly used agent for induction of labor. "( Anaphylaxis to buccal misoprostol for labor induction.
Campbell, S; Kim, C; Maratas, A; Schoen, C, 2014)		2.16
"Misoprostol is a medicine widely used for both abortion and prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in low income countries."( Social networks and health policy: the case of misoprostol and the WHO model essential medicine list.
Brhlikova, P; Millard, C; Pollock, A, 2015)		1.4
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue which is mainly used for prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers, but also for abortion due to its labour inducing effect. "( Development and validation of LC methods for the separation of misoprostol related substances and diastereoisomers.
Adams, E; Cabooter, D; Eerdekens, F; Hendriks, D; Kahsay, G; Song, H; Tie, Y; Van Schepdael, A, 2015)		2.1
"Misoprostol is a widely used alternative of prostaglandin for labor induction. "( Evaluating misoprostol content in pregnant women with hourly oral administration during labor induction by microElution solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Chan, TM; Cheng, SY; Hung, CH; Lee, MR, 2015)		2.25
"Misoprostol is an effective cervical ripening agent."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of cervical ripening with misoprostol administration before hysteroscopy.
Jiang, X; Yu, H; Zhuo, Z, 2016)		2.09
"Misoprostol is a well known abortifacient. "( Foetal fibular hemimelia with focal femoral deficiency following prenatal misoprostol use: A case report.
Begum, J; Ghose, S; Pallavee, P; Samal, R, 2016)		2.11
"Misoprostol is an important option for PPH management in setting where oxytocin (the gold standard for PPH prevention and treatment) in not available or not feasible to use."( Using Misoprostol for Primary versus Secondary Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage - Do Costs Matter?
Chatterjee, S; Rao, KD; Sarkar, A, 2016)		1.64
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for the induction of labor. "( Randomized clinical trial between hourly titrated and 2 hourly static oral misoprostol solution for induction of labor.
Abduljabbar, H; Alamoudi, R; Alkafy, S; Almansouri, N; Alsahly, N; Alsinani, N; Rouzi, AA; Rozzah, R, 2017)		2.13
"Misoprostol is a pharmacomimetic of PGE(2), an endogenous suppressor of innate immunity."( Misoprostol impairs female reproductive tract innate immunity against Clostridium sordellii.
Aronoff, DM; Brock, TG; Chen, GH; Chung, J; Coleman, N; Flamand, N; Hao, Y; Lewis, C; Peres, CM; Peters-Golden, M; Serezani, CH, 2008)		2.51
"Misoprostol use is an effective, safe and acceptable method of medical abortion for women."( Misoprostol use as a method of medical abortion.
Bakalianou, K; Botsis, D; Gregoriou, O; Iavazzo, C; Kalmantis, K; Paltoglou, G; Salakos, N, 2008)		3.23
"Misoprostol is an inexpensive, stable analog of prostaglandin E(1), and is powerful at contracting the uterus."( Misoprostol for the treatment of early pregnancy failure.
Doggrell, SA, 2007)		2.5
"Misoprostol is a cost-effective maternal mortality intervention for home births. "( Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol and prenatal iron supplementation as maternal mortality interventions in home births in rural India.
Bishai, DM; Sutherland, T, 2009)		2.11
"Misoprostol is an effective cervical priming agent when administered either orally or vaginally before evacuation of conception in the termination of the first trimester missed miscarriage."( Comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening before evacuation of first trimester missed miscarriage.
Jabir, M; Smeet, RI, 2009)		2.08
"Oral misoprostol is a safe and efficacious alternative to intracervical PGE2 gel in the active management of PROM at term."( Oral misoprostol versus intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for active management of premature rupture of membranes at term.
Nagpal, MB; Raghunandan, C; Saili, A, 2009)		1.38
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin medication that can be used to induce labour in these situations."( Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death.
Crowther, CA; Dodd, JM, 2010)		2.52
"Misoprostol is an agent that may ripen the cervix in nonpregnant women. "( Vaginal misoprostol prior to insertion of an intrauterine device: an RCT.
de Groot, CJ; Dekkers, OM; Dijkhuizen, K; Hellebrekers, BW; Helmerhorst, FM; Holleboom, CA; Janssen, CA; van Roosmalen, GJ, 2011)		2.25
"Misoprostol is a cheap product of prostaglandin E1 which has gained interest in pregnancy termination. "( Low dose vaginal misoprostol versus prostaglandin E2 suppository for early uterine evacuation: a randomized clinical trial.
Mansourfar, M; Mostafa-Gharebaghi, P; Sadeghi-Bazargani, H, 2010)		2.14
"Misoprostol is an effective cervical ripening agent with favorable outcome and comparable with other inducing agents."( Safety and efficacy of misoprostol for induction of labour.
Chawla, CD; Dongol, AS; Shakya, S, 2010)		2.11
"Misoprostol-alone regimen is a low-cost regimen as compared to mifepristone/misoprostol regimen. "( Efficacy and safety of mifepristone and buccal misoprostol versus buccal misoprostol alone for medical abortion.
Ahuja, K; Dahiya, K; Dhingra, A; Duhan, N; Nanda, S, 2012)		2.08
"Oral misoprostol is an effective agent for augmentation of labor."( Oral misoprostol for labor augmentation: a randomized controlled trial.
Alexander, JM; Bleich, AT; Leveno, KJ; Lo, JY; McIntire, DD; Villano, KS, 2011)		1.4
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 that is administered to women at high doses to induce uterine contractions for early pregnancy termination and at low doses to aid in cervical priming during labor. "( Lack of evidence for neonatal misoprostol neurodevelopmental toxicity in C57BL6/J mice.
Berman, RF; Koenig, CM; Pessah, IN; Qi, L; Walker, CK, 2012)		2.11
"Misoprostol is an effective and safe uterotonic for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). "( Misoprostol for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: what do we know? What is next?
Abbas, D; Raghavan, S; Winikoff, B, 2012)		3.26
"Misoprostol is a viable option for treatment of incomplete abortion at mid-level facilities."( Sublingual [corrected] misoprostol as first-line care for incomplete abortion in Burkina Faso.
Blandine, T; Blum, J; Clotaire, H; Coral, A; Dao, B; Diop, A; Hassane, C; Lankoande, J; Ouattara, AZ, 2012)		2.13
"Misoprostol is an effective, safe, and acceptable method for treating incomplete abortion. "( Misoprostol as first-line treatment for incomplete abortion at a secondary-level health facility in Nigeria.
Adeyanju, AO; Aremu, OT; Diop, A; Fawole, AO; Winikoff, B, 2012)		3.26
"Misoprostol is a pharmaceutical synthetic compound, analog of prostaglandin E1, frequently used as an abortifacient in not medically supervised or self-induced abortions, particularly in countries with restrictive abortion laws representing a serious public health problem. "( Validated method for the determination of misoprostol acid in whole blood by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Ajenjo, AC; Dias, MJ; Simões, SS, 2012)		2.09
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E(1) analogue that has been used for medical abortion. "( Early pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol before and after 42 days gestation.
Dalkalitsis, NA; Kalantaridou, SN; Papanikolaou, EG; Paraskevaidis, EA; Plachouras, NI; Tsanadis, GD; Zikopoulos, KA, 2002)		2.02
"Misoprostol is a cheap, effective drug for second-trimester pregnancy termination with short induction abortion intervals but a higher rate of side effects."( Second-trimester pregnancy termination: comparison of three different methods.
Al-Hussaini, TK; Habib, DM; Makarem, MH; Makhlouf, AM, 2003)		1.04
"Misoprostol is an important medication for gynecologic practice; however, it is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for any gynecologic indication. "( Misoprostol in gynecology.
Carusi, DA; Goldberg, AB; Meckstroth, KR, 2003)		3.2
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analog originally intended for use to prevent NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. "( Misoprostol: a quarter century of use, abuse, and creative misuse.
Arulkumaran, S; Chong, YS; Su, LL, 2004)		3.21
"Misoprostol is a superior agent over oxytocin on the induction of term labour, but its application might increase the risk of precipitous labour, abnormal uterine contractions or meconium stained amniotic fluid. "( Misoprostol in labour induction of term pregnancy: a meta-analysis.
Fang, L; Li, K; Li, XM; Shi, ZJ; Wan, J; Xu, CF; Zhang, Y, 2004)		3.21
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for pre-operative cervical priming before surgical termination of pregnancy in the first trimester. "( A randomized study comparing the use of sublingual to vaginal misoprostol for pre-operative cervical priming prior to surgical termination of pregnancy in the first trimester.
Ho, PC; Mok, KH; Tang, OS, 2004)		2.01
"Misoprostol is an effective treatment for incomplete abortion. "( Two regimens of misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion.
Blanchard, K; Kiriwat, O; Mavimbela, N; Sirimai, K; Svirirojana, N; Taneepanichskul, S; Winikoff, B, 2004)		2.11
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 used during the first trimester of pregnancy as an adjacent to RU486 for medical termination of pregnancy. "( Misoprostol overdose during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Bentov, Y; Katz, M; Sheiner, E, 2004)		3.21
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue marketed for use in the prevention of peptic ulcer disease. "( [Induction of labour at term with misoprostol: an effective, safe and inexpensive alternative].
Diedrich, K; Schröder, AK; Tauchert, S, 2004)		2.05
"Misoprostol is an effective and safe treatment for chronic tinnitus in hypertensive and/or diabetic patients. "( Efficacy of misoprostol in the treatment of tinnitus in patients with diabetes and/or hypertension.
Akkuzu, B; Cakmak, O; Ozluoglu, LN; Yilmaz, I, 2004)		2.15
"Misoprostol is a low cost, easy to use technology that can control PPH even without a medically trained attendant."( Controlling postpartum hemorrhage after home births in Tanzania.
Campbell, M; Mbaruku, G; Potts, M; Prata, N; Vahidnia, F, 2005)		1.77
"Misoprostol, which is a prostaglandin E1 analogue, is effectively used in cervical priming in women both for labor induction and for gynecological procedures. "( Priming effect of misoprostol on estrogen pretreated cervix in postmenopausal women.
Atmaca, R; Burak, F; Germen, AT; Kafkasli, A, 2005)		2.1
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin currently employed to induce labor. "( Neonatal morbidity and outcome of live born premature babies after attempted illegal abortion with misoprostol.
Cunha, M; Escumalha, M; Gouveia, C; Machado, MC; Vale, F, )		1.79
"Misoprostol is an effective and safe agent for induction of labor in women with term premature rupture of membranes. "( Misoprostol for labor induction in women with term premature rupture of membranes: a meta-analysis.
Carver, AR; Case, AS; Lin, MG; Nuthalapaty, FS; Ramsey, PS, 2005)		3.21
"Misoprostol (Cytotec) is a synthetic analogue of PGE1, not yet registered for Obstetric practice. "( [Misoprostol and induction of labour].
Porozhanova, K; Porozhanova, V; Sampat, D, 2005)		2.68
"Oral Misoprostol is an effective method of induction of delivery with low Bishop Score. "( [Misoprostol and induction of labour].
Porozhanova, K; Porozhanova, V; Sampat, D, 2005)		1.75
"Misoprostol appears to be a safe, inexpensive, and effective uterotonic for use in rural and remote areas, where intravenous oxytocin may be unavailable."( Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour.
Crane, JMG; Hutchens, D; Matthews, K; Parsons, SM; Walley, RL, 2006)		1.57
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin that can be given orally or vaginally. "( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Alfirevic, Z; Weeks, A, 2006)		2.29
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E(1) analogue that is commonly used for medical abortion. "( The pharmacokinetics and different regimens of misoprostol in early first-trimester medical abortion.
Ho, PC; Tang, OS, 2006)		2.03
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, with properties of a mucosal cytoprotectant."( Use of topical misoprostol to reduce radiation-induced mucositis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Cakir, B; Foroudi, F; Gebski, V; Sathiyaseelan, Y; Timms, I; Tiver, KW; Veness, MJ, 2006)		1.41
"Misoprostol is an effective and safe treatment for early pregnancy failure and could replace surgical curettage in over two-thirds of the patients. "( A randomized prospective study of misoprostol or mifepristone followed by misoprostol when needed for the treatment of women with early pregnancy failure.
Dulitzky, M; Goldenberg, M; Machtinger, R; Schiff, E; Seidman, DS; Soriano, D; Stockheim, D; Wiser, A, 2006)		2.06
"Misoprostol is a commonly used prostaglandin to induce labour. "( Misoprostol compared with prostaglandin E2 for labour induction in women at term with intact membranes and unfavourable cervix: a systematic review.
Butler, B; Crane, JM; Hannah, ME; Young, DC, 2006)		3.22
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 that is known to attenuate the inflammatory process and promote collagen formation by inhibiting IL-1 and TNF. "( An investigation of misoprostol in the promotion of wound healing.
Evans, R; Fales-Williams, A; Mason, DR; Nieves, MA; Vandervoort, JM, 2006)		2.1
"Misoprostol is a strong contender in this respect."( Two regimens of vaginal misoprostol in second trimester termination of pregnancy: a prospective randomised trial.
Bhattacharyya, SK; Hazra, A; Kamilya, GS; Mukherji, J; Ray, S, 2006)		1.36
"Misoprostol is an important drug in obstetrics and gynecology because of its uterotonic and cervical-ripening activities. "( Maternal death related to misoprostol overdose.
Ferreira, H; Graça, LM; Henriques, A; Lourenço, AV; Ribeirinho, A, 2007)		2.08
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E(1) analogue that is effective, cheap and easily stored but not licensed for this use in Australia."( Misoprostol to induce labour: a review of its use in a NSW hospital.
Davis, GK; Homer, CS; Miller, TD; Roberts, LM, 2007)		2.5
"Misoprostol is a safe drug but serious complications and teratogenicity can occur with unsupervised use."( Misoprostol: pharmacokinetic profiles, effects on the uterus and side-effects.
Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Ho, PC; Tang, OS, 2007)		2.5
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin analog administered vaginally to induce labor for intrauterine death or termination of pregnancy for congenital abnormalities. "( Misoprostol associated refractile material in fetal and placental tissues after medical termination of pregnancy.
Ho, V; Keating, S; Kingdom, J; Shannon, P, 2007)		3.23
"Misoprostol is a safe medication for both mother and baby."( [Vaginal application of misoprostol for labor induction after 36 weeks of pregnancy].
Godinjak, Z; Imsirija, L; Imsirija, N, 2007)		1.37
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for first trimester medical termination."( Misoprostol and first trimester pregnancy termination.
Galazios, G; Grapsas, X; Liberis, V; Tsikouras, P; Vassaras, G; Vlachos, G, 2008)		3.23
"Misoprostol (SC-29333) is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that has been found to be a potent inhibitor of gastric secretion in animals. "( Inhibition of nocturnal gastric secretion in normal human volunteers by misoprostol: a synthetic prostaglandin E1 methyl ester analog.
Agrawal, N; Akdamar, K; Ertan, A, 1982)		1.94
"Oral misoprostol is an effective and safe method for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in first trimester pregnancy."( Oral misoprostol versus placebo for cervical dilatation before vacuum aspiration in first trimester pregnancy.
Ho, PC; Lao, T; Ma, HK; Ngai, SW; Tang, OS, 1995)		1.26
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) analog used for the prevention of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced ulceration."( Acid secretion during indomethacin therapy. Effect of misoprostol.
Chey, WY; Scheiman, JM; Taylor, SD, 1995)		1.26
"Misoprostol seems to be a drug with many potential uses apart from the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. "( Intravaginal misoprostol for termination of midtrimester pregnancy.
Lim, JM; Raman, S; Soh, EB, 1995)		2.1
"Misoprostol was found to be an effective, inexpensive and safe agent for preoperative cervical treatment."( Predilatation of the cervix before suction curettage for therapeutic abortion in early pregnancy.
Aitken, RE; Begg, AF; Edwards, D; MacKay, PM; Marchant, RM, 1994)		1.01
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 which has been used in the healing of ulcers and prevention of peptic ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs."( Cytoprotection with misoprostol: use in the treatment and prevention of ulcers.
Ballinger, A, )		1.18
"Misoprostol (MSP) is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 methyl analogue indicated for the prevention of gastric ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). "( Embryotoxic effects of misoprostol in the mouse.
Chahoud, I; de-Carvalho, RR; Magalhães-de-Souza, CA; Paumgartten, FJ, 1995)		2.04
"Oral misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical priming and labor induction in patients with pre-labor rupture of membranes at term."( Cervical priming with oral misoprostol in pre-labor rupture of membranes at term.
Ho, PC; Lao, T; Ngai, SW; To, WK, 1996)		1.1
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogue which has uterotonic properties. "( The use of misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy.
Koopersmith, TB; Mishell, DR, 1996)		2.13
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue which reduces both gastric ulcerations and clinically important bleeding in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). "( Use of misoprostol in the elderly: is the expense justified?
Johannesson, M; Liang, MH; Stucki, G, 1996)		2.19
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue with oral bioavailability and immunosuppressive properties."( Misoprostol with cyclosporin A prolongs corneal allograft survival in an animal model.
Gothard, TW; Holland, EJ; Olsen, TW, 1996)		2.46
"Misoprostol is an effective, easy to use, apparently safe and cheap drug for the induction of labour."( Induction of labour with intravaginal misoprostol in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Koch, MA; Merrell, DA, 1995)		2
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction, but it causes an increase in cesarean deliveries associated with uterine hyperstimulation."( A randomized comparison between misoprostol and dinoprostone for cervical ripening and labor induction in patients with unfavorable cervices.
Arias, F; Buser, D; Mora, G, 1997)		2.02
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogue with uterotonic properties. "( The use of misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy.
Carbonell, JL; Fernández, C; Varela, L; Velazco, A, 1997)		2.13
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and induction of labor. "( Vaginal misoprostol for term labor induction.
Bauer, TA; Brown, DL; Chai, LK, 1997)		2.17
"Misoprostol is an effective, easy to use, safe and cheap drug for termination of second trimester pregnancy. "( Second-trimester termination of pregnancy by extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha or endocervical misoprostol. A comparative study.
El Helw, BA; Ghorab, MN, 1998)		1.96
"Misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction when used in a judicious and cautious fashion."( Labor induction with misoprostol.
Wing, DA, 1999)		1.34
"Misoprostol is a most promising, cheap, and effective agent, which does not need cool storage like other prostaglandins."( Use of misoprostol in first and second trimester abortion: a review.
Scheepers, HC; van den Bergh, AS; van Erp, EJ, 1999)		1.48
"Misoprostol was reported to be an effective agent for cervical ripening and induction of labor. "( The effect of vaginal pH on the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor.
Bildirici, I; Gunalp, S, 2000)		2
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin which has been used to induce labour. "( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour with a viable fetus.
Alfirevic, Z; Gaussmann, A; Howarth, G, 2000)		2.26
"Misoprostol was found to be a safe and effective agent for cervical ripening as part of labor induction."( Use of misoprostol for cervical ripening.
Carpenter, ME; Dean, CA; Farmer, RM; Katz, VL, 2000)		2.2
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin which has been used to induce labour. "( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Alfirevic, Z, 2000)		2.26
"Misoprostol (Cytotec), is an oral prostaglandin E analogue."( Misoprostol induces relaxation of human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle: comparison to prostaglandin E1.
Kim, NN; Moreland, RB; Nehra, A; Parulkar, BG; Traish, A, 2000)		2.47
"Misoprostol is an orally active uterotonic agent."( A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and i.m. syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour.
Chan, AS; Cheung, KB; Ng, PS; Sin, WK; Tang, LC; Yuen, PM, 2001)		1.29
"Oral misoprostol is an effective method for labour induction in the third trimester. "( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Alfirevic, Z, 2001)		1.34
"Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue. "( [New developments in labor induction].
Bar, J; Hod, M; Yulzari-Roll, V, 2002)		1.76
"Misoprostol is a highly effective medication for the induction of labor in comparison to prostaglandin E1 or oxytocin. "( [New developments in labor induction].
Bar, J; Hod, M; Yulzari-Roll, V, 2002)		1.76
"Misoprostol is an important and efficient medication in obstetrics for cervical ripening and induction of labor. "( [New developments in labor induction].
Bar, J; Hod, M; Yulzari-Roll, V, 2002)		1.76
"Misoprostol is a stable, orally active synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E, which is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of peptic ulcer. "( Induction of abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol in early pregnancy.
Baird, DT; Thong, KJ, 1992)		1.99
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of naturally occurring prostaglandin E1. "( Misoprostol--a logical therapeutic approach to gastroduodenal mucosal injury induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Fenn, GC; Robinson, GC, 1991)		3.17
"Misoprostol (Cytotec) is a recently released prostaglandin E1 analog approved for use in prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy. "( Acute misoprostol toxicity.
Graber, DJ; Meier, KH, 1991)		2.2
"Misoprostol is a synthetic 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methyl analog of PGE1, and the first prostaglandin to be registered for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. "( Misoprostol: discovery, development, and clinical applications.
Collins, PW, )		3.02
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue that inhibits gastric acid production and may augment mucosal defense. "( Misoprostol reduces gastroduodenal injury from one week of aspirin: an endoscopic study.
Jiranek, GC; Kimmey, MB; Saunders, DR; Shanahan, W; Silverstein, FE; Willson, RA, 1989)		3.16
"Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of natural prostaglandin E1."( Misoprostol: a prostaglandin E1 analogue.
Garris, RE; Kirkwood, CF, 1989)		2.44
"Misoprostol is a potent inhibitor of basal acid secretion and moderately inhibits histamine-stimulated acid secretion with a duration of action of at least three hours following drug ingestion."( Effects of misoprostol on histamine-related gastric secretion in man.
Wilson, DE; Wilson, PC, 1989)		1.39
"Misoprostol is an E1 prostaglandin analog. "( Overview of misoprostol clinical experience.
Herting, RL; Nissen, CH, 1986)		2.09
"Misoprostol, which is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, was found to significantly decrease the histological damage to the bladder from cyclophosphamide."( Evaluation of misoprostol cytoprotection of the bladder with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy.
Engelmann, UH; Fishman, IJ; Gray, KJ; Johnson, EH, 1986)		1.35
"Misoprostol is an analogue of prostaglandin E1 and is the first synthetic prostaglandin analogue to be made available for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. "( Misoprostol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
Clissold, SP; Monk, JP, 1987)		3.16
"Misoprostol acts as a selective EP1-agonist, and has little or no DP, FP, IP and TP activity."( The action of prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists on smooth muscle and platelets.
Eglen, RM; Whiting, RL, 1988)		1
"Misoprostol is a new therapeutical alternative for the treatment of duodenal ulcer patients."( [Misoprostol and cimetidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Multicenter, double-blind, clinico-endoscopic study. The Argentine experience].
Baccaro, JC; González del Solar, C; Laudanno, O; Mauro, E; Mazure, PA; Pardo, R; Pulpeiro, A; Rubio, H; Tomatis, H, 1987)		1.9
"Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin which is related structurally to naturally occurring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). "( Chemistry and synthetic development of misoprostol.
Collins, PW; Dajani, EZ; Pappo, R, 1985)		1.98

Effects

Misoprostol has a high effective rate of induction of labour in HDP patients and is an effective uterotonic agent in reducing PPH. It is contraindicated for women in early pregnancy.

Oral misoprostol at low doses has been found to be a safe and effective agent for labour induction in numerous studies carried out in the developed world. It has powerful uterotonic effects and, because it is well absorbed orally and sublingually, could be used more widely than would be possible with injectable uterotonics alone.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Misoprostol has a high effective rate of induction of labour in HDP patients and is an effective uterotonic agent in reducing PPH. "( Effects of Misoprostol on Induction of Labour in Patients with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis.
Gao, M; Liu, S; Liu, T; Song, G; Wang, L, 2022)		2.55
"Misoprostol has a wide range of applications in obstetrics and gynaecology. "( Sublingual misoprostol and hyperpyrexia: case report with temperature curve.
Minkande, JZ; Tolefac, PN, 2017)		2.29
"Misoprostol has a potent inhibitory effect on the activation of cells derived from the site of nasal mucosal inflammation, regardless of sensitivity to aspirin."( Lack of association between aspirin-triggered 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid release and mast cell/eosinophil activation in nasal polyps from aspirin-sensitive patients.
Jankowski, A; Jarzebska, M; Jedrzejczak-Czechowicz, M; Kowalski, ML; Lewandowska-Polak, A; Makowska, JS, 2011)		1.09
"Misoprostol has a number of advantages over other prostaglandin preparations."( Induction of abortion in the second trimester by a combination of misoprostol and mifepristone: a randomized comparison between two misoprostol regimens.
el-Refaey, H; Templeton, A, 1995)		1.25
"Misoprostol has an important role as an abortifacient among the women studied."( Misoprostol and illegal abortion in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Costa, SH; Vessey, MP, 1993)		2.45
"Misoprostol has an uterotonic effect and it is contraindicated for women in early pregnancy."( Induction of abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol in early pregnancy.
Baird, DT; Thong, KJ, 1992)		1.17
"Misoprostol has a high effective rate of induction of labour in HDP patients and is an effective uterotonic agent in reducing PPH. "( Effects of Misoprostol on Induction of Labour in Patients with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis.
Gao, M; Liu, S; Liu, T; Song, G; Wang, L, 2022)		2.55
"Misoprostol has during the past few years become an important obstetric drug used for different purposes both within and outside hospitals in Tanzania. "( Beyond the law: Misoprostol and medical abortion in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Blystad, A; Kahabuka, C; Moland, KM; Pembe, AB; Solheim, IH, 2020)		2.35
"Misoprostol has been shown to elicit a dose-dependent effect on myometrial contractility, which may affect rates of uterine tachysystole in clinical practice."( The role of prostaglandins E1 and E2, dinoprostone, and misoprostol in cervical ripening and the induction of labor: a mechanistic approach.
Bakker, R; Myers, D; Pierce, S, 2017)		1.42
"Misoprostol has a wide range of applications in obstetrics and gynaecology. "( Sublingual misoprostol and hyperpyrexia: case report with temperature curve.
Minkande, JZ; Tolefac, PN, 2017)		2.29
"Misoprostol has advantages in being cheap and stable at room temperature and available in resource-poor settings."( Labor Induction with Orally Administrated Misoprostol: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Akerud, H; Darj, E; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Jarnbert-Pettersson, H; Stenson, D; Wallstrom, T; Wiberg-Itzel, E, 2017)		1.44
"Misoprostol has been identified as a safe, inexpensive, easily administered option for the induction of labor, with satisfactory results. "( Misoprostol administered sublingually at a dose of 12.5 μg versus vaginally at a dose of 25 μg for the induction of full-term labor: a randomized controlled trial protocol.
da Silva Junior, JR; de Amorim, MMR; Feitosa, FE; Gattás, DSMB; Souza, ASR, 2018)		3.37
"Misoprostol has been widely used in Obstetrics and Gynecology for cervical priming, medical abortion and induction of labour. "( Efficacy and Safety of Intravaginal Misoprostol for Mid-trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
Akhter, N; Arzoo, S; Ferdous, B; Yousuf, S, 2018)		2.2
"Misoprostol abortion has significantly increased over time, and was associated with less morbidity and need for further treatment, in this study. "( Trends in misoprostol use and abortion complications: A cross-sectional study from nine referral hospitals in Nigeria.
Awonuga, D; Awowole, I; Bello, FA; Fabamwo, A; Fawole, B; Ganatra, B; Guest, P; Irinyenikan, T; Loto, O; Oluborode, B, 2018)		2.33
"Misoprostol has been shown to be an effective alternative to surgical evacuation and can be offered by lower level clinicians."( Results from a study using misoprostol for management of incomplete abortion in Vietnamese hospitals: implications for task shifting.
Blum, J; Dung, DL; Hai, PT; Ngoc, NT; Nhan, TT; Shochet, T; Winikoff, B, 2013)		1.41
"Misoprostol has been widely used in Obstetrics and Gynecology; however, its usefulness and efficacy in facilitating IUD insertion in nulligravidas have yet to be established. "( Misoprostol prior to inserting an intrauterine device in nulligravidas: a randomized clinical trial.
Amorim, MM; Costa, AA; Scavuzzi, A; Souza, AS, 2013)		3.28
"Misoprostol has the major public health advantage over injectable medication that it can more easily be distributed at community level."( Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity.
Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Lawrie, TA; Novikova, N, 2013)		1.5
"Misoprostol has proven to be effective at stimulating uterine contractions although it can have serious, and even life-threatening side-effects."( Titrated oral misoprostol for augmenting labour to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Dowswell, T; Vogel, JP; West, HM, 2013)		1.47
"Misoprostol has become a popular over the counter self-administered abortifacient in Ghana. "( Severe morbidities associated with induced abortions among misoprostol users and non-users in a tertiary public hospital in Ghana.
Damalie, FJ; Dassah, ET; Morhe, ES; Nakua, EK; Opare-Addo, HS; Tagbor, HK, 2014)		2.09
"Misoprostol has preventive effect against NSAID-induced intestinal diseases."( [Preventive effect of misoprostol against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy in mice].
Jin, J; Liu, Z; Wu, F; Xiao, Z; Xie, X; Zhou, H, 2015)		2.17
"Misoprostol has advantages according to neonatal outcome compared to administration of dinoprostone."( The effectiveness of misoprostol or dinoprostone in neonatal outcome after labour induction in post-term nulliparas.
Ammari, A; Galazios, G; Liberis, A; Liberis, V; Pinidis, P; Soilemetzidis, M; Tsagias, N; Tsikouras, P, 2015)		2.18
"Oral misoprostol at low doses has been found to be a safe and effective agent for labour induction in numerous studies carried out in the developed world, where there are better resources for monitoring of labour."( EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF 2-HOURLY 20 MCG ORAL MISOPROSTOL SOLUTION COMPARED TO STANDARD INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN IN LABOUR INDUCTION DUE TO PRE-LABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES AT TERM: A RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL.
Kamau, K; Karanja, JG; Mbaluka, CM; Mugo, N, 2014)		1.11
"Misoprostol (MP) has gained considerable interest as a reactive oxygen species scavenger in recent years."( Protective role of misoprostol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
Bayram, A; Doğan, M; Kaya, A; Özcan, İ; Polat, H; Şenel, F; Yaşar, M, 2016)		1.48
"Misoprostol has been associated with adverse side effects and severe outcomes for mother and child and is not registered for obstetric use in Denmark."( Quality assessment of patient leaflets on misoprostol-induced labour: does written information adhere to international standards for patient involvement and informed consent?
Clausen, JA; Juhl, M; Rydahl, E, 2016)		1.42
"Misoprostol consistently has been shown to cause more pain and cramping than placebo, but is an effective adjunct to osmotic dilators after 16 weeks."( Update on second-trimester surgical abortion.
Lerma, K; Shaw, KA, 2016)		1.16
"Misoprostol has powerful uterotonic effects and, because it is well absorbed orally and sublingually, has the potential to be used more widely than would be possible with injectable uterotonics alone."( Misoprostol for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage.
Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ, 2008)		2.51
"Misoprostol has limited data supporting its use in this setting."( Cervical dilation in second-trimester abortion.
Fox, MC; Hayes, JL, 2009)		1.07
"Misoprostol has no negative impact on the incidence and severity of late rectal bleeding, in contrast to acute rectal bleeding."( Effect of a prostaglandin--given rectally for prevention of radiation-induced acute proctitis--on late rectal toxicity. Results of a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.
Christiansen, H; Hermann, RM; Herrmann, MK; Hess, CF; Hille, A; Kertesz, T; Pradier, O; Schmidberger, H; Zapf, A, 2009)		1.07
"Misoprostol has some other advantages like long shelf -life, stability at room temperature and oral use."( The effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin in reducing bleeding after caesarean section.
Doroodian, M; Eftekhari, N; Lashkarizadeh, R, 2009)		1.38
"Misoprostol therapy has been found to be effective when administered orally or vaginally, although vaginal therapy is slightly superior."( [The use of a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E1 for medical treatment of first trimester pregnancy failure].
Hagay, Z; Houminer, A; Kopernic, G, 2009)		1.07
"Misoprostol has been studied intensively to produce cervical dilatation. "( Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effect of misoprostol on ease of consecutive insertion of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.
Anttila, AM; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Heikinheimo, O; Hurskainen, R; Inki, P; Kunz, M; Olsson, SE; Parmhed, S, 2010)		2.04
"Misoprostol has been used for induction of labor either as a cervical ripening agent or as an abortifacient. "( Use of misoprostol for pregnancy termination in women with prior classical cesarean delivery: a report of 3 cases.
Malapati, R; Nguyen, TM; Villaluna, G, )		2.03
"Misoprostol has some important advantages, such as easy application, very low price, and greater acceptability by doctors and patients."( Cervical ripening prior to hysteroscopy: is the application of misoprostol useful?
Affronti, G; Arena, S; Zupi, E, 2011)		1.33
"Misoprostol has been shown to be an effective agent for cervical ripening and termination of early pregnancy especially when administered vaginally. "( Effect of bacterial vaginosis on the pharmacokinetics of misoprostol in early pregnancy.
Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Sandström, A; Schweer, H; Sioutas, A; Watzer, B, 2012)		2.07
"Many misoprostol regimens have been used to treat early pregnancy loss as an alternative to surgical evacuation, with differing adverse event and success rates."( The management of missed miscarriage in an outpatient setting: 800 versus 600 μg of vaginal misoprostol.
Abad, L; Barceló, F; De Paco, C; López-Espín, JJ; Parrilla, JJ; Silva, Y, 2012)		1.11
"Misoprostol has a potent inhibitory effect on the activation of cells derived from the site of nasal mucosal inflammation, regardless of sensitivity to aspirin."( Lack of association between aspirin-triggered 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid release and mast cell/eosinophil activation in nasal polyps from aspirin-sensitive patients.
Jankowski, A; Jarzebska, M; Jedrzejczak-Czechowicz, M; Kowalski, ML; Lewandowska-Polak, A; Makowska, JS, 2011)		1.09
"Misoprostol has long been approved to prevent and treat stomach ulcers."( The mifepristone-misoprostol regimen for early medical abortion.
Ellertson, C; Waldman, SN, 2001)		1.37
"Only Misoprostol 800ug/day has been directly shown to reduce the risk of ulcer complications such as perforation hemorrhage or obstruction."( Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers.
Dube, C; Jolicoeur, E; McGowan, J; Rostom, A; Tugwell, P; Welch, V; Wells, G, 2002)		0.77
"Misoprostol has been used for achieving cervical priming before suction evacuation (SE) by the oral or vaginal route, although both routes have their shortcomings. "( Comparison between the sublingual and oral route of misoprostol for pre-abortion cervical priming in first trimester abortions.
Salhan, S; Sarda, N; Saxena, P, 2004)		2.02
"Misoprostol has proven to be a very convenient and flexible drug because of its formulation as a tablet that is stable and that can be administered orally, rectally, vaginally and by the sublingual route."( Misoprostol: a quarter century of use, abuse, and creative misuse.
Arulkumaran, S; Chong, YS; Su, LL, 2004)		2.49
"Oral misoprostol (100 microg) has similar efficacy to vaginal PGE2 tablets, and may be an option to consider for term labour induction."( A randomised comparison of oral misoprostol and vaginal prostaglandin E2 tablets in labour induction at term.
Acharya, S; Danielian, P; Livingstone, I; Rice, P; Shetty, A; Templeton, A, 2004)		1.12
"Misoprostol has uterotonic properties that have led to its occasional off-label use in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, by rectal or sublingual administration, as an alternative to sulprostone."( [Misoprostol for treating postpartum hemorrhages].
Berhoune, M; Bertrand, E; Chiadmi, F; Cisternino, S; Fontan, JE; Godard, C; Schlatter, J; Toledano, A, 2008)		1.98
"Misoprostol has been shown to be effective for cervical priming in non-pregnant women prior to hysteroscopy."( Cervical priming with sublingual misoprostol prior to insertion of an intrauterine device in nulliparous women: a randomized controlled trial.
Aronsson, A; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Marions, L; Sääv, I; Stephansson, O, 2007)		1.34
"Misoprostol has been shown to increase colonic activity and decrease colonic transit time in chronic constipation patients."( Does postoperative misoprostol use induce intestinal motility? A prospective randomised double-blind trial.
Demiraran, Y; Demirci, F; Gul, OB; Gul, OK; Ozdemir, I; Somunkiran, A, 2007)		2.11
"Misoprostol has been used for the induction of labor since 1987."( Misoprostol for induction of labor with a live fetus.
Alfirevic, Z; Faúndes, A; Hofmeyr, GJ; Safar, P; Weeks, A; Wing, D, 2007)		2.5
"Misoprostol has gastrin antisecretory properties, but no cytoprotective effects against acute, taurocholate-induced mucosal damage in man."( Bile salt-induced, acute gastric mucosal damage in man: time course and effect of misoprostol, a PGE1-analogue.
Blum, AL; Fimmel, CJ; Müller-Lissner, SA, 1984)		1.21
"Misoprostol has a number of advantages over other prostaglandin preparations."( Induction of abortion in the second trimester by a combination of misoprostol and mifepristone: a randomized comparison between two misoprostol regimens.
el-Refaey, H; Templeton, A, 1995)		1.25
"Misoprostol has many advantages over the more widely investigated synthetic prostaglandin, gemeprost."( Intravaginal misoprostol for termination of midtrimester pregnancy.
Lim, JM; Raman, S; Soh, EB, 1995)		1.28
"Misoprostol has an important role as an abortifacient among the women studied."( Misoprostol and illegal abortion in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Costa, SH; Vessey, MP, 1993)		2.45
"Misoprostol has not been compared to omeprazole in this situation."( Cytoprotection with misoprostol: use in the treatment and prevention of ulcers.
Ballinger, A, )		1.18
"Misoprostol has additional advantages of being widely available and inexpensive."( Oral misoprostol versus mifepristone for cervical dilatation before vacuum aspiration in first trimester nulliparous pregnancy: a double blind prospective randomised study.
Ho, PC; Lao, T; Ngai, SW; Yeung, KC, 1996)		1.53
"Misoprostol has some uterine effects but it is not effective in inducing abortion."( [Determinants of induced abortion among poor women admitted to hospitals in a locality of northeastern Brazil].
Correia, LL; Fonseca, W; Misago, C; Oliveira, FC; Parente, JA, 1996)		1.02
"Misoprostol has also been shown to decrease NSAID-associated gastrointestinal (GI) complications by 40% compared with placebo."( Agents used in the prevention and treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated symptoms and ulcers.
Isenberg, J; Scheiman, J, 1998)		1.02
"Misoprostol has been widely applied in early pregnancy termination and term pregnancy induction. "( Precipitate delivery and postpartum hemorrhage after term induction with 200 micrograms misoprostol.
Chang, CC; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, TY; Tsai, HD; Yang, TC; Yeh, LS, 2000)		1.97
"Misoprostol has now largely replaced other prostaglandin analogues in the regimen, and this has made medical abortion simpler and more cost effective."( Research on regimens for early medical abortion.
von Hertzen, H, 2000)		1.03
"Only Misoprostol 800ug/day has been directly shown to reduce the risk of ulcer complications."( Prevention of chronic NSAID induced upper gastrointestinal toxicity.
Dube, C; McGowan, J; Rostom, A; Tugwell, P; Welch, V; Wells, G, 2000)		0.76
"Misoprostol has great potential for use in the third stage of labour especially in developing countries."( A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour.
Crane, JM; Hutchens, D; Matthews, K; Sawyer, E; Walley, RL; Wilson, JB, 2000)		1.28
"Only Misoprostol 800ug/day has been directly shown to reduce the risk of ulcer complications."( Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers.
Dube, C; McGowan, J; Rostom, A; Tugwell, P; Welch, V; Wells, G, 2000)		0.76
"Misoprostol has utility in acetaminophen and ethanol hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, and fibrosis."( Misoprostol therapeutics revisited.
Davies, NM; Jamali, F; Longstreth, J, 2001)		2.47
"Oral misoprostol has similar efficacy as vaginal misoprostol but is associated with a higher frequency of excessive uterine contractility and intervention."( Safety and efficacy of misoprostol orally and vaginally: a randomized trial.
Blust, D; Bouldin, S; Carlan, SJ; O'Brien, WF, 2001)		1.14
"Misoprostol has potential in reducing the high incidence of PPH in developing countries."( Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor.
Kundodyiwa, TW; Majoko, F; Rusakaniko, S, 2001)		2.47
"Misoprostol has an uterotonic effect and it is contraindicated for women in early pregnancy."( Induction of abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol in early pregnancy.
Baird, DT; Thong, KJ, 1992)		1.17
"Misoprostol has been associated with adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal symptoms, gynecologic problems, and headache. "( Delirium in an elderly woman possibly associated with administration of misoprostol.
Morton, MR; Robbins, ME, 1991)		1.96
"Misoprostol has been shown to be an effective agent for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers."( Misoprostol: a prostaglandin E1 analogue.
Garris, RE; Kirkwood, CF, 1989)		2.44
"Misoprostol has shown a dose-related antisecretory effect that lasted 3-5.5 hr."( Overview of misoprostol clinical experience.
Herting, RL; Nissen, CH, 1986)		1.37
"Misoprostol (Cytotec) has received government approval for marketing in 12 countries, since the first gave its approval in June, 1984."( Focus on misoprostol: review of worldwide safety data.
Wildeman, RA, 1987)		1.41
"Misoprostol has been evaluated in healthy subjects for both antisecretory and pharmacological activity. "( Misoprostol clinical pharmacology. Establishment of activity in man.
Steiner, JA, 1985)		3.15

Actions

Misoprostol can cause excessive uterine activity and uterine rupture. The misoprostl group had lower modified Bishop scores, higher BMIs, and a higher rate of fetal scalp blood testing.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Misoprostol did not increase or decrease maternal mortality."( Postpartum misoprostol for preventing maternal mortality and morbidity.
Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Lawrie, TA; Novikova, N, 2013)		1.5
"Misoprostol may cause vaginal spotting, which may impair the vision during hysteroscopy especially just after the menstrual period."( Comparison of sublingual misoprostol with lidocaine spray for pain relief in office hysteroscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Baser, E; Esin, S; Kucukozkan, T; Okuyan, E, )		1.16
"Misoprostol may suppress the allergen absorption facilitated by aspirin."( Intestinal absorption of lysozyme, an egg-white allergen, in rats: kinetics and effect of NSAIDs.
Hamura, K; Matsuo, H; Yokooji, T, 2013)		1.11
"The misoprostol group had lower modified Bishop scores, higher BMIs, and a higher rate of fetal scalp blood testing."( Initial clinical experience with a misoprostol vaginal insert in comparison with a dinoprostone insert for inducing labor.
Allerstorfer, C; Mayer, RB; Oppelt, P; Pömer, J; Shebl, O; Weiss, C, 2016)		1.19
"Misoprostol did not produce any damage to the stomach."( Comparison of antinociceptive efficacy and gastroprotection between celecoxib and diclofenac plus misoprostol in rats.
Déciga-Campos, M; Granados-Soto, V; Medina-Santillan, R; Reyes-García, G, 2007)		1.28
"Misoprostol did not increase the side-effect profile and patient acceptability was superior to expectant management."( A randomized controlled trial comparing medical and expectant management of first trimester miscarriage.
Bagratee, JS; Kagoro, H; Khullar, V; Moodley, J; Regan, L, 2004)		1.04
"Misoprostol can cause excessive uterine activity and uterine rupture."( Uterine rupture during induction of labor at term with intravaginal misoprostol.
Bennett, BB, 1997)		1.98
"Misoprostol may increase the risk of uterine rupture in the patient with a scarred uterus. "( Uterine rupture associated with the use of misoprostol in the gravid patient with a previous cesarean section.
Lubarsky, SL; Plaut, MM; Schwartz, ML, 1999)		2.01
"Misoprostol users had lower 3rd-stage estimated blood loss and needed less further ecbolics compared to O-E group."( The use of rectal misoprostol as active pharmacological management of the third stage of labor.
Diab, KM; Ramy, AR; Yehia, MA, 1999)		1.36

Treatment

Misoprostol treatment of uncomplicated second trimester incomplete abortion was equally and highly acceptable to women when care was provided by midwives compared with physicians. Misoprostl posttreatment decreased brain lesi.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Misoprostol treatment of uncomplicated second trimester incomplete abortion was equally and highly acceptable to women when care was provided by midwives compared with physicians. "( Evaluating women's acceptability of treatment of incomplete second trimester abortion using misoprostol provided by midwives compared with physicians: a mixed methods study.
Atuhairwe, S; Atuyambe, L; Byamugisha, J; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Hanson, C; Ssenyonga, R; Tumwesigye, NM, 2022)		2.38
"Misoprostol treatment results may be improved by pre-treatment with mifepristone; its effectiveness has already been proven for other indications of pregnancy termination."( Mifepristone and misoprostol versus misoprostol alone for uterine evacuation after early pregnancy failure: study protocol for a randomized double blinded placebo-controlled comparison (Triple M Trial).
Coppus, SF; Hamel, CC; Snijders, MP; van den Berg, J; Vandenbussche, FP, 2019)		1.57
"Misoprostol treatment was successful in 80.0% (73/91)."( Predictors of complete miscarriage after expectant management or misoprostol treatment of non-viable early pregnancy in women with vaginal bleeding.
Fernlund, A; Jokubkiene, L; Sladkevicius, P; Valentin, L, 2020)		1.52
"Misoprostol as treatment for non-viable pregnancy in primary care is an acceptable alternative for women and health care professionals. "( [Treatment for non-viable pregnancy in primary care].
Garritsen, M; Hamstra, L; Hollander, M; Jaspers, R; Segers, C; van Dillen, J, 2021)		2.06
"Misoprostol is first-line treatment for medically induced abortion."( [Cardiac arrest induced by vasospastic angina pectoris after vaginally administered misoprostol].
Bosselmann, HS; Lidegaard, Ø; Matthesen, T; Olsen, RH, 2017)		1.4
"Misoprostol alone (treatment A), misoprostol plus oxytocin (treatment B), and oxytocin alone (treatment C) were administered in 9.3%, 19.9%, and 70.8% of the cases, respectively. "( Misoprostol use under routine conditions for termination of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death.
Alvarez, FS; Cunha, Ade A; Nascimento, MI; Nunes, GG; Oliveira, SR; Villas Bôas, EL, )		3.02
"Misoprostol treatment, for women with first trimester missed abortion and favorable reproductive history, is an acceptable treatment with no detrimental effect on future fertility."( Misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure does not impair future fertility.
Anteby, EY; Bord, I; Gdalevich, M; Meltcer, S; Nahum, R; Orvieto, R, 2014)		3.29
"Misoprostol posttreatment decreased brain lesion volume, edema, and brain atrophy and improved long-term functional outcomes."( PGE2 receptor agonist misoprostol protects brain against intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.
Cao, W; Chen, W; Dong, X; Gao, Y; Hua, W; Qi, J; Wang, J; Wu, H; Wu, T; Yang, Q; Zhao, X; Zhou, J, 2015)		1.45
"The misoprostol treatment dose-dependently improved spatial learning and memory function as well as healing after hippocampal neuron damage induced by chronic aluminum-overload in rats."( Misoprostol Reverse Hippocampal Neuron Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Signaling Imbalance in Aluminum-Overload Rats.
Guo, Y; Hu, X; Ji, C; Lei, W; Wang, J; Wei, Y; Yang, J, 2016)		2.36
"Misoprostol-treated cervical tissue demonstrated more endothelial claudin-5 and occludin, whilst expression of GJs were unchanged."( Prostaglandin-induced cervical remodelling in humans in the first trimester is associated with increased expression of specific tight junction, but not gap junction proteins.
Anumba, DO; Galimberti, A; Ghulé, VV; Gray, C, 2012)		1.1
"Misoprostol treatment resulted in a somewhat lower chance of success than standard surgical practice (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.89-0.92)."( Sublingual misoprostol versus standard surgical care for treatment of incomplete abortion in five sub-Saharan African countries.
Abiola, OM; Blandine, T; Bukola, F; Dao, B; Diop, A; Gaye, A; Nayama, M; Olayinka, O; Sall, AB; Shochet, T; Winikoff, B, 2012)		1.49
"Misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure is highly successful in select women, primarily those with active bleeding and nulliparity. "( Factors related to successful misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure.
Barnhart, K; Creinin, MD; Gilles, JM; Huang, X; Westhoff, C; Zhang, J, 2006)		2.07
"Misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure had similar success, acceptability, and complications in women with and without previous uterine surgery."( Misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure in women with previous uterine surgery.
Barnhart, K; Chen, BA; Creinin, MD; Gilles, JM; Reeves, MF; Westhoff, C; Zhang, J, 2008)		3.23
"Misoprostol treatment was associated with a significantly reduced prevalence of reactive gastritis and it is suggested that this, along with its antisecretory action, may explain the reduced prevalence of gastroduodenal lesions when coadministered with NSAIDs."( Effect of longterm misoprostol coadministration with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a histological study.
Bardhan, KD; Bjarnason, I; Fenn, CG; Price, AB; Shah, K; Talbot, IC, 1995)		1.34
"Misoprostol-treated rats were found to have a similar tumour incidence and staging compared with control animals."( The effect of misoprostol on colon cancer.
Adams, WJ; Lawson, JA; Morris, DL, 1994)		1.37
"Misoprostol treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the extent of indomethacin-induced antral ulceration, but ranitidine had no effect."( Characterization of a simple animal model for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced antral ulcer.
McKnight, GW; Wallace, JL, 1993)		1.01
"Misoprostol treatment did not affect the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori or the rheumatic disease activity."( Helicobacter pylori infection, ABO blood group, and effect of misoprostol on gastroduodenal mucosa in NSAID-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Henriksson, K; Nord, CE; Sandstedt, B; Uribe, A, 1993)		1.25
"The misoprostol/aspirin-treated group had significantly (P < 0.05) less gastroduodenal hemorrhage and ulceration and a significantly (P < 0.05) lower prevalence of vomiting than did the control group."( Use of synthetic prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) for prevention of aspirin-induced gastroduodenal ulceration in arthritic dogs.
Boudrieau, RJ; Labato, MA; Matz, ME; Murtaugh, RJ, 1993)		1.04
"Misoprostol treatment had a significant effect on the improvement of stomach mucosal injury."( Effect of misoprostol on the course of viral hepatitis B.
Flisiak, R; Prokopowicz, D, )		1.26
"Misoprostol treatment resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) risk reduction of gastric ulcer in the short-term (pooled RD = 13.3%; 95% confidence interval -25.7%, -0.9%) and in the long-term (RD = -8.4%; 95% confidence interval -17.7%, -1.0%) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment."( Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy: clinical results with misoprostol.
Koch, M, 1999)		1.26
"In misoprostol-treated groups the baseline cervical dilatation was significantly increased when compared with the placebo group; the effect was dose-related in the oral but not in the vaginal group."( The use of misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration: a randomized trial.
Chan, YM; Ho, PC; Ngai, SW; Tang, OS, 1999)		1.21
"Misoprostol treatment blocked PG-PS-induced IL-1alpha and MPO and inhibited the potentiating effect of indomethacin on MPO and IL-1alpha (P < 0.05)."( Low endogenous prostaglandin E2 predisposes to relapsing inflammation in experimental rat enterocolitis.
Argenzio, RA; Kandil, HM; Sartor, RB, 1999)		1.02
"Misoprostol treatment did not increase pain score on the day of IUI (1.1 versus 1.4) and at 1 day post IUI (0.6 versus 0.8)."( Vaginal misoprostol enhances intrauterine insemination.
Brown, SE; Gibbons, WE; Oehninger, S; Schnorr, JA; Toner, JP; Williams, SC, 2001)		1.47
"In misoprostol treated group patients required less analgetics then in oxytocin treated group."( [Comparison of vaginal misoprostol and oxytocin for labor induction in post-term pregnancy].
Florjański, J; Heimrath, J; Myszczyszyn, G; Pajak, J; Tomiałowicz, M; Woytoń, J; Zalewski, J, 2001)		1.14
"Misoprostol-treated rats had glomerular filtration rates almost threefold greater than control animals, although renal blood flow and renal vascular resistance were not significantly different."( Prostaglandins protect kidneys against ischemic and toxic injury by a cellular effect.
Manivel, JC; Paller, MS, 1992)		1
"Misoprostol treatment significantly reduced interstitial edema and acinar cell lesions induced by hyperstimulation."( Protective effect of misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog, on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats.
Balas, D; Bertrand, C; Bouisson, M; Buscail, L; Bussenot, I; Ribet, A; Sénégas-Balas, F; Vaysse, N, 1990)		1.32
"Misoprostol treatment was demonstrated to be clearly superior to placebo in respect of reduction of gastroduodenal lesions and gastrointestinal pain."( [Therapy of non-steroidal antirheumatic drug-induced gastrointestinal lesions with misoprostol].
Bach, GL; Hüdepohl, M; Stock, KP, )		1.08
"Misoprostol treatment resulted in a 36% increase in stomach weight (p less than 0.01) and a 30% increase in the length (measured as the cell column count from the base/neck junction to the surface) of the fundic gastric glands (p less than 0.01)."( Prostaglandins and the gastric epithelium: effects of misoprostol on gastric epithelial cell proliferation in the dog.
Allen, JL; Goodlad, RA; Levin, S; Madgwick, AJ; Moffatt, MR; Wright, NA, 1989)		1.25
"Misoprostol treatment significantly reduced body weight gain."( Effect of chronic misoprostol ingestion on rat gastric morphology and cell turnover.
Arber, N; Fich, A; Okon, E; Rachmilewitz, D; Zajicek, G, 1988)		1.33
"Treatment with misoprostol leads to an incomplete evacuation of the uterus and additional surgical treatment in 20-50% of women."( Factors influencing women's preferences for subsequent management in the event of incomplete evacuation of the uterus after misoprostol treatment for miscarriage.
Ankum, WM; Hentzen, JEKR; Lemmers, M; Mol, BWJ; van Wely, M; Verschoor, MA, 2017)		1
"Treatment with misoprostol/phenytoin was associated with delayed epithelialization and wound maturation in comparison with contralateral untreated wounds."( Effect of a Misoprostol/Phenytoin Gel on Experimentally Induced Wounds in Brook Trout-A Preliminary Study.
Coutant, T; Lair, S; Vergneau-Grosset, C, 2019)		1.23
"Treatment with misoprostol was found to have no clinically significant beneficial effect among women with retained placenta."( A randomized controlled trial on the value of misoprostol for the treatment of retained placenta in a low-resource setting.
Fauteck, H; Lotgering, FK; Pembe, AB; Tarimo, V; van Beekhuizen, HJ, 2013)		1
"Treatment with misoprostol significantly increases the rates of adequate colposcopic examinations (odds ratio [OR] = 6.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.94-15.61). "( Vaginal Misoprostol for Overcoming Inadequate Colposcopies: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Pergialiotis, V; Perrea, D; Pitsouni, E; Vlachos, DE; Vlachos, GD, 2015)		1.2
"Treatment with misoprostol significantly attenuated the MPP(+)-induced mitochondrial membrane permeability change that leads to the increase in pro-apoptotic Bax and Cytochrome c levels, and subsequent caspase-3 activation."( Prostaglandin analogue misoprostol attenuates neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death in differentiated PC12 cells.
Choi, EJ; Han, JH; Lee, CS, 2008)		1
"Treatment with misoprostol (12.5, 25, and 50 microg/kg) has been started in separated groups, 30 min and 2 days before carrageenan injection and it was given twice a day (total of five doses) by orogastric route."( Effect of misoprostol and indomethacin on cyclooxygenase induction and eicosanoid production in carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation in rats.
Buluç, M; Gürdal, H; Melli, M, 2002)		1.06
"Treatment by misoprostol without mifepristone during the second and third trimesters makes it possible to terminate a pregnancy easily and quickly without significant complications."( Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone.
David, E; Firtion, C; Haberstich, R; Langer, BR; Peter, C, )		0.75
"Rats treated with misoprostol before and after APAP administration showed reduced OCT and ALT levels at 36 hr of overdose (454 +/- 446 IU/liter and 2571 +/- 2944 IU/liter, respectively) compared to those without misoprostol treatment (1348 +/- 480 IU/liter and 6077 +/- 3025 IU/liter, respectively, P < 0.01)."( Misoprostol protection against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat.
Andrews, FJ; Lim, SP; O'Brien, PE, 1994)		2.05
"Pretreatment with misoprostol significantly reduced the amount of force required to dilate the cervix to 8 mm from 103.7 Newtons in controls to 40.0 Newtons in women treated with misoprostol."( Oral misoprostol for cervical priming in non-pregnant women.
Chan, YM; Ho, PC; Liu, KL; Ngai, SW, 1997)		1.13
"Co-treatment with misoprostol prevented the leftward shift, and treatment with misoprostol alone did not cause a leftward shift."( Effect of misoprostol on myocardial contractility in rats treated with cyclosporin A.
Banijamali, HS; Benediktsson, H; Paul, LC; ter Keurs, HE; ter Keurs, MH, 1998)		1.03
"Treatment with misoprostol can reduce the demand for surgical evacuation in cases of spontaneous abortion, and its use is associated with fewer medical complications."( Spontaneous abortion: a randomized, controlled trial comparing surgical evacuation with conservative management using misoprostol.
Chang, AM; Cheung, LP; Chung, TK; Haines, CJ; Lee, DT, 1999)		0.87
"Pre-treatment with misoprostol used alone resulted in a lower cervical resistance than isosorbide mononitrate alone (18.5N vs 39N, P = 0.04, Mann-Whitney U test)."( A comparison of isosorbide mononitrate, misoprostol and combination therapy for first trimester pre-operative cervical ripening: a randomised controlled trial.
Greer, IA; Ledingham, MA; Lunan, CB; Norman, JE; Thomson, AJ, 2001)		0.9
"Pretreatment with misoprostol or indomethacin did not affect the minimum volume obtained compared with control period [misoprostol: 5.8 (1.4) ml; indomethacin 5.9 (1.3) ml)]."( Effect of indomethacin and misoprostol on fasted gallbladder volume and meal-induced gallbladder contractility in humans.
Hawkey, CJ; Murray, FE; Stinchcombe, SJ, 1992)		0.9
"Treatment with misoprostol combined with an H2RA resulted in 60% success for ulcer healing within the next 2 months in nonresponders, without affecting the intraluminal pH measured during treatment with an H2RA alone."( H2-receptor antagonist-refractory ulcer: its pathophysiology and treatment.
Arakawa, T; Fukuda, T; Higuchi, K; Kobayashi, K; Nakamura, H, 1991)		0.62
"Pretreatment with misoprostol, but not with antacid, significantly and dose-dependently reduced the gastric mucosal injury."( Misoprostol but not antacid prevents endotoxin-induced gastric mucosal injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Agrawal, N; Dajani, EZ; Mahatma, M; Nakamura, C; Nelson, S; Sitton, J, 1991)		2.05
"Treatment with misoprostol was associated with a significant improvement in renal function as judged by the mean (+/- SEM) serum creatinine concentration (128 +/- 7 vs."( Prevention of acute graft rejection by the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol in renal-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone.
Bartkus, C; Jonasson, O; Ketel, B; Maddux, MS; Moran, M; Mozes, MF; Pollak, R; Veremis, S; Wallemark, C, 1990)		0.85
"Treatment with misoprostol and omeprazole lowered the ulcer index significantly compared with controls."( The effect of misoprostol, omeprazole and sucralfate on nicotine- and ethanol-induced gastric injury and gastric mucosal blood flow: a comparative study.
Chen, BW; Cho, CH; Hui, WM; Lam, SK; Luk, CT, )		0.83
"Pretreatment with misoprostol limited alcohol-induced injury to superficial erosion of epithelial cells."( Evaluation of cytoprotection against ethanol-induced injury in gastric mucosa pretreated with misoprostol, cimetidine, or placebo.
Letourneau, RJ; Liss, RH; Schepis, JP, 1986)		0.81

Toxicity

Misoprostol, a Prostaglandin E1 analogue has been found to be safe and effective in treatment of early pregnancy failure. Compared with NSAID use alone, the concomitant use of NSAID plus misoprostols is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The five most commonly reported adverse events were abdominal pain by 23."( Overall safety of Arthrotec.
Geis, GS, 1992)		0.28
"Gastrointestinal symptoms have been the most frequently reported adverse experiences in the misoprostol (Cytotec) studies of both patients with peptic ulcer disease, and healthy subjects."( Focus on misoprostol: review of worldwide safety data.
Wildeman, RA, 1987)		0.91
" In both groups, the most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal in nature, with abdominal pain reported most frequently (in 22."( Review of the safety of diclofenac/misoprostol.
Gagnier, P, 1993)		0.56
" The lack of significant adverse effects has revealed a degree of tolerability that, to write a review of the adverse effects, poses a difficult task."( A comparative overview of the adverse effects of antiulcer drugs.
Piper, DW, 1995)		0.29
" These findings show that this treatment regimen is a safe and effective alternative to surgical abortion or the use of antiprogestins and prostaglandins for medical abortion."( Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion: a multicenter trial. I. Safety and efficacy.
Creinin, MD; Darney, PD; Keder, L; Tiller, G; Vittinghoff, E, 1996)		0.63
" Estimates of the total cost of prescribing NSAIDs to the elderly must include the additional costs of gastroprotective agents, prophylaxis, laboratory monitoring, physician evaluations and interventions for adverse effects."( NSAIDs and the elderly. Toxicity and economic implications.
Phillips, AC; Polisson, RP; Simon, LS, 1997)		0.3
" In all sites, both medical failures (an adverse effect resulting in a medically indicated surgical intervention) and acceptability failures (failure to complete the entire regimen) contributed substantially to the gross failure rates for medical abortion."( Safety, efficacy, and acceptability of medical abortion in China, Cuba, and India: a comparative trial of mifepristone-misoprostol versus surgical abortion.
Cabezas, E; Coyaji, KJ; Du, MK; Ellertson, C; Eschen, A; Gu, S; Krishna, UR; Sivin, I; Winikoff, B; Xiao, B, 1997)		0.51
"Intravaginal misoprostol is a safe drug for labor induction with superior effectiveness compared with intravaginal prostaglandin E2."( A double-blind comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 to induce labor.
Boesiger, H; Hoesli, I; Holzgreve, W; Pavic, N; Surbek, DV, 1997)		0.9
"To summarize current evidence that three new additions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) offer comparable efficacy with fewer adverse effects than established NSAIDs."( Newer, safer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rational NSAID selection for arthritis.
Bensen, W; Zizzo, A, 1998)		0.3
"Using misoprostol in conjunction with traditional NSAIDs reduces gastric and renal adverse effects."( Newer, safer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rational NSAID selection for arthritis.
Bensen, W; Zizzo, A, 1998)		0.78
"Intravaginal misoprostol may be an effective and safe cervical ripening agent in late pregnancy."( [Safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening in the third trimester of pregnancy].
Li, W; Ouyang, W; Wang, Z, 1997)		0.94
"Although serious adverse events of early abortion have been studied, little attention has been paid to the more common side effects experienced by early medical or surgical abortion clients."( Side effects of mifepristone-misoprostol abortion versus surgical abortion. Data from a trial in China, Cuba, and India.
Coyaji, K; Ellertson, C; Elul, B; Winikoff, B, 1999)		0.59
" Types of adverse events were similar for all treatment groups, with GI adverse events predominating."( Comparison of the upper gastrointestinal safety of Arthrotec 75 and nabumetone in osteoarthritis patients at high risk for developing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal ulcers.
Agrawal, NM; Ball, J; Bocanegra, TS; Caldwell, J; Dhadda, S; Hancock, L; Hurley, S; Kivitz, AJ; Weaver, AL, 1999)		0.3
"Compared with prostaglandin E2, misoprostol is more effective in cervical ripening and induction of labor, is as safe for patients who do not have a history of cesarean birth, may carry a higher incidence of uterine rupture, and should not be used for patients attempting vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery."( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol (prostaglandin E1) with those of dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) for cervical ripening and induction of labor in a community hospital.
Blanchette, HA; Erasmus, S; Nayak, S, 1999)		0.84
" In some countries where safe abortion is neither accessible nor legal, even unsupervised, off-protocol use of misoprostol can provide women with a means to safely terminate pregnancy."( Opening a door to safe abortion: international perspectives on medical abortifacient use.
Pine, RN; Pollack, AE, 2000)		0.52
" NSAIDs may also increase blood pressure and have adverse effects on renal function."( Prospects for changing the burden of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity.
Griffin, MR; Scheiman, JM, 2001)		0.31
" No adverse neonatal outcomes were noted."( Safety and efficacy of misoprostol orally and vaginally: a randomized trial.
Blust, D; Bouldin, S; Carlan, SJ; O'Brien, WF, 2001)		0.62
" However, attention should be paid in clinical practice to the rare, but severe adverse events caused by this treatment."( [Side effect of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol for medical abortion].
Jiang, S; Lei, ZW; Li, Q; Li, YP; Lü, L; Zou, Y, 2004)		0.58
"To evaluate the efficacy of treatment strategies to reduce clinically significant gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."( Reducing clinically significant gastrointestinal toxicity associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Jacobsen, RB; Phillips, BB, 2004)		0.32
"Clinically significant upper gastrointestinal adverse events, such as ulcers and ulcer complications, associated with NSAIDs are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in the US."( Reducing clinically significant gastrointestinal toxicity associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Jacobsen, RB; Phillips, BB, 2004)		0.32
"COX-2 inhibitors and proton-pump inhibitors are effective and well-tolerated therapies to reduce clinically significant upper gastrointestinal adverse events associated with NSAIDs."( Reducing clinically significant gastrointestinal toxicity associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Jacobsen, RB; Phillips, BB, 2004)		0.32
" Although its use for hysteroscopy facilitates the procedure versus placebo, it entails a higher frequency of adverse events."( [Efficacy and safety of misoprostol in obstetrics].
Bermejo Vicedo, T; Capilla Montes, C, )		0.44
" Designing and conducting further clinical trials to investigate appropriate dosage and administration routes, as well as the drug s adverse effect profile under such circumstances is essential, and would potentially allow an application for approval to be filed with health authorities regarding its use in obstetric practice."( [Efficacy and safety of misoprostol in obstetrics].
Bermejo Vicedo, T; Capilla Montes, C, )		0.44
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
"Misoprostol and oxytocin both appear to be safe and efficacious for use in inductions of labor in twins in this limited retrospective investigation."( Is misoprostol safe for labor induction in twin gestations?
Bush, MC; Csaba, A; Eddleman, KA; Saphier, CJ, 2006)		2.4
" The overall adverse event rate was 19."( Adequacy and safety of buccal misoprostol for cervical preparation prior to termination of second-trimester pregnancy.
Cullins, V; Gatter, M; Momtaz, MR; Morfesis, J; Patel, A; Pelta, M; Piotrowski, H; Talmont, E, 2006)		0.62
"There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of general characteristics, uterine contractility, and fetal well-being during labor, cesarean section rates, perinatal outcomes, or maternal adverse events."( Effectiveness and safety of a new vaginal misoprostol product specifically labeled for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Calderon, IM; Cecatti, JG; Faúndes, A; Pires, HM; Tedesco, RP, 2006)		0.6
"The results showed that the 25-microg vaginal tablets of misoprostol were as effective and safe for cervical ripening and labor induction as the dose-equivalent fraction of 200-microg oral tablets."( Effectiveness and safety of a new vaginal misoprostol product specifically labeled for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Calderon, IM; Cecatti, JG; Faúndes, A; Pires, HM; Tedesco, RP, 2006)		0.84
"To increase access to safe abortion in rural India, the feasibility and acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol abortion was assessed in a typical government run primary health center (PHC) in Nagpur district, Maharashtra State, that does not offer surgical abortion services and must refer off-site for emergency and backup services."( Increasing access to safe abortion services in rural India: experiences with medical abortion in a primary health center.
Anand, A; Elul, B; Kalyanwala, S; Mundle, S; Ughade, S, 2007)		0.55
" This study suggests that introduction of medical abortion at lower levels of the health-care system could increase access to safe abortion in rural India."( Increasing access to safe abortion services in rural India: experiences with medical abortion in a primary health center.
Anand, A; Elul, B; Kalyanwala, S; Mundle, S; Ughade, S, 2007)		0.34
" Acceptability and satisfaction ratings were similar and high for both misoprostol and MVA, with three out of four women indicating that the treatment's adverse effects were tolerable (misoprostol = 72."( Is misoprostol a safe, effective and acceptable alternative to manual vacuum aspiration for postabortion care? Results from a randomised trial in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
Blum, J; Dao, B; Lankoande, J; Ouedraego, M; Raghavan, S; Thieba, B; Winikoff, B, 2007)		1.19
"Six hundred micrograms of oral misoprostol is as safe and acceptable as MVA for the treatment of incomplete abortion."( Is misoprostol a safe, effective and acceptable alternative to manual vacuum aspiration for postabortion care? Results from a randomised trial in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
Blum, J; Dao, B; Lankoande, J; Ouedraego, M; Raghavan, S; Thieba, B; Winikoff, B, 2007)		1.25
"Misoprostol - a stable prostaglandin E1 analogue- is effective and safe in the induction of labour."( Efficacy and safety of misoprostol in induction of labour in a Nigerian tertiary hospital.
Abdul, MA; Ibrahim, UN; Musa, H; Yusuf, MD, )		1.88
"In a health care delivery system with an annual delivery rate of approximately 220,000, a comprehensive redesign of patient safety process was undertaken based on the following principles: (1) uniform processes and procedure result in an improved quality; (2) every member of the obstetric team should be required to halt any process that is deemed to be dangerous; (3) cesarean delivery is best viewed as a process alternative, not an outcome or quality endpoint; (4) malpractice loss is best avoided by reduction in adverse outcomes and the development of unambiguous practice guidelines; and (5) effective peer review is essential to quality medical practice yet may be impossible to achieve at a local level in some departments."( Improved outcomes, fewer cesarean deliveries, and reduced litigation: results of a new paradigm in patient safety.
Belfort, MA; Byrum, SL; Clark, SL; Meyers, JA; Perlin, JB, 2008)		0.35
" Vaginal Misoprostol 25 microg 4-hourly is safe and effective for induction of labour with shorter induction to delivery interval."( Prospective randomised controlled trial to compare safety and efficacy of intravaginal Misoprostol with intracervical Cerviprime for induction of labour with unfavourable cervix.
Aggarwal, N; Krithika, KS; Suri, V, 2008)		0.99
"Women on Web is a service that uses telemedicine to help women access mifepristone and misoprostol in countries with no safe care for termination of pregnancy (TOP)."( Using telemedicine for termination of pregnancy with mifepristone and misoprostol in settings where there is no access to safe services.
Davies, S; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Gomperts, RJ; Jelinska, K; Kleiverda, G, 2008)		0.8
"The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) occurring during early second trimester surgical abortion performed following the use of misoprostol alone for cervical preparation."( Serious adverse events associated with the use of misoprostol alone for cervical preparation prior to early second trimester surgical abortion (12-16 weeks).
Gatter, M; Nucatola, D; Roth, N; Saulsberry, V, 2008)		0.79
"Vaginal Misoprostol appears to be safe and effective for cervical ripening in 3rd Trimester."( Effectiveness and safety of vaginal misoprostol for induction of labour in unfavourable cervix in 3rd trimester.
Abbasi, N; Bilal, SA; Danish, N; Parveen, Z; Shakoor, F, )		0.84
" Three serious adverse events occurred and women accessed emergency services appropriately."( Efficacy, acceptability and safety of medication abortion in low-income, urban Latina women.
Harken, T; Sheeder, J; Teal, SB; Westhoff, C, 2009)		0.35
"Medication abortion can be a very appealing, safe and effective option in low-income, non-English-speaking populations."( Efficacy, acceptability and safety of medication abortion in low-income, urban Latina women.
Harken, T; Sheeder, J; Teal, SB; Westhoff, C, 2009)		0.35
" The 2 groups reported similar adverse effects."( Feasibility, efficacy, safety, and acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol for medical abortion in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Choe, YS; Jang, MC; Kim, OS; Ko, WS; Pyo, HS; Tran, NT, 2010)		0.6
"The high efficacy and acceptability of medical abortion among rural and urban women suggest that medical abortion is a safe alternative to surgical abortion and can be scaled up to other reproductive health clinics in both rural and urban areas of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, provided that there is appropriate training and supervision."( Feasibility, efficacy, safety, and acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol for medical abortion in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Choe, YS; Jang, MC; Kim, OS; Ko, WS; Pyo, HS; Tran, NT, 2010)		0.6
" Misoprostol at the community level is a safe intervention."( Community-based availability of misoprostol: is it safe?
Grossman, AA; Holston, M; Hsieh, K; Mbaruku, G; Prata, N, 2009)		1.55
"To explore the policy implications of increasing access to safe abortion in Nigeria and Ghana, we developed a computer-based decision analytic model which simulates induced abortion and its potential complications in a cohort of women, and comparatively assessed the cost-effectiveness of unsafe abortion and three first-trimester abortion modalities: hospital-based dilatation and curettage, hospital- and clinic-based manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), and medical abortion using misoprostol (MA)."( Cost-effectiveness analysis of unsafe abortion and alternative first-trimester pregnancy termination strategies in Nigeria and Ghana.
Adanu, R; Blanchard, K; Goldie, SJ; Grossman, D; Hu, D; Levin, C, 2010)		0.52
" We assessed whether early fi rst-trimester medical abortion provided by midlevel providers (government-trained, certified nurses and auxiliary nurse midwives) was as safe and effective as that provided by doctors in Nepal."( Can midlevel health-care providers administer early medical abortion as safely and effectively as doctors? A randomised controlled equivalence trial in Nepal.
Baird, DT; Huong, NT; Meirik, O; Shah, I; Tamang, A; Thapa, K; Wang, D; Warriner, IK, 2011)		0.37
"To determine the risks of short term adverse events in adolescent and older women undergoing medical abortion."( Comparison of rates of adverse events in adolescent and adult women undergoing medical abortion: population register based study.
Gissler, M; Heikinheimo, O; Hemminki, E; Mentula, M; Niinimäki, M; Suhonen, S, 2011)		0.37
"Incidence of adverse events (haemorrhage, infection, incomplete abortion, surgical evacuation, psychiatric morbidity, injury, thromboembolic disease, and death) among adolescent (<18 years) and older (≥ 18 years) women through record linkage of Finnish registries and genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections detected concomitantly with abortion and linked with data from the abortion register for 2004-6."( Comparison of rates of adverse events in adolescent and adult women undergoing medical abortion: population register based study.
Gissler, M; Heikinheimo, O; Hemminki, E; Mentula, M; Niinimäki, M; Suhonen, S, 2011)		0.37
" The incidence of adverse events among adolescents was similar or lower than that among the adults."( Comparison of rates of adverse events in adolescent and adult women undergoing medical abortion: population register based study.
Gissler, M; Heikinheimo, O; Hemminki, E; Mentula, M; Niinimäki, M; Suhonen, S, 2011)		0.37
"The incidence of adverse events after medical abortion was similar or lower among adolescents than among older women."( Comparison of rates of adverse events in adolescent and adult women undergoing medical abortion: population register based study.
Gissler, M; Heikinheimo, O; Hemminki, E; Mentula, M; Niinimäki, M; Suhonen, S, 2011)		0.37
"Home-based abortion is safe under the conditions in place in the included studies."( Comparative effectiveness, safety and acceptability of medical abortion at home and in a clinic: a systematic review.
Free, C; Ngo, TD; Park, MH; Shakur, H, 2011)		0.37
" The use of misoprostol as an abortifacient agent is considered to be safe since it rarely causes serious side effects."( [Developmental toxicity of misoprostol: an update].
Cavieres, MF, 2011)		1.05
"03), whereas success rate, interval from drug administration to more favorable cervix and delivery, proportion of patients delivered vaginally within 12 hours and 24 hours, need for oxytocin augmentation, cesarean delivery rate, maternal adverse effects and complications, and neonatal outcome were not significantly different (P>0."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of titrated oral misoprostol and a conventional oral regimen for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Changnoi, A; Phattanachindakun, B; Russameecharoen, K; Thaisomboon, A; Wanitpongpan, P, 2012)		0.63
" The literature review describes that the use of methotrexate for abortion purpose with therapeutic-dose presents a similar adverse effects to those found in our patient, however there are no case reports that describe the use of this drug in macrodosis for the same purpose, and their cytotoxic effects."( [Acute toxicity by methotrexate used for abortion purpose. Case report].
Belmont-Gómez, A; Carvajal-Valencia, JA; Chacón-Solís, RA; Estrada-Altamirano, A; Hernández-Pacheco, JA; Maya-Quiñones, JL; Valenzuela-Jirón, A, 2011)		0.37
"Buccal misoprostol 800 mcg and sublingual misoprostol 800 mcg show high efficacy when used with 200 mg mifepristone for early pregnancy termination but have different side effect profiles."( A randomized clinical trial comparing the short-term side effects of sublingual and buccal routes of misoprostol administration for medical abortions up to 63 days' gestation.
Chai, J; Ho, PC; Wong, CY, 2013)		1.06
"The provision of safe abortion services to women who need them has the potential to drastically reduce or eliminate maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion."( A review of evidence for safe abortion care.
Brahmi, D; Jackson, E; Kapp, N; Tang, J; Whyte, P, 2013)		0.39
"Systematic reviews pertaining to the evidence for safe abortion services, from pre-abortion care, medical and surgical methods of abortion and post-abortion care were evaluated for relevant outcomes, primarily those relating to safety, effectiveness and women's preference."( A review of evidence for safe abortion care.
Brahmi, D; Jackson, E; Kapp, N; Tang, J; Whyte, P, 2013)		0.39
"Evidence-based guidelines assist health care providers and policymakers to utilize the best data available to provide safe abortion care and prevent the millions of deaths and disabilities that result from unsafe abortion."( A review of evidence for safe abortion care.
Brahmi, D; Jackson, E; Kapp, N; Tang, J; Whyte, P, 2013)		0.39
"To analyze rates of significant adverse events and outcomes in women having a medical abortion at Planned Parenthood health centers in 2009 and 2010 and to identify changes in the rates of adverse events and outcomes between the 2 years."( Significant adverse events and outcomes after medical abortion.
Cleland, K; Creinin, MD; Nshom, M; Nucatola, D; Trussell, J, 2013)		0.39
" We evaluated the incidence of six clinically significant adverse events (hospital admission, blood transfusion, emergency department treatment, intravenous antibiotics administration, infection, and death) and two significant outcomes (ongoing pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy diagnosed after medical abortion treatment was initiated)."( Significant adverse events and outcomes after medical abortion.
Cleland, K; Creinin, MD; Nshom, M; Nucatola, D; Trussell, J, 2013)		0.39
"Among 233,805 medical abortions provided in 2009 and 2010, significant adverse events or outcomes were reported in 1,530 cases (0."( Significant adverse events and outcomes after medical abortion.
Cleland, K; Creinin, MD; Nshom, M; Nucatola, D; Trussell, J, 2013)		0.39
"Medical treatment is a highly effective and safe method of management of non-viable first trimester pregnancy."( [Assessment of efficacy and safety of medical treatment of non-viable first trimester pregnancy].
Banaszek-Wysoczańska, A; Barcz, E; Dziadecki, W; Głuszak, M; Jabiry-Zieniewicz, Z; Zwierzchowska, A, 2012)		0.38
"Low-dosage misoprostol required more time than dinoprostone to induce labour, but the two drugs were equally safe in terms of the risk of caesarean section and foetal outcomes."( Safe induction of labour with low-dose misoprostol, but less effective than the conventional dinoprostone regimen.
Bergholt, T; Løkkegaard, EC; Petersen, JF, 2013)		1.05
"To present evidence of MA's contributions to reduced complications, describe strategies to enhance safe MA, and highlight existing barriers to access in LAC, while examining MA's role in newly legal abortion services."( Medical abortion: a path to safe, high-quality abortion care in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Dzuba, IG; Peña, M; Winikoff, B, 2013)		0.39
" It also provides an update on its adverse effects and teratogenic effects."( [Pharmacology of misoprostol (pharmacokinetic data, adverse effects and teratogenic effects)].
Aubert, J; Bejan-Angoulvant, T; Jonville-Bera, AP, 2014)		0.74
"Misoprostol is effective and safe for induction of labor in case of second or third trimester fetal death or termination of pregnancy."( [Use of misoprostol for induction of labor in case of fetal death or termination of pregnancy during second or third trimester of pregnancy: Efficiency, dosage, route of administration, side effects, use in case of uterine scar].
Chauvet, A; Clouqueur, E; Coulon, C; Deruelle, P; Houfflin-Debarge, V; Subtil, D; Vaast, P, 2014)		2.28
"Unsafe abortion is a very important public health issue in the Central America and Caribbean region, where the use of modern contraceptive methods remains low and the restrictive legal framework reduces access to safe abortion."( Contribution of the Central American and Caribbean obstetrics and gynecology societies to the prevention of unsafe abortion in the region.
de Gil, MP, 2014)		0.4
"Study data indicate that oral misoprostol and vaginal dinoprostone are similarly effective and safe for the induction of labor in twin gestations."( Induction of labor in twin pregnancies with oral misoprostol versus vaginal dinoprostone--is it effective and safe?
Huber, G; Schütz, H; Seelbach-Göbel, B, 2015)		0.96
" When the possibility of poor compliance and the potential adverse effects of misoprostol are considered, rebamipide appears to be a clinically effective and safe alternative."( Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity.
Cho, CS; Kang, YM; Kim, JH; Kim, SK; Lee, DH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Lee, YC; Park, SH; Park, W; Park, YW; Rew, JS; Yoo, WH, 2014)		0.63
"50 mcg of sublingual misoprostol was more effective than and as safe as 25 mcg vaginal misoprostol for labour induction at term."( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sublingual misoprostol with that of vaginal misoprostol for labour induction at term.
John, C; Preethi, R; Sheela, CN, 2015)		0.99
" Lower doses of mifepristone combined with 200 µg of misoprostol are as effective and safe as higher doses of this combination for the termination of ultra-early pregnancy with lower possibility of vaginal bleeding and side effects."( Effectiveness and Safety of Lower Doses of Mifepristone Combined With Misoprostol for the Termination of Ultra-Early Pregnancy: A Dose-Ranging Randomized Controlled Trial.
Chen, DJ; Chen, WL; Li, CL; Liu, MX; Song, LP; Wang, Y; Zhang, ZF, 2015)		0.9
" Cases were identified for this descriptive study from our electronic practice management (EPM) database, and our electronic database on adverse events was queried for information on efficacy and safety."( Efficacy and safety of medical abortion using mifepristone and buccal misoprostol through 63 days.
Cleland, K; Gatter, M; Nucatola, DL, 2015)		0.65
"An evidence-based regimen of 200 mg of mifepristone orally followed by home use of 800 mcg of buccal misoprostol 24-48 h later is safe and effective through 63 days estimated gestational age."( Efficacy and safety of medical abortion using mifepristone and buccal misoprostol through 63 days.
Cleland, K; Gatter, M; Nucatola, DL, 2015)		0.87
" The study illustrates positive steps forward being taken in making abortion safe and preventing and reducing unsafe abortion practices in Cambodia."( Towards safe abortion access: an exploratory study of medical abortion in Cambodia.
Cockroft, M; Delvaux, T; Ith, L; Petitet, PH, 2015)		0.42
"Data show that an outpatient regimen of 200-mg mifepristone followed by a single dose of misoprostol is safe and effective for medical abortion for up to 70 days from last menstrual period (LMP)."( Outpatient medical abortion is safe and effective through 70 days gestation.
Abbas, D; Chong, E; Raymond, EG, 2015)		0.64
"This paper describes the implementation of five Safe Abortion Information Hotlines (SAIH), a strategy developed by feminist collectives in a growing number of countries where abortion is legally restricted and unsafe."( Safe abortion information hotlines: An effective strategy for increasing women's access to safe abortions in Latin America.
Drovetta, RI, 2015)		0.42
" The outcome measures were the success abortion rate, induction to abortion interval, the amount of bleeding, reoccurrence of menstruation and adverse events."( [Efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation].
Chang, Q; Di, W; Dong, B; Huang, Z; Jing, X; Li, Y; Qian, J; Ren, M; Shen, H; Shi, H; Song, W; Wu, S; Yao, C; Zheng, S, 2015)		0.67
" Two cases of incomplete abortion were serious adverse events (SAE) relating to treatment."( [Efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation].
Chang, Q; Di, W; Dong, B; Huang, Z; Jing, X; Li, Y; Qian, J; Ren, M; Shen, H; Shi, H; Song, W; Wu, S; Yao, C; Zheng, S, 2015)		0.67
"Oral or vaginal misoprostol combined with mifepristone, is effective and safe for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation."( [Efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation].
Chang, Q; Di, W; Dong, B; Huang, Z; Jing, X; Li, Y; Qian, J; Ren, M; Shen, H; Shi, H; Song, W; Wu, S; Yao, C; Zheng, S, 2015)		1.01
"Oral misoprostol, administered by trained health-workers is effective and safe for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (PPH)."( Effectiveness and safety of misoprostol distributed to antenatal women to prevent postpartum haemorrhage after child-births: a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial.
Campbell, OM; Fielding, K; Kaharuza, F; Lewis, JJ; Mirembe, F; Ononge, S, 2015)		1.22
" Oral misoprostol at low doses has been found to be a safe and effective agent for labour induction in numerous studies carried out in the developed world, where there are better resources for monitoring of labour."( EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF 2-HOURLY 20 MCG ORAL MISOPROSTOL SOLUTION COMPARED TO STANDARD INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN IN LABOUR INDUCTION DUE TO PRE-LABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES AT TERM: A RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL.
Kamau, K; Karanja, JG; Mbaluka, CM; Mugo, N, 2014)		1.14
"Oral misoprostol solution 20mcg 2-hourly is as safe and effective as the standard intravenous oxytocin for labour induction in women presenting with prelabour rupture of membranes at term at the Kenyatta National Hospital."( EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF 2-HOURLY 20 MCG ORAL MISOPROSTOL SOLUTION COMPARED TO STANDARD INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN IN LABOUR INDUCTION DUE TO PRE-LABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES AT TERM: A RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL.
Kamau, K; Karanja, JG; Mbaluka, CM; Mugo, N, 2014)		1.17
" Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity are dose-limiting adverse effects for cisplatin."( Protective role of misoprostol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
Bayram, A; Doğan, M; Kaya, A; Özcan, İ; Polat, H; Şenel, F; Yaşar, M, 2016)		0.76
" Access to safe surgical abortions has also increased in many such countries."( Insights from an expert group meeting on the definition and measurement of unsafe abortion.
Adewole, I; Askew, I; Bankole, A; Benson, J; Filippi, V; Ganatra, B; MacDonagh, S; Owolabi, OO; Pembe, AB; Rossier, C; Sedgh, G; Singh, SD, 2016)		0.43
"MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library (from their inception to May 2015) were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events in patients taking nonselective NSAIDs, selective cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 inhibitors or nonselective NSAIDs/COX-2 inhibitors plus gastroprotective agents [proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine-2 receptor antagonists, misoprostol]."( Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative effectiveness and safety of strategies for preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal toxicity.
Chan, FK; Mao, C; Tang, JL; Threapleton, DE; Tsoi, KK; Wang, JY; Yang, M; Yang, ZY; Yuan, JQ; Zou, B, 2016)		0.6
"To assess adverse event (AE) resolution, delivery mode and neonatal outcomes after misoprostol or dinoprostone vaginal insert (MVI or DVI) retrieval due to AE during induction of labour (IOL)."( Induction of labour with retrievable prostaglandin vaginal inserts: outcomes following retrieval due to an intrapartum adverse event.
Powers, B; Rugarn, O; Tipping, D; Wing, DA, 2017)		0.68
"Induction with prostaglandin vaginal inserts: outcomes following retrieval due to intrapartum adverse event."( Induction of labour with retrievable prostaglandin vaginal inserts: outcomes following retrieval due to an intrapartum adverse event.
Powers, B; Rugarn, O; Tipping, D; Wing, DA, 2017)		0.46
" Mifepristone and misoprostol is safe and effective method for the second-trimester pregnancy termination."( Mifepristone and misoprostol is safe and effective method in the second-trimester pregnancy termination.
Immonen, E; Nissi, R; Santala, M; Talvensaari-Mattila, A, 2016)		1.11
" Secondary end points were rates of unscheduled reattendance, time required for and cost of hospital observation and follow-up, vaginal bleeding, adverse effects, menstrual disturbance in the posttreatment period, and satisfaction rating."( Efficacy, Safety, and Acceptability of Low-Dose Mifepristone and Self-Administered Misoprostol for Ultra-Early Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
He, H; Li, CL; Liao, YM; Mo, XT; Song, LP; Tang, SY; Zhou, LJGY, 2017)		0.68
" PPIs significantly reduced gastrointestinal adverse events and the related withdrawals compared to placebo; there is no difference in safety between different PPIs."( Proton pump inhibitors for preventing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastrointestinal toxicity: a systematic review.
He, JH; He, M; Lei, PG; Li, QL; Liu, J; Luo, LM; Yang, M; Zhao, M; Zou, B, 2017)		0.46
"PPIs are effective and safe in preventing peptic ulcers and complications in a wide spectrum of patients requiring NSAID therapy."( Proton pump inhibitors for preventing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastrointestinal toxicity: a systematic review.
He, JH; He, M; Lei, PG; Li, QL; Liu, J; Luo, LM; Yang, M; Zhao, M; Zou, B, 2017)		0.46
" There were 674 serious adverse events (5."( Efficacy and safety of mifepristone-buccal misoprostol for early medical abortion in an Australian clinical setting.
Goldstone, P; Hawtin, K; Walker, C, 2017)		0.72
"Mifepristone-buccal misoprostol is an effective and safe alternative to surgical termination of pregnancy up to 63 days gestation."( Efficacy and safety of mifepristone-buccal misoprostol for early medical abortion in an Australian clinical setting.
Goldstone, P; Hawtin, K; Walker, C, 2017)		1.04
"By these results, misoprostol, a potent antioxidant, has protective effect against cochlear damage, and that may be a safe alternative."( Protective role of misoprostol in prevention of gentamicin ototoxicity.
Bayram, A; Dogan, M; Hira, İ; Kale, A; Karatas, D; Özcan, İ; Polat, H; Senel, F; Yasar, M, 2017)		1.12
" No differences were observed in rates of uterine tachysystole, non-reassuring foetal status and neonatal adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of misoprostol, dinoprostone and Cook's balloon for labour induction in women with foetal growth restriction at term.
Arjona-Berral, JE; Castelo-Branco, C; de la Torre González, AJ; Duro-Gómez, J; Garrido-Oyarzún, MF; Rodríguez-Marín, AB, 2017)		0.77
" The primary outcomes studied were i) the proportion of women delivering within 24 h of oral misoprostol administration, and ii) rates of maternal and perinatal severe adverse events."( Safety and effectiveness of oral misoprostol for induction of labour in a resource-limited setting: a dose escalation study.
Aipit, J; Bolnga, JW; Laman, M; Morris, M; Rero, A; Verave, O, 2017)		0.96
" Most women felt safe (97%; 779/799), and 93% (748/801) perceived the treatment as expected/easier than expected."( Post-abortion care with misoprostol - equally effective, safe and accepted when administered by midwives compared to physicians: a randomised controlled equivalence trial in a low-resource setting in Kenya.
Faxelid, E; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Klingberg-Allvin, M; Makenzius, M; Odero, TMA; Oguttu, M, 2017)		0.76
"Treatment of incomplete abortion with misoprostol provided by midwives is equally effective, safe and accepted by women as when administered by physicians in a low-resource setting."( Post-abortion care with misoprostol - equally effective, safe and accepted when administered by midwives compared to physicians: a randomised controlled equivalence trial in a low-resource setting in Kenya.
Faxelid, E; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Klingberg-Allvin, M; Makenzius, M; Odero, TMA; Oguttu, M, 2017)		1.03
"This was an implementation study at four referral facilities and 28 Felsher Obstetric Points in two districts to train their midwives and family nurses to deliver safe and effective abortion care with co-packaged mifepristone-misoprostol and provide contraceptives postabortion."( Provision of medical abortion by midlevel healthcare providers in Kyrgyzstan: testing an intervention to expand safe abortion services to underserved rural and periurban areas.
Boobekova, A; Davletova, A; Johnson, BR; Kazakbaeva, C; Kondrateva, Y; Landoulsi, S; Lazdane, G; Maksutova, E; Monolbaev, K; Seuc Jo, AH, 2018)		0.67
" This locally generated evidence can be used by the Kyrgyz Ministry of Health to reduce unintended pregnancy and expand safe abortion care to women in underserved periurban and rural settings."( Provision of medical abortion by midlevel healthcare providers in Kyrgyzstan: testing an intervention to expand safe abortion services to underserved rural and periurban areas.
Boobekova, A; Davletova, A; Johnson, BR; Kazakbaeva, C; Kondrateva, Y; Landoulsi, S; Lazdane, G; Maksutova, E; Monolbaev, K; Seuc Jo, AH, 2018)		0.48
"Expanding access to medication abortion through pharmacies is a promising avenue to reach women with safe and convenient care, yet no pharmacy provision interventions have been evaluated."( Effectiveness and safety of early medication abortion provided in pharmacies by auxiliary nurse-midwives: A non-inferiority study in Nepal.
Blum, M; Darney, PD; Grossman, D; Harper, CC; Maharjan, D; Puri, M; Regmi, K; Rocca, CH; Shrestha, P, 2018)		0.48
" No serious adverse events occurred."( Effectiveness and safety of early medication abortion provided in pharmacies by auxiliary nurse-midwives: A non-inferiority study in Nepal.
Blum, M; Darney, PD; Grossman, D; Harper, CC; Maharjan, D; Puri, M; Regmi, K; Rocca, CH; Shrestha, P, 2018)		0.48
"Early mifepristone-misoprostol abortion was as effective and safe when provided by trained auxiliary nurse-midwives at pharmacies as at government-certified health facilities."( Effectiveness and safety of early medication abortion provided in pharmacies by auxiliary nurse-midwives: A non-inferiority study in Nepal.
Blum, M; Darney, PD; Grossman, D; Harper, CC; Maharjan, D; Puri, M; Regmi, K; Rocca, CH; Shrestha, P, 2018)		0.81
" Misoprostol, a Prostaglandin E1 analogue has been found to be safe and effective in treatment of early pregnancy failure."( Success And Safety Of Misoprostol For Treatment Of Early Pregnancy Failure.
Habib, S; Nazir, Q; Noor, MM; Parveen, Z; Sultana, R, )		1.36
"Misoprostol is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of early pregnancy failure."( Success And Safety Of Misoprostol For Treatment Of Early Pregnancy Failure.
Habib, S; Nazir, Q; Noor, MM; Parveen, Z; Sultana, R, )		1.89
" We aimed to estimate the costs and cost effectiveness of providing three safe second-trimester abortion services (dilation and evacuation (D&E)), medical induction with mifepristone and misoprostol (MI-combined), or medical induction with misoprostol alone (MI-misoprostol)) in Western Cape Province, South Africa to aid policymakers with planning for service provision in South Africa and similar settings."( The costs and cost effectiveness of providing second-trimester medical and surgical safe abortion services in Western Cape Province, South Africa.
Blanchard, K; Constant, D; Grossman, D; Harries, J; Kluge, J; Lince-Deroche, N; Sinanovic, E, 2018)		0.67
" The outcome variables were induction of delivery time, number of doses within 48 hours, result of induction, surgical evacuation, bleeding after induction, requirement of blood transfusion and Dinoprostone gel; side effect & complication of misoprostol were recorded."( Efficacy and Safety of Intravaginal Misoprostol for Mid-trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
Akhter, N; Arzoo, S; Ferdous, B; Yousuf, S, 2018)		0.94
" Secondary outcomes were mode of delivery, occurrence of tachysystole, use of analgesia and neonatal adverse outcome."( Efficacy and safety of misoprostol vaginal insert vs. oral misoprostol for induction of labor.
Hoesli, I; Huhn, EA; Redling, K; Schaedelin, S, 2019)		0.82
" Abdominal cramping was the most common side effect (95."( Safety, Efficacy and Acceptability of Early First Trimester Abortion using Oral Mifepristone and Sublingual Misoprostol.
Aryal, S; Sharma, B; Shrestha, D, 2018)		0.69
"The proposed study seeks to gather evidence on which of these three therapeutic options achieves the highest rate of vaginal delivery with the best safety profile, to enable obstetricians to use the most effective and safe option for their patients."( Efficacy and safety of administering oral misoprostol by titration compared to vaginal misoprostol and dinoprostone for cervical ripening and induction of labour: study protocol for a randomised clinical trial.
Álvarez-Sala, J; Barbero, L; Bilbao, I; Echevarria, O; Fariñas, A; Hernanz Chaves, R; Lapuente-Ocamica, O; Lasa, IL; Lopez-Lopez, JA; Lopez-Picado, A; Paz Corral, D; Sanchez-Refoyo, F; Ugarte, L; Vicarregui, J, 2019)		0.78
" With gestational length up to 70 days, it is considered effective, safe and acceptable by women."( Expanding a woman's options to include home use of misoprostol for medical abortion up until 76 days: an observational study of efficacy and safety.
Larsson, A; Ronnberg, AM, 2019)		0.77
"Our study indicates that home use of misoprostol for medical abortion at 64-76 days gestation may be as safe and effective as at 57-63 days."( Expanding a woman's options to include home use of misoprostol for medical abortion up until 76 days: an observational study of efficacy and safety.
Larsson, A; Ronnberg, AM, 2019)		1.04
"After years of the worsening burden of unsafe abortion and attendant morbidities and mortalities in Nigeria, a National Guideline on the Safe termination of pregnancy for legal indications was enunciated."( The Benefits of a Guideline on Safe Termination of Pregnancy for Legal Indications: An Illustrative Case Report of a Hydranencephaly.
Abdullahi, ZG; Bello, N; Igashi, JB; Koledade, AK; Maikudi, HA; Mohammed, U; Shittu, OS, 2019)		0.51
"At the conference "Developing an Advocacy Agenda for Abortion in the 21st Century and Making Change Happen" held on 5-7 September 2018, Lisbon, Portugal, organized by the International Campaign for Women's Right to Safe Abortion, it was argued that abortion services not only need to be treated as a bona fide form of health care but also completely reconceptualized, particularly because of the influence of medical abortion pills."( Reconceptualizing safe abortion and abortion services in the age of abortion pills: A discussion paper.
Berer, M, 2020)		0.56
" To date, no cost-effective and safe protective agent has been developed that can completely prevent or treat NSAID-related lower GI injuries."( Potential Strategies in the Prevention of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs-Associated Adverse Effects in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract.
Guo, CG; Leung, WK, 2020)		0.56
"The extracted outcomes were: cervical canal width, ease of dilatation, time for cervical dilatation and adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, bleeding, fever, abdominal pain/uterine cramping and any complications during the procedure)."( Efficacy and safety of oral vs vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before hysteroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abbas, AM; Abdelhakim, AM; Gadallah, AH, 2019)		0.78
"Oral and vaginal administration of misoprostol before hysteroscopy were similar in terms of cervical canal width, ease of dilatation and various adverse effects, except that the vaginal route was associated with faster cervical dilatation and lower prevalence of diarrhoea."( Efficacy and safety of oral vs vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before hysteroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abbas, AM; Abdelhakim, AM; Gadallah, AH, 2019)		1.06
"Oral misoprosol is a safe method for labor induction in SGA near-term and term pregnancies and, concerning the neonatal outcome, comparable with other methods of labor induction or primary CS."( Safety of misoprostol for near-term and term induction in small-for-gestational-age pregnancies compared to dinoprostone and primary cesarean section: results of a retrospective cohort study.
Bachmann, E; Battista, MJ; Hasenburg, A; Steetskamp, J, 2020)		0.96
" Moreover, use of long acting contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancy and access to safe abortion may reduce the burden of unsafe abortions on public health system."( An Overview of Unsafe Abortion: Patterns and Outcomes in a Tertiary Level Hospital.
Begum, S; Islam, N; Jahan, T; Mirza, TT; Nahar, S; Nigar, K; Panna, LK; Shamsi, S; Sharmin, T; Shejuti, TR, 2020)		0.56
"The Family First Aid approach is a safe and feasible model of care that provides timely PPH treatment to women delivering at home in rural communities."( The Safety and Feasibility of a Family First Aid Approach for the Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Home Births: A Pre-post Intervention Study in Rural Pakistan.
Abbas, D; Dabash, R; Durocher, J; Jafarey, S; Kamal, I; Mary, M; Rabbani, A; Tan, YL; Winikoff, B, 2021)		0.62
" The primary outcome was the proportion of women who delivered within 24 h of drug administration without any severe adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of an oral misoprostol standard-dose regimen vs a low-dose regimen for induction of labour in Papua New Guinean women: An open-label randomised controlled trial.
Ao, P; Bolnga, JW; Laman, M; Lufele, E; Mola, GDL; Totona, C, 2021)		0.91
" Fourteen women (11%) in the standard-dose regimen and 20 (15%) in the low-dose regimen had severe adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of an oral misoprostol standard-dose regimen vs a low-dose regimen for induction of labour in Papua New Guinean women: An open-label randomised controlled trial.
Ao, P; Bolnga, JW; Laman, M; Lufele, E; Mola, GDL; Totona, C, 2021)		0.91
" There was no significant difference in the number of adverse events between the two regimens."( Safety and efficacy of an oral misoprostol standard-dose regimen vs a low-dose regimen for induction of labour in Papua New Guinean women: An open-label randomised controlled trial.
Ao, P; Bolnga, JW; Laman, M; Lufele, E; Mola, GDL; Totona, C, 2021)		0.91
" The primary efficacy outcome was vaginal delivery within 24 h and primary safety outcomes were neonatal and maternal composite adverse outcomes."( Efficacy and safety of oral misoprostol vs transvaginal balloon catheter for labor induction: An observational study within the SWEdish Postterm Induction Study (SWEPIS).
Alkmark, M; Carlsson, Y; Elden, H; Fadl, H; Hagberg, H; Jonsson, M; Ladfors, L; Saltvedt, S; Sengpiel, V; Wendel, SB; Wennerholm, UB; Wessberg, A; Wikström, AK, 2021)		0.92
"Primary: Analyze the Adverse Events (AEs) reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after use of mifepristone as an abortifacient."( Deaths and Severe Adverse Events after the use of Mifepristone as an Abortifacient from September 2000 to February 2019.
Aultman, K; Beran, BD; Cirucci, CA; Harrison, DJ; Lockwood, MD; Seiler, S, 2021)		0.62
"Adverse Event Reports (AERs) for mifepristone used as an abortifacient, submitted to the FDA from September 2000 to February 2019, were analyzed using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAEv3)."( Deaths and Severe Adverse Events after the use of Mifepristone as an Abortifacient from September 2000 to February 2019.
Aultman, K; Beran, BD; Cirucci, CA; Harrison, DJ; Lockwood, MD; Seiler, S, 2021)		0.62
" The FDA AER system is inadequate and significantly underestimates the adverse events from mifepristone."( Deaths and Severe Adverse Events after the use of Mifepristone as an Abortifacient from September 2000 to February 2019.
Aultman, K; Beran, BD; Cirucci, CA; Harrison, DJ; Lockwood, MD; Seiler, S, 2021)		0.62
"For this prospective, observational cohort study, we recruited callers from two safe abortion accompaniment groups in Argentina and Nigeria who requested information on self-managed medication abortion."( Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion with accompaniment support in Argentina and Nigeria (SAFE): a prospective, observational cohort study and non-inferiority analysis with historical controls.
Bercu, C; Carbone, S; Egwuatu, I; Gerdts, C; Grosso, B; Jayaweera, R; Kristianingrum, IA; Moseson, H; Motana, R; Nmezi, S; Zurbriggen, R, 2022)		0.72
"Globally, access to safe abortion is limited."( Reducing the harms of unsafe abortion: a systematic review of the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of harm reduction counselling for pregnant persons seeking induced abortion.
Gill, R; Kim, CR; Stifani, BM, 2022)		0.72
" We included studies in which healthcare providers gave pregnant persons information on safe use of abortifacient medications without providing the actual medications."( Reducing the harms of unsafe abortion: a systematic review of the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of harm reduction counselling for pregnant persons seeking induced abortion.
Gill, R; Kim, CR; Stifani, BM, 2022)		0.72
"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most frequently used medications for pain, even though they increase the risk for adverse cardiovascular events."( Reduced risk of NSAID-Induced adverse events with concomitant use of misoprostol (MICRO study).
Cheung, AK; Munger, MA; Nelson, SD; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2022)		0.96
"Compared with NSAID use alone, the concomitant use of NSAID plus misoprostol is associated with a reduced risk of NSAID-induced cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal adverse events."( Reduced risk of NSAID-Induced adverse events with concomitant use of misoprostol (MICRO study).
Cheung, AK; Munger, MA; Nelson, SD; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2022)		1.19
"Mifepristone and misoprostol are extremely safe medications with many applications."( Mifepristone: A Safe Method of Medical Abortion and Self-Managed Medical Abortion in the Post-Roe Era.
Katz, A; Schmidt, EO; Stein, RA, )		0.47
" Each of these medications has a unique adverse effect and toxicity profile."( Toxicity of abortifacients: A review for physicians in the post roe era.
Mazer-Amirshahi, M; Ye, P, 2022)		0.72
"Agents used for medication abortion have unique contraindications and adverse effects."( Toxicity of abortifacients: A review for physicians in the post roe era.
Mazer-Amirshahi, M; Ye, P, 2022)		0.72
"Clinical assessment and treatment of second trimester incomplete abortion with misoprostol provided by midwives was equally effective and safe as when provided by physicians."( Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of treatment of incomplete second trimester abortion with misoprostol provided by midwives and physicians: a randomised, controlled, equivalence trial in Uganda.
Atuhairwe, S; Byamugisha, J; Cleeve, A; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Hanson, C; Kakaire, O; Klingberg-Allvin, M; Tumwesigye, NM, 2022)		1.16
"Misoprostol alone is a safe and effective option for terminating second-trimester pregnancies with one or more previous CSs in settings where mifepristone is unavailable."( The safety of misoprostol alone use for second-trimester termination of pregnancy in women with previous caesarean deliveries.
Dundar, B; Erturk, A; Karapinar, BT; Kender Erturk, N; Tasgoz, FN, 2022)		2.52
" According to the obtained results, MP was found to be quite effective in the protection of kidneys from the toxic effects of AK."( Prevention of nephrotoxicity induced by amikacin: The role of misoprostol, A prostaglandin E1 analogue.
Azırak, S, 2023)		1.15
"The findings of our study suggest that oral misoprostol intake is equally safe to vaginal misoprostol in terms of inducing labor at term."( Efficacy and safety of oral and sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for induction of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Constantinou, T; Daskalakis, G; Koumenis, A; Panagiotopoulos, M; Pergialiotis, V; Stavros, S; Vogiatzi Vokotopoulou, L; Voskos, A, 2023)		1.42
"To evaluate self-reported outcomes and serious adverse events following self-managed medication abortion using misoprostol alone provided from an online service."( Safety and effectiveness of self-managed abortion using misoprostol alone acquired from an online telemedicine service in the United States.
Aiken, ARA; Gomperts, R; Johnson, DM; Michels-Gualtieri, M, 2023)		1.37
" The main outcomes were the proportion of people who reported ending their pregnancy without instrumentation intervention and the proportion who received treatment for serious adverse events."( Safety and effectiveness of self-managed abortion using misoprostol alone acquired from an online telemedicine service in the United States.
Aiken, ARA; Gomperts, R; Johnson, DM; Michels-Gualtieri, M, 2023)		1.16
" Of the 568 who took the misoprostol, 12 (2%) reported experiencing one or more serious adverse events and 20 (4%) reported experiencing a symptom of a potential complication."( Safety and effectiveness of self-managed abortion using misoprostol alone acquired from an online telemedicine service in the United States.
Aiken, ARA; Gomperts, R; Johnson, DM; Michels-Gualtieri, M, 2023)		1.46
"Self-managed medication abortion using misoprostol provided by an online telemedicine service has a high rate of effectiveness and a low rate of serious adverse events."( Safety and effectiveness of self-managed abortion using misoprostol alone acquired from an online telemedicine service in the United States.
Aiken, ARA; Gomperts, R; Johnson, DM; Michels-Gualtieri, M, 2023)		1.43
" This study was conducted to assess the association between early fetal heart tracing (FHT) and maternal tocodynamometry patterns and the incidence of adverse fetal and pregnancy outcomes after the administration of oral misoprostol for cervical ripening."( Fetal heart rate patterns and the incidence of adverse events after oral misoprostol administration for cervical ripening among low-risk pregnancies.
Kandahari, N; Mohta, VJ; Raine-Bennett, TR; Schneider, AN; Tucker, LS, 2023)		1.33
" Abnormal FHT, abnormal uterine activity, and adverse pregnancy or fetal-related events documented in the electronic health record in the four hours after administration of the first and second doses of misoprostol were assessed using descriptive statistics."( Fetal heart rate patterns and the incidence of adverse events after oral misoprostol administration for cervical ripening among low-risk pregnancies.
Kandahari, N; Mohta, VJ; Raine-Bennett, TR; Schneider, AN; Tucker, LS, 2023)		1.33
"The risk of short-term adverse outcomes associated with misoprostol is low among relatively low-risk patients."( Fetal heart rate patterns and the incidence of adverse events after oral misoprostol administration for cervical ripening among low-risk pregnancies.
Kandahari, N; Mohta, VJ; Raine-Bennett, TR; Schneider, AN; Tucker, LS, 2023)		1.39
" Neonatal parameters like 1 min Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration score and neonatal intensive care unit admission were comparable, and there was no significant difference in terms of major adverse events and side effects."( Comparison of fetal safety of vaginal Misoprostol tablet and Dinoprostone gel for induction of labor: An open-label randomized control trial.
Bag, T; Chakraborty, A; Das, P; Mistri, PK; Pande, A; Rakshit, BM; Samanta, A, 2023)		1.18
"Misoprostol is a safe alternative to Dinoprostone gel for induction of labor and found to be more effective labor-inducing agent."( Comparison of fetal safety of vaginal Misoprostol tablet and Dinoprostone gel for induction of labor: An open-label randomized control trial.
Bag, T; Chakraborty, A; Das, P; Mistri, PK; Pande, A; Rakshit, BM; Samanta, A, 2023)		2.62
"Although some studies in this updated review were adjudicated to have a high risk of bias, the results continue to support the key conclusion of our 2019 analysis: misoprostol-only is effective and safe for the termination of first-trimester intrauterine pregnancy."( Effectiveness and safety of misoprostol-only for first-trimester medication abortion: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Raymond, EG; Shochet, T; Weaver, MA, 2023)		1.4
"Misoprostol-only is a safe and effective option for medication abortion in the first trimester if mifepristone is unavailable or inaccessible."( Effectiveness and safety of misoprostol-only for first-trimester medication abortion: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Raymond, EG; Shochet, T; Weaver, MA, 2023)		2.65
"For this prospective observational cohort study of callers to safe abortion hotlines and accompaniment groups in Argentina, Nigeria, and Southeast Asia, participants were recruited between July 31, 2019, and October 1, 2020, prior to starting their medication abortion."( Medication Abortion Safety and Effectiveness With Misoprostol Alone.
Bercu, C; Egwuatu, I; Gerdts, C; Grosso, B; Jayaweera, R; Kristianingrum, IA; Moseson, H; Nmezi, S; Zurbriggen, R, 2023)		1.16
" Secondary outcomes included method safety, measured by self-report of experiencing warning signs (eg, heavy bleeding, pain, fever, discharge) indicative of a potential complication and by medical treatment (eg, blood transfusion, intravenous fluids, overnight hospital stay) indicative of a potential adverse event."( Medication Abortion Safety and Effectiveness With Misoprostol Alone.
Bercu, C; Egwuatu, I; Gerdts, C; Grosso, B; Jayaweera, R; Kristianingrum, IA; Moseson, H; Nmezi, S; Zurbriggen, R, 2023)		1.16
" Potential adverse events were reported by 6 participants (0."( Medication Abortion Safety and Effectiveness With Misoprostol Alone.
Bercu, C; Egwuatu, I; Gerdts, C; Grosso, B; Jayaweera, R; Kristianingrum, IA; Moseson, H; Nmezi, S; Zurbriggen, R, 2023)		1.16

Pharmacokinetics

Misoprostol had no significant effect on the t/2, Cmax or AUC of propranolol either after a single dose or at steady state. The overall absorption as shown by the values for area under the concentration curve of indomethacin was unaffected by concurrent administration of misoprostols.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The overall absorption as shown by the values for area under the concentration curve of indomethacin was unaffected by concurrent administration of misoprostol."( Effects of misoprostol on the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin in human volunteers.
Hantsbarger, G; Hunt, RH; James, C; Karim, A; Nicholson, PA; Rainsford, KD; Rischke, JA; Smith, M; Stetsko, PI, 1992)		0.87
" On this day, subjects began taking diazepam (10 mg) orally for one week, with pharmacokinetic studies performed at day 8, when steady state levels of diazepam were reached."( Effect of orally administered misoprostol and cimetidine on the steady state pharmacokinetics of diazepam and nordiazepam in human volunteers.
Andrade, GN; Lima, DR; Santos, RM; Werneck, E, )		0.42
" Misoprostol had no significant effect on the t/2, Cmax or AUC of propranolol either after a single dose or at steady state."( Misoprostol does not alter the pharmacokinetics of propranolol.
Bennett, PN; Fenn, GC; Lee, CE; Notarianni, LJ, 1991)		2.63
" Pharmacokinetic variable values in elderly subjects did not differ in a clinically significant manner from those in younger subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of misoprostol in the elderly, in patients with renal failure and when coadministered with NSAID or antipyrine, propranolol or diazepam.
Karim, A; Nicholson, PA; Smith, M, 1990)		0.6
"Low misoprostol dose (microgram range), extremely low plasma levels (pg range) of misoprostol acid, and the necessity of using a complex, time consuming, and labor intensive RIA method of analysis make it technically difficult to study the pharmacokinetic profile of misoprostol in man."( Antiulcer prostaglandin misoprostol: single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic profile.
Karim, A, 1987)		1.14
" The plasma half-life and area under the plasma concentration-time curve of antipyrine were unchanged."( Potential drug interactions with misoprostol: effects on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and propranolol.
Bennett, PN; Fenn, GC; Notarianni, LJ, 1988)		0.56
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of four different routes of administration of a single dose of 400 microg of misoprostol were studied."( Pharmacokinetics of different routes of administration of misoprostol.
Ho, PC; Lee, SW; Schweer, H; Seyberth, HW; Tang, OS, 2002)		0.77
"Sublingual misoprostol achieved the highest serum peak concentration (Cmax) (574."( Pharmacokinetics of different routes of administration of misoprostol.
Ho, PC; Lee, SW; Schweer, H; Seyberth, HW; Tang, OS, 2002)		0.95
" In amniotic fluid the half-life was between 31 and 37 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of prostaglandins.
Bygdeman, M, 2003)		0.32
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of orally, rectally, and vaginally administered misoprostol tablets in pregnant women."( Oral, rectal, and vaginal pharmacokinetics of misoprostol.
El-Refaey, H; Khan, RU; Sharma, S; Sooranna, D; Stafford, M, 2004)		0.8
"Serum peak concentration (Cmax) was highest for conventional oral misoprostol."( Pharmacokinetics of a novel oral slow-release form of misoprostol.
Aronsson, A; Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Granath, F; Seyberth, HW; Stephansson, O; Watzer, B, 2005)		0.81
"The objective of this investigation was to report the pharmacokinetic properties of misoprostol administered intravaginally to women at term via a controlled-release hydrogel polymer insert."( Pharmacokinetics of a controlled-release misoprostol vaginal insert at term.
Carr, D; Di Spirito, M; Plasse, TF; Powers, BL; Rayburn, WF, 2006)		0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters are proportional to the reservoir dose."( Pharmacokinetics of a controlled-release misoprostol vaginal insert at term.
Carr, D; Di Spirito, M; Plasse, TF; Powers, BL; Rayburn, WF, 2006)		0.6
" A pharmacokinetic study has shown that sublingual misoprostol has the shortest onset of action, the highest peak concentration and the greatest bioavailability among the three routes of administration."( The pharmacokinetics and different regimens of misoprostol in early first-trimester medical abortion.
Ho, PC; Tang, OS, 2006)		0.84
"It has been shown that the route of administration of misoprostol has a strong impact on the pharmacokinetic profile and result in different clinical efficacy."( Pharmacokinetic profiles up to 12 h after administration of vaginal, sublingual and slow-release oral misoprostol.
Aronsson, A; Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Granath, F; Schweer, H; Stephansson, O; Watzer, B, 2007)		0.8
"0001) and the time to peak concentration was shortest for this group (P=0."( Pharmacokinetic profiles up to 12 h after administration of vaginal, sublingual and slow-release oral misoprostol.
Aronsson, A; Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Granath, F; Schweer, H; Stephansson, O; Watzer, B, 2007)		0.55
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profiles of these vaginal inserts and orally administered misoprostol."( Pharmacokinetic profiles of controlled-release hydrogel polymer vaginal inserts containing misoprostol.
Carr, D; Di Spirito, M; Ewert, K; Powers, BL; Wing, DA, 2008)		0.78
" To aid the design of effective and safe regimens, we have investigated the pharmacokinetic parameters after the vaginal or sublingual administration of repeated doses of 400 microg of misoprostol."( Pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of misoprostol.
Ho, PC; Lee, SW; Schweer, H; Tang, OS, 2009)		0.82
" The developed assay method was applied to an oral pharmacokinetic study in humans."( Development and validation of highly sensitive method for determination of misoprostol free acid in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study.
Bhushan, I; Hotha, KK; Jagadeesh, B; Patil, U; Vijaya Bharathi, D, 2011)		0.6
" There were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between subjects with vaginal pH < 5 and those with vaginal pH 5 in all three groups."( A randomized comparison of pharmacokinetics of a single vaginal dose of dry misoprostol or misoprostol moistened with normal saline or with acetic acid.
Ho, PC; Lee, VC; Li, RH; Ng, EH; Schweer, H; Watzer, B; Yung, SS, 2011)		0.6
" Misoprostol oral bioavailability is low and several authors have assessed whether the administration by other routes increased its pharmacodynamic effects."( [Pharmacology of misoprostol (pharmacokinetic data, adverse effects and teratogenic effects)].
Aubert, J; Bejan-Angoulvant, T; Jonville-Bera, AP, 2014)		1.65
"The aim of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of 800 μg oral, sublingual and buccal misoprostol in healthy non-pregnant women."( A crossover pharmacokinetic study of misoprostol by the oral, sublingual and buccal routes.
Byrne, ME; Frye, LJ; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.92
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters measured were the area under the plasma misoprostol acid concentration-time curve (AUC) from dosing to last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t), the AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)."( A crossover pharmacokinetic study of misoprostol by the oral, sublingual and buccal routes.
Byrne, ME; Frye, LJ; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.93
"There were statistically significant differences in AUC0-∞, AUC0-t and Cmax at the p < 0."( A crossover pharmacokinetic study of misoprostol by the oral, sublingual and buccal routes.
Byrne, ME; Frye, LJ; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.71
"This study shows variability in Cmax and AUC by three by-mouth routes of misoprostol administration."( A crossover pharmacokinetic study of misoprostol by the oral, sublingual and buccal routes.
Byrne, ME; Frye, LJ; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.94
" Mean disappearance half-life was shortest in the PR condition (21 ± 29 minutes), compared with values for the unfed (170 ± 129 minutes) and fed (119 ± 51 minutes) PO conditions."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally and rectally administered misoprostol in adult horses.
Boothe, D; Lascola, K; Lopp, CT; McCoy, AM; Schaeffer, DJ, 2019)		0.75
" This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of misoprostol tablets (test product) by comparing them with Cytotec (200 μg) (reference product)."( Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Misoprostol Tablets: An Open-Label, Randomized, Single-dose, Crossover Study With Healthy Chinese Volunteers.
Chang, D; Dai, Y; Guo, S; Han, Y; Ni, S; Wang, S; Wei, H; Wu, F; Xia, Q; Zhang, J; Zhao, X, 2022)		1.23

Compound-Compound Interactions

DL111-IT combined with mifepristone (RU486) and misoprostol (M ISO) on early pregnancy termination. Previous research had indicated there is no difference in clinical efficacy between 200 mg and 600 mg (standard dose) of mifEpristone in combination with 600 mcg of misop Frost.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Mifepristone (600 mg) in combination with a prostaglandin has been demonstrated to be a safe, acceptable alternative to vacuum aspiration for induction of abortion in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy."( Randomized trial of misoprostol and cervagem in combination with a reduced dose of mifepristone for induction of abortion.
Baird, DT; Sukcharoen, N; Thong, KJ, 1995)		0.61
" The authors' previous research had indicated there is no difference in clinical efficacy between 200 mg and 600 mg (standard dose) of mifepristone in combination with 600 mcg of misoprostol."( Randomized trial of misoprostol and cervagem in combination with a reduced dose of mifepristone for induction of abortion.
Baird, DT; Sukcharoen, N; Thong, KJ, 1995)		0.81
"To determine the mode of protective effects of misoprostol against the chronic gastrointestinal ulceration from the NSAID, diclofenac, studies were undertaken in domestic pigs, a model of human gastrointestinal ulceration, to determine (1) the effects of repeated daily dosing for 10 days of diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day (as Voltaren tablets) on the gastrointestinal morphology, 59fe-red blood loss, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (as an indicator of leukocyte infiltration), and mucosal leukotrienes (LTS); and (2) the mucosal protective effects of 10-40 micrograms/kg/day misoprostol twice a day (as Cytotec tablets) given with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day compared with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day alone and aspirin 150 mg/kg/twice a day (USP tablets) as a standard."( Chronic effects of misoprostol in combination with the NSAID, diclofenac, on gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Relation to diarrheagenic activity, leukocyte infiltration, and mucosal leukotrienes.
Perkins, WE; Rainsford, KD; Stetsko, PI, 1995)		0.88
"A prospective randomized study was conducted to compare the efficacy of misoprostol with gemeprost when combined with mifepristone for termination of second trimester pregnancy."( Misoprostol is as effective as gemeprost in termination of second trimester pregnancy when combined with mifepristone: a randomised comparative trial.
Chan, YF; Ho, PC; Lau, W, 1996)		1.97
"Findings are presented from a prospective randomized study conducted to compare the efficacy of misoprostol with gemeprost when combined with mifepristone to terminate second trimester pregnancy."( Misoprostol is as effective as gemeprost in termination of second trimester pregnancy when combined with mifepristone: a randomised comparative trial.
Chan, YF; Ho, PC; Lau, W, 1996)		1.95
" Oral misoprostol (400 microg) given every 3 h up to five doses, when combined with mifepristone, was as effective as the vaginal (200 microg) route in second trimester termination of pregnancy."( Randomized comparison of vaginal (200 microg every 3 h) and oral (400 microg every 3 h) misoprostol when combined with mifepristone in termination of second trimester pregnancy.
Ho, PC; Ngai, SW; Tang, OS, 2000)		1.01
"Gemeprost and misoprostol are two of the most widely used prostaglandins in combination with mifepristone for medical abortion in early pregnancy."( Double-blind randomized trial of mifepristone in combination with vaginal gemeprost or misoprostol for induction of abortion up to 63 days gestation.
Baird, DT; Bartley, J; Brown, A; Elton, R, 2001)		0.89
" However, when gosyypol was given in combination with misoprostol 400, 800 or 1600 micrograms."( [Effect of gossypol in combination with misoprostol on termination of early pregnancy in rats and mice].
Cao, L; Chen, Y; Gu, ZP, 1997)		0.81
"To compare the effectiveness of gemeprost and misoprostol as prostaglandins used in combination with mifepristone for induction of mid-trimester termination."( A randomised study of misoprostol and gemeprost in combination with mifepristone for induction of abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Baird, DT; Bartley, J, 2002)		0.89
"This study evaluated the effectiveness and acute toxicity of DL111-IT combined with mifepristone (RU486) and misoprostol (MISO) on early pregnancy termination."( Synergistic effects of DL111-IT in combination with mifepristone and misoprostol on termination of early pregnancy in preclinical studies.
Fang, RY; He, QJ; Wang, WF; Wu, HH; Yang, B, 2003)		0.77
"To assess the safety of mifepristone in combination with misoprotol for medical abortion."( [Side effect of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol for medical abortion].
Jiang, S; Lei, ZW; Li, Q; Li, YP; Lü, L; Zou, Y, 2004)		0.58
"To observe the effects of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion."( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion].
Fan, GS; Jin, L; Li, H; Xi, S, 2005)		0.84
"Intravenous injection of propofol combined with misoprostol administered intravaginally is effective in anesthesia and cervical dilatation with less bleeding and absence of abortion syndrome."( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion].
Fan, GS; Jin, L; Li, H; Xi, S, 2005)		0.84
"Sublingual misoprostol, when combined with mifepristone, is effective for medical abortion in the second trimester."( A prospective randomized comparison of sublingual and oral misoprostol when combined with mifepristone for medical abortion at 12-20 weeks gestation.
Chan, CC; Ho, PC; Kan, AS; Tang, OS, 2005)		0.96
"To assess women's acceptability, the efficacy and side effects of sublingual versus vaginal administration of misoprostol in combination with mifepristone for medical abortion up to 13 weeks of gestation."( A randomised controlled trial of mifepristone in combination with misoprostol administered sublingually or vaginally for medical abortion up to 13 weeks of gestation.
Ashok, PW; Flett, GM; Hamoda, H; Templeton, A, 2005)		0.78
"This study has evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic responses of etoricoxib, a selective COX-2 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug combined with misoprostol in pre-clinical assays."( Anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of etoricoxib (an NSAID) combined with misoprostol.
Carvalho, JC; do Amaral, BC; Moraes, BM; Morimoto, MS; Perazzo, FF; Vieira, LG, 2007)		0.76
"Medical regimens using mifepristone in combination with prostaglandins have been widely available for women undergoing termination of pregnancy (TOP) at 10-16 weeks' gestation in China."( Mifepristone in combination with prostaglandins for termination of 10-16 weeks' gestation: a systematic review.
Chen, QJ; Cheng, LN; Hong, QQ; Hou, SP; Huang, YM; Meads, C; Zhu, HP, 2011)		0.37
"Mifepristone combined with misoprostol for second-trimester abortion (MM) and intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate (EL; Rivanol®) are the common methods for termination of second-trimester pregnancy in China."( Termination of second-trimester pregnancy by mifepristone combined with misoprostol versus intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate (Rivanol®): a systematic review of Chinese trials.
Chen, OJ; Chen, QF; Cheng, LN; Fang, AH; Hou, SP; Huang, YM, 2011)		0.9
"To compare the efficacy and safety of misoprostol and mifepristone combination with misoprostol alone in management of intrauterine death."( Comparison of mifepristone combination with misoprostol and misoprostol alone in the management of intrauterine death: condensation - misoprostol and mifepristone combination is more effective than misoprostol alone in the management of intrauterine death
Paul, A; Sharma, D; Singhal, SR, 2011)		0.9
"This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of lower doses of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for the termination of ultra-early pregnancy."( Effectiveness and Safety of Lower Doses of Mifepristone Combined With Misoprostol for the Termination of Ultra-Early Pregnancy: A Dose-Ranging Randomized Controlled Trial.
Chen, DJ; Chen, WL; Li, CL; Liu, MX; Song, LP; Wang, Y; Zhang, ZF, 2015)		0.86
" To monitor the misoprostol content during labor induction, a rapid, sensitive, and selective microElution solid phase extraction (μElution SPE) combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed."( Evaluating misoprostol content in pregnant women with hourly oral administration during labor induction by microElution solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Chan, TM; Cheng, SY; Hung, CH; Lee, MR, 2015)		1.15
"To assess the efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with oral or vaginal misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation."( [Efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation].
Chang, Q; Di, W; Dong, B; Huang, Z; Jing, X; Li, Y; Qian, J; Ren, M; Shen, H; Shi, H; Song, W; Wu, S; Yao, C; Zheng, S, 2015)		0.9
"Oral or vaginal misoprostol combined with mifepristone, is effective and safe for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation."( [Efficacy and safety of mifepristone combined with misoprostol for termination of pregnancy between 8 and 16 weeks of gestation].
Chang, Q; Di, W; Dong, B; Huang, Z; Jing, X; Li, Y; Qian, J; Ren, M; Shen, H; Shi, H; Song, W; Wu, S; Yao, C; Zheng, S, 2015)		1.01
"The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of low-dose mifepristone combined with self-administered misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy."( Early medical abortion with self-administered low-dose mifepristone in combination with misoprostol.
Li, CL; Mo, XT; Song, LP; Tang, SY; Zhou, LJ, 2018)		0.91
"The BEGIN trial (buccal vs vaginal misoprostol combined with Foley catheter for cervical ripening at term) was an institutional review board-approved, randomized clinical trial conducted from June 2019 to January 2020 comparing identical doses (25 μg) of buccal misoprostol and vaginal misoprostol along with a Foley catheter for induction of labor."( Buccal vs vaginal misoprostol combined with Foley catheter for cervical ripening at term (the BEGIN trial): a randomized controlled trial.
Caplan, R; Gomez, HB; Hoffman, MK; Ruhstaller, K; Sciscione, AC; Young, MHH, 2021)		1.23

Bioavailability

Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue with oral bioavailability and immunosuppressive properties. The bioavailability of misoprostols is higher with the vaginal than the oral route. Water is added to the tablet before vaginal administration.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of the combination product taken separately and together reveal a high between- and within-subject variability in plasma diclofenac levels, especially when the enteric-coated tablets were given after food; reliable values for peak plasma diclofenac concentration could not be ascertained."( Biopharmaceutical profile of diclofenac-misoprostol combination tablet, Arthrotec.
Karim, A; Smith, M, 1992)		0.55
" It is concluded that new prostaglandin E1 analogues with oral bioavailability may have important applications to clinical transplantation in man, and may be cyclosporin sparing."( Immunosuppressive effect of misoprostol: a new synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue.
Dumble, L; Moran, M; Pollak, R; Wiederkehr, JC, 1990)		0.57
" We studied the immunosuppressive properties of new, synthetic, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) methyl ester analogs (misoprostol, enisoprost) with oral bioavailability using an allogeneic in vitro immunoassay."( The immunosuppressive properties of new oral prostaglandin E1 analogs.
Dumble, LJ; Maddux, MS; Moran, M; Pollak, R; Wiederkehr, JC, 1990)		0.49
"05), without significant changes in the rate of absorption (tmax = 14 +/- 8 [fasting] vs."( Effects of food and antacid on oral absorption of misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog.
Karim, A; Kowalski, KG; Rozek, LF; Smith, ME, 1989)		0.53
" Pharmacokinetic studies of the fixed combination have found that no drug-drug interaction occurs between misoprostol and diclofenac after either single or multiple doses, and the bioavailability of misoprostol and diclofenac are comparable with that of misoprostol and diclofenac given alone."( Efficacy and gastroduodenal safety of a fixed combination of diclofenac and misoprostol in the treatment of arthritis.
McKenna, F, 1995)		0.73
" Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue with oral bioavailability and immunosuppressive properties."( Misoprostol with cyclosporin A prolongs corneal allograft survival in an animal model.
Gothard, TW; Holland, EJ; Olsen, TW, 1996)		2.65
"To determine the rate of bioavailability of oral misoprostol in the tablet and a new capsule form in women with term pregnancies in the postpartum period."( Oral misoprostol is rapidly absorbed in postpartum women at term.
Andolina, KL; Daly, S; Monzo, JM; Roberts, NS; Tolosa, JE, 2003)		1.09
" A pharmacokinetic study has shown that sublingual misoprostol has the shortest onset of action, the highest peak concentration and the greatest bioavailability among the three routes of administration."( The pharmacokinetics and different regimens of misoprostol in early first-trimester medical abortion.
Ho, PC; Tang, OS, 2006)		0.84
" Misoprostol has powerful uterotonic effects and, because it is well absorbed orally and sublingually, has the potential to be used more widely than would be possible with injectable uterotonics alone."( Misoprostol for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage.
Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ, 2008)		2.7
"The peak plasma level of MPA after each dose of misoprostol is higher and the bioavailability is also greater after sublingual administration, compared with that after vaginal administration, of repeated doses of misoprostol."( Pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of misoprostol.
Ho, PC; Lee, SW; Schweer, H; Tang, OS, 2009)		0.88
" The mean bioavailability measured as the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (C(max)) appeared higher in the control than in the BV group (1458."( Effect of bacterial vaginosis on the pharmacokinetics of misoprostol in early pregnancy.
Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Sandström, A; Schweer, H; Sioutas, A; Watzer, B, 2012)		0.62
" The absorption rate of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lysozyme in the proximal intestine was higher than that for a marker of non-specific absorption, FD-10, and was suppressed by colchicine (endocytosis inhibitor)."( Intestinal absorption of lysozyme, an egg-white allergen, in rats: kinetics and effect of NSAIDs.
Hamura, K; Matsuo, H; Yokooji, T, 2013)		0.39
" Misoprostol oral bioavailability is low and several authors have assessed whether the administration by other routes increased its pharmacodynamic effects."( [Pharmacology of misoprostol (pharmacokinetic data, adverse effects and teratogenic effects)].
Aubert, J; Bejan-Angoulvant, T; Jonville-Bera, AP, 2014)		1.65
" The bioavailability of misoprostol is higher with the vaginal than the oral route, especially when water is added to the tablet before vaginal administration."( Misoprostol: serious cardiovascular events, even after a single dose.
, 2015)		2.17
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Mifepristone 200 mg, followed on the same day by misoprostol 800 microg vaginally, effects abortion in women 50 to 63 days' gestation at rates comparable to regimens using longer dosing intervals. Sublingual or buccal miso should not enter clinical use until its safety and optimal dosage have been established by larger trials.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The factors responsible for failure of adaptation are unknown but one clue is that there appears to be a dose-response effect relating anti-inflammatory dose and effectiveness of adaptation (i."( Gastric adaptation to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in man.
Graham, DY; Olivero, JJ, 1992)		0.28
" during concomitant twice daily dosing with 400 micrograms misoprostol, 150 mg ranitidine or placebo."( Co-administration of misoprostol or ranitidine with indomethacin: effects on pharmacokinetics, abdominal symptoms and bowel habit.
Gibson, R; Kendall, MJ; Walt, RP, 1992)		0.85
"A bilayer floating dosage unit is proposed to achieve local delivery of misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, at the gastric mucosa level."( The bilayer floating capsule: a stomach-directed drug delivery system for misoprostol.
Franz, M; Möes, A; Oth, M; Timmermans, J, 1992)		0.75
" All costs for drugs, ambulatory care, hospital care, loss of production, as well as other factors such as dosage and compliance, were transferred to Swedish conditions."( Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol in Sweden.
Haglund, U; Jönsson, B, 1992)		0.6
" RPF was not consistently altered by subacute/chronic dosing of indomethacin, misoprostol, or the combination of the drugs."( Minimization of indomethacin-induced reduction in renal function by misoprostol.
Brown, JA; Hall, PS; Klassen, DK; Schubert, C; Stromatt, SC; Voss, TE; Weir, MR, 1991)		0.74
" Omeprazole, which suppresses acid very effectively, may be problematic in the critically ill, limited by its oral dosage form, acid-labile properties, and potential drug interactions."( Controlling gastric pH: the impact of newer agents on the critically ill patient.
Earnest, DL, 1990)		0.28
" In vitro misoprostol demonstrated significant dose-response inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture assay."( Immunosuppressive effect of misoprostol: a new synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue.
Dumble, L; Moran, M; Pollak, R; Wiederkehr, JC, 1990)		0.98
" In a dosage of 800 micrograms daily in two or four divided doses, misoprostol produced rates of complete ulcer healing in both gastric and duodenal ulcer patients significantly superior to placebo and comparable to H2 receptor antagonists."( Misoprostol: discovery, development, and clinical applications.
Collins, PW, )		1.81
"Four consecutive patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome were treated with misoprostol, a synthetic methylester prostaglandin E1 analogue at twice the dosage advocated for anti-ulcer therapy (i."( Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome in four patients by peroral misoprostol (prostaglandin E1 analogue) and albumin administration.
De Groote, J; Fevery, J; Nevens, F; Van Cutsem, E; Van Steenbergen, W; Verberckmoes, R, 1990)		0.74
" Considering the dose-response effects observed, the misoprostol action most likely represents a direct effect on the chief cell."( Effects of misoprostol on gastric pepsin secretion and human mucosal cell loss in man.
Quadros, E; Wilson, DE, 1990)		0.92
"We studied the dose-response of focal gastric mucosal blood flow measured simultaneously by laser-Doppler flowmetry and hydrogen gas clearance in the canine chambered gastric segment to topical misoprostol (0."( The dose-response of canine focal gastric mucosal blood flow to misoprostol.
Gana, TJ; Koo, J; MacPherson, BR, 1989)		0.71
" Ulcer-healing trials using four times daily dosing appear to parallel the antisecretory dose-response curve up to a dose of 200 micrograms qid."( Overview of misoprostol clinical experience.
Herting, RL; Nissen, CH, 1986)		0.65
"The effect of misoprostol, a PGE1 methyl analogue, on the pregnant human uterus was unknown at dosage levels normally used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulceration."( [Effect of the PGE1 methyl analog misoprostol on the pregnant uterus in the first trimester].
Basse, H; Kiesel, L; Rabe, T; Runnebaum, B; Thuro, H, 1987)		0.91
" No accumulation of misoprostol acid occurs in plasma following a 400 microgram q12h dosing regimen of misoprostol."( Antiulcer prostaglandin misoprostol: single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic profile.
Karim, A, 1987)		0.9
" Hyperostosis of the marrow cavity in the sternum and femur was found predominantly in female mice of the medium (1,600 mcg/kg/day) and high dosage (16,000 mcg/kg/day) groups."( Hyperostosis of the marrow cavity caused by misoprostol in CD-1 strain mice.
Dodd, DC; Port, CD, 1987)		0.53
" The plasma concentrations of propranolol under these steady state dosing conditions increased when misoprostol was added to propranolol."( Potential drug interactions with misoprostol: effects on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and propranolol.
Bennett, PN; Fenn, GC; Notarianni, LJ, 1988)		0.77
" The results of 12 double-blind, randomized, placebo- and cimetidine-controlled trials involving 4000 patients have been reviewed here and show that misoprostol, given in a dosage of 800 micrograms daily in two or four divided doses, is able to produce rates of complete ulcer healing and pain relief in both gastric and duodenal ulcer which are significantly superior to placebo therapy and comparable to those achieved with high or conventional doses of cimetidine."( The therapeutic efficacy of misoprostol in peptic ulcer disease.
Akbar, FA; Hopkins, A; Watkinson, G, 1988)		0.77
"The effects of two dosage levels of a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, misoprostol, and cimetidine on short-term duodenal ulcer healing were compared in a double-blind, endoscopically controlled 4-week study."( Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. A double-blind, cimetidine-controlled trial.
Mannion, G; Naiker, N; O'Keefe, SJ; Spitaels, JM, 1985)		1.94
" This problem has been solved by pharmaceutical formulation studies which led to a stable and solid dosage form."( Chemistry and synthetic development of misoprostol.
Collins, PW; Dajani, EZ; Pappo, R, 1985)		0.54
" In the single dosage range of 50-200 micrograms, misoprostol inhibits gastric acid secretion in a dose-related manner both in the basal state and after stimuli such as histamine and standard test meals."( Misoprostol clinical pharmacology. Establishment of activity in man.
Steiner, JA, 1985)		1.97
"To compare the effectiveness and tolerability of three misoprostol dosing regimens for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers associated with long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy."( Misoprostol dosage in the prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers: a comparison of three regimens.
Jackson, JE; Lies, RB; Raskin, JB; Stanton, DS; Tindall, EA; Weaver, AL; White, RH, 1995)		1.98
"02) misoprostol dose-response effect was noted in the prevention of gastric ulcers."( Misoprostol dosage in the prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric and duodenal ulcers: a comparison of three regimens.
Jackson, JE; Lies, RB; Raskin, JB; Stanton, DS; Tindall, EA; Weaver, AL; White, RH, 1995)		2.29
"To determine the mode of protective effects of misoprostol against the chronic gastrointestinal ulceration from the NSAID, diclofenac, studies were undertaken in domestic pigs, a model of human gastrointestinal ulceration, to determine (1) the effects of repeated daily dosing for 10 days of diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day (as Voltaren tablets) on the gastrointestinal morphology, 59fe-red blood loss, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (as an indicator of leukocyte infiltration), and mucosal leukotrienes (LTS); and (2) the mucosal protective effects of 10-40 micrograms/kg/day misoprostol twice a day (as Cytotec tablets) given with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day compared with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day alone and aspirin 150 mg/kg/twice a day (USP tablets) as a standard."( Chronic effects of misoprostol in combination with the NSAID, diclofenac, on gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Relation to diarrheagenic activity, leukocyte infiltration, and mucosal leukotrienes.
Perkins, WE; Rainsford, KD; Stetsko, PI, 1995)		0.88
" Early trials to determine dosage are now being followed by larger studies of efficacy and side-effects."( Non-surgical abortion: who's for methotrexate?
Potts, M, 1995)		0.29
"Misoprostol is more effective than intracervical PGE2 in bringing about labor and delivery, but further work is needed to determine the ideal dosing regimen."( Randomized controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol and intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for induction of labor at term.
Gumina, R; Stubblefield, PG; Varaklis, K, 1995)		2
" Patients were then randomised to receive a diclofenac 50mg/misoprostol 200 micrograms fixed combination tablet (n = 331) or diclofenac 50mg (n = 339) for 8 weeks at the same dosage frequency as in the open-label phase."( Efficacy of diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.
McKenna, F, 1993)		0.84
"The pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac/misoprostol combination dosage form have been investigated."( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and misoprostol when administered alone or as a combination product.
Karim, A, 1993)		0.83
" The drug dosage can be reduced, freeing the patient of the adverse reaction, but leaving behind a background activity adequate to produce a therapeutically beneficial effect."( A comparative overview of the adverse effects of antiulcer drugs.
Piper, DW, 1995)		0.29
" If that is impossible, the NSAID dosage should be as low as possible, and the ulcer treated."( NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
Goodman, T; Simon, LS, 1995)		0.29
" Further studies to compare the safety of misoprostol to that of dinoprostone and to delineate an optimal dosing regimen for misoprostol are needed."( A comparison of misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction.
Goodwin, TM; Jones, MM; Paul, RH; Rahall, A; Wing, DA, 1995)		0.9
" The daily dosage associated with the best risk/benefit ratio may be 400 micrograms/day."( [Misoprostol in the prevention of gastric erosions caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents].
Capron, MH; Delmas, PD; Lambert, R, 1994)		1.2
" After 2 weeks of pretreatment with misoprostol or placebo, all patients concomitantly received CSA at an initial and maximum dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks."( Lack of a renal-protective effect of misoprostol in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving cyclosporin A. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Coblyn, JS; Germain, BF; Kremer, JM; Maier, AL; Wall, BA; Weinblatt, ME; Weisman, MH, 1994)		0.84
"The results suggest that, in patients with well-compensated cirrhosis, the renal effects of misoprostol are determined by a bell-shaped dose-response curve."( Dose-dependent effects of oral misoprostol on renal function in alcoholic cirrhosis.
Dudley, F; Hsu, P; Massie, D; Wong, F, 1994)		0.79
" During the course of the study, the dosage was successively reduced to 600, 400, and 200 micrograms."( The effectiveness of intravaginal misoprostol (Cytotec) in inducing abortion after eleven weeks of pregnancy.
Almeida, L; Bique, C; Bugalho, A; Faúndes, A, )		0.41
" One month later, she repeated the dosage and experienced only spotting."( Congenital malformation of the scalp and cranium after failed first trimester abortion attempt with misoprostol.
Alencar, AJ; Fonseca, W; Misago, C; Pereira, RM, 1993)		0.5
"Diclofenac/misoprostol at twice daily dosing is associated with significantly fewer gastroduodenal ulcers than either piroxicam or naproxen."( Double-blind comparison of efficacy and gastroduodenal safety of diclofenac/misoprostol, piroxicam, and naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Bruyn, GA; Geis, GS; Melo Gomes, JA; Roth, SH; Woods, EM; Zeeh, J, 1993)		0.91
" Unexpectedly, MISO increased the antiinflammatory effect of ASA at some dosage regimens."( Acetylsalicylic acid and misoprostol combination in adjuvant arthritis of rats.
Dizbay-Sak, S; Melli, M; Saray, A; Taşcilar, O, 1993)		0.59
" The dosage was increased every 5 days by 200 micrograms until a total of 800 micrograms/d was achieved."( Synthetic prostaglandin E1 misoprostol as a treatment for tinnitus.
Briner, W; House, J; O'Leary, M, 1993)		0.58
" In common with other fixed combination products, dosage flexibility is somewhat compromised with diclofenac/misoprostol."( Diclofenac/misoprostol. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in painful inflammatory conditions.
Davis, R; Goa, KL; Yarker, YE, 1995)		0.89
" Vaginal misoprostol was given in a dosage of 800 micrograms in early second trimester."( Uterine evacuation by vaginal misoprostol after second trimester pregnancy interruption.
Bergstrom, S; Bique, C; Bugalho, A; Granja, AC; Pereira, C, 1996)		1
"Our purpose was to compare two dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening and induction of labor."( A comparison of differing dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction.
Paul, RH; Wing, DA, 1996)		0.76
"Five hundred twenty-two patients with indications for induction of labor and unfavorable cervices were randomly assigned to one of two dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol."( A comparison of differing dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction.
Paul, RH; Wing, DA, 1996)		0.72
" The average interval from start of induction to vaginal delivery was shorter in the 3-hour dosing group (1311."( A comparison of differing dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction.
Paul, RH; Wing, DA, 1996)		0.53
" Patients with the 6-hour dosing schedule had longer intervals to delivery, more frequently required oxytocin augmentation, and had more failed inductions than did patients with 3-hour dosing."( A comparison of differing dosing regimens of vaginally administered misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening and labor induction.
Paul, RH; Wing, DA, 1996)		0.53
" Oral dosing of the methotrexate may offer advantages over parenteral dosing."( Oral methotrexate and vaginal misoprostol for early abortion.
Creinin, MD, 1996)		0.58
", was given during the second week of each dosage regimen after three endoscopic biopsies had been taken from each of the duodenum, antrum and corpus."( Effects of misoprostol on healing and prevention of biopsy-induced gastroduodenal lesions occurring during the administration of diclofenac to volunteers.
Armstrong, D; Blum, AL; Dorta, G; Margalith, D; Nicolet, M; Saraga, E; Vouillamoz, D, 1996)		0.68
"Because of the unpredictability of action of oral misoprostol, with incomplete abortion or heavy bleeding occurring prior to admission in three patients, we cannot recommend the dosage schedule evaluated here for routine clinical use."( A randomised comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before suction termination of pregnancy.
Lawrie, A; Penney, G; Templeton, A, 1996)		0.81
" Rats were injected with indomethacin to reduce endogenous prostaglandin synthesis and dosed with prostaglandin analogues or prostacyclin."( Absorption, retention and urinary excretion of chromium-51 in rats pretreated with indomethacin and dosed with dimethylprostaglandin E2, misoprostol or prostacyclin.
Adeleye, BO; Davis-Whitenack, ML; Kamath, SM; Sangiah, S; Smith, MM; Stoecker, BJ, 1997)		0.5
" Assuming that the pharmacologic effect of misoprostol is related to its concentration in the plasma, our observation of the prolonged serum concentrations in the vaginal group suggests that vaginal administration could be dosed at longer intervals than oral."( Absorption kinetics of misoprostol with oral or vaginal administration.
Banskter, D; Benowitz, NL; Darney, PD; Fong, SK; Zieman, M, 1997)		0.87
" The most frequent indications for labor induction in both dosage groups were pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature rupture of the membranes."( Randomized trial of two doses of the prostaglandin E1 analog misoprostol for labor induction.
Del Valle, GO; Delke, I; Farah, LA; Gaudier, FL; Kaunitz, AM; Rosa, C; Sanchez-Ramos, L, 1997)		0.54
" Additional studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to determine the optimal misoprostol dosage and frequency of administration."( Comparative study of intravaginal misoprostol with gemeprost as an abortifacient in second trimester missed abortion.
Eng, NS; Guan, AC, 1997)		0.8
" Methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight prior to myelography, followed by a second full or half dose 2 to 4 hours later at clinician discretion."( Clinical evaluation of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol for prevention of gastrointestinal tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery.
Bostwick, DR; Hanson, SM; Smith, MO; Twedt, DC, 1997)		0.55
" The side effects associated with misoprostol may be dose related, and further studies to identify the optimum dosage and interval are needed."( A randomized clinical trial comparing misoprostol with prostaglandin E2 gel for preinduction cervical ripening.
Borgida, AF; Gottschall, DS; Mihalek, JJ; Rodis, JF; Sauer, F, 1997)		0.85
" Required first, however, is the determination of the correct dosage and frequency that will induce effective uterine contractions without producing uterine hyperstimulation and adverse effects on the fetal heart rate."( Methods of induction of labour.
el Refaey, H; Jauniaux, E, 1997)		0.3
"To determine the optimal dosage and dosing interval for the use of misoprostol administered vaginally for pre-operative cervical dilatation."( A comparative study using two dose regimens (200 microg or 400 microg) of vaginal misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae.
Fong, YF; Prasad, RN; Singh, K, 1998)		0.76
" The use of 400 microg misoprostol with an evacuation interval of three hours appears to be the optimal dosage and evacuation time interval."( A comparative study using two dose regimens (200 microg or 400 microg) of vaginal misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae.
Fong, YF; Prasad, RN; Singh, K, 1998)		0.84
"This first report on the comparison of differing dosages and time intervals to determine the optimal dosage treatment schedule shows that the vaginal application of 400 microg misoprostol for at least three hours is optimal for pre-operative cervical dilatation before vacuum aspiration in first trimester nulliparae."( A comparative study using two dose regimens (200 microg or 400 microg) of vaginal misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae.
Fong, YF; Prasad, RN; Singh, K, 1998)		0.72
" There is a shorter interval to vaginal birth with vaginal application; however, the more frequent occurrence of fetal heart rate graph abnormalities in this group suggests that, until the optimal dosing interval for vaginal use is determined, the preferred route of misoprostol administration might be oral."( A masked randomized comparison of oral and vaginal administration of misoprostol for labor induction.
Bennett, KA; Butt, K; Crane, JM; Hutchens, D; Young, DC, 1998)		0.71
"To determine the optimal dosage of vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before vacuum aspiration abortion."( Randomized trial to determine optimal dose of vaginal misoprostol for preabortion cervical priming.
Dong, F; Fong, YF; Prasad, RN; Singh, K, 1998)		0.81
"Our purpose was to compare the efficacy 25 micrograms and 50 micrograms dosage of intravaginal misoprostol for labor induction in patients with an unfavorable cervix."( A comparison between 25 micrograms and 50 micrograms of intravaginal misoprostol for labor induction.
Singchai, S; Srisomboon, J, 1998)		0.75
" Shortening the dosing interval from 12 to 6 hours produced no significant benefit."( A comparison of two dosing regimens of intravaginal misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination.
Jain, JK; Kuo, J; Mishell, DR, 1999)		0.55
"The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction."( A double-blind randomized trial of two dose regimens of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Adra, A; Beydoun, SN; Burkett, G; Diro, M; Gilles, JM; Nassar, A; O'Sullivan, MJ; Rodriguez, A; Salamat, SM; Yasin, SY, )		0.6
" However, the significantly increased incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate tracings and the trend in increased deliveries for fetal distress with misoprostol dosing of 50 microgram every 4 hours are of concern."( Misoprostol is more efficacious for labor induction than prostaglandin E2, but is it associated with more risk?
Grullon, K; Kilpatrick, SJ; Kolderup, L; McLean, L; Safford, K, 1999)		1.95
"Use of 400 microg misoprostol with a minimal evacuation time interval of three hours still appears the optimal dosage and evacuation time for cervical priming before first trimester termination of pregnancy."( Vaginal misoprostol for pre-abortion cervical priming: is there an optimal evacuation time interval?
Dong, F; Fong, YF; Prasad, RN; Singh, K, 1999)		1.07
" This study is to determine the optimal dosage and route of administration of misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation."( The use of misoprostol for pre-operative cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration: a randomized trial.
Chan, YM; Ho, PC; Ngai, SW; Tang, OS, 1999)		0.92
" A lower dosage of vaginal misoprostol (25 mcg 6-hourly) was less effective than a higher one (25 mcg 3-hourly), with reduced rates of uterine hyperstimulation."( Misoprostol for induction of labour: a systematic review.
Alfirevic, Z; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ, 1999)		2.04
" Multiple trials have proved that misoprostol is an effective agent for cervical ripening and labor induction in term pregnancy; however, investigations continue regarding the optimal dose, dosing regimen, and route of administration."( Labor induction with misoprostol.
Wing, DA, 1999)		0.9
" PGE2 and misoprostol had bell-shaped dose-response curves: constriction by low doses of PGE2 and misoprostol (0."( Dilatation and constriction of rat gastric mucosal microvessels through prostaglandin EP2 and EP3 receptors.
Boku, K; Hayashi, H; Katori, M; Majima, M; Nishiyama, K; Ohno, T; Saeki, T; Saigenji, K, 1999)		0.71
" However, the upper dosage limit of misoprostol through vaginal route has not been firmly established."( Precipitate delivery and postpartum hemorrhage after term induction with 200 micrograms misoprostol.
Chang, CC; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, TY; Tsai, HD; Yang, TC; Yeh, LS, 2000)		0.8
"25 micrograms misoprostol is an efficient and safe dosage for labor induction in term pregnancy."( [The effect of 25 micrograms misoprostol on induction of labor in late pregnancy].
Li, L; Pu, L; Wang, H, 1998)		0.95
") at a dosage of 300 or 450 mg/kg of body weight or subcutaneously (s."( Role of cytoprotectants and nitric oxide inhibition in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury in the rat.
Albassam, MA; Lillie, LE; Macallum, GE; Percy, DH; Turner, PV, 2000)		0.31
" Because misoprostol is not registered for such use, it has not undergone the extensive testing for appropriate dosage and safety required for registration."( Use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology.
Song, J, 2000)		1.18
"In the dosage used, misoprostol seems to be an effective agent for induction of labor in patients with an unfavorable cervix."( A randomized prospective study of misoprostol and dinoproston for induction of labor.
Belfrage, P; Eggebø, TM; Gjessing, L; Okland, I; Smedvig, E, 2000)		0.91
" More trials are needed to find the right oral dosage that combines efficacy with safety."( A comparison of oral and vaginal misoprostol tablets in induction of labour at term.
Danielian, P; Shetty, A; Templeton, A, 2001)		0.59
"The efficacy of a new dosing regimen of misoprostol, a recently introduced labor-inducing agent, was studied."( Misoprostol in labor induction.
Kara, HF; Omak, M; Ozan, H; Tüfekçi, M; Uncu, G; Yildirim, V, 2001)		2.02
"Although Misoprostol is an already widely used medication in gynecology and obstetrics, extended studies on dosage and safety are still missing."( [Adverse effects of misprostol in pregnancy].
Holzgreve, W; Hösli, I; Surbek, D; Züst, S, )		0.55
" There has been endoscopically validated usefulness of employing enterosoluble and injectable dosage forms during the first days of NAID-therapy."( [Comparative efficacy of diclobrou for prophylaxis of NSAID-associated gastropathies in patients with osteoarthritis].
Bohomaz, VM; Dubovenko, ZO; Khomchenkova, NI; Kushyk, MF; Puzanova, OH; Svintsits'kyĭ, AS, )		0.13
" This occurred either because a Bishop score of 8 or greater was achieved or because repeat dosing was disallowed secondary to the onset of uterine contractions."( The effect of a pill inserter on vaginal misoprostol dosing.
Chez, RA; Huffman, K; Parsons, MT; Politz, LB, 2001)		0.58
" Prospective randomized studies are required to compare its efficacy and side effects with vaginal misoprostol and to work out the dosage and dosing interval."( Pilot study on the use of sublingual misoprostol for medical abortion.
Ho, PC; Tang, OS, 2001)		0.8
" The dosing regimen was 400 microg as the initial dose followed by a second dose of 200 microg two hours later and then four-hourly 200 microg doses until delivery or 32 hours from commencement of treatment."( A randomised trial of oral versus vaginal administration of misoprostol for the purpose of mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.
Gilbert, A; Reid, R, 2001)		0.55
" Pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials are needed to find out the most appropriate dose, dosing interval and route of administration of misoprostol."( Pilot study on the use of repeated doses of sublingual misoprostol in termination of pregnancy up to 12 weeks gestation: efficacy and acceptability.
Ho, PC; Lee, SW; Miao, BY; Tang, OS, 2002)		0.76
"To review the current literature concerning its efficacy, safety and dosage for induction of labor."( [New developments in labor induction].
Bar, J; Hod, M; Yulzari-Roll, V, 2002)		0.31
"To estimate whether a dosage of 50 microg of misoprostol tablets moistened with 3% acetic acid and administered intravaginally is more efficacious for labor induction than a similar dosage regimen using dry tablets."( The effect of tablet moistening on labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol: a randomized trial.
Danner, CJ; Delke, I; Kaunitz, AM; Sanchez-Ramos, L, 2002)		0.81
" Most of these women were placed on investigational protocols in which the dose of misoprostol administered was 25 to 50 microg and the dosing intervals ranged from 3 to 6 hours."( Factors affecting the likelihood of successful induction after intravaginal misoprostol application for cervical ripening and labor induction.
Paul, RH; Tran, S; Wing, DA, 2002)		0.77
" However, debate continues regarding the optimal dose, dosage regimen, and route of administration."( A benefit-risk assessment of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labour induction.
Wing, DA, 2002)		0.61
" The trials are evaluating the effectiveness of a 200 mg dosage of the drug and will continue until there is a commercial product."( Medical abortion options may advance in 1998.
, 1997)		0.3
" This pilot study suggests that mifepristone 200 mg, followed on the same day by misoprostol 800 microg vaginally, effects abortion in women 50 to 63 days' gestation at rates comparable to regimens using longer dosing intervals between medications."( Mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol on the same day for abortion from 50 to 63 days' gestation.
Creinin, MD; Fox, MC; Harwood, B, 2002)		0.84
" The new labeling does not contain claims regarding the efficacy and/or safety of Cytotec when it is used for cervical ripening for the induction of labor nor does it stipulate doses or dosing intervals."( ACOG Committee Opinion. Number 283, May 2003. New U.S. Food and Drug Administration labeling on Cytotec (misoprostol) use and pregnancy.
, 2003)		0.53
" The new labeling does not contain claims regarding the efficacy and/or safety of Cytotec when it is used for cervical ripening for the induction of labor nor does it stipulate doses or dosing intervals."( ACOG committe opinion. New U.S. Food and Drug Administration labeling on Cytotec (misoprostol) use and pregnancy. Number 283, May 2003.
, 2003)		0.54
" The histamine 2-receptor antagonist Famotidine in a high oral dosage is able to reduce the frequency of peptic lesions too, but not to the same degree as Misoprostol and proton pump inhibitors."( [Mucosa protective therapy with long-term nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs].
Bauer, A; Cozzarini, W; Grusch, B; Györög, I; Györög, M; Höller, E; Maderbacher, H; Prenner, M; Rath, J; Sebesta, C; Trianto, T, 2003)		0.52
" The median total dosage of misoprostol used was the same for both groups (1200 microg)."( Induction of labor with vaginal misoprostol for second trimester termination of pregnancy in the scarred uterus.
Chanarachakul, B; Herabutya, Y; Punyavachira, P, 2003)		0.9
"Misoprostol in this dosing regimen is a safe method of labour induction."( A randomised trial comparing low dose vaginal misoprostol and dinoprostone for labour induction.
Kanhai, HH; LeCessie, S; Scherjon, S; van Gemund, N; van Leeuwen, JH; van Roosmalen, J, 2004)		2.02
" The pre-operative dilatation was larger in multigravidae than in primigravidae in both dosage groups."( The use of oral misoprostol for pre-abortion cervical priming: a randomised controlled trial of 400 versus 200 microg in first trimester pregnancies.
Abdelnoor, M; Eskild, A; Jerve, F; Nesheim, BI; Oppegaard, KS, 2004)		0.67
"To determine the optimal dosage and dosing interval for the use of misoprostol administered sublingually for pre-abortion cervical dilatation."( Sublingual misoprostol before first trimester abortion: a comparative study using two dose regimens.
Kumar, S; Mittal, S; Vimala, N, 2004)		0.95
" The use of 400 mg misoprostol with an evacuation interval of two hours appears to be the optimal dosage and evacuation interval."( Sublingual misoprostol before first trimester abortion: a comparative study using two dose regimens.
Kumar, S; Mittal, S; Vimala, N, 2004)		1.04
" There is no additional advantages of increasing the dosing interval upto three hours."( Sublingual misoprostol before first trimester abortion: a comparative study using two dose regimens.
Kumar, S; Mittal, S; Vimala, N, 2004)		0.71
"Mifepristone 200 mg followed 6 to 8 hours later by misoprostol 800 microg vaginally is as effective for abortion and has significantly fewer side effects as compared with regimens using a 24-hour dosing interval."( A randomized comparison of misoprostol 6 to 8 hours versus 24 hours after mifepristone for abortion.
Chen, A; Creinin, MD; Fox, MC; Meyn, LA; Schaff, EA; Teal, S, 2004)		0.87
"Women enrolled in four previous randomized trials involving oral or vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction were included in the present cohort study, with dosing of 25-50 microg every 4 to 6 h vaginally (n = 574) or 50 microg every 4 h orally (n = 207)."( Predictors of successful labor induction with oral or vaginal misoprostol.
Bennett, KA; Butt, KD; Crane, JM; Delaney, T; Hutchens, D; Young, DC, 2004)		0.79
" Sublingual or buccal misoprostol should not enter clinical use until its safety and optimal dosage have been established by larger trials."( Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour.
Hofmeyr, GJ; Muzonzini, G, 2004)		0.96
" Intra-vaginal Misoprostol at the dosage administered is safe, effective and reduces staff workload."( Experience with intravaginal misoprostol in the management of intra-uterine fetal death.
Adekunle, AO; Arowojolu, AO; Fawole, AO; Otolorin, EO; Sotiloye, OS, 2004)		0.97
"The purpose of this study to compare breast milk pharmacokinetics between misoprostol 200 mug and methylergometrine 250 mug after single oral dosing in women who require postpartum uterotonic therapy."( Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk.
Burkhardt, T; Rentsch, K; Schweer, H; Vogel, D; Von Mandach, U; Watzer, B; Zimmermann, R, 2004)		2
"Misoprostol warrants further investigation as an alternative to postpartum methylergometrine because it enters and leaves breast milk at twice the rate, with one third of the milk/plasma ratio, which significantly lowers infant exposure and facilitates a timed dosing regimen."( Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk.
Burkhardt, T; Rentsch, K; Schweer, H; Vogel, D; Von Mandach, U; Watzer, B; Zimmermann, R, 2004)		3.21
" After a change in dosage and route of administration, a further 20 women were managed with oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol (group two)."( Management of late intrauterine death using a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol--experience of two regimens.
Fairley, TE; Mackenzie, F; Mackenzie, M; Owen, P, 2005)		0.76
" In addition, these events occurred earlier after initial misoprostol dosing (5."( Cardiotocographic abnormalities associated with dinoprostone and misoprostol cervical ripening.
Harris, D; Heise, RH; Meyer, L; Ogburn, PL; Ramin, KD; Ramsey, PS; Walkes, BA, 2005)		0.81
" Misoprostol was used to induce abortion in all cases, and a variety of dosage regimens were used, the most frequent being 400 mug vaginally every 6 hours (71."( Misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination in women with a prior cesarean delivery.
Dickinson, JE, 2005)		2.68
" It can be concluded that 50 microg of misoprostol applied in the posterior vaginal fornix every 4 hours is an effective dosage for labor induction and has less adverse effects and complications than the 100 microg dose."( [Comparative study of the effect of intravaginal misoprostol at 50 and 100 micrograms in cervical ripening and labor induction].
Guerra-Velásquez, M; Labarca-Vincero, N; Mejia-Montilla, J; Reyna-Villasmil, E; Reyna-Villasmil, N; Torres-Montilla, M, 2005)		0.85
" The efficacy for abortion in association with mifepristone at a dosage of 400 microg/6 h is superior versus both placebo and gemeprost, but misoprostol is more painful and less effective than dilation and subsequent evacuation."( [Efficacy and safety of misoprostol in obstetrics].
Bermejo Vicedo, T; Capilla Montes, C, )		0.64
" Designing and conducting further clinical trials to investigate appropriate dosage and administration routes, as well as the drug s adverse effect profile under such circumstances is essential, and would potentially allow an application for approval to be filed with health authorities regarding its use in obstetric practice."( [Efficacy and safety of misoprostol in obstetrics].
Bermejo Vicedo, T; Capilla Montes, C, )		0.44
" Regimens with repeated dosing of misoprostol 800 microg pv warrant further study to find the optimal treatment protocol."( Misoprostol alone for early abortion: an evaluation of seven potential regimens.
Blanchard, K; Coyaji, K; Shochet, T; Thi Nhu Ngoc, N; Winikoff, B, 2005)		2.05
"Vaginal misoprostol appears more effective than the equivalent dosage administered orally."( Oral, vaginal and sublingual misoprostol for induction of labor.
Barcaite, E; Bartusevicius, A; Nadisauskiene, R, 2005)		1.05
"Misoprostol administered vaginally or rectally at a dosage of 400 microg following placental separation was not effective for decreasing postpartum bleeding in women without excessive hemorrhage."( Placebo-controlled randomized comparison of vaginal with rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.
Desdicioglu, R; Dittrich, R; Kaya, H; Ozkaya, O; Sezik, M, 2005)		2.01
" Chemists knew mifepristone and misoprostol were prescription drugs but less about dosage and side effects."( Availability of medical abortion pills and the role of chemists: a study from Bihar and Jharkhand, India.
Ganatra, B; Manning, V; Pallipamulla, SP, 2005)		0.61
"In Latin America, where restrictive laws limit women's access to safe abortion services, misoprostol is being used to induce abortions, often without correct information on dosage or regimens."( Reaching women with instructions on misoprostol use in a Latin American country.
Billings, D; Cohen, J; Goodyear, L; Llaguno, SE; Martinez, I; Ortiz, O, 2005)		0.83
" But there is a lack of sufficient data regarding the optimal regime and safety and with incorrect dosing may lead to unacceptable high incidence of complications."( [Misoprostol and induction of labour].
Porozhanova, K; Porozhanova, V; Sampat, D, 2005)		1.24
"This study examines bleeding pattern following medication-induced termination of pregnancy, comparing two different dosing schedules of mifepristone and misoprostol."( Bleeding after medication-induced termination of pregnancy with two dosing schedules of mifepristone and misoprostol.
Borgatta, L; Chen, AY; Mottl-Santiago, J; Vragovic, O; Wasserman, S, 2006)		0.75
"One thousand eighty women with pregnancies up to 63 days' gestation were recruited for the study; 540 were randomized to the 6- to 8-h dosing schedule, and 540 were randomized to the 24-h dosing schedule."( Bleeding after medication-induced termination of pregnancy with two dosing schedules of mifepristone and misoprostol.
Borgatta, L; Chen, AY; Mottl-Santiago, J; Vragovic, O; Wasserman, S, 2006)		0.55
" In addition, simultaneous dosing was highly acceptable."( Simultaneous very low dose mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol for medical abortion.
Borgatta, L; Ellis, SC; Kapp, N; Stubblefield, P, 2006)		0.58
"16); the median dosage was almost the same (p=0."( Misoprostol for termination of second trimester pregnancy in a scarred uterus.
Momani, MD; Shammas, AG, 2006)		1.78
" The lower dosage group received a median of 600 microg of vaginal misoprostol (min 600 microg to max 1000 microg)."( The use of vaginal misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination in women with previous single cesarean section.
Daponte, A; Dimopoulos, KD; Guidozzi, F; Nzewenga, G, 2006)		0.9
" Few of the pharmacy staff (6% in the survey and 17% in the mystery client encounters) recommended a misoprostol dosing regimen that is potentially effective."( Pharmacy provision of medical abortifacients in a Latin American city.
Abuabara, K; Díaz-Olavarrieta, C; Grossman, D; Lara, D, 2006)		0.55
" Studies of lower misoprostol dosing (starting dose of 25 microgram) did not show any differences in the outcomes of interest, but the sample size of this secondary analysis was small (304 women, 155 receiving misoprostol)."( Misoprostol compared with prostaglandin E2 for labour induction in women at term with intact membranes and unfavourable cervix: a systematic review.
Butler, B; Crane, JM; Hannah, ME; Young, DC, 2006)		2.11
" The mean misoprostol dosage was 206 microg, with eight women (10."( Pilot study of labor induction with titrated oral misoprostol.
Chen, TC; Cheng, SY, 2006)		0.99
"Titrated oral misoprostol is a safe and effective method of labor induction because the dosage can be adjusted according to individual response."( Pilot study of labor induction with titrated oral misoprostol.
Chen, TC; Cheng, SY, 2006)		0.95
" The toxic dosage in humans is unknown, and there is no specific antidote."( Maternal death related to misoprostol overdose.
Ferreira, H; Graça, LM; Henriques, A; Lourenço, AV; Ribeirinho, A, 2007)		0.64
"Mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol 800 mcg vaginally used simultaneously is as effective for abortion as compared with regimens using a 24-hour dosing interval."( Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial.
Bednarek, P; Creinin, MD; Lintu, H; Meyn, LA; Schreiber, CA; Wagner, MS, 2007)		0.99
" In conclusion dosage dependent osteoinductive effect of misoprostol was shown in the early bone healing period."( Misoprostol enhances early fracture healing: a preliminary biochemical study on rats.
Colak, M; Eskandari, G; Milcan, A, 2007)		2.03
" This raised concerns over the stability and applied dosage in the in-house infusion preparations."( Method to determine stability and recovery of carboprost and misoprostol in infusion preparations.
Chu, KO; Pang, CP; Rogers, MS; Wang, CC, 2007)		0.58
" Misoprostol is the best suited prostaglandin for a number of reasons: it has a short half-life, few side effects, it is stable at room temperature, it is relatively cheap and the dosage can easily be adjusted according to the clinical need."( Cervical priming with misoprostol prior to transcervical procedures.
Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Tang, OS; von Hertzen, H, 2007)		1.56
" Administration of RBuOH at the same dosage (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced significantly (P<0."( Anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the n-butanol fraction from Pteleopsis suberosa stem bark.
Biasini, T; Braca, A; D'Angelo, V; De Leo, M; De Pasquale, R; Germanò, MP; Miano, TC; Sanogo, R, 2008)		0.35
" From September 2001, a flexible dosing interval of 1, 2 or 3 days between mifepristone and misoprostol was adopted."( Termination of early pregnancy using flexible, low-dose mifepristone-misoprostol regimens.
Heikinheimo, O; Leminen, R; Suhonen, S, 2007)		0.79
"A flexible dosing protocol of mifepristone and misoprostol is effective; thus, its use is encouraged."( Termination of early pregnancy using flexible, low-dose mifepristone-misoprostol regimens.
Heikinheimo, O; Leminen, R; Suhonen, S, 2007)		0.83
" Complications were otherwise comparatively minor and distributed equally between the two dosage groups."( Comparison of self-administered vaginal misoprostol versus placebo for cervical ripening prior to operative hysteroscopy using a sequential trial design.
Istre, O; Nesheim, BI; Oppegaard, KS; Qvigstad, E, 2008)		0.61
" Participants were then randomly assigned to preinduction cervical ripening with a dinoprostone vaginal insert (10 mg) administered into the posterior fornix for a total of 12 hours without oxytocin (group I); with oxytocin (group II), and with misoprostol (50 microg) intravaginally in the posterior fornix with repeat dosing at 6-hour intervals with a maximum dose of four with oxytocin (group III)."( A prospective randomized trial of labor induction with vaginal controlled-release dinoprostone inserts with or without oxytocin and misoprostol+oxytocin.
Kaya, M; Kurt, I; Sener, T; Tanir, HM; Yildiz, C, 2008)		0.73
" C was given per os in dosage 50 microg at 4 hours, the maximum dosage being 200 microg."( [Is it already time to legalize the usage of Cytotec (Misoprostol) in the obstetrics' practice?].
Bozhinova, S, 2007)		0.59
" The author reaches the conclusion, that Cytotec is an effective and safe means for delivery (childbirth) induction, and that when dosage and application manner are set-up, the individual characterics of the patients should be taken into account."( [Is it already time to legalize the usage of Cytotec (Misoprostol) in the obstetrics' practice?].
Bozhinova, S, 2007)		0.59
" The 50 microg dosing of misoprostol is safer than the 100 microg."( Methods of induction of labour at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri: a 4-year review.
Bako, BG; Obed, JY; Sanusi, I, )		0.43
" However, many studies of medical management may underestimate success rates due to inconsistent inclusion criteria, different dosing regimens, and varying definitions of failed treatment."( Medical management of early pregnancy failure: efficacy.
Chen, BA; Creinin, MD, 2008)		0.35
"Simultaneous use of mifepristone and misoprostol for second trimester medical abortion is not as effective as the regimen using a 36-38 h dosing interval."( A randomized trial to compare two dosing intervals of misoprostol following mifepristone administration in second trimester medical abortion.
Chai, J; Chen, QF; Cheng, LN; Ho, PC; Hong, QQ; Ng, E; Tang, OS, 2009)		0.87
" The dosing regimen was 400 microg as the initial dose followed by 400 microg up to 3 doses (1200 microg) if needed in each group."( Vaginal versus oral misoprostol for second-trimester pregnancy termination: a randomized trial.
Behrashi, M; Mahdian, M, 2008)		0.67
"Daily administration of oral misoprostol over 3 days to women with prolonged pregnancies shortened time intervals from dosing to entry into active labor and delivery compared with placebo."( Outpatient oral misoprostol for prolonged pregnancies: a pilot investigation.
Gaffaney, CA; Morrison, EH; Nageotte, MP; Rumney, PJ; Saul, LL; Thomas, S; Wing, DA, 2009)		0.99
" Dosage regimen was similar in both groups that was 200 microg 4 hours apart till expulsion of fetus or maximum of upto 5 doses."( Comparison of oral versus vaginal misoprostol for mid-trimester pregnancy termination.
Khawaja, NP; Rehman, R, 2009)		0.63
"6% (n=25) of respondents; dosing regimens ranged from 50 to 200 microg as a single dose or repeated every 4-24 hours."( Physicians' approaches to post-abortion care in Manila, Philippines.
Burke, A; Cansino, C; Melgar, JL, 2010)		0.36
"The efficacy of sublingual misoprostol in the dosage of 50 microg was comparable to 100 microg oral dose for the induction of labour in the primigravidas at term with pre-labour rupture of membranes."( Sublingual versus oral misoprostol for induction of labour in prelabour rupture of membranes at term.
Khawaja, NP; Malik, HZ; Rehman, R; Zahid, B, 2010)		0.97
"The goal of this study was to compare three different medications for the induction of abortion in bitches between day 22 and 40 after mismating, to reduce the dosage and frequency of PGF2alpha applications and to investigate the effects of additional intravaginal applications of misoprostol, a PGE1 analog."( Intravaginal application of misoprostol improves pregnancy termination with cabergoline and alfaprostol in dogs.
Aslan, S; Beceriklisoy, HB; Cetin, Y; Macun, HC; Schäfer-Somi, S, )		0.6
" If the sac was still intact or the thickness of the uterine cavity exceeded 30 mm, they were offered an additional dosage of intravaginal misoprostol or surgical uterine evacuation."( Early pregnancy failure: factors affecting successful medical treatment.
Bornstein, J; Kais, M; Maximovsky, O; Odeh, M; Ophir, E; Tendler, R, 2010)		0.56
" Data including the induction-to-delivery interval and total dosage of misoprostol were recorded and analyzed."( Hourly oral misoprostol administration for terminating midtrimester pregnancies: a pilot study.
Cheng, SY; Hsue, CS; Hwang, GH; Pei, SC; Tsai, LC, 2010)		0.97
" The median total dosage of misoprostol was 2,600 μg."( Hourly oral misoprostol administration for terminating midtrimester pregnancies: a pilot study.
Cheng, SY; Hsue, CS; Hwang, GH; Pei, SC; Tsai, LC, 2010)		1.03
" The letrozole group received letrozole 10 mg daily for 3 days followed by 800 micrograms of vaginal misoprostol, while the placebo group received placebo for 3 days followed by the same dosage of misoprostol."( Misoprostol with or without letrozole pretreatment for termination of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.
Ho, PC; Lee, VCY; Ng, EHY; Yeung, WSB, 2011)		2.03
" The same dosage was then repeated every 3 h if adequate uterine contractions were not achieved until 48 h after the initiation of misoprostol."( Randomized controlled study comparing misoprostol moistened with normal saline and with acetic acid for second-trimester pregnancy termination. Is it different?
Pongsatha, S; Tongsong, T, 2011)		0.84
" Future research should prioritize misoprostol-only regimens with shorter dosing intervals."( Comparing two early medical abortion regimens: mifepristone+misoprostol vs. misoprostol alone.
Blum, J; Dabash, R; Diop, A; Nga, NT; Ngoc, NT; Raghavan, S; Winikoff, B, 2011)		0.89
" Baseline uterine activity approximately doubled with 4 of the regimens and tripled with the highest dosage regimen (100 μg) (P < ."( A dose-finding study of oral misoprostol for labor augmentation.
Alexander, JM; Leveno, KJ; Lo, JY; McIntire, DD; Villano, KS, 2011)		0.66
" Dosing every 3 h is superior to less frequent dosing, although intervals of up to 12 h are effective when using higher doses (600 or 800 mcg) of misoprostol."( Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester.
Borgatta, L; Kapp, N, 2011)		0.57
"Misoprostol when given intravaginally in 50 mcg 4-hourly dosing regimen is an effective agent for ripening the cervix in this group of women."( Misoprostol for induction of labor in women with severe preeclampsia at or near term.
Al-Harazi, AH; Frass, KA; Shuaib, AA, 2011)		3.25
" Fifteen percent of vendors recommended a potentially effective misoprostol dosing regimen."( How often and under which circumstances do Mexican pharmacy vendors recommend misoprostol to induce an abortion?
García, SG; Lara, D; Paz, F; Wilson, KS, 2011)		0.84
"Both one- and two-day dosing intervals seem to be suitable for second trimester medical TOP, but women with no previous deliveries and those whose gestation exceeds 16 weeks may benefit from the longer interval."( One- and two-day dosing intervals between mifepristone and misoprostol in second trimester medical termination of pregnancy--a randomized trial.
Heikinheimo, O; Mentula, M; Suhonen, S, 2011)		0.61
" Efficacy was evaluated 15 hours after misoprostol dosing began and the procedure was considered complete if uterine evacuation was achieved without recourse to surgical evacuation."( Mifepristone and misoprostol compared with misoprostol alone for second-trimester abortion: a randomized controlled trial.
Blum, J; Minh, NTH; Nga, NTB; Ngoc, NTN; Phan, VQ; Raghavan, S; Shochet, T; Winikoff, B, 2011)		0.98
"Seven hundred forty one pregnancy terminations were performed using misoprostol with dosage varied from 50 mcg to 800 mcg, mostly 400 mcg intravagina every three hours."( Outcomes of pregnancy termination by misoprostol at 14-32 weeks of gestation: a 10-year-experience.
Pongsatha, S; Tongsong, T, 2011)		0.88
" History of uncomplicated peptic ulcer and frequent dosing were additional factors associated with non-adherence to NSAIDs."( Prescription of and adherence to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastroprotective agents in at-risk gastrointestinal patients.
Gonzalez, MA; Lanas, A; Polo-Tomás, M; Roncales, P; Zapardiel, J, 2012)		0.38
"The incidence of fever with misoprostol is related to both its dosage and route with the highest incidences found in the high-dose sublingual routes."( Risk of fever after misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.
Elati, A; Weeks, A, 2012)		1
" The dosing and route of administration vary between the trials; however, there are quite consistent findings that not only does misoprostol administration not improve the ease of insertion of IUDs but it also leads to increased unpleasant side effects."( More harm than good: the lack of evidence for administering misoprostol prior to IUD insertion.
Reid, R; Waddington, A, 2012)		0.83
"To explore the lowest effective dosage of mifepristone combined with misoprostol in terminating ultra-early pregnancy."( [The lowest dosages of mifepristone and misoprostol to terminate ultra-early pregnancy].
Chen, DJ; Du, PL; Li, CL; Liu, MX; Liu, Q; Sheng, XJ; Wei, M; Weng, HN, 2012)		0.88
" All patients received 600 microg of vaginal misoprostol as primary dosage and then, were placed randomly in two groups consisting of 20 patients that received 400 microg of vaginal or oral misoprostol, every four hours, up to three doses."( Effects of vaginal versus oral misoprostol to terminate second-trimester pregnancy.
Bouzari, Z; Golsorkhtabar-Amiri, M; Yazdani, SH; Zeinalzadeh, M, 2012)		0.92
" We found a doubling of TS events with any oxytocin, a dose-response correlation between oxytocin and TS, FHR changes occurring in a quarter of TS events and, finally, that presence of TS increases the chance of composite neonatal morbidity."( Tachysystole in term labor: incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and effect on fetal heart tracings.
Eller, AG; Esplin, MS; Henry, E; Heuser, CC; Holmgren, CM; Jackson, GM; Knight, S; Manuck, TA; Richards, D, 2013)		0.39
" They were followed up after 24 h of last dosage of misoprostol or surgical intervention."( An approach to evaluate the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol administered for a rapid management of first trimester spontaneous onset incomplete abortion, in comparison to surgical curettage.
Bhattacharya, S; Bhattacharyya, SK; Dasgupta, M; Hasan, SH; Patua, B; Saha, S, 2013)		0.9
" The majority (71%) of cases required a single administration of misoprostol, and the total dosage was lower in treatment A (mean: 98."( Misoprostol use under routine conditions for termination of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death.
Alvarez, FS; Cunha, Ade A; Nascimento, MI; Nunes, GG; Oliveira, SR; Villas Bôas, EL, )		1.81
"To compare the efficacy of a shorter interval (24hours) between misoprostol and mifepristone administration with that of the conventional dosing interval (48hours) for second-trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP)."( Dosing interval of 24hours versus 48hours between mifepristone and misoprostol administration for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.
Chaudhuri, P; Das, C; Mandal, A; Mazumdar, A, 2014)		0.88
"The rate of successful abortions was similar with the 24-hour and 48-hour dosing intervals (95."( Dosing interval of 24hours versus 48hours between mifepristone and misoprostol administration for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.
Chaudhuri, P; Das, C; Mandal, A; Mazumdar, A, 2014)		0.64
"The 24-hour dosing interval between misoprostol and mifepristone administration seems to be as effective as the 48-hour dosing interval for second trimester TOP."( Dosing interval of 24hours versus 48hours between mifepristone and misoprostol administration for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.
Chaudhuri, P; Das, C; Mandal, A; Mazumdar, A, 2014)		0.91
" The challenge is to provide this medication with the correct dosing for this indication and with the ability to discontinue the medication if needed, all while ensuring essential maternal and neonatal safety."( Misoprostol vaginal insert for induction of labor: a delivery system with accurate dosing and rapid discontinuation.
Hawkins, JS; Powers, BL; Stephenson, ML; Wing, DA, 2014)		1.85
" Guidelines regarding cervical ripening are heterogeneous in terms of molecules, administration route, dosage or surveillance."( [Survey on cervical ripening practices in France].
Bel, S; Fritz, G; Gaudineau, A; Langer, B; Sananes, N; Zorgnotti, L, 2014)		0.4
" It is not possible to recommend a specific dosing schedule."( [Use of misoprostol for induction of labor in case of fetal death or termination of pregnancy during second or third trimester of pregnancy: Efficiency, dosage, route of administration, side effects, use in case of uterine scar].
Chauvet, A; Clouqueur, E; Coulon, C; Deruelle, P; Houfflin-Debarge, V; Subtil, D; Vaast, P, 2014)		0.84
"To compare the efficacy and safety of two misoprostol dosing regimens for induction of labour in primiparous (1P) and multiparous (>1P) women."( Maternal and neonatal outcome of labour induction at term comparing two regimens of misoprostol.
Krähenmann, F; Kreft, M; Kurmanavicius, J; Ochsenbein-Kölble, N; Roos, M; Zimmermann, R, 2014)		0.89
" As induction of labour is an off-label use for misoprostol, safety should be prioritised with the lower dosage regimen despite the longer induction-to-delivery interval."( Maternal and neonatal outcome of labour induction at term comparing two regimens of misoprostol.
Krähenmann, F; Kreft, M; Kurmanavicius, J; Ochsenbein-Kölble, N; Roos, M; Zimmermann, R, 2014)		0.88
"To compare the effectiveness of two dosing regimens of vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour."( Randomization of two dosing regimens of vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction in a low resource setting.
Adeniji, AO; Adeniyi, AA; Aimakhu, CO; Enakpene, C; Odukogbe, AA; Oladokun, O; Olayemi, A, )		0.63
"Myometrial strips obtained from labouring (with or without oxytocin augmentation) and non-labouring women undergoing Cesarean deliveries were subjected to a dose-response testing with oxytocin, ergonovine, PGF2α, or misoprostol (10(-10) M to 10(-5) M)."( Comparative efficacy of uterotonic agents: in vitro contractions in isolated myometrial strips of labouring and non-labouring women.
Balki, M; Carvalho, JC; Erik-Soussi, M; Kingdom, J, 2014)		0.59
" The results for vaginal birth not achieved in 24 hours, uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate (FHR) changes, and caesarean section were highly heterogenous - for uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes this was related to dosage with lower rates in those with lower doses of oral misoprostol."( Oral misoprostol for induction of labour.
Aflaifel, N; Alfirevic, Z; Weeks, A, 2014)		1.09
" Standardised evaluation of pain is needed and the correlation between the dosage of misoprostol and the intensity of pain must be assessed in future studies."( Pain during medical abortion, the impact of the regimen: a neglected issue? A review.
Bombas, T; Cameron, S; Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Parachini, M; Saya, L, 2014)		0.63
" Exposed tablets also exhibited a decrease in Cytotec active ingredient dosage (-5."( Instability of misoprostol tablets stored outside the blister: a potential serious concern for clinical outcome in medical abortion.
Berard, V; Bombas, T; Cameron, S; Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Parachini, M, 2014)		0.76
" Correct information about the number of pills to use and dosage intervals was the least easy to obtain and caused concerns."( Women's experiences with the use of medical abortion in a legally restricted context: the case of Argentina.
Aizenberg, L; Ramos, S; Romero, M, 2015)		0.42
" While good profiles of contraceptive use are available for many countries and we have good technical data on the MA drugs' efficacy, dosages and regimens such as home dosage of misoprostol versus clinic dosage, we have very little information about the quantities of MA drugs sold, how they are used, where they are used, and, in the case of misoprostol, for what purposes."( Medical abortion: the hidden revolution.
Harvey, P, 2015)		0.61
" Although there are currently no pharmacogenomic findings that affect dosing of either prostaglandins or oxytocin, this is a growing area of research."( Pharmacotherapy options for labor induction.
Sheibani, L; Wing, DA, 2015)		0.42
" Based on previous studies, we envision that small and frequent oral dosage of misoprostol is an effective method for labor induction."( Evaluating misoprostol content in pregnant women with hourly oral administration during labor induction by microElution solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Chan, TM; Cheng, SY; Hung, CH; Lee, MR, 2015)		1.03
"The total misoprostol dosage used was 1160 μg and 560 μg (p< 0."( Misoprostol versus misoprostol and foley catheter combination in 2nd trimester pregnancy terminations.
Bakacak, M; Ercan, Ö; Köstü, B; Özer, A; Serin, S, 2016)		2.28
"The misoprostol + foley catheter combination reduces the total dosage of misoprostol required for termination and shortens the termination interval, thereby increasing patient's comfort."( Misoprostol versus misoprostol and foley catheter combination in 2nd trimester pregnancy terminations.
Bakacak, M; Ercan, Ö; Köstü, B; Özer, A; Serin, S, 2016)		2.44
" It is difficult to conduct a randomised control trial to address this issue due to limited number of patients and therefore no drug or dosage can be recommended with certainty."( How much misoprostol is safe? - First reported case of second-trimester uterine rupture after a single low dose.
Datta, S; Minocha, S, 2016)		0.85
" The dosing regimens differed in terms of dose, number of administrations and route of administration in the different trials."( Cervical ripening before first trimester surgical evacuation for non-viable pregnancy.
Grivell, RM; Webber, K, 2015)		0.42
" Our study also showed that labor induction of women with cervix Bishop score ≤3 needed increased dosage of misoprostol solution."( Comparative study of titrated oral misoprostol solution and vaginal dinoprostone for labor induction at term pregnancy.
He, T; Li, X; Ma, Q; Qin, L; Wang, X; Yang, A, 2016)		0.92
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters measured were the area under the plasma misoprostol acid concentration-time curve (AUC) from dosing to last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t), the AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax)."( A crossover pharmacokinetic study of misoprostol by the oral, sublingual and buccal routes.
Byrne, ME; Frye, LJ; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.93
" The effectiveness of treatment methods and the optimal dosage of misoprostol are research priorities."( Preventing deaths due to haemorrhage.
Hofmeyr, GJ; Qureshi, Z, 2016)		0.67
" Misoprostol dosing was the same for obese and non-obese women."( Prostaglandin versus mechanical dilation and the effect of maternal obesity on failure to achieve active labor: a cohort study.
Beckwith, L; Kritzer, S; Magner, K; Warshak, CR, 2017)		1.37
" Median misoprostol dosing time was shorter in the 24-hour interval arm (7."( Simultaneous Administration Compared With a 24-Hour Mifepristone-Misoprostol Interval in Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Abbas, DF; Blum, J; Chi, HT; Martin, R; Nga, NT; Ngoc, NT; Winikoff, B, 2016)		1.11
" Simultaneous dosing results in less total time from the first clinical contact to complete abortion."( Simultaneous Administration Compared With a 24-Hour Mifepristone-Misoprostol Interval in Second-Trimester Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Abbas, DF; Blum, J; Chi, HT; Martin, R; Nga, NT; Ngoc, NT; Winikoff, B, 2016)		0.67
" Larger studies are needed to investigate the safety profile of a Foley catheter compared to separate dosing and administration regimens of misoprostol."( Induction of Labor Using a Foley Catheter or Misoprostol: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Bloemenkamp, KW; Mast, K; Mol, BW; Ten Eikelder, ML; van der Velden, A, 2016)		0.9
"The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and acceptability of a regimen using mifepristone and buccal misoprostol with unlimited dosing for second trimester abortion in Armenia."( Second trimester medical abortion with mifepristone followed by unlimited dosing of buccal misoprostol in Armenia.
Abrahamyan, R; Avagyan, G; Chong, E; Louie, KS; Tsereteli, T; Winikoff, B, 2017)		0.89
" Recent studies on the continuous dosing of misoprostol have produced critical evidence to support continued dosing until expulsion."( Update on second trimester medical abortion.
Lerma, K; Shaw, KA, 2017)		0.72
" Further research is needed to refine second trimester medical abortion methods, specific to the mifepristone, misoprostol dosing interval."( Update on second trimester medical abortion.
Lerma, K; Shaw, KA, 2017)		0.67
"The addition of mifepristone to medical treatment regimens for first trimester miscarriage significantly decreased the need for repeat medical dosing and surgical curettage."( Combination therapy with mifepristone and misoprostol for the management of first trimester miscarriage: Improved success.
Dunford, A; Fyfe, R, 2018)		0.75
"The survey found that 99% of pharmacy workers visited had knowledge of MR procedures but only two-thirds (67%) could state the legal time limit correctly; they mentioned misoprostol (86%) over mifepristone-misoprostol combination (78%) as a procedure of MR with medication (MRM); 36% reported knowing the recommended dosage of mifepristone-misoprostol combination; 70% reported providing information on effectiveness of the medicines; 50% reported recommending at least one follow-up visit to them; 63% reported explaining possible complications of using the medications; and 47% reported offering any post-MR contraception to their clients."( Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh: a situation analysis.
Ahmed, A; Ahmmed, F; Al Haque, N; Alam, A; Huda, FA; Karim, F; Mahmood, HR; Sarker, BK, 2018)		0.68
"We found knowledge gaps regarding recommended dosage for MRM and inconsistent practice in informing women on effectiveness, follow-up visits, possible complications and provision of post-MR contraceptives among the pharmacy workers, particularly during the mystery client visits."( Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh: a situation analysis.
Ahmed, A; Ahmmed, F; Al Haque, N; Alam, A; Huda, FA; Karim, F; Mahmood, HR; Sarker, BK, 2018)		0.48
"This was a qualitative study in 2015-2016 among women who had experienced complications after use of misoprostol, with or without additional methods, for abortion; what information they received before use; what dosage and regimens they used; what complications they experienced; and what treatment they received postuse."( Complications with use of misoprostol for abortion in Madagascar: between ease of access and lack of information.
Mattern, C; Pourette, D; Raharimalala, P; Ratovoson, R, 2018)		1
" Our primary outcome was treatment success with simultaneous dosing compared with a regimen with a 24- to 48-hour interval between medications."( Simultaneous Compared With Interval Medical Abortion Regimens Where Home Use Is Restricted.
Aiken, ARA; Lohr, PA; Scott, JG; Starling, JE, 2018)		0.48
" Overall success rates were high with both regimens but lower with simultaneous than with interval dosing (94."( Simultaneous Compared With Interval Medical Abortion Regimens Where Home Use Is Restricted.
Aiken, ARA; Lohr, PA; Scott, JG; Starling, JE, 2018)		0.48
" Pragmatic use of simultaneous dosing is reasonable given the small difference in effectiveness."( Simultaneous Compared With Interval Medical Abortion Regimens Where Home Use Is Restricted.
Aiken, ARA; Lohr, PA; Scott, JG; Starling, JE, 2018)		0.48
"In this first randomized controlled trial in the literature to compare a single with a multiple dosing of misoprostol, we found that the 1-dose regimen is an acceptable alternative for the induction for labor, especially for multiparous women and for patients with a Bishop score >4 after the first dose."( Induction of labor using one dose vs multiple doses of misoprostol: a randomized controlled trial.
Arabkhazaeli, M; Bernstein, PS; Kapedani, A; Moon, JY; Pimentel, VM; Tropper, PJ; Wang, A, 2018)		0.94
" Misoprostol route and dosing were collected."( Buccal versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Term Induction of Labor: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Daggy, J; Dorr, ML; Haas, DM; Pierson, RC; Quinney, SK, 2019)		1.74
"We found no significant differences in time to delivery or other labor outcomes between buccal or vaginal dosing of misoprostol in women undergoing labor induction at term."( Buccal versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Term Induction of Labor: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Daggy, J; Dorr, ML; Haas, DM; Pierson, RC; Quinney, SK, 2019)		1.04
" Multiple factors were significantly associated with this proportion, including misoprostol amount per dose and route of administration, loss to follow-up rate, publication date, geographic region, number of misoprostol doses, duration of dosing, and time between dosing and evaluation."( Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review.
Harrison, MS; Raymond, EG; Weaver, MA, 2019)		1.12
" All women who presented with first trimester missed abortion were invited to participate in the study and were randomised to one of two groups: one group received sublingual misoprostol in three doses of 800 μg every 4 h, while a second group received vaginal misoprostol in the same dosage regimen."( Sublingual vs vaginal misoprostol for completion of first trimester missed abortion: a randomised controlled trial.
Abbas, AM; Abd El-Razek, M; Abdelshafy, A; Abo-Gamra, A; Alanwar, A; Awwad, H; Elkotb, AM; Shahin, M, 2019)		1.02
" The results of the present study do not support the use of this gel at this dosage for the treatment of wounds in Brook Trout."( Effect of a Misoprostol/Phenytoin Gel on Experimentally Induced Wounds in Brook Trout-A Preliminary Study.
Coutant, T; Lair, S; Vergneau-Grosset, C, 2019)		0.89
"To compare the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended orally administrated dosage of misoprostol (25 μg) with a vaginal slow-release (7 μg/hour) insert of misoprostol regarding time from induction to delivery and safety of the method."( Slow-release vaginal insert of misoprostol versus orally administrated solution of misoprostol for the induction of labour in primiparous term pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial.
Friman-Mathiasson, M; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Jarnbert-Pettersson, H; Pilo, C; Strandberg, M; Wallström, T; Wiberg-Itzel, E, 2019)		1.02
" Finding an optimal route of misoprostol dosing for efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction is important and not well studied for the buccal route."( A comparison of vaginal versus buccal misoprostol for cervical ripening in women for labor induction at term (the IMPROVE trial): a triple-masked randomized controlled trial.
Bhamidipalli, SS; Bonsack, C; Daggy, J; Dorr, ML; Flannery, KM; Haas, DM; Head, A; Lathrop, A; Morgan, S; Ngo, N; Pierson, RC; Quinney, SK; Towns, R, 2019)		1.08
"Quality of information provided to client purchasing medication abortion was low, especially related to timing and dosing of misoprostol (18% of pharmacists knew correct timing) and side effects (31% not telling any information on side effects)."( Knowledge, provision of information and barriers to high quality medication abortion provision by pharmacists in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Diamond-Smith, N; Dwivedi, P; Percher, J; Saxena, M; Srivastava, A, 2019)		0.72
" Standard procedure at North Zealand Hospital changed in 2016 from a dosage of 50 µg oral misoprostol 2-3 times daily, to 25 µg up to 8 times daily."( Induction of labor with high- or low-dosage oral misoprostol-A Danish descriptive retrospective cohort study 2015-16.
Andersen, BR; Bendix, JM; Bødker, B; Friis Petersen, J; Løkkegaard, EC, 2020)		1.03
" In accordance with the misoprostol dosing recommendations by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), the incidences of uterine rupture and cervical laceration are relatively high in Chinese pregnant women."( Clinical application of low-dose misoprostol in the induced labor of 16 to 28 weeks pathological pregnancies (a STROBE-compliant article).
Du, X; Duan, J; Huang, YM; Wang, Y; Yang, Y, 2019)		1.1
" Some evidence shows the feasibility of same-day cervical preparation before D&E at 20-24 weeks using Dilapan-S® with adjunctive misoprostol or serial repeat dosing of misoprostol, but same-day preparation should be limited to providers with significant experience with these regimens."( Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Cervical preparation for dilation and evacuation at 20-24 weeks' gestation.
Diedrich, JT; Drey, EA; Newmann, SJ, 2020)		0.76
" A common evidence-based medical regimen for early pregnancy loss uses misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analog, with a dosage of 800 μg, self-administered vaginally."( Management of early pregnancy loss with mifepristone and misoprostol: clinical predictors of treatment success from a randomized trial.
Atrio, JM; Creinin, MD; Koelper, N; McAllister, A; Sammel, MD; Schreiber, CA; Sonalkar, S, 2020)		1.04
" Among visits which included discussion of misoprostol, two out of five sellers provided dosage instructions with most recommending the minimum adequate dosage."( What does informal access to misoprostol in Colombia look like? A mystery client methodology in Bogotá and the Coffee Axis.
Blades, N; Moore, AM; Ortiz, J; Villarreal, C; Whitehead, H, 2020)		1.11
" There was no significant difference in dosing intervals between mifepristone and misoprostol and routes of misoprostol administration in combination or misoprostol alone regimens."( Medical termination for pregnancy in early first trimester (≤ 63 days) using combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone: a systematic review.
Abubeker, FA; Kim, C; Lavelanet, A; Rodriguez, MI, 2020)		1
"Both 1- and 2-day dosing intervals between mifepristone and misoprostol are suitable for clinical use for second-trimester medical termination of pregnancy."( Different dosing intervals of mifepristone-misoprostol for second-trimester termination of pregnancy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Chen, M; Song, L; Wei, T; Wu, L; Xiong, W; Yan, A; Zeng, M; Zhang, J; Zu, Q, 2021)		1.13
" Midwives described a wide range of dosage schedules concerning application intervals, starting doses, and the maximum daily dose of misoprostol."( Heterogenous use of misoprostol for induction of labour: results of an online survey among midwives in German-speaking countries.
Bossung, V; Rath, W; Rody, A; Schwarz, C, 2021)		1.15
" The preparation and dosage of misoprostol vary significantly among hospitals and do not adhere to international guidelines."( Heterogenous use of misoprostol for induction of labour: results of an online survey among midwives in German-speaking countries.
Bossung, V; Rath, W; Rody, A; Schwarz, C, 2021)		1.23
" Women received the vaginal misoprostol dosage of 200 or 800 μg,10-12 h before operative hysteroscopy."( Comparison between 200 μg and 800 μg of vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening before operative hysteroscopy: A randomized controlled trial.
da Costa, AAR; Maior, MDCFS; Souza, ASR; Souza, GFA, 2022)		1.27
" Proper and supervised use of misoprostol in the appropriate dosage can avoid life-threatening consequences of uterine rupture."( A Rare Type of Uterine Rupture Following Over-the-Counter Use of Misoprostol in Second Trimester Abortion.
Jha, AK; Jha, N; Sagili, H; Sharma, J, 2021)		1.15
" Off-label misoprostol is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for IOL but preparing it into doses suitable for IOL lacks precision, with potential adverse outcomes if dosing is inaccurate."( Oral misoprostol tablets (25 µg) for induction of labor: a targeted literature review and cost analysis.
Devlieger, R; Heus, R; Padgett, K; Perrotin, F; Poinas, AC, )		1.04
"A higher dosage protocol of orally administered misoprostol significantly reduces the mean induction-delivery interval without increasing the risk for an adverse maternal or fetal outcome."( Oral Misoprostol for the Induction of Labor: Comparison of Different Dosage Schemes With Respect to Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Patients Beyond 34 Weeks of Pregnancy.
Abel, JS; DI Liberto, A; Eichler, C; Ertan, AK; Gilman, E; Grüttner, B; Ludwig, S; Mallmann, MR; Mallmann, P; Morgenstern, B; Ratiu, D; Ratiu, O; Thangarajah, F, )		0.9
" The optimal dosing of ibuprofen is unclear, but a single dose of ibuprofen 1600 mg was shown to be effective, and it was less certain whether 800 mg was effective."( Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation.
Cameron, S; Morroni, C; Reynolds-Wright, JJ; Woldetsadik, MA, 2022)		0.72
" To assess label comprehension, we developed 11 primary and 13 secondary communication objectives related to indications for use, eligibility, dosing regimen, contraindications, warning signs, side effects, and recognizing the risk of treatment failure, with corresponding target performance thresholds (80-90% accuracy)."( Comprehension of an Over-the-Counter Drug Facts Label Prototype for a Mifepristone and Misoprostol Medication Abortion Product.
Biggs, MA; Blanchard, K; Bustamante, CK; Choimorrow, SY; Ehrenreich, K; Grossman, D; Hauser, D; Hernandez, Y; Kapp, N; Kromenaker, T; Moayedi, G; Morris, N; Perritt, JB; Ralph, L; Raymond, EG; Valladares, ES; White, K, 2022)		0.94
" The overall sample met performance criteria for 10 of the 11 primary communication objectives (93-99% correct) related to indications for use, eligibility for use, the dosing regimen, and contraindications; young people met nine and people with limited literacy met eight of the 11 performance criteria."( Comprehension of an Over-the-Counter Drug Facts Label Prototype for a Mifepristone and Misoprostol Medication Abortion Product.
Biggs, MA; Blanchard, K; Bustamante, CK; Choimorrow, SY; Ehrenreich, K; Grossman, D; Hauser, D; Hernandez, Y; Kapp, N; Kromenaker, T; Moayedi, G; Morris, N; Perritt, JB; Ralph, L; Raymond, EG; Valladares, ES; White, K, 2022)		0.94
" The optimal dosing of ibuprofen is unclear, but a single dose of ibuprofen 1600mg was shown to be effective and it was less certain whether 800mg was effective."( Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation: A systematic review.
Cameron, ST; Morroni, C; Reynolds-Wright, JJ; Woldetsadik, MA, 2022)		0.72
"Buccal and vaginal dosing of misoprostol for cervical ripening in nulliparas appear to have similar times to active labor and progression of cervical change during ripening."( Cervical change times during induction in nulliparas using vaginal or buccal misoprostol.
Bhamidipalli, SS; Daggy, J; Flannery, KM; Grasch, JL; Haas, DM; Quinney, SK; Yang, Z, 2022)		1.24
" Lowering of the misoprostol dosage with prior CS may reduce uterine rupture, although this hypothesis requires ongoing research."( Mifepristone priming and subsequent misoprostol for second trimester medical abortion in women with previous caesarean delivery.
Dickinson, JE; Doherty, DA, 2023)		1.52
" The optimal dosing of prostaglandin to achieve the highest efficacy with the lowest proportion of complications remains to be established."( Medical abortion in the second trimester - an update.
Kopp Kallner, H, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (35)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.67950.531815.435837.6858AID504845
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.67461.069113.955137.9330AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.035520.977089.1251AID504332
hexokinase-4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81072.511913.800328.1838AID743207
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.006026.168889.1251AID488953
glucokinase regulatory proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81072.511913.800328.1838AID743207
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency26.67950.031622.3146100.0000AID588579
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency6.74560.060110.745337.9330AID485368
Chain A, CruzipainTrypanosoma cruziPotency25.78770.002014.677939.8107AID1476
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.64270.004110.890331.5287AID504467
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.72660.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.180013.557439.8107AID1460
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency56.23410.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.68400.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.66820.000229.305416,493.5996AID743079
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency2.68370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.68400.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.035520.977089.1251AID504332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.354828.065989.1251AID504847
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.01789.637444.6684AID588834
DNA polymerase betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.022421.010289.1251AID485314
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency35.48130.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.09290.004611.374133.4983AID624296
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency0.18110.005612.367736.1254AID624032
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.59070.891312.067628.1838AID1487
neuropeptide S receptor isoform AHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.015812.3113615.5000AID1461
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.68370.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.68370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.84930.002319.595674.0614AID651631
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.68370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.30800.011917.942071.5630AID651632
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.30800.011912.222168.7989AID651632
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.68370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.52300.00010.275310.0000AID1194240; AID1616820; AID1632496; AID1724928; AID1776934; AID1776935; AID1776936
Cannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00081.58409.8000AID1776939; AID677737
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)2.01450.00010.12752.2400AID1234360; AID1234361; AID1234362; AID1234363; AID1273373; AID1273375; AID1273384; AID677730
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)Kb0.21720.00070.38172.2000AID1125170; AID1616821; AID773862
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (222)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulusCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
axonal fasciculationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
memoryCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron projection developmentCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fever generationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mast cell activationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potentialCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
maternal process involved in female pregnancyCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of feeding behaviorCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of penile erectionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoidCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrationCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmissionCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of metabolic processCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
leukocyte chemotaxisCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mast cell activationCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potentialCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of metabolic processCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (57)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cannabinoid receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cannabinoid receptor activityCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (51)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
mitochondrial outer membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeletonCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth coneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCannabinoid receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCannabinoid receptor 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (135)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1273376Negative allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as effect on CP55,940-induced inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins followed by CP55,940 addition measured for 30 mins by HitHunte2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1273383Antagonist activity at CB1R in mouse brain membranes assessed as inhibition of CP55,940-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding at 1 uM preincubated for 60 mins prior to [35S]GTPgammaS addition by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1194243Agonist activity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells at 10 uM after 15 mins by FLIPR assay relative to CP559402015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators.
AID1125170Displacement of [3H]CP55940 from cannabinoid CB1 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Optimization of chemical functionalities of indole-2-carboxamides to improve allosteric parameters for the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1).
AID1234361Activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation after 5 mins in presence of CP55,940 by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1234364Inverse agonist activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation after 5 to 15 mins in presence of CP55,940 by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1776939Antagonist activity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells overexpressing Galpha16 assessed as inhibition of CP55940-stimulated calcium mobilization preincubated for 15 mins followed by agonist addition and measured every 1 sec for 90 secs 2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID773862Positive allosteric modulation of CB1 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as stimulation of [3H]CP55,940 binding after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
Structure-activity relationship study of indole-2-carboxamides identifies a potent allosteric modulator for the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1).
AID677730Allosteric modulation of human recombinant CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as stimulation of [3H]CP55940 binding2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor.
AID1632505Ratio of drug level in CB1 mouse brain to blood at 30mg/kg, ip after 1 hr by HPLC/MS/MS method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:18
Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators.
AID1776940Agonist activity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells overexpressing Galpha16 assessed as stimulation of calcium mobilization measured every 1 sec for 90 secs by Calcium-3 dye based FLIPR assay relative to Emax of CP559402021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID1616820Allosteric antagonist activity at human CB1 receptor by Ca2+ assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-14, Volume: 62, Issue:21
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 1-Phenyl-3-Thiophenylurea Derivatives as Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Allosteric Modulators.
AID1194240Antagonist activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55940-induced calcium mobilization incubated for 15 mins prior to CP55940 addition by FLIPR assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators.
AID1273382Inverse agonist activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding at 10 uM preincubated for 60 mins prior to [35S]GTPgammaS addition by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1632497Half life in human liver microsomes at 3 uM in presence of NADPH by LC-MS/MS analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:18
Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators.
AID1632498Half life in rat liver microsomes at 3 uM in presence of NADPH by LC-MS/MS analysis2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:18
Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators.
AID1194242Agonist activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells at 10 uM after 15 mins by FLIPR assay relative to CP559402015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators.
AID1234368Inverse agonist activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in absence of CP55,940 at 10 uM and 31.6 uM by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID677732Allosteric modulation of human recombinant CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as stimulation of [3H]CP55940 binding at 10 uM2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor.
AID1161647Antagonist activity at human CB1 receptor stably expressed in RD-HGA16 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55,940-induced calcium mobilization after 15 mins by FLIPR assay2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18
Diarylureas as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor: structure-activity relationship studies on 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{3-[6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl}urea (PSNCBAM-1).
AID1776937Agonist activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells overexpressing Galpha16 assessed as stimulation of calcium mobilization measured every 1 sec for 90 secs by Calcium-3 dye based FLIPR assay relative to Emax of CP559402021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID1776936Allosteric antagonist activity at N-terminal 3HA-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in CP55940-stimulated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation measured for 20 mins by BRET assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID677737Allosteric modulation of human recombinant CB2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]CP55940 binding2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor.
AID1273375Negative allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as effect on CP55,940-induced inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation preincubated for 30 mins followed by CP55,940 addition measured for 30 mins by HitHunte2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1776938Antagonist activity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells overexpressing Galpha16 assessed as inhibition of CP55940-stimulated calcium mobilization at 10 uM preincubated for 15 mins followed by agonist addition and measured every 1 sec for2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID1234354Allosteric agonist activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation at 10 uM by kinetic cAMP assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1273373Negative allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55,940-induced beta-arrestin recruitment preincubated for 30 mins followed by CP55,940 addition measured for 90 mins by PathHunter assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1273384Positive allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as enhanced binding of [3H]CP55,940 after 60 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1234355Allosteric modulator activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB2 receptor expressed in Flp-In-293 cells assessed as effect on CP55,940-induced inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by kinetic cAMP assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1194241Antagonist activity at human CB2 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55940-induced calcium mobilization at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to CP55940 addition by FLIPR assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators.
AID1632496Negative allosteric modulation of human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55940 induced beta arrestin recruitment preincubated for 30 mins followed by addition of CP55940 for 90 mins by chemiluminescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:18
Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators.
AID1234353Allosteric modulator activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on CP55,940-induced inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation by kinetic cAMP assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID677734Allosteric modulation of human recombinant CB2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]CP55940 binding at 10 uM2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor.
AID1616821Displacement of [3H]CP55,940 from human CB1 receptor2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-14, Volume: 62, Issue:21
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 1-Phenyl-3-Thiophenylurea Derivatives as Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Allosteric Modulators.
AID1273386Negative allosteric modulator activity at CB1R in mouse brain membranes assessed as Emax for CP55,940-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding at 1 uM preincubated for 60 mins prior to [35S]GTPgammaS addition by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis relative 2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1234367Activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in AtT20 cells assessed as increase in rate of repolarization at 0.1 to 10 uM in presence of 1 uM CP55,940 by membrane potential assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1776934Allosteric antagonist activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells overexpressing Galpha16 assessed as inhibition of CP55940-stimulated calcium mobilization preincubated for 15 mins followed by agonist addition and measured every 1 sec f2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID1776935Allosteric antagonist activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membrane assessed as inhibition of CP55940-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding incubated for 60 mins by [35S]GTP-gammaS binding assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 41Rational design of cannabinoid type-1 receptor allosteric modulators: Org27569 and PSNCBAM-1 hybrids.
AID1273389Positive allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO cells assessed as enhanced binding of [3H]CP55,940 after 60 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1724928Positive allosteric modulatory activity at C-terminal GFP-tagged human CB1R expressed in HEK293 cell membrane after 90 mins in presence of [3H]CP55940/[3H]SR141716A by liquid scintillation counting assay2020ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-08, Volume: 11, Issue:10
Impact of Allosteric Modulation in Drug Discovery: Innovation in Emerging Chemical Modalities.
AID1632499Apparent permeability of the compound at 10 uM after 5 hrs by PAMPA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:18
Development of indole sulfonamides as cannabinoid receptor negative allosteric modulators.
AID1273374Negative allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of CP55,940-induced beta-arrestin recruitment preincubated for 30 mins followed by CP55,940 addition measured for 90 mins by PathHunter assay relative to2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1273392Positive allosteric modulator activity at human CB1R expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as enhanced specific binding of [3H]CP55,940 at 500 nM pre-incubated for 60 mins before [3H]CP55,940 addition followed by drug wash-out by liquid scintillatio2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1
Novel Electrophilic and Photoaffinity Covalent Probes for Mapping the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Site(s).
AID1234363Activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation after 15 mins in presence of CP55,940 by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1234356Allosteric agonist activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation at 10 uM by kinetic cAMP assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1234360Activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation in presence of CP55,940 by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1234362Activity at hemagglutinin-tagged human CB1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as effect on forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation after 10 mins in presence of CP55,940 by cAMP BRET assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1234365Activity at human CB1 receptor expressed in AtT20 cells assessed as effect on 1 uM CP55,940-induced peak hyperpolarization up to 10 uM by membrane potential assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 58, Issue:15
Distinct Temporal Fingerprint for Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) Signaling of Indole-2-carboxamides as Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid Receptors.
AID1194244Allosteric modulation of human CB1 receptor expressed in CHO-RD-HGA16 cells assessed as reduction of CP55940 Emax by calcium mobilization assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators.
AID1346701Human CB1 receptor (Cannabinoid receptors)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 55, Issue:11
Indole-2-carboxamides as allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID59464Antisecretory activity after iv administration in histamine-stimulated Heidenhain pouch dogs; Range is 0.3-1.01983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 4,5-unsaturated derivatives of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin E1.
AID176557Diarrheal effect after ig administration in rats1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 4,5-unsaturated derivatives of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin E1.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID59327Antisecretory activity after ig administration in histamine-stimulated gastric fistula dogs; Range is 5.5-10.01983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 4,5-unsaturated derivatives of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin E1.
AID178551Compound was tested for mucosal protective activity against indomethacin-induced intestinal damage in rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID226187Activity ratio ED50 of diarrhea to ED50 of antisecretory in histamine -stimulated gastric fistula dogs1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1
Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of a 3E,5Z diene analogue of misoprostol.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1134747Gastric antisecretory activity in iv dosed Mongrel dog with heidenhain pouch assessed as inhibition of histamine-induced total acid output by titrimetric method1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin E analogues.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID177465Effect determining the diarrheagenic activity in rats1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of alpha chain diene derivatives of misoprostol.
AID178350Compound was tested for diarrheagenic activity in rats after intragastric administration (I.G)1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID235589Ratio of ED50 of diarrheal effect to antisecretory effect1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 4,5-unsaturated derivatives of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandin E1.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID178552Compound was tested for mucosal protective activity in rats using 4 hr EtOH model1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID178351Compound was tested for diarrheagenic activity in rats after intrajejuna administration (I.J)1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID60020Oral gastric antisecretory effect in histamine-stimulated Heidenhain Pouch (HP) dogs1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of alpha chain diene derivatives of misoprostol.
AID60032Relative gastric antisecretory effect in histamine-stimulated Heidenhain Pouch (HP) dogs1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of alpha chain diene derivatives of misoprostol.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID178550Compound was tested for mucosal protective activity against indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID226184Tested for relative antisecretory potency in histamine-stimulated gastric fistula dogs by intragastric administration; value ranges from (0.13-0.48)1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1
Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of a 3E,5Z diene analogue of misoprostol.
AID226384Compound was evaluated for diarrheal activity in rats1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1
Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of a 3E,5Z diene analogue of misoprostol.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1134749Gastric antisecretory activity in Mongrel dog with heidenhain pouch assessed as inhibition of histamine-induced total acid output at 0.1 to 100 ug/kg, iv by titrimetric method relative to PGE11977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 20, Issue:9
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin E analogues.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID226182Tested for gastric antisecretory activity in histamine-stimulated gastric fistula dogs by intragastric administration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1
Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of a 3E,5Z diene analogue of misoprostol.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID232582Ratio of ED50 value of diarrheal effect to that of ED50 value of antisecretory effect1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of alpha chain diene derivatives of misoprostol.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID60725Intravenous gastric antisecretory activity against histamine-stimulated Heidenhain Pouch (HP) dogs at 1 ug/kg1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of alpha chain diene derivatives of misoprostol.
AID178349Compound was tested for diarrheagenic activity in rats after intracolonic administration (I.C)1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21
Catalytic functionalization of polymers: a novel approach to site specific delivery of misoprostol to the stomach.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346427Human EP4 receptor (Prostanoid receptors)2000Biochimica et biophysica acta, Jan-17, Volume: 1483, Issue:2
The utilization of recombinant prostanoid receptors to determine the affinities and selectivities of prostaglandins and related analogs.
AID1346343Human EP3 receptor (Prostanoid receptors)2000Biochimica et biophysica acta, Jan-17, Volume: 1483, Issue:2
The utilization of recombinant prostanoid receptors to determine the affinities and selectivities of prostaglandins and related analogs.
AID1346308Human EP2 receptor (Prostanoid receptors)2000Biochimica et biophysica acta, Jan-17, Volume: 1483, Issue:2
The utilization of recombinant prostanoid receptors to determine the affinities and selectivities of prostaglandins and related analogs.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (4,406)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990206 (4.68)18.7374
1990's911 (20.68)18.2507
2000's1452 (32.96)29.6817
2010's1341 (30.44)24.3611
2020's496 (11.26)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 139.87

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index139.87 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.72 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.11 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index266.52 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (139.87)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Trials1,522 (33.01%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Reviews625 (13.55%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Case Studies235 (5.10%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational49 (1.06%)0.25%
Other17 (100.00%)84.16%
Other2,180 (47.28%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (435)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Elective Induction of Nulliparous Labor: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01076062]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-02-28Recruiting
Efficacy of Transcervical Vasopressin Injection VersusVaginal Misoprostol During Hysteroscopic Myomectomy in Reducing Operative Blood Loss and Operation Time: A Randomized Trial. [NCT03930069]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-02Completed
A Comparison of Oral Misoprostol and Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor [NCT02777190]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient research staff to recruit and complete study)
Second-line Treatment of Post-partum Haemorrhage With Intrarectal Misoprostol: a Multicentre, Double Blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01116050]Phase 3116 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Phase Study Comparing Between Expectant Management and Misoprostol Treatment for Intra-uterine Residua After Pregnancy Termination, Abortion or Delivery [NCT01134926]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Terminated(stopped due to The principal investigator left the organization)
Oral Versus Vaginal Misoprostol as Cervical Ripening Agent Prior to Surgical Termination of First Trimester Missed Abortions in Hawler Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil/Iraq [NCT00797693]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Prospective Randomized Comparison Trial on the Use of Mifepristone With Sublingual or Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortions of Less Than 9 Weeks Gestation [NCT01156688]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind Phase III Study of the Efficacy and Safety of the Misoprostol Vaginal Insert Compared to Cervidil for Women Requiring Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor (The MVP Study). [NCT00308711]Phase 31,308 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Buccal Versus Vaginal Misoprostol In Combination With Foley Bulb for Labor Induction at Term: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03976037]Early Phase 1216 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-04Completed
Effects of Co-administered Sublingual Misoprostol and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid on Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women With Twin Pregnancy Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03774524]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-01Recruiting
Use of Misoprostol in Hysteroscopic Myomectomy, a Randomized Peospective Trial [NCT06049745]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Early Amniotomy Versus Delayed Amniotomy Following Foley Catheter Ripening in Nulliparous Labor Induction [NCT03039036]69 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-12Completed
Misoprostol With Mechanical Dilation Versus Oxytocin With Mechanical Dilation for High-risk Pregnancy Inductions: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT04492072]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-17Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess The Efficacy and Safety of Misoprostol in The Prevention of Recurrence of Clostridium Difficile Infection in Adults [NCT03617172]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-26Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment)
Letrozole and Misoprostol for Termination of Pregnancy up to 63 Days' Gestation: A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Acceptably of a User-friendly Regimen [NCT05207644]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-09Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Co-administered Buccal Misoprostol and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid, Versus Buccal Misoprostol Alone for the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Following an Emergent Cesarean Delivery [NCT03777696]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-01Recruiting
Randomized Comparison of Vaginal Dinoprostone and Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening Before Diagnostic Hysteroscopy in Patients Who Have Undergone Cesarean Section [NCT03675802]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-23Recruiting
Role of Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to IUCD Insertion in Women Who Delivered Only by Elective Caesarean Section. [NCT03939663]Phase 2210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-01Recruiting
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Repetitive Hourly Dose of Oral Misoprostol and Two Hourly Dose Oral Regimens for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction [NCT03927807]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-18Recruiting
Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening Before Copper Intrauterine Device Removal in Women Delivered Only by Elective Cesarean Section [NCT03600064]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-01Completed
An Open Label Study of 400 mcg Sublingual Misoprostol Following Mifepristone 200 mg for Abortion up to 63 Days LMP [NCT01173003]688 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
The Effect of Pre-operative Versus Post-operative Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Elective Cesarean Section. [NCT05928871]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-01Recruiting
Vaginal Misoprostol With Intracervical Foley Catheter Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Alone in Induction of Labor at Term Pregnancy [NCT03682718]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Carbetocin Versus Buccal Misoprostol Plus IV Tranexamic Acid for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage at Cesarean Section: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT03710317]400 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Missed Abortion: A Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT02342002]Phase 4416 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated(stopped due to lack of funding)
The Effect of Carbetocin Versus Oral Tranexamic Acid Plus, Buccal Misoprostol on Blood Loss After Vaginal Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03708497]360 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Completed
Safety, Effectiveness and Acceptability of Misoprostol When Administered by Midwives Versus Physicians for Management of Incomplete Mid Trimester Abortion in Uganda: a Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial. [NCT03622073]1,191 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-14Completed
Vaginal Versus Sublingual Misoprostol Before Intrauterine Device Insertion in Women With Pervious Caesarian Section [NCT05204979]2 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-06-23Recruiting
A Comparison Between Vaginal Misoprostol vs. Buccal Misoprostol For Second Trimester Termination of Pregnancy [NCT02048098]Phase 3130 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Vaginal Misoprostol Before Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Insertion Following Previous Insertion Failure [NCT03790371]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-01Completed
CARBETOCIN VERSUS RECTAL MISOPROSTOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF THIRD STAGE OF LABOR IN WOMEN AT LOW RISK OF POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE [NCT03556852]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-02Completed
The Use of Oxytocin, Carbetocin and Buccal Misoprostol in Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section [NCT02053922]Phase 3270 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
A Randomized Double-blinded Comparison of 24-hour Interval-Mifepristone and Buccal Misoprostol Versus Mifepristone and Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Preparation in Second-Trimester Surgical Abortion [NCT03134183]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-19Completed
Carbetocin in Preventing Postpartum Bleeding in Women With Severe Preeclampsia. [NCT02086994]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A One Year Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Sublingual Misoprostol (400 µg) Versus Intramuscular Oxytocin (10 IU) in the Prevention of Postpartum Bloodloss at KLE Hospital, Belgaum [NCT01373359]Phase 3652 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Vaginal Misoprostol For Pain Relief During Office Hysteroscopy and Endometrial Biopsy; A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03547778]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to get patients interested in the study)
The Effect of Oxytocin Versus, Sublingual Misoprostol in the Secondary Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage After Vaginal Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05077540]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
An Outpatient Medical Abortion Regimen With Mifepristone and Two Doses of Misoprostol at 71-77 and 78-84 Days of Pregnancy [NCT05119439]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-07Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment)
"Single Versus Double Dose Intra-vaginal Prostaglandin E2 Misoprostol Prior Abdominal Myomectomy: A Randomized Controlled Study" [NCT02154932]Phase 469 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Comparison of Vaginal Versus Oral Misoprostol for Nulliparous Women Prior to Operative Hysteroscopy [NCT01156948]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-05-31Recruiting
The Effect of Oral Tranexamic Acid Plus, Sublingual Misoprostol in the Management of Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) After Vaginal Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03870256]135 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-01Completed
Oral Misoprostol Solution in Comparison to Vaginal Misoprostol in Induction of Labor [NCT03863392]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-15Active, not recruiting
A Randomized Control Trial of Combined Vaginal Misoprostol and Perivascular Vasopressin During Robotic Myomectomy [NCT03815344]Phase 436 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-26Recruiting
Assessment of Fever After Misoprostol Administration for the Treatment of Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage [NCT01080846]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Role of Sublingual Misoprostol With or Without Intravenous Tranexamic Acid for Reducing Post-partum Hemorrhage During and After Hemorrhagic Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03774706]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-01Recruiting
Labor Induction With a Combined Method (Pharmacologic and Mechanical): Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03928600]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Completed
Low-dose Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Vaginal Dinoprostone Insert for Induction of Labor Beyond 41st Week: a Randomized Trial [NCT03744364]Phase 4198 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-01Completed
Adjuvant Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) Pretreatment With Misoprostol for Induction of Abortion in First-trimester Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04500002]240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Single and Repeated Dose of Vaginal Misoprostol for the Treatment of Early Pregnancy Failure - a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02515604]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Comparison of Two Protocols of Misoprostol (PGE1) and Their Effect on the Rate of Cesarean Section Due to Failed Induction. A Randomized, Controlled Trial. [NCT03489798]310 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-05Completed
Immune Modulation by Misoprostol [NCT02259309]Early Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Letrozole Pretreatment With Misoprostol for Induction of Abortion In First-Trimester Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03628625]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-10Recruiting
A Prospective Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Use of Letrozole Pretreatment With Misoprostol for Second-Trimester Medical Abortion [NCT02405156]Phase 2/Phase 3400 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
Assessing the Effectiveness of Two Regimens of Misoprostol Alone for Early Pregnancy Termination and Use of a Semi-Quantitative Pregnancy Test for At-Home Follow-Up [NCT02299401]Phase 2/Phase 3401 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Acceptability and Feasibility of a Simplified Medical Abortion Regimen in Georgia: A Study of 400 mcg Buccal Misoprostol Following 200 mg Mifepristone for Abortion up to 63 Days Gestation [NCT02398838]622 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Misoprostol Prior To Cupper Intra Uternine Device Insertion In Nullipara: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03490617]Phase 3179 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
The Effect of Preoperative and Post Operative Misoprostol Administration on Intraoperative Blood Loss and Postpartum Hemorrhage in CS [NCT03680339]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-02Completed
Intrauterine Misoprostol Versus Intravenous Oxytocin Infusion During Cesarean Delivery to Reduce Intraoperative and Postoperative Blood Loss: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT03148574]Phase 3240 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-02Completed
The Use of Laminaria Versus Laminaria Plus Misoprostol Before Operative Hysteroscopy in Nulliparous Women . A Double Blinded Randomized Trial. [NCT03388827]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-20Recruiting
Compare the Different Routes of Administration of Misoprostol During Medicinal Abortion Between 7 and 9 Weeks of Amenorrhoea (SA) [NCT03140384]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-20Withdrawn(stopped due to no regulatory approval)
Intravaginal Isosorbide Mononitrate in Addition to Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Only for Induction of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03523754]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-01Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Pre-operative Vaginal Misoprostol in Reduction of Intraoperative Blood Loss During Myomectomy. Amulticentre Single Blind Randomized Trial. [NCT03509168]Phase 2/Phase 346 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-10Recruiting
Outpatient Medical Abortion With Mifepristone and Misoprostol Through 77 Days of Gestation: A Non-inferiority Trial [NCT02314754]Phase 4719 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
The Comparison of Efficacy for Cervical Ripening in Labor Induction Between Titrated and Conventional Oral Misoprostol [NCT00886860]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Oral Misoprostol for Labor Augmentation: A Dose-Finding Pilot Study [NCT00906126]Phase 146 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Use of Ulipristal Acetate in Induction of Second Trimester Missed Abortion in Women With Previous Caesarian Section: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT04989400]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Completed
Two Community Strategies Comparing Use of Misoprostol for Secondary Prevention to Primary Prevention for Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Randomized Cluster Non-Inferiority Study in El Beheira Governorate, Egypt [NCT02226588]Phase 42,827 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Buccal Misoprostol Versus IV Oxytocin in Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage :a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03676621]Phase 4154 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-01Completed
A Cluster Randomized Trial of Labor Induction With Oral Versus Vaginal Misoprostol [NCT04755218]2,546 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-24Completed
Phase 1 Study of Misoprostol in Reducing Intraoperative Bleeding in Myomectomy Operations [NCT02061657]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Misoprostol for the Management of Bloating and Gaseous Distension in Patients With Cirrhosis: an Open Label Trial [NCT04768010]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to After significant delays study was never initiated. No participants enrolled)
PROMMO Trial: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Managed With Oral Misoprostol Versus Intravenous Oxytocin [NCT04478942]Early Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-26Recruiting
Dry vs Wet Misoprostol for Cervical Dilation in First Trimester Abortion - A Clinical Trial [NCT02522078]Phase 446 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
The Effect of Misoprostol Given Preoperative Versus Postoperative on Blood Loss With Elective Cesarean Section: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03463070]Phase 3140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-03-31Not yet recruiting
Optimisation of the Management of Placental Delivery in Second Trimester Pregnancy Interruption [NCT00120042]251 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Comparison of Vaginal Versus Sublingual Misoprostol in the Treatment of First Trimester Missed Miscarriage [NCT04604366]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-02Completed
Evaluation the Blood Loss in Pregnancies With Misoprostol-induced Labour [NCT01231126]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Rectal Misoprostol on Blood Loss During Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02265562]Phase 3220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Recruiting
Misoprostol for Induction of Labor in Obese Women: Comparison Between 25 and 50 mcg Oral Administration - a Randomized Trial [NCT05857059]228 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-15Recruiting
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Treatment of Fetal Death at 14-28 Weeks of Pregnancy: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Double-blinded Trial [NCT02633761]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-01Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Combined Use of Oxytocin and Misoprostol in the Prevention of Post Partum Haemorrhage [NCT01113229]Phase 41,721 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Terminated(stopped due to reason of halt prematurely: futility of the trial)
Early Versus Delayed Artificial Rupture of Membranes Following Foley Catheter Ripening in Labor Induction: A Randomized Controlled Trial (AROM Trial) [NCT04496908]Early Phase 1160 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-16Completed
Medical Abortion With Multiple vs Single Daily Dose of Misoprostol in First Trimester Miscarriage: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [NCT03487354]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-01Completed
the Effect of Misoprostol on Intra-operative Blood Loss During Myomectomy Operation [NCT03483142]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Intravaginal Administration of Isosorbide Mononitrate Together With Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone in Induction of Labor in Postdate Women [NCT03854383]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-03Recruiting
Labor Induction With Double Balloon Device, Oral Misoprostol and Concomitant Use of Both. Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial- IDOM Trial [NCT03866772]250 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-01Terminated(stopped due to RECRUTIMENT DIFICULTIES)
TRANSCERVICAL FOLEY CATHETER (FOLEY) Versus INTRAVAGINAL MISOPROSTOL FOR CERVICAL RIPENING AND INDUCTION OF LABOR: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. [NCT01140971]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
The Effect of IV Tranexamic Acid Plus Buccal Misoprostol on Blood Loss During and After Cesarean Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03710304]400 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-01Completed
Comparing Effectiveness of Oral Misoprostal for Cervical Priming in Premenopausal Women Underwent to Diagnostic Hysteroscopy: Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT03638856]17 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-30Completed
Randomized Controlled Comparison of Blood Loss in Patients Who Received Oxytocin Infusion, Oxytocin Infusion, and Intrauterine Misoprostol and Carbetocin During Cesarean Delivery [NCT05083910]156 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-01Completed
Preoperative Vaginal Dinoprostone Versus Misoprostone to Decrease Bleeding During Abdominal Myomectomy [NCT05761418]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
Cervical Ripening in Obese Women: a Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Efficacy of 25 mcg Versus 50 mcg of Misoprostol [NCT03748147]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-10Not yet recruiting
Carbetocin Versus Oxytocin Plus Sublingual Misoprostol in the Management of Atonic Post-partum Hemorrhage (PPH) After Vaginal Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03870503]135 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-01Completed
Sublingual Misoprostol 12,5 mcg Versus Vaginal Misoprostol 25 mcg for Induction of Labour of Alive and Term Fetus : Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01406392]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-01Completed
A Pilot Study of the Preoperative Misoprostol in Reducing Operative Blood Loss During Hysterectomy [NCT01199159]77 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Intrauterine Misoprostol Versus Rectal Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Cesarean Section [NCT03723031]Phase 298 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-15Recruiting
Medical Management of Late Intrauterine Death Using a Therapeutic Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Oxytocin. [NCT02488642]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Medical Termination of Pregnancy From Day 85 to Day 153 of Gestation: A Randomized Comparison Between Administration of the Initial Dose of Misoprostol at Home or in the Clinic [NCT03600857]Phase 4457 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-10Completed
Evaluation of Efficacy of Two Therapeutic Strategies for Cervical Maturation Before Medical Termination: Mechanical Plus Medicinal Maturation vs Medicinal Maturation Alone [NCT03194126]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-11Completed
Use of Misoprostol by Families and Women as a First Aid Measure to Address Excessive Postpartum Bleeding in Home Deliveries [NCT02853552]Phase 44,330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Control Trial of Misoprostol Versus Placebo for Cervical Priming in IUD Insertion for Nulliparous Women [NCT01307111]85 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Intrauterine Misoprostol Versus Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Cesarean Delivery in Patients With Placenta Previa: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05340205]Phase 481 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-04Completed
Comparison of Vaginal Misoprostol and Dinoprostone Prior to Copper Intrauterine Device Insertion in Women Delivered Only by Cesarean Delivery:a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04080349]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-10Not yet recruiting
A Comparison of Titrated Oral Misoprostol Solution to Intravenous Oxytocin for Labor Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00695331]Phase 4143 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-02-29Recruiting
Vaginal Dinoprostone Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to Diagnostic Office Hysteroscopy in Postmenopausal Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04044079]Phase 4150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-20Completed
Cervical Preparation Before Same-day Second Trimester Abortion With Buccal Misoprostol Versus Dilapan-S: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT00835731]125 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid When Used as an Adjunct to Misoprostol for the Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage [NCT02805426]Phase 4260 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Comparison of 3 Regimens Using Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Second Trimester Pregnancy Interruption. [NCT00864799]302 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
SUB LINGUAL MISOPROSTOL PRIOR TO IUD INSERTION IN WOMEN WITH ONLY PREVIOUS CESARIAN SECTION: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02141321]Phase 2/Phase 3124 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Misoprostol With And Without Transcervical Balloon Catheter In Second Trimester Termination Of Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03106389]Phase 4108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-01Recruiting
Effect of Adding Vaginal Isosorbide Mononitrate to Misoprostol Prior to Intrauterine Device Insertion in Women Delivered Only by Elective Cesarean Section: a Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03587077]113 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomised Trial for Postoperative Pain After Rectal Misoprostol or Rectal Hyoscine Administration [NCT03359655]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-11Completed
Comparison of Vaginal Misoprostol and Dinoprostone and Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide Prior to Copper Intrauterine Device Insertion in Nulliparous Women : a Randomized Controlled Study [NCT04505943]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Not yet recruiting
A Comparative, Open-label, Parallel Design, Bioavailability Study of Two Misoprostol Formulations (Angusta™ 25 µg Dispersible Tablets vs. Cytotec® 200 µg Tablets) Following Single Oral or Sublingual Administration and Comparison of Safety of the Two Formu [NCT02516631]Phase 172 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
"Evaluating the Safety, Acceptability and Feasibility of an Outpatient Day Procedure Service Documenting the Roles of Health Workers in the Provision of Medical Abortion at 13-18 Weeks Gestation" [NCT03346629]Phase 4230 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Completed
Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Combined Intracervical Foley's Catheter and Oxytocin Infusion for Second Trimester Pregnancy Termination in Women With Previous Caesarean Sections [NCT04501809]158 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-15Recruiting
Sublingual Misoprostol 400 mcg and 800 mcg In Medical Treatment of First Trimester Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05103098]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Misoprostol, Low Dose Vaginal Misoprostol and Vaginal Dinoprostone for Induction of Labour [NCT03489928]Phase 3511 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-04-01Completed
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Sequential Use of Mifepristone and Misoprostol vs Misoprostol Alone in Women With Early Pregnancy Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05124314]Phase 4220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-27Recruiting
Vaginal Estradiol Pretreatment in Labour Induction With Misoprostol [NCT02485821]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Titrated Oral Misoprostol Compared to Vaginal Dinoprostone for Induction of Labor: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT02036437]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-09-30Recruiting
Same-day Cervical Preparation With Misoprostol Before Hysteroscopy: a Randomized Trial of Different Routes of Administration [NCT02474433]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
Use of Oral Misoprostol for Cervical Priming Before Hysteroscopy: a Randomized Comparison of Two Dosages [NCT02159911]84 participants (Actual)Observational2004-06-30Completed
Comparative Study on Effects of Sublingual Misoprostol in Addition to Standard Active Management of Third Stage of Labour in Low Risk Parturients in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja. [NCT02424201]Early Phase 1660 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Pre-operative Intravenous Tranexamic Acid Versus Rectal Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Elective Cesarean Section in Primigravida: A Double-blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT04635007]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-01Completed
Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Insertion in Women With Previous Caesarean Section [NCT02412033]Phase 1140 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Use of Letrozole Pretreatment With Misoprostol for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02401425]Phase 2/Phase 3423 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
[NCT02168881]342 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-05-31Recruiting
MISOPROSTOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF SUSPECTED POSTPARTUM RETAINED PRODUCTS OF CONCEPTION - A RANDOMIZED TRIAL [NCT06009679]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-02Recruiting
Misoprostol for the Healing of Small Bowel Ulceration in Patients With Obscure Blood Loss While Taking Low-dose Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs [MASTERS Trial] [NCT02202967]Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-07Completed
Buccal Misoprostol Prior to Abdominal Myomectomy for Reduction of Intraoperative Blood Loss: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT02209545]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Terminated(stopped due to The study was prematurely closed due to low enrollment rates.)
Misoprostol Plus Isosorbide Mononitrate Versus Misoprostol For Termination Of Anembryonic Pregnancy [NCT02573051]Phase 2108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Recruiting
Cervical Priming With Misoprostol Prior to Operative Hysteroscopy [NCT01024270]Phase 3141 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Prospective, Comparative Study of Clinical Outcomes Following Clinic-based Versus Self-use of Medication Abortion Using a Misoprostol-only Regimen [NCT04242212]4,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-05-19Recruiting
Mifepristone (RU 486) and Misoprostol for Second Trimester Termination of Pregnancy. A Comparison of Two Different Dose Regimens. [NCT00945997]176 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-10-31Completed
Single Dose Versus Two Doses of Sublingual Misoprostol in Decreasing Blood Loss Prior to Abdominal Myomectomy: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial [NCT02709564]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Effect of Vaginal Misoprostol Synchronously With Supracervical Balloon Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Alone for Induction of Labor [NCT02762942]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-31Recruiting
Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening Prior to Endometrial Biopsy [NCT00953641]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Principle Investigator retired, Resident moved away)
Comparison of Maternal Outcome Between Patients Undergoing Induction of Labor With Oral Misoprostol Alone and Oral Misoprostol and Foley's Catheter Both at a Tertiary Care Hospital [NCT02758340]Phase 3335 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
Comparison Between Vaginal and Sublingual Misoprostol 50 µg for Cervical Ripening Prior to Induction of Labor: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02732522]Phase 4102 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
Rectal Misoprostol Versus Sublingual Misoprostol in Decreasing Blood Loss Prior to Abdominal Myomectomy: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial [NCT02716142]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-01Completed
Misoprostol for the Treatment of Incomplete Abortion: Comparison of Treatment Options [NCT00670761]720 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Oral Misoprostol for Labor Augmentation [NCT00906347]Phase 4350 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Completed
Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Bilateral Uterine Artery Ligation in Decreasing Blood Loss in Trans-abdominal Myomectomy , a Randomized Control Trail [NCT02643186]Phase 462 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
Mifepristone Versus Osmotic Dilators in Conjunction With Misoprostol for Cervical Preparation Prior to D&E at 14-19 Weeks [NCT02679092]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding changes.)
Comparing Two Regimens for Medical Abortion: Mifepristone+Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone [NCT00680394]440 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Misoprostol for Treatment of Incomplete Abortion [NCT00674232]311 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Misoprostol Versus Effox (Individually or in Combination) as Cervical Ripening Agent Prior to 1st Trimesteric Surgical Evacuation [NCT02738177]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Recruiting
Sublingual Misoprostol and Routine Third Stage Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial. [NCT04044287]Phase 31,496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-01Recruiting
Expectant Management Versus Medical Management of Retained Products of Conception After Induced Abortion [NCT04685694]Phase 4141 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-01Completed
Prostaglandins Versus Trans-Cervical Balloon for Induction of Labor in Fetal Growth Restriction: a Multicenter Open-label Randomized Trial [NCT05674487]774 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-03-01Not yet recruiting
Buccal Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening Prior to Surgical Termination of the First Trimester Missed Abortion in Erbil [NCT00892229]Phase 2100 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
Vaginally Administered Versus Per Oral Misoprostol in Induction of Labour: a Randomized Trial [NCT02539199]Phase 4270 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Induction With Misoprostol: Oral Mucosa Versus Vaginal Epithelium [NCT02408315]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage With Misoprostol: Who do we Treat? Who Will Develop Fever? [NCT02163616]Phase 3635 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
6-Month, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Controlled, Multi-center Study of Gastric Ulcer Incidence With PN400 (Esomeprazole/Naproxen) Versus Diclofenac/Misoprostol in Subjects at High Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers [NCT00594854]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Terminated(stopped due to POZEN agreed with FDA to stop study due to low and inadequate enrollment)
Rectal Misoprostol in Women Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy for Intraoperative Blood Loss Reduction [NCT05862428]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-02-18Completed
Comparison Between 200 μg and 800 μg of Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening Prior to Operative Hysteroscopy: Randomized and Quadruple Blind Clinical Trial. [NCT04152317]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-07Completed
Comparison of Oral Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Labour Induction at Term [NCT05957666]Phase 2/Phase 3176 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-16Recruiting
Prophylactic Analgesic and Antiemetic Regimen for Medical Abortion < 70 Days [NCT05819619]Early Phase 1168 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-20Recruiting
Carbetocin Versus Oxytocin Plus Misoprostol in Decreasing Intraoperative Blood Loss in Women Undergoing Planned Cesarean Section [NCT05664659]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-12-20Completed
Misoprostol Dosing in BMI Greater Than 30: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05262738]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-01Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Mid-trimester Termination of Pregnancy (14 - 21 Weeks LMP): A Randomized-controlled Double-blinded Trial [NCT00784186]120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Randomized Prospective Double Blind Study of Misoprostol Administration in Asymptomatic Patients With Pregnancies of Unknown Location [NCT02581761]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Vaginal Misoprostol and Dinoprostone Prior to Copper Intrauterine Device Insertion in Nulliparous Women:a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04080336]Phase 4129 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-10Completed
Comparative Study Between Vaginal Dinoprostone and Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to IUD Insertion in Multiparous Women [NCT04301349]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-15Not yet recruiting
[NCT02685085]Phase 2300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
Which is the Optimal Treatment for Miscarriage With a Gestational ac in the Uterus and Which Factors Can Predict if the Treatment Will be Successful? [NCT01033903]190 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-01Completed
[NCT02574338]135 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Comparison Between Adjunctive Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Adjunctive Placebo in the Reduction of Intraoperative Blood Loss During Caesarean Section [NCT05532215]152 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-14Recruiting
Pilot Study of an Ambulatory Medical Abortion Service at 13-18 Weeks of Gestation in Colombia [NCT04063904]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-16Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties with recruitment, COVID 19 pandemic)
Effect of Prophylactic Misoprostol Prior to Intrauterine Device Insertion [NCT00613366]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Randomized Control Trial of Misoprostol vs. Placebo Prior to IUD Insertion in Nulliparous Women [NCT00886834]108 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Adjuvant Use of Misoprostol and Oxytocin vs. Carbetocin for the Prevention of Post-partum Hemorrhage in Elective Cesarian Section [NCT02786992]Phase 2/Phase 3600 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Sublingual and Buccal Misoprostol Regimens After Mifepristone for Termination of Pregnancy 13 - 21 Weeks From Last Menstrual Period (LMP) [NCT02708446]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-05-31Recruiting
Umbilical Vein Injection of 800µg Misoprostol Versus 400 µg Misoprostol in the Treatment of Retained Placenta: A Multicenter, Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial [NCT02704780]Phase 2509 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Comparative Study of Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Oxytocin in Reducing Bleeding at Cesarean Section [NCT02562300]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Sublingual Versus Vaginal Misoprostol In Medical Treatment of First Trimestric Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02686840]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Mid-trimester Termination of Pregnancy (14-21 Weeks LMP): A Randomized-controlled Double-blinded Trial [NCT00957346]Phase 320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated
A Randomized,Double-blind,Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor [NCT01428037]Phase 3225 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Effects of Preoperative Sublingual Misoprostol on Uterine Tone During Isoflurane Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section [NCT01466530]Phase 2366 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
BMI-Associated Labor Induction: A Prospective Trial [NCT04035382]82 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-31Recruiting
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Mid-trimester Termination of Pregnancy (14 - 21 Weeks LMP): A Randomized-controlled Double-blinded Trial [NCT00969982]238 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Abortive Measures From the Administration of Mifegyne and Cytotec at One and Two Visits [NCT00920465]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Recruiting
The Extended Gestational Age Medical Abortion Study: The Effectiveness of Medical Abortion With Mifepristone and Misoprostol at 57-63 Days Versus 64-70 Days Gestation [NCT00997347]Phase 41,400 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase II Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the100 Mcg Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI 100) in Women Requiring Cervical Ripening and Induction of Labor [NCT00528255]Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to PK portion will be included in a future protocol)
Misoprostol for Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis- a Randomized Control Trial [NCT05804305]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-07-01Completed
Letrozole Pretreatment With Misoprostol for Induction of Abortion In First-Trimester Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04217265]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-05Not yet recruiting
The Effectiveness, Safety, and Acceptability of Home-administered Medical Abortion at Gestational Age of 8 to ≤9 Weeks Versus >9 to ≤12 Weeks: A Prospective Cohort Study in Mexico City [NCT02745093]Phase 4648 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-30Not yet recruiting
Misoprostol for Treatment of Fetal Death at 14-28 Weeks of Pregnancy, Inclusive, Not Accompanied by Complete Expulsion of the Contents of the Uterus [NCT00671060]Phase 3153 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Oral Misoprostol Titrated Solution Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Induction of Labour: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00992524]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A Pilot Study of the Acceptability and Feasibility of an Out-patient Regimen of Medical Abortion With Mifepristone and 400 mcg Sublingual Misoprostol at 71-77 and 78-84 Days Gestation [NCT02720991]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
[NCT00386867]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Carbetocin Versus Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women at High Risk Following C.S. [NCT02277067]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Recruiting
Vaginal Misodel® in Comparison With Orally Administrated Misoprostol (Cytotec®) at Induction of Labour [NCT02918110]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-30Recruiting
A Randomized Control Trial of Misoprostol vs. Placebo for Cervical Preparation in IUD Insertion for Nulliparous Women [NCT01001897]61 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Assessing Acceptability and Use of Medical Menstrual Regulation in the United States [NCT03972358]Phase 2284 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-12Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Titrated Oral Misoprostol Solution for Labor Induction at Term [NCT01070472]250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Treatment of Early Pregnancy Failure [NCT00468299]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated(stopped due to poor enrollment)
A Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Preventive Effectiveness of NSAID-Associated Gastroduodenal Injury (Multi-center, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Stratified Randomized, Parallel Group) [NCT01912066]Phase 4520 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
[NCT01931410]Phase 4618 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Sublingual Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Dilatation 1 or 3 Hours Prior to Surgical Abortion [NCT01933360]Phase 2184 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Introduction of 400mcg Sublingual Misoprostol as First Line Treatment in 11 Health Posts in Three Districts in Senegal [NCT01939457]641 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Prostaglandins Use Before Mirena IUD Insertion in Prev CS Women During Lactational Amenorrhea [NCT04646161]400 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2020-11-25Recruiting
Assessing the Acceptability of Using Misoprostol Alone for Menstrual Regulation [NCT04940013]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-25Recruiting
Comparing Preoperative Vaginal Misoprostol, Intraoperative Oxytocin Infusion, Intravenous Carbetocin and Pericervical Hemostatic Tourniquet in Reducing Blood Loss During Abdominal Myomectomy, a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04595812]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Not yet recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Misoprostol for Healing of Small Bowel Ulcers in Aspirin Users With Small Bowel Bleeding (MISO-SB Study) [NCT01998776]Phase 2/Phase 382 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Standard Surgical Care for the Treatment of Incomplete Abortion [NCT00466999]1,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Foley OR MisO for the Management of Induction (FOR MOMI) Trial [NCT01916681]491 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Comparison Between Sublingual Misoprostol vs. Sublingual Misoprostol and Laminaria For Second Trimester Termination of Pregnancy [NCT02013960]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized Control Trial of Misoprostol Versus Placebo for Cervical Priming in Intrauterine Device Insertion for Nulliparous Women [NCT01147497]78 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Acceptability and Feasibility of a Simplified Medical Abortion Regimen in Kazakhstan: A Study of 600 µg Sublingual Misoprostol Following 200 mg Mifepristone for Abortion up to 70 Days Gestation [NCT02018796]290 participants (Actual)Observational2013-10-31Completed
Carbetocin Versus Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss During Cesarean Section in Low Risk Patients. A Retrospective Comparative Study [NCT04313218]300 participants (Actual)Observational2018-01-01Completed
Pain and Functional Outcomes With Misoprostol Treatment for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [NCT04611464]23 participants (Actual)Observational2019-07-11Completed
Study at Zagazig General Hospital [NCT04593108]320 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-01-15Active, not recruiting
Does Self-Administered Vaginal Misoprostol Result in Cervical Ripening in Postmenopausal Women After 14 Days Pre-Treatment With Estradiol? [NCT00572819]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Sublingual Versus Intrauterine MISOPROSTOL in Addition to Oxytocin Infusion for Prevention of Post-cesarean Hemorrhage in High Risk Pregnant Women: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT04560218]Phase 3135 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-30Completed
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Due to Emergency Contraception Failure: A Randomized Trial Comparing Mifepristone Combined Misoprostol and Misoprostol Alone. [NCT00677755]394 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Misoprostol Effect on Second Trimester Abortion Blood Loss [NCT06078501]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-15Not yet recruiting
Letrozole Plus Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone in Induction of Abortion of Anembryonic Pregnancy: [NCT05198050]96 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-03Completed
In Vitro Myometrial Contractions in Laboring and Non-laboring Women: Oxytocin is Superior to Other Uterotonic Agents [NCT01689311]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
A Pilot Study of Mifepristone Followed by Misoprostol in Women Undergoing Second Trimester Abortion [NCT00592215]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Withdrawn
Non-surgical Alternatives to Treatment of Failed Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Double-blind Trial [NCT02704481]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-01Terminated(stopped due to Funding mechanism compromised)
Oxytocin Versus Oral Misoprostol for Induction of Labor in Pregnant Women With Term Prelabor Rupture of Membranes [NCT05215873]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Sublingual Misoprostol in Addition to Routine Uterotonics to Reduce Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage in Low Risk Women After Vaginal Delivery [NCT05079061]Phase 41,300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-30Not yet recruiting
Letrozole Pretreatment With Misoprostol for Induction of Abortion In First-Trimester Missed Miscarriage Among Women With One or More Previous Cesarean Deliveries.: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04215835]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-05Not yet recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety of Preoperative Intravenous Tranexamic Acid Versus Sublingual Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Elective Cesarean Section Among High Risk Pregnant Cases. [NCT04117243]Phase 2345 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-20Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device Insertion [NCT04273984]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-01Completed
A Randomized Trial to Determine the Best Strategy for the Control of Blood Loss at Elective Caesarean Section [NCT01412073]Phase 3600 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol for the Treatment of Early Pregnancy Failure: a Pilot Clinical Trial [NCT00177372]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
RCT of Misoprostol for Postpartum Hemorrhage in India [NCT00097123]1,600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
A Randomized Study of Sublingual and Buccal Misoprostol Administration Following Mifepristone 200 mg for Abortion up to 63 Days Gestation [NCT00870272]550 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Effect of Maternal Obesity on Labour Induction in Postdate Pregnancy [NCT02788305]288 participants (Actual)Observational2016-05-01Completed
Sublingual Misoprostol for the Treatment of Incomplete Abortion: Operations Research [NCT02707653]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Effect of Maternal Age and BMI on Induction of Labor Using Oral Misoprostol in Late-term Pregnancies: a Retrospective Cross-sectional Study [NCT06184139]104 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
Oral Misoprostol Before Endometrial Biopsy [NCT00200226]Phase 372 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
[NCT00206193]0 participants ObservationalRecruiting
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-dummy, Double Blind, Misoprostol-comparative Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Mucosta® Tablet in the Prevention of NSAID-induced Gastrointestinal Complications [NCT00576706]Phase 3396 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
The Acceptability of an Out-patient Regimen of Medical Abortion With Mifepristone and 800 Mcg Misoprostol Administered Buccally or Sublingually at 78-84 Days Gestation: Two Pilot Studies [NCT01856985]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Misoprostol Versus Oxytocin for Prevention of Post Partum Hemorrhage [NCT01863706]Phase 1400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Combating Maternal Mortality in Uganda: An Assessment of the Role of Misoprostol in Prevention of Post-Partum Hemorrhage [NCT01866241]Phase 31,140 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
The Obstetric Cook Double Balloon Catheter in Combination With Oral Misoprostol for Induction of Labor: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01866488]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Recruiting
[NCT00529295]Phase 3220 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Completed
Two Community Strategies Comparing Use of Misoprostol for Secondary Prevention to Primary Prevention for Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Randomized Cluster Non-Inferiority Study in Bijapur District, Karnataka, India [NCT01462422]3,032 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Hourly Titrated Misoprostol Versus Vaginal Dinoprostone and Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02902653]Phase 4372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-09-30Recruiting
Misoprostol Before Elective Caesarean Section for Decreasing the Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03031353]170 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Dilapan vs Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening [COMRED - Comparison of Misoprostol Ripening Efficacy With Dilapan] [NCT03670836]Phase 4308 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-15Completed
[NCT01510574]749 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Misoprostol for the Medical Management of Non-Viable First Trimester Pregnancies [NCT00426491]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-03-31Completed
A Randomised Comparison Between Intravaginal Dinoprostone Intravaginal Misoprostol and Transcervical Balloon Catheter for Labour Induction [NCT00602095]Phase 3592 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Pilot Study of Priming Before Induction Termination of Pregnancy [NCT00495560]25 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Sequential Versus Concurrent Use of Vaginal Misoprostol Plus Foley Catheter for Induction of Labor [NCT02952807]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Undesired Pregnancy of Unknown Location: A Randomized Pilot Study of Misoprostol Dosing [NCT05839899]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-30Recruiting
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECTS BETWEEN LETROZOLE PLUS MISOPROSTOL AND MIFEPRISTONE PLUS MISOPROSTOL IN TERMINATING NON-VIABLE FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCIES [NCT05304273]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-05Recruiting
Carbetocin Versus Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Cases With Placenta Previa After C.S. [NCT02277041]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-31Recruiting
Orally Administered Misoprostol Solution (Cytotec®) Versus Orally Administered Misoprostol as a Tablet (Angusta®) for Induction of Labor in Women With Mixed Parity and an Unfavorable Cervix, a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05424445]Phase 3884 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-21Completed
[NCT02908295]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-01Completed
A Comparative Study Between Preoperative and Postoperative Rectal Misoprostol in the Reduction of Blood Loss During and After Elective Cesarean Section : A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06049160]128 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Recruiting
Rectal Misoprostol as a Hemostatic Agent During Abdominal Myomectomy [NCT03064568]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-14Recruiting
Comparison of Intravaginal Misoprostol and Dinoprostol for the Purpose of Cervical Ripening Before Diagnostic Hysteroscopy in the Women at the Reproductive Age:RANDOMİSED,CONTROLLED PROSPECTİVE TRİAL [NCT01620814]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Recruiting
Comparison Between 2 Different Doses of Vaginal Misoprostol Before Intrauterine Device Insertion in Parous Women [NCT02901561]Phase 2/Phase 3212 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Enhancing All Community Health Workers on Maternal and Newborn Health: Rorya Tanzania [NCT03024905]17,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-16Completed
Different Methods of Termination of Second Trimester Abortion: Comparative Clinical Study [NCT03400683]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-31Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study on the Combined Use of Letrozole, Miferpristone and Misoprostol in Termination of First Trimester Pregnancy up to 63 Days Gestation [NCT01475318]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-10-31Recruiting
Phase 2-3 Study of Comparative of Effects of Sublingual Misoprostol and Infusion Oxytocin in Reduction of Blood Loss at Cesarean Deliveries [NCT01477840]Phase 2/Phase 3180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-08-31Not yet recruiting
Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) Using Misoprostol in Home Births [NCT01485562]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage: Examining Two Strategies for PPH Prevention in Communities: Misoprostol and Oxytocin in UnijectTM in Mali [NCT01487278]0 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn
A Randomized Controlled Community Study of the Effectiveness of Misoprostol for PPH Treatment at the Community Level (Home Births Attended by Primary Care Unit Staff) in Etay El Barood and Kafr El Dawar Districts (El Beheira Governorate), Egypt [NCT01619072]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Evacuatio Uteri or Conservtive Treatment After Late Abortion. A Randomize Trial. [NCT00256009]Phase 4200 participants InterventionalNot yet recruiting
Oral Misoprostol as a Second-line Alternative to Intravenous Oxytocin in Preventing Postoperative Blood Loss After Non-scheduled Cesarean Section: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT00107874]Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-01-31Completed
Comparative Study Between Oral and Vaginal Misoprostol for Induction of Labor in Nulliparous Pregnant Women at or Beyond Completed 41 Weeks [NCT05696574]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-20Not yet recruiting
A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial of Misoprostol in the Management of the Third Stage of Labor in the Home Delivery Setting in Rural Pakistan [NCT00120237]1,600 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
A Randomized Study of Cervical Priming With Misoprostol Prior to Elective First Trimester Pregnancy Termination: Effects on Pain, Ease of Procedure and Complications [NCT00310921]Phase 2200 participants Interventional2001-05-31Completed
Controlled-Release Misoprostol Vaginal Insert in Parous Women for Labor Induction: Randomized Trial [NCT00346840]Phase 2124 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Mifepristone Versus Misoprostol for Cervical Preparation Prior to Surgical Abortion Between 11 to 15 Weeks [NCT01636063]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Poor subject enrollment)
Cervical Ripening in Premature Rupture of Membranes [NCT02314728]230 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-01Completed
Misoprostol in the Treatment of Post Partum Hemorrhage: A Placebo Randomised Controlled Trial in 4 Karachi Hospitals [NCT00116480]61 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
[NCT00482209]1,220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Comparison of Intrauterine Misoprostol Plus Intravenous Oxytocin Versus Intravenous Oxytocin Alone for Prevention of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage in Population of Bhara Kahu. [NCT04724187]Phase 2180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-03Recruiting
[NCT00140114]Phase 3170 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Early Versus Late Amniotomy on Labour Induction in Nulliparous Women [NCT04514770]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-03Completed
Dilapan Versus Prostaglandin E1 in Induction of Midtrimester Abortion [NCT05147857]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-01Recruiting
A Single Dose of Oral Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Induction of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00148473]Phase 2/Phase 3180 participants Interventional2000-03-31Completed
A Phase II, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of the Misoprostol Vaginal Priming Insert for Women Requiring Cervical Priming Prior to a Hysteroscopy [NCT00925938]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Rectal Misoprostol and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Intraoperative Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Myomectomy [NCT06114758]75 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2023-09-01Active, not recruiting
Induction of Labour at Term With Low Dose Oral Misoprostol Versus a Foley Catheter: a Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT06056141]Phase 4782 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Active, not recruiting
Safety of Tranexamic Acid Versus Misoprostol in Reducing Blood Loss in Myomectomy. [NCT04694677]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-10Not yet recruiting
Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Standard Surgical Care for the Treatment of Incomplete Abortion [NCT01539408]Phase 190 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Comparison of Twq Different Regimen of Vaginal Misoprostol for Nid Trimester MTP [NCT00401440]Phase 4185 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Misoprostol for the Treatment of Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage [NCT00116350]1,786 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
The Efficacy of Transcervical Foley Balloon Plus Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Alone For Cervical Ripening In Nulliparous Obese Women: A Randomized, Comparative Effectiveness Trial [NCT02639429]Phase 4236 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Multicenter Study to Investigate the Bleeding Profile and the Insertion Easiness in Women Inserted With a Second Consecutive MIRENA for Contraception or Menorrhagia [NCT00393198]Phase 4204 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
A Randomized Trial of Two Regimens of Misoprostol for Second Trimester Intrauterine Fetal Death [NCT00141895]Phase 373 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty recruiting)
A Randomized, Control Trial for Preinduction Cervical Ripening [NCT00393731]Phase 2540 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Comparing Methotrexate Followed by Misoprostol to Misoprostol Alone for Early Abortion [NCT00129506]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
Simultaneous Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Induction of Labor of Nonviable Second Trimester Pregnancy: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05322252]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Recruiting
Misoprostol for Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage [NCT00124540]1,200 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Comparison Expectant With Immediate Medical Management for the Evacuation of the no Evolutionary Pregnancies Before 13 GW [NCT00190294]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
The Role of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Immediate Versus Delayed Induction in Term-PROM - a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02985086]568 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-07-31Recruiting
Phase 1 Study of Titrated Oral Misoprostol [NCT01271257]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Comparing Buccal and Vaginal Misoprostol in Management of Early Pregnancy Loss: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02141555]Phase 2/Phase 34 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Cervical Foley Plus Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction: A Randomized Trial [NCT01279343]123 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
An Alongside Qualitative Study Exploring Patients' and Health Care Professionals' Expectations and Experiences of Labour Induction With Misoprostol and Oxytocin for Hypertension in Pregnancy in India [NCT04037683]136 participants (Actual)Observational2019-10-18Completed
Dilapan-S With Adjunctive Misoprostol for Same-day Second Trimester Dilation and Evacuation: A Randomized Trial [NCT01818414]29 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Concerns for safety)
Effect of Adjunctive Misoprostol on Blood Loss at Vaginal Delivery [NCT02411916]143 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-30Completed
Prevention of Recurrent Ulcer Bleeding in Patients With Idiopathic Gastroduodenal Ulcer: a Double-blind Randomised Trial on Misoprostol Combined With Lansoprazole Versus Lansoprazole Alone (NRT_MISO Study) [NCT03675672]Phase 4154 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-21Recruiting
Misoprotol as a Treatment for Endometrial Polyps in Infertile Patients [NCT04270994]Phase 2/Phase 354 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized Comparison of Mifepristone and Misoprostol Administered Simultaneously Versus 24 Hours Apart for Abortion Through 63 Days [NCT00269568]Phase 41,128 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Balloon to Induce Labor in Generous Women [NCT03435458]Phase 3429 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-26Terminated(stopped due to interim analyses)
Misoprostol Dose and Timing Before Surgical Abortion at 13 to 16 Weeks' Gestation: a Randomized Trial [NCT02279914]118 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
The Randomised-Controlled Trial Of Misoprostol And Dinoprostone Vaginal Pessaries for Cervical Priming (TROMAD Study) [NCT00299754]Phase 3171 participants Interventional2003-01-31Completed
A Randomized Study of Sublingual Versus Oral Misoprostol Administration Following Mifepristone 200 mg for Abortion up to 63 Days Gestation [NCT00286208]1,443 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Randomized Trial Comparing Misoprostol and Foley Bulb for Pregnancy Termination in the Second Trimester [NCT00324519]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Randomized Trial Comparing Misoprostol and Foley Bulb for Labor Induction in the Preterm Gestation [NCT00325026]Phase 2130 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Oral Mifepristone and Buccal Misoprostol Administered Simultaneously for Abortion Through 63 Days Gestation [NCT00330993]Phase 2120 participants Interventional2006-03-31Completed
The Role of Cervical Consistency Index and Uterocervical Angles in Predicting Second Trimester Medical Termination [NCT06164067]136 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-02-15Completed
Foley Catheter Plus Vaginal Isosorbide Mononitrate Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Induction of Labour:a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01506388]Phase 3400 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
A Comparative Study of Vaginal Misoprostol Two Dosing Regimen for First Trimester Pregnancy Termination in Patients Admitted at Bandarabbas in Shariati Hospital in 2009 [NCT01508143]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Misoprostol for the Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) Following Self- Administration of Misoprostol Prophylaxis in Home Deliveries. [NCT01508429]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Intrauterine Misoprostol With Active Management of Labour Versus Active Management of Labour for Prevebtion of Postpartum Hemorage in Cesarean Section ,Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03390010]Phase 1300 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-28Completed
Obesity Study to Assess Induction of Labor With Balloon and Cytotec: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT03796416]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-01Withdrawn(stopped due to in error)
A Trial Comparing The Use Of Rectal Plus Perivascular Vasopressin With Perivascular Vasopressin Alone To Decrease Bleeding At The Time Of Myomectomy [NCT01700478]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage: Examining Two Strategies for PPH Prevention in Communities: Misoprostol and Oxytocin in Uniject® [NCT01710566]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Withdrawn
Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage: Examining Two Strategies for PPH Prevention in Communities: Misoprostol and Oxytocin Uniject in Senegal [NCT01713153]1,365 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Comparison of Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Lidocaine Spray for Pain Relief in Office Hysteroscopy: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT01718314]138 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Misoprostol Treatment of Incomplete Abortion by Midwives and Physicians. A Randomized Control Trial in Uganda [NCT01743508]731 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Assessment of Use of Misoprostol to Facilitate the Insertion of Intrauterine Contraceptives After Failure of Insertion. A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial [NCT01754649]Phase 4102 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Cervical Ripening Before Endometrial Biopsy in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) Using Sublingual Misoprostol 200 Mcg: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01762319]52 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-11-30Recruiting
Misoprostol Versus Uterine Striating by Bladder Filling for Pain Relief During Office Hysteroscopy. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02328495]Phase 276 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Comparison Between 25 µg Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Slow Release Pessary Prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) : Could we Use Low Dose Vaginal Misoprostol as a First Line Treatment for Induction of Labor ? [NCT01765881]Phase 21,700 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Medical Abortion With Mifepristone + Misoprostol (13 - 22 Weeks): A Double-blind Randomized-controlled Trial [NCT01768299]Phase 4504 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Induction of Labour in Pre-eclamptic Women: a Randomised Trial Comparing the Foley Balloon Catheter With Oral Misoprostol [NCT01801410]Phase 3602 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
A Randomized Comparison of Oral, Sublingual and Vaginal Misoprostol Administration in Premenopausal Women Before Operative Hysteroscopy [NCT01805115]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Randomized Comparison of Vaginal Misoprostol and Intravenous Oxytocin for Labor Induction in Multiparous Women [NCT01634854]130 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Intra-umbilical Injection of Misoprostol Versus Normal Saline in the Management of Retained Placenta: Intrapartum Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01840813]Phase 146 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Task Sharing to Improve Post Abortion Care at District Health Care Level- Trial in Uganda [NCT01844024]Phase 41,010 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Acceptability and Feasibility of a Simplified Medical Abortion Service Delivery in Western Ukraine: A Demonstration Study of 800 mcg Buccal Misoprostol Following 200 mg Mifepristone for Abortion up to 70 Days Gestation [NCT02981030]Phase 4102 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-23Completed
Foley Bulb With Oral Misoprostol Versus Oral Misoprostol for Induction of Labor: A Cluster Randomized Trial [NCT03407625]2,227 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Effect of Rectal Misoprostol in Reducing Intra-operative Blood Loss During Myomectomy A Randomized Control Trial [NCT05108597]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-04Completed
Comparing the Effectiveness of Misoprostol, Oxytocin, Carbetocin, Vasopressin, Bupivacaine and Epinephrine, Combined IV TXA Acid and Ethamsylate and Peri Cervical Tourniquet for the Reduction of Blood Loss During of Abdominal Myomectomy. [NCT05806307]Phase 4105 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-15Recruiting
Comparative Effectiveness of Pregnancy Failure Management Regimens [NCT02012491]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Effect of a Labor Induction Protocol on Vaginal Delivery Rate [NCT04004845]66 participants (Actual)Observational2021-03-30Terminated(stopped due to Study was temporarily paused due to COVID19 and ultimately terminated at the discretion of the PI)
POM PROM: Pitocin or Oral Misoprostol for PROM IOL in Nulliparous Women With Unfavorable Cervical Exams [NCT04028765]Phase 4108 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-12Completed
Optimal Timing of Misoprostol Administration Prior to Office Hysteroscopy; a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02316301]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
TheEffect of pH on Misoprostol in Induction of Labor in Full Term Pregnancies [NCT03829592]180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-02-06Recruiting
Efficacy of Misoprostol in Prevention of Neonatal Respiratory Morbidity in Parturient at Early Term Elective Caesarian Section [NCT04780412]Phase 3210 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Active, not recruiting
Labor Induction With Misoprostol Versus Oxytocin in Women With Premature Rupture of Membranes [NCT04143685]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-01Recruiting
Randomized Controlled Study: Comparison of Laminaria and Misoprostol for Cervical Preparation Before Second Trimester Surgical Abortion [NCT01678703]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Effect of Misoprostol in Reducing Post Partum Hemorrhage After Labor Induction by Oxytocin: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02983591]300 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Compared With Misoprostol Alone for Second Trimester Abortion [NCT03044093]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Value of Mifepristone in Eliminating the Need for a Second Set of Osmotic Dilators Prior to Dilation and Evacuation Between 19-24 Weeks: A Randomized Trial [NCT01615731]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Carbetocin Versus Combined Oxytocin and Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Women With Severe Preeclampsia [NCT04756661]124 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-01Completed
Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Vaginal Misoprostol Versus Lidocaine-prilocaine Cream in Reducing Pain During Levonorgestrel IUD Insertion in Women Delivered Only by Cesarean Deliveries [NCT04339348]Phase 3210 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Induction of Labor for Primigravida at 41 or More Weeks of Pregnancy: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04887493]500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Not yet recruiting
Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid Versus Vaginal Misoprostol in Reducing Intraoperative Blood Loss During Abdominal Myomectomy [NCT04358965]Phase 4162 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-10Not yet recruiting
Misoprostol Prior to Intrauterine Device Insertion in Non-menstruating Women [NCT04932382]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-01Completed
[NCT01571323]Phase 1/Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Cervical Priming Before Dilation & Evacuation: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01597726]159 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Ulipristal Acetate for Use in Early Pregnancy Loss: A Phase 2 Pilot Feasibility Study [NCT05216952]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-11Completed
The Optimum Dose of Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to Office Hysteroscopy: Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01612065]Phase 3132 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Repeated Doses of Misoprostol for Treatment of Missed Abortion [NCT01615224]Phase 2/Phase 323 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Terminated(stopped due to No funding)
Cervical Preparation of Abortions Under Paracervical Block in the First Trimester: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03043014]110 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Completed
Is More Than One Dose of Misoprostol Needed to Expedite Vaginal Delivery in a Patient With an Unripe Cervix? [NCT02680314]Phase 2243 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Different Analgesics Prior to IUD Insertion: Is There Any Evidence? [NCT02522130]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
[NCT00432588]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants InterventionalNot yet recruiting
IUD Insertion in Nulliparous Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Misoprostol for Cervical Priming [NCT01422226]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit participants)
Effect of Preoperative Buccal Misoprostol on Blood Loss in Second-trimester [NCT01436266]Phase 33 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow enrollment)
Prospective Non Interventional Phase IV Multi-centre Canadian Study on the Effectiveness and Safety of Combination Mifepristone/Misoprostol for Medical Abortion Under 63 Days Gestation [NCT04905251]3,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-02-22Recruiting
Acceptability and Feasibility of Medical Abortion in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Armenia and Azerbaijan: A Study of Buccal Misoprostol Administration Following Mifepristone 200 mg for Abortion up to 63 Days' Gestation [NCT00386282]1,250 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Self-Administered Vaginal Misoprostol at Home for Cervical Ripening Prior to Outpatient Hysteroscopy: a Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial. [NCT00363389]Phase 386 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial of Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction Using Stepwise Oral Misoprostol With or Without Intravaginal Isosorbide Mononitrate [NCT00374621]156 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Propranolol and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Induction of Labor In Primigravidas [NCT04533841]Phase 2128 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-01Completed
The HYsteroscopic Miscarriage MaNagement (HYMMN) Trial [NCT04751500]149 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-31Completed
Comparison of Misoprostol and PGE2 Gel for Induction of Labour in in Premature Rupture of Membranes at Term- A Randomized Comparative Trial [NCT00355303]Phase 4932 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Comparison Between 400 µg or 200 µg of Misoprostol for Cervical Dilatation in 1st Trimester Miscarriage - A Clinical Trial [NCT02957305]Phase 4211 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-21Completed
Outpatient Transcervical Balloon: Does it Shorten the Hospital Stay for Induction of Labor? Randomized Control Trial [NCT05798728]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-09Recruiting
A Factorial-Design Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Misoprostol Alone to Dilapan With Misoprostol and Comparing Buccal to Vaginal Misoprostol for Same-Day Cervical Preparation Prior to Dilation & Evacuation [NCT02363556]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Buccal Versus Vaginal Misoprostol for Third Trimester Induction of Labor: Randomized Control Trial [NCT01519765]Phase 473 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor Enrollment)
Home-Based Extended Low Dose Buccal Misoprostol Versus Hospital-Based Standard Vaginal Dose In Management Of First Trimester Missed Abortion. [NCT03148314]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-30Not yet recruiting
Balloon + Oxytocin Versus Oral Misoprostol to Induce Labor in Case of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) at Term in Nulliparous: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RUBAPRO2). [NCT05568745]Phase 4520 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-18Recruiting
Acceptability and Feasibility of Medical Abortion in Singapore: A Study of 800 μg Buccal Misoprostol Following 200 mg Mifepristone for Abortion Through 70 Days Gestation [NCT02985229]Phase 3130 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Different Routes of Misoprostol for Same-day Cervical Preparation Prior to First Trimester Surgical Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02480543]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
Mifepristone and Misoprostol for 2nd Trimester Termination of Pregnancy (13-22 Weeks LMP) in Burkina Faso [NCT03269279]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-20Recruiting
Vaginal Misoprostol Before Elective Cesarean Section to Improve Neonatal Respiratory Outcomes . Randomized Controlled Clinical Study [NCT03239327]292 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-06-30Recruiting
Isosorbide Mononitrate and Misoprostol in Induction of Labour [NCT04482881]Early Phase 1130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-21Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Oral Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Before Office Hyteroscopy in Infertile Patients [NCT02409407]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Recruiting
A Randomized Comparison of Transcervical Foley Bulb With Vaginal Misoprostol to Vaginal Misoprostol Alone for Induction of Labor [NCT02566005]200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Cervical Ripening in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT02534883]11 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Terminated(stopped due to not able to meet enrollment)
Outpatient Foley Catheter Compared to Usual Inpatient Care for Cervical Ripening: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02546193]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit/accrue adequate numbers of participants within funding period.)
Preoperative vs. Postoperative Misoprostol in Elective Cesarean Section: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03144401]Phase 2/Phase 3240 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-10Completed
Sublingual Misoprostol Versus Placebo to Reduce Blood Loss During Elective Cesarean Delivery : A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03140033]Phase 2158 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-31Recruiting
Sublingual Versus Vaginal Misoprostol In Medical Treatment of Second Trimestric Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05088707]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
"A Study of Acceptability and Feasibility of an Outpatient Day Procedure for Medical Abortion at 13-18 Weeks Gestation in Two Public Sector Hospitals in Nepal" [NCT05046041]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-25Completed
Preoperative vs. Postoperative Rectal Misoprostol in Cesarean Section: A Randomized, Double Blind Clinical Trial [NCT03148717]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-10Completed
Misoprostol Versus Expectant Management in Women With Incomplete First-trimester Miscarriage After Misoprostol Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03148561]84 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
Introducing Mifepristone-Misoprostol for Menstrual Regulation in Public Sector Facilities in Bangladesh [NCT01798017]Phase 41,738 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Comparative Study Between Two Doses of Misoprostol in Women With Incomplete First-trimester Miscarriage After Misoprostol Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05088720]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
Comparative Study Between Using Only Vaginal Misoprostol and Using Vaginal Misoprostol and Estradiol Cream for Induction of Labour [NCT05306405]Phase 1/Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-20Recruiting
Cervical Ripening for Induction of Labor: Misoprostol Versus Oxytocin in Conjunction With Foley Balloon [NCT01139801]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Standardized Versus Conventional Oxytocin and Uterotonic Agent Use for Cesarean Delivery [NCT01549223]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
[NCT02242214]106 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2014-09-30Completed
The Misoprostol Vaginal Insert Used in Standard Compared With Adjusted Criteria for Labour Induction in Term Pregnancies: a Non-interventional Case Control Study [NCT03016208]138 participants (Actual)Observational2015-05-31Completed
A Randomized Comparison of Same-Day Oral Mifepristone-Misoprostol to Misoprostol Only for Cervical Preparation in Second Trimester Surgical Abortion [NCT02412618]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
The Effect of Adding Vaginal Evening Primrose Oil to Misoprostol During Induction of Second-trimester Missed Miscarriage; a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03584698]Phase 4144 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-01Completed
A Randomized Trial Comparing Oral Misoprostol Alone With Oral Misoprostol Followed by Oxytocin in Women Induced for Hypertension of Pregnancy [NCT03749902]Phase 4520 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-06Completed
Benefits of Use of 600 Microgram Misoprostol Vaginally Prior To Insertion Of An Intrauterine Device in Patients With Cesarean Scar: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03081442]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-11Completed
Alternative Provision of Medication Abortion Via Advance Provision [NCT03829696]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to The study is not proceeding at this time.)
Mifepristone as an Adjunct to Transcervical Balloon for Labor Induction (MiLI): A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05097326]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-27Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid Versus Uterotonic Agents in Reducing Blood Loss During and After Cesarean Section Among High-risk Patients: a Comparative Study [NCT06060327]444 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-15Not yet recruiting
Buccal Misoprostol During Cesarean Section for Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage in Women With Risk Factors for Uterine Atony [NCT01733329]Phase 4123 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Comparison of Non-Surgical Treatment Methods for Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [NCT01943435]259 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-20Completed
COMPARISON BETWEEN RECTAL & SUBLINGUAL MISOPROSTOL BEFORE CAESARIAN SECTION TO REDUCE INTRA & POST-OPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS [NCT02083107]Phase 2/Phase 3636 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
Comparative Study Between Combined Vaginal Misoprostol With Isosorbide-5-Mononitrate Versus Misoprostol Alone For Induction Of The First Trimester Missed Abortion A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04981457]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-02Active, not recruiting
A Randomised Control Study of Titrated and Static Oral Misoprostol for Induction of Labor at Term [NCT04891679]264 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-01Completed
Sublingual vs Vaginal Misoprostol for Termination of First Trimesteric Missed Abortion [NCT05001061]Early Phase 1288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-03Not yet recruiting
The RIPE Study: Ripening Interventions: Prostaglandins vs EASI Catheter [NCT00383942]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Change in treatment plan for this population terminated the project)
Adjuvant Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide (INH) With Misoprostol for Induction of Abortion in First-trimester Missed Miscarriage Among Women With One or More Previous Cesarean Deliveries.: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04499976]Phase 4240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Not yet recruiting
Cervical Priming With Misoprostol Before Diagnostic Office Hysteroscopy in Patients With no Risk Factors for Experiencing Unacceptable Pain. A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo-controlled Study [NCT02318225]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Recruiting
Estradiol Pretreatment With Misoprostol in Second Trimester Miscarriage: A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03479879]Phase 2/Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-21Completed
Low Dose Vaginal Misoprostol With or Without Foley Catheter for Late Second Trimester Pregnancy Termination in Women With Previous Multiple Cesarean Sections [NCT02989324]Phase 297 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Cervical Preparation Before Dilation and Evacuation in the Second Trimester: A Multicenter Randomized Trial Comparing Osmotic Dilators Alone to Dilators Plus Adjunctive Misoprostol or Adjunctive Mifepristone. [NCT01751087]300 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Saving Lives at Birth in Uganda: Building and Sustaining Capacity of Frontline Health Workers - A Program Evaluation [NCT03254628]3,440 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-14Completed
Comparison Between Preoperative and Postoperative Sublingual Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Blood Loss in Cesarean Section : a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03591913]Phase 4500 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Completed
Vaginal Misoprostol 600 mcg and 800 mcg In Medical Treatment of First Trimester Missed Miscarriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05094375]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
Comparative Efficacy of Lidocaine Spray Versus Vaginal Misoprostol in Reducing Pain During IUD Insertion in Adolescents and Nulliparous Women: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04339049]Phase 3147 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-01Completed
Measuring Response of Adding Isosorbide Mononitrate to Misoprostol in Induction of Second Trimester Abortion [NCT03407521]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-12Completed
Does the Administration of Prostaglandins Before Cesarean Section Reduce the Amount of Blood Loss ? [NCT03366259]Phase 2/Phase 3160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-31Not yet recruiting
Comparative Study Between Vaginal Dinoprostone and Vaginal Misoprostol Prior to IUD Insertion in Multiparous Overweight and Obese Women :a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04505917]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-01Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study of Atorvastatin as a Potential Adjunct to Misoprostol for Termination of Pregnancy [NCT05342974]Early Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-19Recruiting
Outpatient Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction With Orally Administered Misoprostol for Term Pregnancies Complicated by Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00514618]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Protocol Title: Reducing Complications and Patient Barriers in Second Trimester Abortion: Pre-Operative Effects of Mifepristone (POEM) on Dilatation and Evacuation Services [NCT01862991]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Double Simultaneous Uterotonic Agents (Misoprostol Plus Intravenous Oxytocin) Versus Single Agent Regimen (Intravenous Oxytocin Only) to Prevent Early Postpartum Hemorrhage [NCT05245227]Phase 31,358 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-01Recruiting
Randomized, Placebo-controlled Double Blind Study of Preoperative Misorostol for Reduction of Intraoperative Bleeding in Women Delivered by Ceserean Section [NCT02509351]Phase 2/Phase 3280 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Mifepristone and Misoprostol Versus Misoprostol Alone for Uterine Evacuation After Early Pregnancy Failure: a Randomized Double Blind Placebo-controlled Comparison (Triple M Trial) [NCT03212352]Phase 4342 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-27Terminated(stopped due to Advised by DSMB based on interim-analysis, highly significant difference.)
Comparison of Misorostol & PGE2 Gel for Immediate Induction of Labour for Premature Ropture of Membranes at Term [NCT00355966]Phase 4212 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00120042 (2) [back to overview]Post-Delivery Blood Loss
NCT00120042 (2) [back to overview]Placental Retention Rate
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Minutes From Drug Insertion to Vaginal Delivery
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Pre-Delivery Oxytocin Use
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Days in Hospital for Mother and Neonate
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Minutes to Rupture of Membranes (ROM)
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Maternal/Fetal, Maternal (Post-Partum), and Neonatal Adverse Events
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Duration of Stay in Minutes in Labor and Delivery Suite
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Minutes to Onset of Active Labor
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Cesarean Section Delivery
NCT00308711 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Cervical Ripening Success Based On Modified Bishop Score (mBS) 12 Hours After Administration of Vaginal Insert
NCT00383942 (1) [back to overview]Proportion of Women Undergoing Cesarean Section for Fetal Intolerance of Labor
NCT00468299 (2) [back to overview]Number of Women With Complete Abortion 24-48hrs After Receiving Medical Treatment for Early Pregnancy Failure.
NCT00468299 (2) [back to overview]Complete Abortion at One Week
NCT00594854 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Upper Gastro-intestinal Injury Grade 4 as Measured by Lanza (1991) Score
NCT00594854 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Duodenal Ulcers Confirmed by Endoscopy
NCT00594854 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Gastric Ulcer Confirmed by Endoscopy
NCT00613366 (2) [back to overview]The Ease of IUD Insertion as Rated by the Provider Using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
NCT00613366 (2) [back to overview]Perceived Pain of IUD Insertion by Patient Using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
NCT00671060 (1) [back to overview]Successful Expulsion of Fetus and Placenta Within 48 Hours
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Procedure Time for Dilation and Evacuation
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Cervical Dilation in Women Following Exposure to Either Ripening Agent
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patients for Whom Physician Was Able to Complete Dilation and Evacuation Procedure on First Attempt
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Subject Pain During Dilation and Evacuation
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Subject Pain During Ripening
NCT00835731 (6) [back to overview]Women's Satisfaction With Cervical Ripening Method
NCT00886834 (2) [back to overview]Patient Perceived Pain on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
NCT00886834 (2) [back to overview]Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Uterine Tachysystole
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Method of Delivery
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Admission of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Infant Apgar Score <4
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Maternal Chorioamnionitis
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Maternal Hypovolemia Requiring Blood Transfusion
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Time Elapsed From Start of Labor Augmentation to Delivery
NCT00906347 (8) [back to overview]Umbilical Cord Artery pH <7.1
NCT00925938 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00925938 (5) [back to overview]Change in Diameter of the Internal Cervical os From Baseline (Pre-treatment) to Just Prior to the Hysteroscopy Procedure (Post-treatment).
NCT00925938 (5) [back to overview]Total Procedure Time From Insertion of the First Hegar Dilator to Completion of the Hysteroscopy Procedure;
NCT00925938 (5) [back to overview]Physician Assessment of Ease of Cervical Dilation;
NCT00925938 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Women Requiring Further Dilatation in Order to Allow Uterine Access
NCT01139801 (1) [back to overview]Rate of Induction To Delivery
NCT01147497 (3) [back to overview]The Use of Adjunctive Measures Including Ultrasound Guidance or Cervical Dilation to Insert the IUD
NCT01147497 (3) [back to overview]Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100 Point Visual Analogue Scale
NCT01147497 (3) [back to overview]Patient Perceived Pain on a 100 Point Visual Analogue Scale
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Neonatal APGAR Scores
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Chorioamnionitis
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]NICU Admission
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Successful Number of Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Time to Complete Cervical Dilation
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Time From Start of Labor Induction to Vaginal Delivery
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Post-partum Hemorrhage
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Tachysystole With Deceleration
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Delivery Within 24 Hours
NCT01279343 (10) [back to overview]Admission to NICU or Special Care Nursery
NCT01307111 (2) [back to overview]Patient Perceived Pain on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale.
NCT01307111 (2) [back to overview]Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale.
NCT01422226 (1) [back to overview]Ease of IUD Insertion (Use of Ancillary Measures)
NCT01436266 (1) [back to overview]Blood Loss
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Time to Active Labor
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Failed Induction of Labor
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Tachysystole With Abnormal FHT
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Tachysystole
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Rates of Vaginal Delivery
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Pitocin
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Number of Misoprostol Doses
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Foley Bulb
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Chorioamnionitis
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Cesarean Delivery Rate
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Artificial Rupture of Membranes (AROM)
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Arrest of Dilation
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]APGARS
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction With Buccal Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Administration.
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Abnormal Fetal Heart Tracing (FHT)
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Meconium
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Time to Vaginal Delivery
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours of Labor Induction
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Patient Preference
NCT01519765 (21) [back to overview]Time to Delivery
NCT01549223 (2) [back to overview]1. Amount of Oxytocin to Obtain Satisfactory Uterine Tone.
NCT01549223 (2) [back to overview]Side Effects (Hypotension, Flushing, Nausea and Emesis) Associated With Uterotonic Drug Use
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Maximum Cervical Dilation
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Total Procedure Time
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Procedure Time
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Overall Patient Experience
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Ease of Procedure by Blinded Surgeon
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Adverse Events (EBL)
NCT01615731 (8) [back to overview]Pain Perceived by Patient
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]Maternal Delivery Outcomes
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]Neonatal APGAR Scores
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]NICU Admission and APGAR Less Than 7 at 5 Minutes
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]Time From Induction to Vaginal Delivery
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]Neonatal Weight at Delivery
NCT01634854 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Excessive Uterine Activity Necessitating Treatment
NCT01636063 (1) [back to overview]Initial Cervical Dilation at the Time of Surgical Abortion
NCT01733329 (4) [back to overview]Postpartum Hemorrhage
NCT01733329 (4) [back to overview]Uterine Atony
NCT01733329 (4) [back to overview]Need for Additional Uterotonic Medications
NCT01733329 (4) [back to overview]Blood Loss
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Physician Satisfaction With Cervical Preparation
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction With Cervical Prep
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Operative Time
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Need for Mechanical Dilation
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Initial Cervical Dilation
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Ability to Complete the D&E on the First Attempt
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Chills (Any) After Day 2 Medication Administration
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Complications From Procedure
NCT01751087 (9) [back to overview]Ease of Mechanical Dilation
NCT01818414 (5) [back to overview]Complications
NCT01818414 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Postoperative Satisfaction
NCT01818414 (5) [back to overview]Number of Providers With Overall Satisfaction
NCT01818414 (5) [back to overview]Operative Time
NCT01818414 (5) [back to overview]Patient Pain
NCT01862991 (2) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT01862991 (2) [back to overview]Procedure Time
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Severe RDS
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Time to Active Labor
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Time to Delivery
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Length of Stay
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Chorioamnionitis
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Maternal Morbidity
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Mode of Delivery
NCT01916681 (8) [back to overview]Regional Anesthesia
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Sense Wear Armband
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Swiss Spinal Stenosis (SSS) Questionnaire Score
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Self Paced Walking Test (SPWT)
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Adverse Event Reported by Participants
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Gestational Sac Expulsion by the Second Follow-up Visit at Day 8
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Gestational Sac Expulsion With One Treatment Dose on Day 3 (Visit 2) and no Need for Additional Medical or Surgical Intervention Within 30 Days of Treatment.
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Uterine Asperation
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Frequency of Serious Adverse Events Between Study Arms.
NCT02012491 (6) [back to overview]Gestational Sac Expulsion by the 30-day Telephone Call
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Need for Extra Ecbolics (Oxytocin).
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Incidence of Wound Sepsis
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Effects
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]APGAR Score
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Time to Resume Bowel Habits
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Need for Postoperative Blood Transfusion
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Need for Extra Analgesics
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Intraoperative Blood Loss
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Change in Hematocrite Value
NCT02083107 (10) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin Concentration
NCT02141555 (4) [back to overview]Patient Enrollment
NCT02141555 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Complete Abortion
NCT02141555 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Answered 1 or 2 on a Scale of Satisfaction With the Procedure
NCT02141555 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting 2 or 3 on a Scale of Medication Side Effects
NCT02314728 (2) [back to overview]Rate of Cesarean Section
NCT02314728 (2) [back to overview]Maternal and Neonatal Infectious Morbidity
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had Uterine Hyperstimulation
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Neonatal Cord Gases Measured
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Uterine Rupture
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Vaginal Deliveries That Occurred Within 24 Hours
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Time to Delivery
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Dose of Oxytocin Used for Augmentation
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Doses Misoprostol Used
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission
NCT02408315 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cesarean Deliveries Based on Fetal Non-Reassurance Indications
NCT02411916 (1) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin
NCT02412618 (2) [back to overview]Initial Cervical Dilation
NCT02412618 (2) [back to overview]Patient Acceptability and Assessment of Pain and Side Effects (5-point Likert Scale)
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Dilation Time in Minutes
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Resistance Score
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Efficacy (Cervical Ripening)
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Dilator Size
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Number of Recorded Side Effects.
NCT02534883 (6) [back to overview]Number of Complications
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Infants Per Gender
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Pre-delivery Hospitalization Time
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Postpartum Complications
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Intrapartum Complications
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Per Method of Induction Used
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Umbilical Cord Blood Gases
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Time of Delivery
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Score on Maternal Satisfaction Survey
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Readmission Rate
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Estimated Blood Loss at Delivery
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Dose of Medication for Pain Relief
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean Birth Weight
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Mean APGAR Scores
NCT02546193 (15) [back to overview]Number of Infants With Neonatal Morbidity or Mortality, Categorized by Reason.
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]The Time From Active Phase to Delivery
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]The Time From Induction Until to Active Phase Labor
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]The Time Interval From Induction to Delivery: All Participants
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery: Multiparous
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery: Nulliparous
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Time From Induction to Delivery: CD
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Time From Induction to Delivery: VD
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Estimated Blood Loss
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Incidence of Chorioamnionitis
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Incidence of Uterine Tachysystole
NCT02566005 (11) [back to overview]Per Treatment Protocol: Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Newborns With Transient Tachypnea (TTN)
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Induction-to-delivery Interval in Hours
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Newborns With Culture-proven Sepsis
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Newborns With Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Newborns With Seizures
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Need for Oxytocin Augmentation
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Exhibiting Tachysystole Resulting in Fetal Heart Rate Abnormalities
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Need for Cesarean Delivery
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Need for Operative Vaginal Delivery
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Chorioamnionitis
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Composite Maternal Morbidity as Indicated by the Number of Participants With Measures of Maternal Morbidity
NCT02639429 (13) [back to overview]Composite Neonatal Morbidity as Indicated by the Number of Newborns With Measures of Neonatal Morbidity
NCT02680314 (2) [back to overview]To Determine the Interval From Initiation of Misoprostol to Delivery in Each Group
NCT02680314 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Anti-emetic Use
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Chorioamnionitis
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Time to Initiation of Oxytocin for Labor Augmentation
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Neonatal Morbidity
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Abandoning Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Switching to Mechanical Dilation for Cervical Ripening
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Cesarean Section Rate
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Time to Active Labor
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Time to Vaginal Delivery
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Tachysystole Causing Non-reassuring Fetal Heart Tones
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Tachysystole
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Need for Tocolysis
NCT02777190 (13) [back to overview]Rate of Meconium Stained Fluid
NCT02957305 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Presence of a Uterine Cervical Canal With ≥8 mm of Dilation
NCT02957305 (2) [back to overview]Pain Score (VAS)
NCT03134183 (2) [back to overview]Cervical Dilation
NCT03134183 (2) [back to overview]Procedure Time
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants Administered Neonatal Antibiotics and/or Neonatal Blood Cultures
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Needed Mechanical Ventilation in Delivery Room (Yes/No)
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants Used General Anesthesia for Delivery
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an 5-minute Apgar Score Less Than 4
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Blood Transfusion
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Excess Blood Loss
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Time With Foley Bulb in Place
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Time to Delivery
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Presence of Chorioamnionitis
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Vaginal Delivery
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Uterine Rupture
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Unplanned Hysterectomy
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Umbilical Cord Blood pH <7.0
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Uterine Hyperstimulation Syndrome
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Neonatal Sepsis
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With NICU Admission Order
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Postpartum Fever
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Tachysystole
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants Used Neuraxial Analgesia During Labor
NCT03407625 (20) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Meconium-stained Amniotic Fluid
NCT03617172 (2) [back to overview]Number of Recurrences During the Follow-up Period
NCT03617172 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Recurrence of Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI).
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Adherent to Study Protocol
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Side Effects
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Recruited to Study Protocol
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss Following Study Intervention
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Retained in Study Protocol
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants Needing Additional Medication for Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants Needing Surgical Management for Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss
NCT05216952 (9) [back to overview]Median Acceptability of Study Intervention

Post-Delivery Blood Loss

Blood loss was assessed by weighing of pads and sheets in addition to clot (NCT00120042)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionmls (Median)
1200
2100
3200

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Placental Retention Rate

If spontaneous expulsion of the placenta within 60 minutes of fetal delivery did not occur, digital exploration of the uterus in the operating room was planned. (NCT00120042)
Timeframe: 3 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
126
28
324

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Minutes From Drug Insertion to Vaginal Delivery

Interval between time/date of insertion of study drug and time/date of neonate birth. This is a time-to-event analysis, there is no set time for the assessment. The endpoint occurs when the baby is born. 48 hours can be used as an approximate interval by which time most of the babies have been delivered. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 2880 minutes

Interventionminutes (Median)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 1001595.5
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 502127
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert1649.5

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Percentage of Participants With Pre-Delivery Oxytocin Use

Incidence in each treatment group of need for oxytocin for pre-delivery induction or augmentation of labor. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 2880 minutes

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 10068.5
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 5080.8
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert69.0

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Days in Hospital for Mother and Neonate

Duration of stay in hospital for mother and neonate starting with insertion of the study drug and ending with discharge from the hospital. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 10 days

,,
Interventiondays (Mean)
MotherNeonate
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert4.53.6
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 1004.53.6
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 504.73.5

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Minutes to Rupture of Membranes (ROM)

Interval from study drug insertion to ROM. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 2880 minutes

Interventionminutes (Median)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 1001285.0
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 501364.0
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert1123

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Percentage of Participants With Maternal/Fetal, Maternal (Post-Partum), and Neonatal Adverse Events

"This outcome reports the percentage of adverse events in each treatment arm spontaneously reported or observed during the study. The intrapartum period (mother is still pregnant) is called the Maternal/Fetal period; once the baby has been born, adverse events are assessed separately for the mother (Post Partum) and the baby (Neonatal). The number of adverse events was assessed separately for each of the three periods." (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 96 hours

,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Maternal/FetalMaternal (Post-Partum)Neonatal
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert652727
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 100652929
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 50642624

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Duration of Stay in Minutes in Labor and Delivery Suite

Minutes in Labor and Delivery (L & D) suite starting from insertion of the study drug to discharge from L & D to post partum care. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 5760 minuts

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 1001683.6
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 502010
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert1729

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Minutes to Onset of Active Labor

Interval from insertion of study drug to onset of active labor, defined as at least three contractions in a ten-minute period of at least moderate intensity and resulting in cervical change such as dilatation or effacement; OR at least 4 cm cervical dilatation achieved after progressive change in dilatation. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 2880 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 1001032.5
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 501343.7
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert1005.2

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Percentage of Participants With a Cesarean Section Delivery

Percentage of participants with cesarean delivery after study drug was administered. There is no set assessment time or date as the woman's labor may last hours or days. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 2880 minutes

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 10028
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 5028
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert26

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Percentage of Participants With Cervical Ripening Success Based On Modified Bishop Score (mBS) 12 Hours After Administration of Vaginal Insert

Measured the percentage of participants who achieved success on the mBS. This composite score is based on the mBS and vaginal delivery and it is measured 12 hours after insertion of the study drug. The mBS has a score of 0 when the cervix is not ripe and a score of 12 when completely ripened. The 12 hour score is compared to baseline. Using the mBS, assess at 12 hours whether each subject has met any of the following three criteria: 1) has improved (increased) the mBS by at least 3 points from baseline; 2) has reached a score of at least 6 on the mBS; or 3) has acheived a vaginal delivery. (NCT00308711)
Timeframe: 12 hours

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 10059
Misoprostol Vaginal Insert (MVI) 5050
Cervidil 10 mg Vaginal Insert60

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Proportion of Women Undergoing Cesarean Section for Fetal Intolerance of Labor

The number of women undergoing cesarean section will be compared between the misoprostol arm and EASI arm. The primary hypothesis is that the odds of receiving a cesarean section is lower among patients assigned to EASI when compared to patients who receive misoprostol. (NCT00383942)
Timeframe: At time of delivery

Intervention ()
Misoprostol0
EASI0

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Number of Women With Complete Abortion 24-48hrs After Receiving Medical Treatment for Early Pregnancy Failure.

(NCT00468299)
Timeframe: 24-48 hrs

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol and Placebo5
Mifepristone and Misoprostol5

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Complete Abortion at One Week

Complete abortion at one week; uterus demonstrated to be empty on transvaginal ultrasound (NCT00468299)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol and Placebo6
Mifepristone and Misoprostol7

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Number of Participants With Upper Gastro-intestinal Injury Grade 4 as Measured by Lanza (1991) Score

The degree of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) injury as measured by Lanza scores (1991) during treatment with PN 400 and ARTHROTEC® in a high-risk population. The Lanza (1991) score is based on endoscopic obeservations and rating these, with no damage, petecchiae, erosions and ulcers. On the 1991 scale, a Lanza score of 0 represents normal mucosa (no damage), while a score of 4 indicates 6-10 erosions, and a score of 7 indicates an ulcer. (NCT00594854)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PN400 (VIMOVO)2
Arthrotec2

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Number of Participants With Duodenal Ulcers Confirmed by Endoscopy

Number of participants with duodenal ulcers confirmed by endoscopy following administration of PN 400 VIMOVO)or Arthrotec in a high risk population (NCT00594854)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
PN400 (VIMOVO)0
Arthrotec1

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Number of Participants With Gastric Ulcer Confirmed by Endoscopy

Number of participants with gastric ulcers confirmed by endoscopy following administration of PN 400 (VIMOVO) or Arthrotec in a high risk population over six months. (NCT00594854)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
PN400 (VIMOVO)2
Arthrotec1

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The Ease of IUD Insertion as Rated by the Provider Using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

"Provider ease of insertion was measured using a 100mm visual analog scale (VAS).The 100mm Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is an instrument used to capture subjective attitudes that cannot be directly measured. When responding to a VAS item, respondents specify their level of pain by indicating a position along a 100mm continues line: pain scores can range from 0=No Pain (furthest point to the left) to 100=Worst Pain of My Life (furthest point to the right)." (NCT00613366)
Timeframe: Time of IUD insertion

Interventionmm (Mean)
Active Drug (Misoprostol)24
Placebo29

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Perceived Pain of IUD Insertion by Patient Using a 100mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

"Perceived pain measured using a 100mm visual analog scale (VAS).The 100mm Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is an instrument used to capture subjective attitudes that cannot be directly measured. When responding to a VAS item, respondents specify their level of pain by indicating a position along a 100mm continues line: pain scores can range from 0=No Pain (furthest point to the left) to 100=Worst Pain of My Life (furthest point to the right)." (NCT00613366)
Timeframe: At time of IUD insertion

Interventionmm (Mean)
Active Drug (Misoprostol)65
Placebo55

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Successful Expulsion of Fetus and Placenta Within 48 Hours

(NCT00671060)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
200 Mcg60
100 Mcg47

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Procedure Time for Dilation and Evacuation

(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent

Interventionminutes (Median)
Misoprostol2.8
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator3.0

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Cervical Dilation in Women Following Exposure to Either Ripening Agent

(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent

Interventionmm (Mean)
Misoprostol32.1
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator33.9

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Number of Patients for Whom Physician Was Able to Complete Dilation and Evacuation Procedure on First Attempt

(NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol62
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator60

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Subject Pain During Dilation and Evacuation

"Measure assesses subject pain during dilation and evacuation. Pain was assessed immediately after the D&E procedure. Subjects were asked to rate pain on a 6 point Likert scale:~0 = no pain 1-2 = mild pain 3 = moderate pain 4-5 = severe pain~Higher values represent a worse outcome." (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Misoprostol3
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator3

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Subject Pain During Ripening

"Measure assesses patient pain during cervical preparation. Pain was assessed after cervical ripening was complete, immediately before D&E procedure. Subjects were asked to rate pain on a 6 point Likert scale:~0 = no pain 1-2 = mild pain 3 = moderate pain 4-5 = severe pain~Higher values represent a worse outcome." (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 3-4 hours after placement of ripening agent

InterventionScores on a scale (Median)
Misoprostol1
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator1

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Women's Satisfaction With Cervical Ripening Method

"Scale:~1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neutral, 4 = satisfied, 5 = very satisfied" (NCT00835731)
Timeframe: 5 hours after placement of ripening agent

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Misoprostol4
Synthetic Osmotic Dilator4

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Patient Perceived Pain on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

VAS; anchors: 0 =none, 100 mm= worst imaginable (NCT00886834)
Timeframe: prior to insertion, immediately after insertion, and prior to clinic discharge

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
prior to insertionimmediately after insertionprior to clinic discharge
Misoprostol17.158.435.1
Placebo4.856.927.5

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Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

VAS (anchors: 0 = extremely easy, 100 mm= impossible) (NCT00886834)
Timeframe: Immediately post IUD insertion

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Misoprostol25.1
Placebo27.4

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Uterine Tachysystole

Defined as six contractions in two consecutive 10-minute periods (NCT00906347)
Timeframe: Up to four hours after administration of study drug

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation50
Oxytocin Augmentation41

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Method of Delivery

(NCT00906347)
Timeframe: At delivery

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Spontaneous vaginalForcepsCesarean for dystociaCesarean for nonreassuring fetal heart rate
Misoprostol Augmentation1534118
Oxytocin Augmentation1542135

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Admission of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

(NCT00906347)
Timeframe: Until hospital discharge

Interventioninfants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation1
Oxytocin Augmentation0

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Infant Apgar Score <4

Assigned on a scale of 0-10 by pediatric provider attending delivery. A lower score reflects need for further resuscitation and is potentially associated with increased risk of adverse neurological outcomes. (NCT00906347)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after delivery

Interventioninfants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation0
Oxytocin Augmentation0

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Maternal Chorioamnionitis

Temperature 38 degrees C or higher in the absence of other sources of infection (NCT00906347)
Timeframe: During labor

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation28
Oxytocin Augmentation32

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Maternal Hypovolemia Requiring Blood Transfusion

(NCT00906347)
Timeframe: Until hospital discharge

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation6
Oxytocin Augmentation2

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Time Elapsed From Start of Labor Augmentation to Delivery

(NCT00906347)
Timeframe: Initiation of augmentation until delivery

Interventionminutes (Median)
Misoprostol Augmentation306
Oxytocin Augmentation276

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Umbilical Cord Artery pH <7.1

(NCT00906347)
Timeframe: Obtained at delivery

Interventioninfants (Number)
Misoprostol Augmentation3
Oxytocin Augmentation4

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

(NCT00925938)
Timeframe: 9 days

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
MVPI 400 Mcg100
MVPI 800 Mcg92.0
MVPI Placebo82.4

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Change in Diameter of the Internal Cervical os From Baseline (Pre-treatment) to Just Prior to the Hysteroscopy Procedure (Post-treatment).

(NCT00925938)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18-24 hours

Interventionmm (Mean)
MVPI 400 Mcg2.2
MVPI 800 Mcg2.3
MVPI Placebo1.5

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Total Procedure Time From Insertion of the First Hegar Dilator to Completion of the Hysteroscopy Procedure;

(NCT00925938)
Timeframe: 18 - 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
MVPI 400 Mcg3.26
MVPI 800 Mcg3.75
MVPI Placebo2.32

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Physician Assessment of Ease of Cervical Dilation;

(NCT00925938)
Timeframe: 18 - 24 hours

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
InadequateAdequate/ Correct SoftnessOver Primed/ Too soft
MVPI 400 Mcg22.266.711.1
MVPI 800 Mcg36.048.016.0
MVPI Placebo47.152.90

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Percent of Women Requiring Further Dilatation in Order to Allow Uterine Access

(NCT00925938)
Timeframe: 18 - 24 hours

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Subjects requring additional dilatationTarget Dilation Achieved following 2ndry dilation
MVPI 400 Mcg88.9100
MVPI 800 Mcg84.085.0
MVPI Placebo100100

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Rate of Induction To Delivery

To assess effectiveness of misoprostol used in conjunction with Foley balloon versus the standard oxytocin regimen in regards to induction times (NCT01139801)
Timeframe: 24 hrs

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Oxytocin732.19
Misoprostol944.35

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The Use of Adjunctive Measures Including Ultrasound Guidance or Cervical Dilation to Insert the IUD

(NCT01147497)
Timeframe: assessed immediately after IUD insertion

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol7
Placebo3

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Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100 Point Visual Analogue Scale

The visual analogue scale for perceived ease ranges from 0 (most ease) to 100 (most difficult). (NCT01147497)
Timeframe: assessed immediately post IUD insertion

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Misoprostol21
Placebo21

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Patient Perceived Pain on a 100 Point Visual Analogue Scale

The visual analogue scale for perceived patient pain ranges from 0 (no pain) to 100 (most pain). (NCT01147497)
Timeframe: immediately after insertion

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Misoprostol46
Placebo34

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Neonatal APGAR Scores

"APGAR scores will be recorded at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. In the test, five things are used to check a baby's health. Each is scored on a scale of 0 to 2, with 2 being the best score:~Appearance (skin color) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace response (reflexes) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing rate and effort)" (NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 5 minutes

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
1 minute apgar scord5 minute apgar score
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol89
Misoprostol89

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Chorioamnionitis

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 96 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol5
Misoprostol7

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NICU Admission

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 96 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol0
Misoprostol2

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Successful Number of Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries

To compare the number of vaginal deliveries to failed inductions requiring cesarean deliveries. (NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 72 hours

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal deliveryCesarean delivery
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol4115
Misoprostol4516

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Time to Complete Cervical Dilation

We will record the start time of induction until the patient's cervix is 10cm dilated (NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionhour (Mean)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol13.7
Misoprostol17.1

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Time From Start of Labor Induction to Vaginal Delivery

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionhour (Mean)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol15.3
Misoprostol18.3

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Number of Participants With Post-partum Hemorrhage

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 96 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol2
Misoprostol5

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Number of Participants Experiencing Tachysystole With Deceleration

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: 72 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol10
Misoprostol12

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Delivery Within 24 Hours

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: Delivery within 24 hours of induction

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol49
Misoprostol46

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Admission to NICU or Special Care Nursery

(NCT01279343)
Timeframe: birth to 96 hours of age

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Misoprostol8
Misoprostol11

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Patient Perceived Pain on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale.

Perceived pain was registered on a 100-point visual analogue scale (0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain imaginable) at three time points: prior to IUD insertion, immediately after insertion, and prior to clinic discharge. (NCT01307111)
Timeframe: Prior to insertion, immediately after insertion, and prior to clinic discharge.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pain perceived prior to insertionPain perceived immediately after insertionPain perceived prior to clinic discharge
Misoprostol0.55.83.2
Placebo0.85.93.8

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Provider Perceived Ease of Insertion on a 100-point Visual Analogue Scale.

Perceived ease of IUD insertion registered on a visual analogue scale (0 = easy, 100 = extremely difficult). (NCT01307111)
Timeframe: Immediately post IUD insertion

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Misoprostol2.2
Placebo2.5

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Ease of IUD Insertion (Use of Ancillary Measures)

The primary outcome is the proportion in each group able to have the IUD inserted in a standard fashion without the ancillary measures of mechanical dilation of the cervix, placement of paracervical nerve block, or using abdominal ultrasound for guidance. The null hypothesis for the primary outcome is that misoprostol does not influence difficulty of insertion. (NCT01422226)
Timeframe: During the IUD insertion procedure, up to 2 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Experimental Active Comparator1
Placebo Comparator2

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Blood Loss

500 cc or more (NCT01436266)
Timeframe: one day following the procedure

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Active Comparator: Misoprostol0
Placebo Comparator: Placebo (Folic Acid)0

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Time to Active Labor

Time from induction to active labor. Active labor defined as 4 cm and above. P-value computed by Kruskal-Wallis test. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until active labor

Interventionhours (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol22.1
Vaginal Misoprostol19.4

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Failed Induction of Labor

"Percentage of participants who were determined as a failed induction of labor. Failed induction was defined as no cervical change despite 24 hours of pitocin or 12 hours of pitocin after rupture of membranes.~P value was computed by Fisher exact test." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol0
Vaginal Misoprostol0

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Tachysystole With Abnormal FHT

"Feta heart tracing was reviewed for every participant until 4 hours from last misoprostol dose.~Percentage of participants who presented with tachysystole and abnormal fetal heart tracing was computed.~Abnormal fetal heart tracing was defined as category 2 and above. Tachysystole was defined as more than 5 uterine contractions within 10 minutes. P values were computed by Fisher exact test." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 4 hours after last misoprostol dose

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol5.9
Vaginal Misoprostol8.8

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Tachysystole

Fetal heart tracing was reviewed until 4 hours after last misoprostol dose. Percentage of participant with tachysystole were computed. Tachysystole was defined as more than five uterine contractions in 10 minutes. P value was computed using Fisher exact test (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 4 hours after last misoprostol dose

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol26.5
Vaginal Misoprostol32.4

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Rates of Vaginal Delivery

Percentage of participants who delivered vaginally (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol58.8
Vaginal Misoprostol70.6

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Pitocin

Percentage of patients that used pitocin during labor. P-values were computed using Fisher exact test. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol97.1
Vaginal Misoprostol82.4

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Number of Misoprostol Doses

Number of misoprostol 25 mcg doses used during induction of labor. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventiondoses (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol2
Vaginal Misoprostol2

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Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission

"Percentage of participants whose baby was admitted to NICU was computed from time to delivery to time of hospital discharge.~P-value was computed using Fisher Exact test." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until discharge from hospital

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol20.6
Vaginal Misoprostol11.8

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Foley Bulb

Percentage of participants that required foley bulb use. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol38.2
Vaginal Misoprostol41.2

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Chorioamnionitis

Percentage of participants affected with chorioamnionitis (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 48 hours after delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol17.6
Vaginal Misoprostol14.7

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Cesarean Delivery Rate

Percentage of participants who underwent a cesarean delivery was computed. P-value was computed using Fisher's exact test. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol41.2
Vaginal Misoprostol29.4

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Artificial Rupture of Membranes (AROM)

Percentage of participants that required AROM (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol64.7
Vaginal Misoprostol67.6

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Arrest of Dilation

"Percentage of participants who presented with arrest of dilation. Arrest of dilation was determined by the delivering physician.~P-value was computed using Fisher exact test." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol29.4
Vaginal Misoprostol14.7

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APGARS

"Median (APGAR) score at 5 minutes after delivery. APGAR: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration Apgar scale is determine by evaluating a newborn on 5 categories on a scale from 0 to 2, then summing up the five values.~Score range is 0 to 10. Score above 7 are generally normal. Score below 3 may indicated poor status." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after delivery

Interventionscore (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol9
Vaginal Misoprostol9

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Patient Satisfaction With Buccal Versus Vaginal Misoprostol Administration.

"All patients were given a patient satisfaction survey. Patients were asked to use a Likert scale to rate their experience on the following:~Likert sub-scale: 1 to 5~1=Not at all/ Never to 5= Very Much/ Always~Nausea and vomiting 1=better outcome 5=worse outcome~effectiveness of misoprostol 1=worse outcome 5=better outcome~concerns of misoprostol 1=better outcome 5=worse outcome~overall labor experience 1=worse outcome 5=better outcome Patients will be followed for the duration of their labor(usually up to 72hrs). The satisfaction survey will be conducted after delivery but will evaluate side effects that they recollect in labor." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 72 hours after delivery

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Nausea/ VomitingEffectivenessPatient ConcernLabor satisfaction
Buccal Misoprostol1424
Vaginal Misoprostol1414

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Abnormal Fetal Heart Tracing (FHT)

"Feta heart tracing was reviewed for every participant until 4 hours from last misoprostol dose.~Percentage of participants who presented with abnormal fetal heart tracing was computed.~Abnormal fetal heart tracing was defined as category 2 and 3 fetal heart tracing according to standard criteria.~Abnormal fetal heart tracing included any of the following tachycardia, bradycardia without absent variability, minimal variability, absent variability with or without recurrent decelerations, marked variability, prolonged deceleration and recurrent late deceleration, sinusoidal pattern.~P values were computed by Fisher exact test." (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 4 hours of last misoprostol dose

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol15.2
Vaginal Misoprostol20.6

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Meconium

Percentage of participants who developed meconium was computed. Presence of meconium was evaluated by the delivering physician. P-value was computed using Fisher exact test. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol23.5
Vaginal Misoprostol23.5

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Time to Vaginal Delivery

Time from start of induction to vaginal delivery was computed in participants who achieved vaginal delivery. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Start of induction until vaginal delivery

Interventionhours (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol33.3
Vaginal Misoprostol26.5

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Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours of Labor Induction

Percentage of participants able to achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours of labor induction. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Within 24 hours of labor induction

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol14.7
Vaginal Misoprostol23.5

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Patient Preference

All patients were given a patient satisfaction survey after delivery. They were asked to select their preference for misoprostol intervention type: buccal, vaginal, or either. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until 72 hours after delivery

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BuccalVaginalEither
Buccal Misoprostol1911
Vaginal Misoprostol1834

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Time to Delivery

Time from induction to delivery. All participants were included. (NCT01519765)
Timeframe: Until delivery

Interventionhours (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol34.1
Vaginal Misoprostol27.5

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1. Amount of Oxytocin to Obtain Satisfactory Uterine Tone.

Will measure total amount of oxytocin to achieve satisfactory uterine tone, as determined by the operating obstetrician. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery

InterventionIU (Mean)
Standard Care Group8.4
Protocol Group4.0

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Side Effects (Hypotension, Flushing, Nausea and Emesis) Associated With Uterotonic Drug Use

Number of subjects experiencing hypotension, flushing, nausea, and emesis reported after administration of uterotonic agents. (NCT01549223)
Timeframe: Up to 15 min from time of infant delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard Care Group3
Protocol Group2

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Maximum Cervical Dilation

Measured by estimate with bimanual exam and passage of largest dilator immediately prior to procedure. (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Measured intra-operatively

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pre-op Cervical Dilation 2 cmPre-op Cervical Dilation 3 cmPre-Op Cervical Dilation 4 cmPre-Op Cervical Dilation 5 cm
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators31451
Two Sets of Dilators2982

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Adverse Events

uterine perforation, uterine injury, etc. (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively and 2 weeks post operatively

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pre-Procedure DeliveryCervical InjuryRUpture of Membranes with Subsequent Fever
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators110
Two Sets of Dilators201

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Total Procedure Time

(NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Measured at clinic visits and on OR day, over a 3 day period

Interventionhours (Mean)
Two Sets of Dilators165
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators86

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Procedure Time

Measured as time from speculum insertion to removal (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Intraoperative Time

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Two Sets of Dilators10.9
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators11.8

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Overall Patient Experience

Used a Visual Analogue Scale to determine the patient's overall satisfaction with her experience. The VAS ranges from 0-100. 0 being a worse than expected experience, 50 being what the patient expected and 100 being a better than expected experience. (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Measured post operatively (at least 30 minutes, on average 1.5 hours) prior to discharge

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Two Sets of Dilators72
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators79

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Ease of Procedure by Blinded Surgeon

Used a Visual Analogue Scale to determine the ease of procedure by blinded surgeon. The VAS ranges from 0-100. 0 being the easiest procedure the surgeon felt they had every performed and 100 being the most difficult procedure imaginable by the surgeon. (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Measured Immediately after procedure

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Two Sets of Dilators29
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators30

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Adverse Events (EBL)

One adverse event: Estimated Blood Loss (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively

InterventionmL (Mean)
Two Sets of Dilators57
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators63

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Pain Perceived by Patient

Used a Visual Analogue Scale to determine the pain perceived by the patient pre-operatively (after misoprostol, immediately before transport to OR) and post-operatively (in recovery room, on average 1.5 hours post-operatively). The VAS ranges from 0-100. 0 being no pain felt by the patient and 100 being the worst pain imaginable felt by the patient. (NCT01615731)
Timeframe: Measured pre-operatively (after misoprostol, immediately before transport to OR) and post-operatively (in recovery room, on average 1.5 hours post-operatively)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Subject Pain Pre-OpSubject Pain Post-Op
Mifepristone Plus One Set of Dilators6316
Two Sets of Dilators133

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Maternal Delivery Outcomes

Maternal delivery outcomes (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: Through discharge from hospital

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
EpiduralHemorrhageChorioamnionitisCesarean deliveryForceps delivery
Intravenous Oxytocin483074
Vaginal Misoprostol562224

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Neonatal APGAR Scores

APGAR is a scoring system that evaluates Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration. Each category is given a score of 0-2 points (with 0 being absent and 2 being normal), the points are then combined for a total score that ranges from 0-10. Scores 7 and above are generally normal, 4 to 6 are fairly low, and 2 and below are considered critically low. (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: At 1 minute and 5 minutes after delivery

,
Interventionnumber (Median)
APGAR 1 minuteAPGAR 5 minute
Intravenous Oxytocin89
Vaginal Misoprostol89

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NICU Admission and APGAR Less Than 7 at 5 Minutes

NICU admission and APGAR less than 7 at 5 minutes (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: Through discharge from hospital

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NICU AdmissionAPGAR less than 7 at 5 min
Intravenous Oxytocin40
Vaginal Misoprostol80

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Time From Induction to Vaginal Delivery

Comparing the time to delivery in multiparas undergoing induction of labor with vaginal misoprostol or intravenous oxytocin. (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: Time to delivery in minutes from initiation of medication, up to 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Median)
Vaginal Misoprostol800
Intravenous Oxytocin693

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Neonatal Weight at Delivery

Neonatal Weight (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: Immediately following delivery

Interventiongrams (Median)
Vaginal Misoprostol3500
Intravenous Oxytocin3415

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Number of Participants With Excessive Uterine Activity Necessitating Treatment

Number of patients receiving terbutaline during labor for uterine tachysytole (NCT01634854)
Timeframe: Measured from initiation of medication until delivery time

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal Misoprostol9
Intravenous Oxytocin4

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Initial Cervical Dilation at the Time of Surgical Abortion

Initial cervical dilation as measured in French units by a Pratt cervical dilator prior to surgical abortion. The dilation was measured in French units with each French unit being equivalent to 0.33 mm. (NCT01636063)
Timeframe: 24 to 48 hours after enrollment

InterventionFrench units (Mean)
Mifepristone30.8
Misoprostol31.1

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Postpartum Hemorrhage

"Defined as:~Estimated blood loss ≥1000 mL after cesarean delivery. A substantial fall in the haematocrit e.g. 10% The requirement for a blood transfusion" (NCT01733329)
Timeframe: 24 HOURS

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Misoprostol6.6
Folic Acid20

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Uterine Atony

"Uterine atony is defined as failure of the uterus to contract adequately following delivery. Recognition of a soft, boggy uterus in the setting of excessive postpartum bleeding can alert the attendant to atony and should trigger a series of interventions aimed at achieving tonic sustained uterine contraction." (NCT01733329)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Misoprostol8.3
Folic Acid25

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Need for Additional Uterotonic Medications

The surgeon requested additional uterotonic agents on the basis of the clinical findings during surgery (e.g. uterine atony or blood loss of at least 1000 mL) Additional oxytocin was considered additional oxytocic intervention for purposes of data analysis. (NCT01733329)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Misoprostol10
Folic Acid40

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Blood Loss

(NCT01733329)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionmL (Median)
Misoprostol470
Folic Acid653.33

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Physician Satisfaction With Cervical Preparation

Participants for whom the operating physician reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the cervical preparation. Assessed on Day of procedure. Assessed after completion of D&E procedure. (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: physicians' satisfaction with cervical prep was evaluated over course of procedure, an average of 6 minutes

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)71
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol78
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)85

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Patient Satisfaction With Cervical Prep

Patients who were very satisfied or satisfied with cervical preparation. Assessed on Day of procedure. Assessed after completion of D&E procedure and just prior to discharge home. (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: patients' satisfaction with cervical prep was evaluated over course of cervical prep and procedure, up to 3 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)72
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol80
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)80

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Operative Time

The duration of the D&E procedure was measured with a stopwatch, starting with the first instrument that passes into the uterus and ending when the last instrument is removed from the uterus upon completion of the D&E (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: participants were assessed for the duration of the procedure, an average of 6 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)6.27
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol6.28
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)5.53

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Need for Mechanical Dilation

Assessed on Day of procedure. Assessed immediately after completion of D&E (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: participants were assessed for the duration of the procedure, an average of 6 minutes

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)26
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol9
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)16

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Initial Cervical Dilation

Measured at the time of procedure (immediately before the start of D&E) (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: participants were assessed during cervical dilation process, average time of 1 minute

Interventioncentimeters (Mean)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)2.2
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol2.5
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)2.4

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Ability to Complete the D&E on the First Attempt

Assessed on day of procedure and following day. If the procedure was unable to be completed as planned and the subject had to leave the procedure room and return for another attempt either at a time later the same day or the next day. (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: participants were assessed for the duration of the procedure, an average of 6 minutes

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)98
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol98
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)98

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Chills (Any) After Day 2 Medication Administration

chills (any) after Day 2 medication administration (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: assessed immediately after administration of day 2 medication

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)12
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol39
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)18

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Complications From Procedure

Patient having any complication, including hospitalizations transfusions additional unplanned procedures (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: assessed immediately after completion of D&E and at 1 week and 1 month post-procedure

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)10
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol2
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)2

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Ease of Mechanical Dilation

Number of participants for whom, if additional mechanical dilation was required, it was difficult or very difficult. Assessed on day of procedure. Assessed after completion of D&E (NCT01751087)
Timeframe: participants were assessed for the duration of the procedure, an average of 6 minutes

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Placebo (Vit B12)6
Osmotic Dilators + Placebo (Vit c) + Misoprostol4
Osmotic Dilators + Mifepristone + Placebo (Vit B12)1

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Complications

Incidence of surgical complications related to D&E (NCT01818414)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol0
Folic Acid2

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Number of Participants With Postoperative Satisfaction

Patient postoperative satisfaction with cervical preparation method (NCT01818414)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Misoprostol10
Folic Acid14

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Number of Providers With Overall Satisfaction

Provider overall satisfaction with cervical preparation (NCT01818414)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionproviders (Number)
Misoprostol10
Folic Acid9

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Operative Time

The primary outcome will be operative time. Operative time will be measured from initial passage of an instrument into the uterus to start the D&E. The end of operative time will be measured by the removal of the last instrument from the uterus to complete the D&E. (NCT01818414)
Timeframe: Day 1 of the study

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Misoprostol11.1
Folic Acid13.5

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Patient Pain

"Change in pain from baseline to immediately preoperatively using a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (100-mm Visual Analogue Scale with 0 indicating no pain and 100 indicating worst pain in my life)" (NCT01818414)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionmm (Mean)
Misoprostol43.9
Folic Acid24.3

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Adverse Events

Uterine perforation (NCT01862991)
Timeframe: Intraoperatively and 2 weeks post operatively

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dilapan-Placebo0
Dilapan-Mifepristone1
Mifepristone2

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Procedure Time

Measured as time from speculum insertion to removal (NCT01862991)
Timeframe: Intraoperative Time, Collected immediately within procedure

Interventionminutes (Median)
Dilapan-Placebo13
Dilapan-Mifepristone12
Mifepristone18.5

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Severe RDS

(NCT01916681)
Timeframe: enrollment through neonatal discharge

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol0
Misoprostol Only1
Cervical Foley Alone2
Cervical Foley & Pitocin0

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Time to Active Labor

(NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Start of induction to active labor

InterventionHours (Median)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol7.4
Misoprostol Only13.3
Cervical Foley Alone11.0
Cervical Foley & Pitocin8.1

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Time to Delivery

Amount of hours that pass between the start of the induction to delivery. (NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Hours between start of induction to delivery

InterventionHours (Median)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol13.1
Misoprostol Only17.6
Cervical Foley Alone17.7
Cervical Foley & Pitocin14.5

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Length of Stay

Total maternal length of stay as defined as days from the day the induction began to the day of discharge (NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Days between admit to hospital and discharge

InterventionDays (Median)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol3
Misoprostol Only3
Cervical Foley Alone3
Cervical Foley & Pitocin3

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Chorioamnionitis

(NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Enrollment through deischarge

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol15
Misoprostol Only9
Cervical Foley Alone17
Cervical Foley & Pitocin20

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Maternal Morbidity

(NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Enrollment through discharge

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol5
Misoprostol Only8
Cervical Foley Alone13
Cervical Foley & Pitocin10

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Mode of Delivery

Cesarean Delivery (NCT01916681)
Timeframe: Start of induction to delivery

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol34
Misoprostol Only29
Cervical Foley Alone35
Cervical Foley & Pitocin38

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Regional Anesthesia

(NCT01916681)
Timeframe: During delivery

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cervical Foley & Misoprostol114
Misoprostol Only111
Cervical Foley Alone114
Cervical Foley & Pitocin121

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Sense Wear Armband

Our secondary aim was to measure the change in physical activity between baseline and 8 weeks using the Sense Wear armband (SWA). The outcome measure was the average number of minutes spent daily performing physical activities >1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs).The SWA is a small device that collects information from multiple sensors: a triaxial accelerometer, heat flux, skin temperature, and galvanic signal. The information is integrated and processed by software using proprietary algorithms utilizing subjects' demographic characteristics (gender, age, height, and weight) to provide minute-by-minute estimates of physical activity. The SWA has shown good reliability and validity. The research participants in our study will wear the SWA for a week before and after they complete the treatment interventions. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary End-Point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after completion of 6-week intervention).

Interventionminutes per day (Mean)
Medical Care-23.1
Group Exercise4.3
Manual Therapy and Exercise-6.0

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Swiss Spinal Stenosis (SSS) Questionnaire Score

Our primary aim included a primary outcome measure of self-reported pain/function, which was the change in SSS total score between baseline and 8 weeks. The Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire (SSS) is a validated 12-item condition-specific instrument for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. It provides a patient self-report measure of pain and physical function. Higher scores represent worse symptoms and less physical function. The 12-item SSS total score range is 12-55. For our analysis, we compared the change in the 12-item Total score from baseline to 8 weeks. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary End-Point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after completion of 6-week intervention).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Medical Care-2.0
Group Exercise-1.7
Manual Therapy and Exercise-4.1

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Self Paced Walking Test (SPWT)

Our primary aim also included a performance-based outcome measure, which was the distance walked during the SPWT. The analysis was a comparison of between-group changes in SPWT between baseline and 8 weeks. The Self-Paced Walking Test (SPWT) is a validated objective measure of a patient's walking capacity, which is performed on a level walking surface. The patient is instructed to walk at their own pace and to stop when the symptoms are troublesome enough that s/he needs to sit down to rest. The total time and total distance walked are measured by the research assistant. Our unit of measure was the total distance walked, expressed in meters. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary end-point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after 6 week intervention is completed).

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Medical Care130.5
Group Exercise219.2
Manual Therapy and Exercise267.8

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Adverse Event Reported by Participants

(NCT02012491)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Interventionadverse events (Mean)
Misoprostol5.6
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone6.1

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Gestational Sac Expulsion by the Second Follow-up Visit at Day 8

(NCT02012491)
Timeframe: Day 8 (visit 3) and up to 30 day to ensure additional measures were not done (surgical)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol111
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone132

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Gestational Sac Expulsion With One Treatment Dose on Day 3 (Visit 2) and no Need for Additional Medical or Surgical Intervention Within 30 Days of Treatment.

(NCT02012491)
Timeframe: Day 3 (visit 2) and up to 30 days following visit (to ensure surgical measures were not done

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol100
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone124

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Uterine Asperation

Surgical removal of the miscarriage. (NCT02012491)
Timeframe: 30 Days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol35
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone13

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Frequency of Serious Adverse Events Between Study Arms.

(NCT02012491)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol3
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone5

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Gestational Sac Expulsion by the 30-day Telephone Call

(NCT02012491)
Timeframe: 30 Days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol113
Misoprostol Plus Mifepristone135

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Need for Extra Ecbolics (Oxytocin).

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: from start of cesarean section till the end of operation (average one hour)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo209
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo206
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo204

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Incidence of Wound Sepsis

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: upto one week

Interventionno. of cases experiencing wound sepsis (Number)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo3
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo5
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo4

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Incidence of Adverse Effects

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,,
Interventionno. of cases experiencing side effects (Number)
FeverChills
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo1111
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo2624
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo4442

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APGAR Score

The Apgar score is the first test given to a newborn, it is referred to as an acronym for: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. Scores obtainable are between 10 and 0, with 10 being the highest possible score. Pulse: above 100 beats per minute (2), below 100 beats per minute (1), absent (0). Respiration: Normal rate and effort, good cry (2), Slow or irregular,weak cry (1), absent (0). Grimace: Pulls away, sneezes, coughs, or cries with stimulation (2), Facial movement only (1), absent (0). Activity: Active, spontaneous movement (2), Arms and legs flexed with little movement (1), absent (0). Appearance: Normal color (2), Normal color (but hands and feet are bluish) (1), Bluish-gray or pale all over (0). (NCT02083107)
Timeframe: 1minute and 5 minutes from delivery of the fetus

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
APGAR 1 minuteAPGAR 5 minute
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo6.58.5
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo6.58.5
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo6.58.5

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Time to Resume Bowel Habits

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: average 24 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo15.1
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo14.7
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo14.5

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Need for Postoperative Blood Transfusion

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: average 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo4
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo10
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo5

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Need for Extra Analgesics

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: average 24 hours

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo56
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo62
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo50

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Intraoperative Blood Loss

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: from start of cesarean section till the end of operation (average one hour)

Interventionmillilitres (Mean)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo357.8
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo641.7
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo457.5

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Change in Hematocrite Value

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative from baseline hematocrite value

InterventionPercentage Hematocrit (Mean)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo-0.1
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo-1.6
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo-0.1

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Change in Hemoglobin Concentration

(NCT02083107)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative from baseline hemoglobin

Interventiongram/dL (Mean)
Sublingual Misoprostol & Rectal Placebo-0.3
Rectal & Sublingual Placebo-0.9
Rectal Misoprostol & Sublingual Placebo-0.4

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Patient Enrollment

The percentage of women who are offered enrollment and accept. (NCT02141555)
Timeframe: One year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal Misoprostol2
Buccal Misoprostol2

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Number of Participants With Complete Abortion

Number of participants with complete abortion without surgical intervention defined as no evidence of a gestational sac on transvaginal ultrasound at the follow up visit. (NCT02141555)
Timeframe: one week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal Misoprostol1
Buccal Misoprostol2

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Number of Participants Who Answered 1 or 2 on a Scale of Satisfaction With the Procedure

"Written surveys patients will fill out at follow up visit assessing patient's satisfaction with the procedure.~How satisfied were you with your procedure?~The satisfaction scale used was:~1 =Very Satisfied, comfortable, likely to recommend 3= Neutral 5= Very unsatisfied/uncomfortable, unlike to recommend" (NCT02141555)
Timeframe: one week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal Misoprostol2
Buccal Misoprostol2

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Number of Participants Reporting 2 or 3 on a Scale of Medication Side Effects

"Assessment of medication side effects including: nausea, vomiting, headache, fever (over 100.4 F), dizziness, diarrhea, bad taste, dry mouth Did you experience any of these side effects? If so, how long did they last?~Patients asked on a scale of 0 to 3, where:~Side Effect scale:~0 = never~1= less than one day 2 = 1 to 2 days 3 = more than 2 days" (NCT02141555)
Timeframe: one week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vaginal Misoprostol0
Buccal Misoprostol0

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Rate of Cesarean Section

Mode of delivery via cesarean section or vaginal delivery (NCT02314728)
Timeframe: within 48 hours

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cesarean DeliveryVaginal Delivery
Oxytocin Alone2686
Vaginal Misoprostol2789

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Maternal and Neonatal Infectious Morbidity

"Maternal infection defined as fever >100.4 on at least two occasions during labor, continued antibiotic treatment on or after PPD#1, histologic confirmation of chorioamnionitis. Dose of Oxytocin, Tachysystole, Estimated blood loss at delivery, maternal length of stay, Epidural use, Indication for cesarean delivery~Neonatal infection defined as WBC <5000 and absolute neutrophil count <1000 or positive blood cultures and neonatal fever, NICU admission, Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes," (NCT02314728)
Timeframe: within 72 hours

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NICU AdmissionHistologic Chorioamnionitis
Oxytocin Alone1513
Vaginal Misoprostol139

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Number of Participants Who Had Uterine Hyperstimulation

Presence of uterine hyperstimulation, tachysystole as defined as 6 uterine contractions in a 10 minute period (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo18
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo22

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Number of Participants With Neonatal Cord Gases Measured

cord gases from newborn (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo12
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo15

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Uterine Rupture

Presence of uterine rupture (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo0
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo0

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Number of Vaginal Deliveries That Occurred Within 24 Hours

rate of achieving vaginal delivery within 24 hours (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo58
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo89

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Time to Delivery

"number of hours from placement of study drug to delivery~Cesarean delivery for fetal non--reassurance indication" (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo28.1
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo20.1

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Dose of Oxytocin Used for Augmentation

dose of oxytocin used for augmentation of labor (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

Interventionmilliunits per minute (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo6
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo4

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Number of Doses Misoprostol Used

Number of doses of misoprostol needed (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

Interventiondoses (Median)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo3
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo2

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Number of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission

Admission to NICU (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until discharge of newborn- anticipated up to 28 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo30
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo31

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Number of Participants With Cesarean Deliveries Based on Fetal Non-Reassurance Indications

Rate of cesarean deliveries performed for fetal non-reassurance as the indication (NCT02408315)
Timeframe: from study entry until delivery- anticipated 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Buccal Misoprostol/Vaginal Placebo14
Vaginal Misoprostol/Buccal Placebo5

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Change in Hemoglobin

(NCT02411916)
Timeframe: 1 day after delivery

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Intervention Cases1.08
Controls1.20

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Initial Cervical Dilation

Initial cervical dilation as measured by Hegar Dilator accepted with least resistance (NCT02412618)
Timeframe: Assessed 4-6 hour following medications at time of D&E procedure

Interventionmm (Mean)
Mifepristone11.7
Placebo10.9

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Patient Acceptability and Assessment of Pain and Side Effects (5-point Likert Scale)

"5-point Likert scale given to patients following procedure once recovered from anesthesia assessing pain, side effects including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping, and if they would choose the method again or recommend to friends.~Likert scale: Strongly agree (5), Agree (4), Neutral (3), Disagree (2), Strongly Disagree (1)" (NCT02412618)
Timeframe: intraoperative

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NauseaSevere Cramps
Mifepristone44
Placebo44

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Dilation Time in Minutes

Time from beginning of cervical dilation to completion of cervical dilation. (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of procedure.

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group 11.9
Group 21.4

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Resistance Score

"Ease of Dilation Per Surgeon on a numeric scale of 1(easier than normal) to 5 (more difficult than normal) with 3 being normal." (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of procedure.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Group 12.9
Group 22.7

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Efficacy (Cervical Ripening)

To evaluate the efficacy of two doses of 200ug of misoprostol (for a total of 400ug), administered vaginally, on cervical ripening before diagnostic and operative hysteroscopic procedures in postmenopausal women (amenorrhea greater than 1 year). Efficacy is represented by time to dilation. (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of surgery/cervical dilation

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Group 11.9
Group 21.4

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Maximum Dilator Size

The largest cervical dilator that could be passed through the internal cervical os. (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of procedure.

Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Group 110.3
Group 26

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Number of Recorded Side Effects.

Secondary aim: to evaluate if cervical ripening with misoprostol reduces side effects (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of surgery/cervical dilation

Interventionnumber of side effects out of seven (Mean)
Group 10.6
Group 20.6

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Number of Complications

Count of complications at time of surgery. (NCT02534883)
Timeframe: At time of procedure.

Interventioncomplications (Mean)
Group 10.1
Group 20

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Number of Infants Per Gender

Gender defined as male or female. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Neonatal discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
FemaleMale
Inpatient Usual Care22
Outpatient Foley Catheter13

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Pre-delivery Hospitalization Time

The time from when the patient is admitted to the hospital until she delivers her infant and placenta will be recorded. For the outpatient group, this will be measured by adding together the time that the patient spends in the Family Birth Center during Foley placement in the evening with the time she spends inpatient the next day during the rest of her induction until delivery. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Delivery, approximately 16 to 30 hours after admission

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter1197
Inpatient Usual Care1398

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Number of Participants With Postpartum Complications

Postpartum complications defined as postpartum hemorrhage, depression, urinary tract infection, wound infection, endomyometritis, mastitis, pyelonephritis, intra-abdominal infection, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thrombosis, cardiac complication, or fever of unknown origin. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Final postpartum visit, approximately 42 days after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Outpatient Foley Catheter1
Inpatient Usual Care0

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Number of Participants With Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery

(NCT02546193)
Timeframe: End of the third stage of labor, approximately 16 hours after admission

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Outpatient Foley Catheter3
Inpatient Usual Care3

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Number of Participants With Intrapartum Complications

Intrapartum complications defined as intrapartum fever, placental abruption, or chorioamnionitis. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Final postpartum visit, approximately 42 days after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Outpatient Foley Catheter0
Inpatient Usual Care0

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Number of Participants Per Method of Induction Used

Method of induction: outpatient placement of Foley catheter vs. inpatient usual care induction (medication and/or Foley catheter at time of admission) (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: End of the third stage of labor, approximately 16 hours after admission

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Outpatient Foley Catheter4
Inpatient Usual Care4

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Mean Umbilical Cord Blood Gases

Mean infant venous pH reported from complete umbilical cord blood gases. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Neonatal discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

InterventionpH (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter7.35
Inpatient Usual Care7.32

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Mean Time of Delivery

Time from admission to the hospital to delivery of the placenta. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: End of the third stage of labor, approximately 16 to 30 hours after admission

Interventionhours (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter19.94
Inpatient Usual Care23.29

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Mean Score on Maternal Satisfaction Survey

This survey will gauge the mother's experience during her induction with regard to pain, rest, concerns during the induction, satisfaction, and willingness to recommend their particular induction setting (inpatient vs. outpatient). Questions are based on a 1-4 scale, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter3.25
Inpatient Usual Care3

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Mean Readmission Rate

Defined as readmission to the hospital for any reason within 6 weeks from the date of delivery. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Final postpartum visit, approximately 42 days after delivery

Interventionreadmissions (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter0
Inpatient Usual Care0

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Mean Estimated Blood Loss at Delivery

Estimated total blood loss at time of delivery in milliliters. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: End of the third stage of labor, approximately 16 hours after admission

Interventionmilliters (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter500
Inpatient Usual Care562.5

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Mean Dose of Medication for Pain Relief

Mean dose of opioid pain medication (Fentanyl) in micrograms (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: End of the third stage of labor, approximately 16 hours after admission

Interventionmicrograms (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter160
Inpatient Usual Care322

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Mean Birth Weight

Mean infant birth weight reported in grams. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Neonatal discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter3602.5
Inpatient Usual Care3635

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Mean APGAR Scores

APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) Scoring System. 1-10 scale with higher total score indicating better newborn health. Infant mean APGAR score at 5 minutes reported. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Neonatal discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Outpatient Foley Catheter9
Inpatient Usual Care9

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Number of Infants With Neonatal Morbidity or Mortality, Categorized by Reason.

Any diagnosed neonatal morbid condition or mortality prior to hospital discharge. (NCT02546193)
Timeframe: Neonatal discharge from the hospital, approximately 2-3 days after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Outpatient Foley Catheter0
Inpatient Usual Care0

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The Time From Active Phase to Delivery

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group3.11
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group3.76

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The Time From Induction Until to Active Phase Labor

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group17.43
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group12.81

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The Time Interval From Induction to Delivery: All Participants

During labor from the start of the induction to the delivery (NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group20.97
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group16.27

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Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery: Multiparous

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group15.99
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group11.89

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Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery: Nulliparous

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group22.7
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group18.15

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Time From Induction to Delivery: CD

Time (hours) from induction to delivery: Cesarean Delivery (CD) (NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group24.38
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group17.95

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Time From Induction to Delivery: VD

Time (hours) from induction to delivery: Vaginal Delivery (VD) (NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group18.87
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group15.55

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Estimated Blood Loss

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionml (Mean)
Misoprostol Group493.3
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group490.5

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Incidence of Chorioamnionitis

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol Group8
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group4

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Incidence of Uterine Tachysystole

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: Day 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Misoprostol Group12
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group6

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Per Treatment Protocol: Time (Hours) From Induction to Delivery

(NCT02566005)
Timeframe: day 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Misoprostol Group20.5109
Misoprostol and Foley Bulb Group16.6814

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Number of Newborns With Transient Tachypnea (TTN)

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol5
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only5

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Induction-to-delivery Interval in Hours

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

Interventionhours (Mean)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol24.8
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only24.5

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Number of Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol24
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only20

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Number of Newborns With Culture-proven Sepsis

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol0
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only1

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Number of Newborns With Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol5
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only4

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Number of Newborns With Seizures

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol0
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only0

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Number of Participants With a Need for Oxytocin Augmentation

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol89
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only103

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Number of Participants Exhibiting Tachysystole Resulting in Fetal Heart Rate Abnormalities

Uterine tachysystole is a condition of excessively frequent uterine contractions during pregnancy. Tachysystole is indicated ≥ 5 contractions in a 10 minute period averaged over a 30-minute window. (NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol10
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only20

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Number of Participants With a Need for Cesarean Delivery

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol51
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only53

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Number of Participants With a Need for Operative Vaginal Delivery

(NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol5
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only6

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Number of Participants With Clinical Chorioamnionitis

Clinical chorioamnionitis is indicated by maternal fever ≥ 100.4 Fahrenheit, uterine fundal tenderness, maternal or fetal tachycardia (>100/min and >160/min, respectively), and purulent or foul amniotic fluid. (NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol1
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only1

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Composite Maternal Morbidity as Indicated by the Number of Participants With Measures of Maternal Morbidity

"Measures of maternal morbidity assessed:~Maternal ICU admission~Postpartum endometritis~Surgical-site infections prior to discharge~Venous thromboembolism~Need for transfusion~Maternal death" (NCT02639429)
Timeframe: Induction to discharge (approximately 5 days)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Maternal ICU AdmissionPostpartum endometritisSurgical site infection
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol035
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only301

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Composite Neonatal Morbidity as Indicated by the Number of Newborns With Measures of Neonatal Morbidity

"Measures of neonatal morbidity assessed:~Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 mins~Umbilical cord potential of hydrogen (pH) < 7.1~Neonatal injury: brachial plexus injury, fracture~Perinatal death" (NCT02639429)
Timeframe: From delivery to neonatal discharge (approximately 2 to 7 days)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutescord pH < 7.1any neonatal injury
Combined Approach: Foley Balloon + Vaginal Misoprostol453
Single Approach: Vaginal Misoprostol Only353

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To Determine the Interval From Initiation of Misoprostol to Delivery in Each Group

To determine the interval from initiation of misoprostol to delivery in each group (NCT02680314)
Timeframe: within 24 hours from the initial intervention

InterventionMedian number of Minutes (Median)
Single Dose1187
Multiple Dose1321

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Number of Participants With Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours

To compare the rate of vaginal delivery within 24 hours in patients who receive a single dose of misoprostol versus those receiving multiple doses of this medication. (NCT02680314)
Timeframe: within 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Single Dose50
Multiple Dose55

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Rate of Anti-emetic Use

Use of medication to treat nausea. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol7
Vaginal Misoprostol1

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Rate of Chorioamnionitis

Chorioamnionitis is defined as an intraamniotic infection. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol0
Vaginal Misoprostol0

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Time to Initiation of Oxytocin for Labor Augmentation

The length of time (in hours) between the administration of misoprostol (first dose) and the first administration of oxytocin for labor augmentation. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: From start of induction of labor (first misoprostol administration) to initiation of oxytocin for labor augmentation, up to 36 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
Oral Misoprostol11.0
Vaginal Misoprostol12.6

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Neonatal Morbidity

binary composite outcome defined as Apgar score < 7, or cord blood gas pH of less than 7 or base deficit great than 12, or neonatal intensive care unit admission within 4 hours of delivery. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: 4 hours from delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol2
Vaginal Misoprostol3

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Rate of Abandoning Misoprostol for Cervical Ripening and Switching to Mechanical Dilation for Cervical Ripening

Based on clinician's judgment on the progress of the induction, the rate that misoprostol administration was stopped and a cervical ripening balloon was used instead (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol2
Vaginal Misoprostol7

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Cesarean Section Rate

Number of cesarean sections/total deliveries (%) (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: From enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol2
Vaginal Misoprostol7

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Time to Active Labor

Active phase of labor defined as greater than or equal to 6 cm cervical dilation (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from start of induction of labor (first misoprostol administration) to active phase of labor, up to 3 days.

Interventionhours (Mean)
Oral Misoprostol19.8
Vaginal Misoprostol21.4

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Time to Vaginal Delivery

includes vaginal deliveries only; cesarean section deliveries are excluded (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from start of induction of labor (first misoprostol administration) to vaginal delivery, up to 3 days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Oral Misoprostol22.3
Vaginal Misoprostol23.2

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Rate of Vaginal Delivery Within 24 Hours

Vaginal delivery within from start of induction with misoprostol. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: 24 hours from start of induction of labor (first misoprostol administration)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol10
Vaginal Misoprostol6

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Rate of Tachysystole Causing Non-reassuring Fetal Heart Tones

"Previously defined as hyperstimulation, this outcome measure is defined as 4 or more contractions in a 10 minute period (tachysystole) thought to be causing recurrent variable or late decelerations, bradycardia, or minimal variability in the fetal heart rate tracing (non-reassuring fetal heart tones,which would require intervention to resolve or delivery of the infant)." (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: From enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol1
Vaginal Misoprostol2

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Rate of Tachysystole

Tachysystole is defined as 4 or more contractions in a 10 minute period. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol1
Vaginal Misoprostol4

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Rate of Need for Tocolysis

Tocolysis is the administration of medication to decrease or stop contractions. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol1
Vaginal Misoprostol2

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Rate of Meconium Stained Fluid

Amniotic fluid with visible meconium (from fetal defecation) within it. (NCT02777190)
Timeframe: from enrollment until delivery, up to 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Oral Misoprostol2
Vaginal Misoprostol4

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Number of Participants With a Presence of a Uterine Cervical Canal With ≥8 mm of Dilation

This outcome measures how many mm of dilation the cervical canal has before the procedure. Cervical permeability (≥8 mm of dilation, used as a cut-off) was measured using Karman cannulas, from higher to low diameter. (NCT02957305)
Timeframe: Baseline before Manual Vacuum Aspiration procedure

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Inadequate (<8 mm)Adequate (≥8 mm)
Misoprostol 200 µg5055
Misoprostol 400 µg3076

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Pain Score (VAS)

Pain scores were assessed using a verbal analog scale (VAS), ranging from zero (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain) (NCT02957305)
Timeframe: before Manual Vacuum Aspiration

Interventionunits on a scale - Verbal Analog Scale (Median)
Misoprostol 400 µg0
Misoprostol 200 µg0

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Cervical Dilation

Pratt Dilator initially accepted without resistance starting from 65 and working down (NCT03134183)
Timeframe: At end of procedure

Intervention"French circumference in millimeters" (Mean)
Vaginal Misoprostol49.6
Buccal Misoprostol46.2

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Procedure Time

Time from initial uterine instrumentation to speculum out (NCT03134183)
Timeframe: At end of procedure

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Vaginal Misoprostol9.5
Buccal Misoprostol9.9

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Number of Participants Administered Neonatal Antibiotics and/or Neonatal Blood Cultures

Administration of neonatal antibiotics and/or neonatal blood cultures (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: From time of birth until the time of discharge or up to 7 days of life, whichever comes first.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol277
Oral Misoprostol237

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Number of Participants That Needed Mechanical Ventilation in Delivery Room (Yes/No)

Intubation with mechanical support or control of neonatal breathing in delivery room (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol2
Oral Misoprostol4

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Number of Participants Used General Anesthesia for Delivery

General anesthesia administered for delivery (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol29
Oral Misoprostol24

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Number of Participants With an 5-minute Apgar Score Less Than 4

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respirations - scored from 0 to 2 for each component, added to make a total score and used as an assessment of initial response to newborn resuscitation, lower scores associated with poor outcomes. Here defined as Apgar less than 4 at 5 minutes. (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after time of birth

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol4
Oral Misoprostol4

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Number of Participants With Blood Transfusion

administration of blood products related to delivery blood loss (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol37
Oral Misoprostol33

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Number of Participants With Excess Blood Loss

Maternal excess blood loss is defined as >500ml for vaginal and >1000ml for cesarean delivery (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol215
Oral Misoprostol223

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Time With Foley Bulb in Place

time (in hours) from insertion to removal or expulsion of foley bulb (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: From time of documented insertion until the time of documented expulsion or removal, whichever came first, assessed up to 24 hours.

Interventionhours (Median)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol5.3

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Time to Delivery

Time (in hours) from start of induction agent to delivery at first induction (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: from start of induction agent to time of delivery

Interventionhours (Mean)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol17.3
Oral Misoprostol18.2

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Presence of Chorioamnionitis

Intrapartum fever (temp equal or greater than 38C) with no other identified cause (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol203
Oral Misoprostol155

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Number of Participants With Vaginal Delivery

vaginal delivery at first induction (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol869
Oral Misoprostol860

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Number of Participants With Uterine Rupture

spontaneous separation of myometrium in a previously intact, unscarred uterus (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol0
Oral Misoprostol1

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Number of Participants With Unplanned Hysterectomy

unplanned removal of the uterus following delivery of the fetus (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at discharge from the hospital following delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol1
Oral Misoprostol0

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Number of Participants With Umbilical Cord Blood pH <7.0

Arterial or venous cord blood pH defined as <7.0 (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol3
Oral Misoprostol4

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Number of Participants With Uterine Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Tachysystole accompanied by fetal heart rate decelerations (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol184
Oral Misoprostol147

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Number of Participants With Neonatal Sepsis

Neonatal bacteremia as defined by bacterial growth in blood cultures (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: From time of birth until the time of discharge or up to 7 days of life, whichever comes first.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol2
Oral Misoprostol1

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Number of Participants With NICU Admission Order

Admission order to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) placed between the time of delivery and infant discharge (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: From time of birth until the time of discharge or up to 7 days of life, whichever comes first.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol16
Oral Misoprostol17

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Number of Participants With Postpartum Fever

Fever recorded in the time after delivery but prior to discharge from the hospital, with clinical assessment of endometritis (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: Following delivery and prior to discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol11
Oral Misoprostol3

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Number of Participants With Tachysystole

6 or more contractions in 10 minutes or tetanic contraction of 120 seconds or longer (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol325
Oral Misoprostol313

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Number of Participants Used Neuraxial Analgesia During Labor

Regional or neuraxial analgesia (labor epidural or spinal) used between the start of induction and delivery (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: from start of induction to delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol949
Oral Misoprostol935

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Number of Participants With Meconium-stained Amniotic Fluid

Identification of any meconium (green tinge) in the amniotic fluid before or during delivery by a healthcare provider's assessment of gross fluid color. (NCT03407625)
Timeframe: At the time of rupture of membranes and at delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Foley Bulb Plus Oral Misoprostol227
Oral Misoprostol234

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Number of Recurrences During the Follow-up Period

Number of recurrences during the follow-up period (for those who have a first recurrence during the follow-up time period) (NCT03617172)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionnumber of events (Number)
Study Drug (Misoprostol)0
Placebo0

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Number of Participants With Clinical Recurrence of Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI).

Number of Participants with clinical recurrence of Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI) in the 8 week follow-up period. (NCT03617172)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study Drug (Misoprostol)0
Placebo0

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Percentage of Participants Adherent to Study Protocol

Measured as number of participants self reporting adherence to study intervention of ulipristal acetate followed by misoprostol taken 6-18 hours later divided by number of participants enrolled in study. (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 3 follow up, +/- 1 day

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg100

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Percentage of Participants Recruited to Study Protocol

Measured as number of participants enrolled in study divided by number of patients screened for participation in study (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg37.5

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Number of Participants With Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss Following Study Intervention

Absence of gestational sac on transvaginal ultrasound examination on day 3 follow up (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 3 follow up, +/- 1 day

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg3

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Percentage of Participants Retained in Study Protocol

Measured as number of participants attending all required study visits (day 0, day 3, day 8, and day 30) divided by number of participants enrolled in study (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 30 follow up, +/- 7 days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg100

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Number of Participants Needing Additional Medication for Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss

Participant reported need for additional dose of misoprostol for resolution of early pregnancy loss. (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 30 follow up, +/- 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg0

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Number of Participants Needing Surgical Management for Resolution of Early Pregnancy Loss

Participant reported need for vacuum aspiration for resolution of early pregnancy loss. (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 30 follow up, +/- 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg0

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Median Acceptability of Study Intervention

Participant reported ordinal data based on 4 Likert scale questions about acceptability of study intervention with scores ranging from 1-5 (1=Very Unlikely, 2=More Unlikely, 3=Neutral, 4=More Likely, 5=Very Likely). Higher scores indicated more acceptable treatment. (NCT05216952)
Timeframe: From admission until day 30 follow up, +/- 7 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Would you use these medications again if you had another miscarriage?Would you recommend these medications to a friend with a miscarriage?If possible to take Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) at home, would you be more or less likely to use again?If possible to take UPA at a different time, would you be more or less likely to use again?
Ulipristal Acetate (UPA) 90 mg3443

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
sr141716
[no description available]		2.8230amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.5220
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea: structure in first source		3.0840
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		2.01103-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		7.42159monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
adenine
[no description available]		2.93406-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9810azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0410benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.4520amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.4220tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.2460chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		8.2560monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		8.511benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.0610trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.0110(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.4420amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.45202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4420sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.9540aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		6.151alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.4520alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0410glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		5.06101carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		6.62154aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		4.3241elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0510benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.1510alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7430cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.0140acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.9210metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4520pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		210monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		1.9710oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.821hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0410alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		7.0310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.0510primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.610uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		4.0731isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		1.9910hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		1.9710methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
phenytoin
[no description available]		10.4541imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.7130acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.4420aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		12.22249acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4420acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		6.9783acridines
albendazole
[no description available]		2.4520aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.0931phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.02101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.0210organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.0210triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.7330adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		6.1390diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.7330dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4420guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.9140dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.73301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.7330carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4420dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.0210dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.4420nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.7621pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		14.727824benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4420ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.4851aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		2.4420amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.4520barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0410benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.05101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.4320pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		2.4320propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0410diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.4420secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0410organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.4420amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		3.5520aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.7330azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		2.4420methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		2.4520purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.4420aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.0540dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.0510carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.7330N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.0210quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.4420carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		8.78132organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.4420ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetraxate
[no description available]		3.1310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		2.0410diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.0510benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.44201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4520aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.4520organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		14.035827aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4420cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4520cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.4420aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.4420benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.45202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4520monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.0510aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4320dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.7330clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		2.02101,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0210carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		2.0410organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.1110medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.0510acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.0410dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.4520primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		7.93401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.4520benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		15.619443amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4420monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.0510piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.7330monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.4420organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.2450branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.3920benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.0210aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.4420dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.0410oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.44201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		1.9710
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.4420triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.02101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.8130monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.73302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		6.341211,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4420carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0510aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4420anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		2.0210piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.7330aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4420conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.7330aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4520aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.4420ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.3241nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.7330(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.4320decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4320phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.0340fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.7330chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.0210gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.7330aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		4.3441
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4520N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.0210sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0210aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.4220
granisetron
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.8881methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.0410azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		2.0210acetamides
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		7.9440aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		7.730haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4520azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4420benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4420one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.7330hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		15.43813monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.4420primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		10.85133benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.3341ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.4520dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.7330bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.4420indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.277712aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4420benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		2.0210amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0510carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
irsogladine
irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt		3.5620dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.91403-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		5.1152carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4220secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0510catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.4520alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.4420benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.4420piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.0510cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.7330dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.2860benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.0210amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0410cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.7330benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.44201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		7.79123benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.4520(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		12.181714nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		2.0210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		2.0510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		8.8221monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.4320benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.4520benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.7330biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		2.4320dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		7.0110cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		2.4320anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.0710nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.0510diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0210aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4420aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		2.0410adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.45201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.4220ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.0510piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.0510organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.150amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		2.0410phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.0740guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.4220benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.0410aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.1331benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.7330aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		10.7461C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.4520aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.0210aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.4520dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.7330imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		2.0210amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.4420benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0510diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.4420dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.4520monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9910maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		8.71134methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.45201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.7330aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.4420cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.0210benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.2162C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.0510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		7.94402-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4420C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		6.9242nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.0410isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4420catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.4420fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.7330organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.43203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		13.519016aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4420carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.44201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0410aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		1.9810N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.0210phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.8942aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.0410aromatic amine
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.44201,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0210aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4520barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.2860oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.0410piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.7330N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4520acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0410aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.7730barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4520phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		2.0510aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.0410primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.9240pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0510pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.4320indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		10.7161pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.7530inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.4420isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.4420aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		6.4530amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.4420pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.7330benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.7330benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.4420benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.420benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.7430phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		9.1131phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		5.5663naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		2.0410carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.0110aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		2.0210benzodiazepine
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.411benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.4420aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		5.6651secondary carboxamide
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		1.9810quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.4420benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		2.0210alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.44201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		2.0410tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		6.1191butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.3711piperidines
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		2.0410benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.4420pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.7330ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		2.0510dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4520aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4520isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.8130
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.04102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.5520benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.4320sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4520naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0510N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.4420benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0510imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.4320furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		9.9142phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4420diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		10.3770phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.7330phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.0210aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.4120aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.0540monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0410aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.7330N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.7330benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.6132aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.7330aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		10.19134amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		2.0210triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.420N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0410aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.7330oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.4520aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		2.0210
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		2.4320dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.0410aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.4520chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0410aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane
[no description available]		2.3920carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
valethamate
valethamate: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.110alkylbenzene
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.7330cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.0510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4420carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.4420imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.7921mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.42011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.55111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.051016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.0410ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.4620alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.4520glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		4.6161pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		4.3141nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.69304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.05102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.05101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4120ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		2.44203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.422011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.9440non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		13.097111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		2.452017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.7330pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.4320organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.05102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		1.9710
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.3870chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		6.1451alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0410aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
vincristine
[no description available]		2.4420acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.0510carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.773017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.0510aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.940pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.0510benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.0510kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		210D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		5.4941monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5.5463ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.4220amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4320organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.0510aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		7.4120alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.0410
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9910antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		3.381117alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.3341mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.7330beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.994020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
mestranol
[no description available]		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.0410organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.7130arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		1.9710chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.3711benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.7530primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0410stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		1.9810alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.3720amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		9.47706-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.4420organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		12.42520glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.2510pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.8940xanthene
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		3.3511primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0610alkane
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.4853pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.4420mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.4320steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		16.582011ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0510bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4520aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0510quinolines
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.6930methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		3.3611D-aldohexose derivative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0410dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.49811,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0410xanthenes
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		7.4220calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.4520phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.7130azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
paraoxon
[no description available]		1.9710aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4520organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0510mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4520benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0510steroid ester
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.15011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0410diarylmethane
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.730imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.45201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4420bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0410isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4520phthalazines
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.4110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0510ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4420furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.53203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		4.372217beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.0510amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		2.4320carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.1950dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.940arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
lactulose
[no description available]		2.0510glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.442020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.4420acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		3.1310aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.7330cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.021017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		8.5110organic molecular entity
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		9.29717beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4420steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.0210ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.0510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.1110enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.0340alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		7.4320selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
metaxalone
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		2.0410cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0410organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.4420benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.0510aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.4420benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		4.0831corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.4520pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.4420dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.9240fluorescein isothiocyanate
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		2.4420organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0410isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.0410indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.6930azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.0710amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		1.9610manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.9210titanium group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		6.9910chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		1.9910monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.4420pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		13.7101magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9810mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		210D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		1.9810calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		1.9810calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		1.9810calcium phosphate
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		1.9710aluminium sulfate
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0810inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		11.28318
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
rhamnose
[no description available]		3.3611L-rhamnose
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		7.0310halide
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.9340selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.13506-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.4220beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0610organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		11.982217glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.884217beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		2.0210aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide
Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.		2.6830
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.4420aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		7.9240indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.5990benzenes;
phenyl acetates
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4420bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.4320organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.92403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7430glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.4420beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.3660penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4420timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		3.97212-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		6.9610piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		2.4320carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.7330azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0410organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.0510pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.7330amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.0240taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.5151beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		7.420peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.4420catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0410phenanthrenes
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		2.0210ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.73301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		7.7830alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
flunixin
flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		2.0210aminopyridine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.7330L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.4420
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.44205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		7.0410pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.9340alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4420cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.83017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.4320anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0210aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.4520aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.0410aromatic ether
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		2.4320anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.4420aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.7330alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.4420cephalosporinantibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		2.4320diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.4320diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.2560acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4420cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.4420benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4420cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.4320monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.7330
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.4420delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
dazmegrel
[no description available]		1.9810
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.4420delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.44203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8321N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.0510hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		25.888872363-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		2.0210imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.0510
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		2.02103-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		2.4320aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.4420fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.44201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5520methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.4420phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0410beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		2.0210pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		4.4120
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		2.0210benzenes;
organic amino compound
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		2.4420alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.7330monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.4420carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.4420biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		2.04101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.9340adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		1.9810
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.520
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.4420cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0510acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.3920D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0510glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0210benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
st 679
[no description available]		4.8921N-acyl-amino acid
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4420fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		10.6215121,2,3-triazole
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.7330dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.4420razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
aceclofenac
[no description available]		4.4522amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.4720polypeptide
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.0210hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.0510aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.2150macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		7.93403-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		4.2131
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.4720iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		2.4320peptide
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
malabaricone c
malabaricone C: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source		2.0410butanonemetabolite
nsc 327729
S-2-(3-methylaminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid: structure given in first source		2.420
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9710cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.4311
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0510amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.8121primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		210
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.0510
saikosaponin d
[no description available]		2.4110
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.4520alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		4402-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410catecholamine
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		3.1410
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
bw 245c
BW 245C: a selective DP receptor agonist. BW 245C : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,4S)- and (3S,4R)-BW 245C. A hydantoin-based prostglandin analogue.. 7-[3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]heptanoic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.		2.730imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
ah 6809
6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD		3.580xanthones
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		1.9710
dl 111-it
3-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole: non-hormonal antifertility agent; RN & N1 from CA Vol 90		2.0110
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4920methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.4320bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
htr composite
HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities		210
methotrexate
[no description available]		16.7811836dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
ulipristal acetate
RTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist. ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.		8.331020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester;
tertiary amino compound		contraceptive drug;
progesterone receptor modulator;
progestin
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
sc 51089
SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist		2.0610
nitrofenac
nitrofenac: a diclofenac-derivative containing the nitric oxide group; structure given in first source		1.9810
15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid
15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid: the 15-lipoxygenase product of dihomogammalinolenic acid; inhibits the biosynthesis of the proinflammatory eicosanoids leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid		2.0410
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.7921D-xylose
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.2510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.4420hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.73309-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
quebrachitol
quebrachitol: RN given refers to (D-chiro)-isomer		2.0410cyclohexanols
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.0510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		13.72297methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
leonurine
leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure		2.0610trihydroxybenzoic acid
malabaricone b
malabaricone B: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source		2.0410
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.0510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		8.1150
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4320piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
dexketoprofen trometamol
dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen		2.0510
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		6.9710very long-chain fatty acid
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510benzodioxoles
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
allylpyrocatechol
allylpyrocatechol: extracted from leaves of Piper betel; has healing properties against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration; structure in first source		2.4620
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.74301,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
carboplatin
[no description available]		3.3711
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.4120
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		24.2402197heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
amastatin
amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence		210tetrapeptideEC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		2.0210coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.7330cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4420alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.73301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		2.4220beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0510cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.4420L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.7330
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		2.0210L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		3.0850tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		16.95415ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		3.411117beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
acarbose
[no description available]		2.4420amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4420retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.420icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0510resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.7530retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.4120macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		1.9910butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.44202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		3.3511peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.4520
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.4420epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.9540macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		1.9810adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		3.0850prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.4220olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.4320N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine
[no description available]		2.05102'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
kt 5720
KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		1.9910carboxylic ester;
gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.0210cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.9440actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.7330L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0510nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.4520flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
glycosides
[no description available]		2.0110
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0510stilbene
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		2.0710cyclic peptide
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4320penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		4.372217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0210purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.4420pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.7330ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.7330aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0410caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.4320N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.0810
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4320diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.7130monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.2660capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.7330acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.44202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		1.9710thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.1650cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.4420
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0410benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen
[no description available]		11.07164stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.4420pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		12.635917C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.4520aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		6.9810
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.0510beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.110
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.2510organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		1.9810aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.3820
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.45202-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		1.9810
eupatilin
eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.		2.2110dihydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
metabolite
bilirubin
[no description available]		5.0752biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		22.71373119prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		17.24389monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.4110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.7330D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4520carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		4.6261dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.4120leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		3.0810epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		20.74399124prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		3.3911dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prostaglandin a2
prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9710prostaglandins Ahuman metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		4.6132prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4
lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.		2.4120hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
lipoxin;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		3.711linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.4420antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4520oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.442011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0510
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0510aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		2.4620
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		11.8228hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
prostaglandin a1
[no description available]		3.0810prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
l 683590
immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source		1.9810ether;
lactol;
macrolide;
secondary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		3.1310
ornoprostil
ornoprostil: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R,17S)-isomer		4.0320organic molecular entity
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		13.034017aliphatic alcohol
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		2.0210cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.7330enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.8430retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
epoprostenol
[no description available]		2.4320prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.4320organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.		2.0110ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		metabolite
11-deoxyprostaglandin e1
11-deoxyprostaglandin E1: RN given refers to (13E,15S)-isomer		2.420prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		2.3720prostanoid
meteneprost
meteneprost: 9-deoxo-9-methylene-PGEs are possible solution to PGE stability problem; stable in aqueous media from pH 1 to 14 & have biological properties similar to corresponding PGEs; cpd tested for use as early pregnancy terminater & has low incidence of nausea & gastrointestinal side effects; note that cpd is derivative of both PGE2 & PGF2alpha; structure in first source		4.3522long-chain fatty acid
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		2.3720prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		5.63102cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin e2
17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin E2: an EP1 receptor agonist. 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is 18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4220alicyclic ketone;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
olefinic compound;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		10.0352thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		5.6754morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0510acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		4.3522morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		2.0410piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		2.0210morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.4520pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.0210carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.0210morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.4120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.9832organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0410organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.4420cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		6.592morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
ah 13205
AH 13205: an EP(2) receptor agonist and leukotriene B4 antagonist		2.3920
ah 23848
AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.		2.730(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		210monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		5.4453prostanoid
fluprostenol
fluprostenol: synthetic prostaglandin F 2 alpha analog used as an abortifacient; RN given refers to ((1alpha(Z),2beta(1E,3R*),3alpha,5alpha)-(+-))-isomer. fluprostenol : An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea.		3.1150(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		abortifacient;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
female contraceptive drug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		8.3711organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.71100carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
enisoprost
[no description available]		5.23121
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.730isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
m&b 28,767
[no description available]		210
enprostil
Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.		10.2226
ono-ae1-329
ONO-AE1-329: a 16-(m-methoxymethyl)phenyl derivative		2.0610
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		2.4220organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		210
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
rioprostil
Rioprostil: A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.		6.6363aliphatic alcohol
sc-46275
[no description available]		8.5930
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.4120
u-44619
thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.		210
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.4420acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		10.42393prostanoid
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.7330(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4420
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.4420dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.4220
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		10.441boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		1.9910alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.7930metal atom;
pnictogen
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.3511boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4420cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.93216-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.4320morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		2.7330cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4420dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0210benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.4420azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		2.0410styrenes
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.0510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.3611morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acid
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		2.02103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.73301,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.4320cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		8.5141gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0210dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.4420beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0210cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		1.9810azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.4220chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		6.1475
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		2.0210carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0710maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0210prostanoid
misoprostol acid
misoprostol acid: de-esterified metabolite of misoprostol		8.51145
sq 28053
[no description available]		210
limaprost
limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer		3.4110long-chain fatty acid
gr 63799x
GR 63799X: prostanoid with selectivity for EP3 receptors; structure given in first source; EP3 receptor agonist		2.420
tei 3356
TEI 3356: a prostaglandin E receptor agonist; inhibits endothelin-induced DNA synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells; structure given in first source		1.9810
prostaglandin f2alpha 15-methyl ether
prostaglandin F2alpha 15-methyl ether: retains considerable biological activity		3.4111
phxa 85
PhXa 85: RN given for (1R-(1alpha(Z),2beta(R*),3alpha,5alpha))-isomer		210hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ci 987
CI 987: structure in first source		210
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.5520
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.7330imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		3.811
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		3.4511diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
dantrolene
[no description available]		2.0210
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		3.3611
etonogestrel
[no description available]		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
nocloprost
nocloprost: phalloidin transport inhibitor		1.9810
trimoprostil
trimoprostil: RN refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer; structure in first source		1.9710
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		3.3611
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.4520enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
vapiprost
vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist		1.9810
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.0510diarylmethane
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.830biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.7330
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
l-826266
L-826266: a prostanoid EP3 receptor antagonist		2.4520
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here		210
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		9.6261organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.3770aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sc 236
4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray 		2.4420
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.420dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
cp533536
CP533536: an EP2 receptor-selective prostaglandin E2 agonist that induces bone healing; structure in first source		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
bpc 157
BPC 157: amino acid sequence given in first source; a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide, BPC, with hepatoprotective effects		710
l-161982
L-161982: A prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist		2.0310biphenyls
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		3.3611
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0410
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
fenprostalene
fenprostalene: RN given refers to (1R*,2R*,3R*,5S*)-(E)-(3R*)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9710
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.0210nystatins
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0610
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.3920benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9810
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		8.5873
syntometrine
syntometrine: mixture of above cpds (1:1)		14.7298
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.1710
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9710
ataprost
[no description available]		1.9910
ulipristal
ulipristal: a progestins antagonist		2.061020-oxo steroid
aglepristone
aglepristone: Alizine is tradename		3.8721oxo steroid
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		4.14160
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4520
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		1.9710oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		3.4820polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		7.34104
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		4.3422peptide hormone
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		7.0210
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		8.3711
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.4920glycoside
carbetocin
carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.		11.91134heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.3820organic molecular entity
ono ae 248
ONO AE 248: structure in first source		2.0610
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.3920
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.4420organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.6903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		6.9710organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		1.9710
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.110
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		3.5111
m&b 28,767
11-deoxy-16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin E1: an EP3 agonist; RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2beta(1E,3R*)))-isomer		2.420
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.821
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		7.8230
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.0750
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		210
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0510ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4520carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.9440
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.4520
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.0510
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.4420
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.6730monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		5.5563benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		7.4220C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		5.44411,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.0440benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		9.0931
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.3920
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
contraceptives, postcoital
Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.		5.4141
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		1.9710
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		3.3511
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.110
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		7.0210
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.69145
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.0110
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0810
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.44202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.06105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.79213',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.7430folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.4420cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.7330benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.4520dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.4420purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.44202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		2.0210L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.7330benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.44202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		9.2150nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0510formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.4420
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		1.98103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9810nitroso compoundalkylating agent
inosine pranobex
Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.		3.0710
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		1.9810
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.420
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		8.4111
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.35401
Itching
[description not available]		02.2110
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.2110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.2110
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		015.476834
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.9181
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.9181
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.73100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.73100
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.58182
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		134.884,0041,478
Placenta, Retained
A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.		011.552913
Abortion, Missed
The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.		022.1920440
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		011.83168
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		011.83168
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		02.5520
Acrania
[description not available]		02.7430
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.7430
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		023.635765
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		016.1910547
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		125.635765
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		016.1910547
Ache
[description not available]		027.4120996
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		124.4120996
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		025.96611153
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		127.96611153
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		017.156937
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		017.156937
Abortion, Incomplete
Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.		125.2928172
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		013.24716
Uterine Rupture
A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.		016.169912
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.3110
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.3110
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		08.4286
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		08.4286
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.8330
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.8330
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.610
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		06.5352
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		06.5352
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		09.2102
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		09.2102
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		017.2910133
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		06.82141
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		07.9963
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		07.9963
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		05.5451
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		010.03232
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		010.03232
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		07.6643
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		09.661612
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		015.514931
Pregnancy, Cornual
A type of pregnancy in which the EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the horn of the UTERUS instead of in the uterine cavity, i.e. at the junction of the uterus and one of the FALLOPIAN TUBES.		02.4110
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		05.9381
Embryopathies
[description not available]		07.83153
Maternal Death
The death of the female parent.		06.2880
Anasarca
[description not available]		04.981
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.7392
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		08.23173
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		010.49168
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		04.981
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.23173
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		112.49168
Fibroid
[description not available]		017.552514
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		012.512913
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		117.135028
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		012.512913
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		010.23243
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		010.23243
Placenta Praevia
[description not available]		04.470
Placenta Previa
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.		09.470
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		08.84178
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		110.84178
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.4110
MODS
[description not available]		04.5151
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		04.5151
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.4110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		014.745022
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		014.745022
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		011.36149
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		011.36149
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		04.6751
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		04.6751
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		017.2619356
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		121.89386112
Suffocation
[description not available]		03.9911
Amnionitis
[description not available]		07.573
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		03.9911
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		07.573
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		05.57161
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		17.57161
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.6830
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.6830
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		03.5320
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		010.971913
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		08.22104
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		08.22104
Infant Death
The death of a live-born INFANT within its first year of life.		03.620
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.610
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.610
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		015.97632
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		011.635011
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		012.745529
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		015.97632
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		011.635011
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		114.745529
Absence of Cerebral Hemispheres, Congenital
[description not available]		02.5920
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.8130
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.8130
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		04.1431
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.9293
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		015.698022
Oligohydramnios
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.		010.4651
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		04.5850
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		04.5850
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		011.463315
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		011.463315
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		05.6361
Deficiency, Factor 7
[description not available]		02.2510
Factor VII Deficiency
An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.		02.2510
Pregnancy, Prolonged
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.		010.053016
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		017.7715933
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		122.4831866
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		09.5696
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		03.1710
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.3641
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		09.3641
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		06.46124
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		06.46124
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		07.6164
Marijuana Use
Medicinal or recreational utilization of MARIJUANA.		02.2510
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.2510
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		05.02150
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.4420
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.4720
Neurocutaneous Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.4420
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.4720
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.6620
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.8730
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.6620
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		07.4163
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		07.4163
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		09.34124
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		09.34124
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.9340
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		05.3490
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		07.2510
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal
[description not available]		02.2510
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		07.2510
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		03.4320
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		03.4320
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		06.6673
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		06.6673
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		03.9840
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		07.3774
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		012.3774
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		011.42342
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		011.42342
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		03.2310
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.5280
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		013.193918
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		013.193918
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1331
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.1331
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.3840
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.3840
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		08.6130
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.3110
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.8162
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.451
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.4420
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		07.4420
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.451
Recrudescence
[description not available]		011.972312
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.4220
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.0750
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.4220
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.6890
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		04.4641
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.6890
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		04.4641
Placenta Increta
Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.		08.67220
Placenta Accreta
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.		013.67220
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that are malignant. It does not include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. However, there is a minority of authors that consider the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia synonymous with gestational trophoblastic disease.		03.8840
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.		03.8840
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		02.1510
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		011.912321
Acute Radiation Syndrome
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.		03.0610
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		06100
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.1510
Asystole
[description not available]		04.1831
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		07.1510
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		04.1831
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		0340
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.4420
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		0340
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		016.425532
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4620
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		07.4620
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.1510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.2970
Bleeding
[description not available]		011.182316
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		118.182316
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		05.2970
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		04.1630
Vaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).		03.1210
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		06.482
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.0910
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.7830
Placental Abruption
[description not available]		010.4751
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.		010.4751
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.7830
Poland Anomaly
[description not available]		02.7730
Amniotic Band Syndrome
A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.		03.6930
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		02.1710
Vascular Malformations
A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.		02.1710
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		012.012718
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		18.2871
Emesis
[description not available]		013.493314
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		013.493314
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		016.911966
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		011.65205
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		118.911966
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius
[description not available]		06.04190
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.2110
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		07.31460
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		02.2110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.4222
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		05.0552
Labor Pain
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.		02.2110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.6971
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3970
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.3970
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.6971
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
[description not available]		02.2110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		05.5663
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.4320
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		08.34214
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5220
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		03.8821
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		03.8821
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		0310
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		0310
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		0310
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		0310
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		0310
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		010.031010
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.382612
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		05.0431
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.0810
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		011.8493
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.9640
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		03.6630
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		03.3620
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		03.3620
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		03.6630
Complete Breech
[description not available]		03.420
Breech Presentation
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.		03.420
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.0931
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		04.0931
Triploid
[description not available]		02.0810
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		02.4220
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		02.4220
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.940
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.4620
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		15.940
Infection
[description not available]		08.4685
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		05.150
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		110.4685
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		07.4765
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		07.4765
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		03.8721
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		04.341
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		09.32156
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		05.8542
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital
Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.		03.0110
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.87130
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.87130
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4320
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		011318
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		011318
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.7971
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.7971
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.1110
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		15.511
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.1110
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		07.1110
Grippe
[description not available]		02.110
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.110
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.1110
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		06.1760
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		06.1760
Dizzyness
[description not available]		05.5732
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		05.5732
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.1110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.4720
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.4720
Uterine Perforation
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.		06.1962
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.511
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		05.0233
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
[description not available]		02.1310
Acquired Meningocele
[description not available]		02.1310
Amelia
[description not available]		02.7330
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.3241
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.1310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.1310
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.3241
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.1310
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.1310
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.1310
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.1310
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		07.1310
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.5111
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		03.5111
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.6630
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		02.1510
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		06.7342
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		08.12151
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0410
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.		02.0410
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.73110
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.0410
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		02.0410
A-Thalassemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.0410
alpha-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.		02.0410
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.7921
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.7921
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.420
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.0410
Exomphalos
[description not available]		08.8120
Hernia, Umbilical
A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.		03.8120
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.9610
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.9610
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.9640
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		03.4311
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		03.4311
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.0510
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		02.0410
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.3320
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		02.0410
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		02.0410
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.3320
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		02.0410
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.93130
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
[description not available]		02.0510
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.6832
Cervix Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		09.15155
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		06.7671
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		06.7671
Autism
[description not available]		03.8640
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		03.3520
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.9610
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		03.8640
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.9610
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		05.0233
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		05.2443
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		05.0233
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.6830
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.6830
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		03.8321
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		03.8321
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.0510
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.4320
Allergy, Wheat
[description not available]		02.0510
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		03.3320
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0510
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0510
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.0510
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.0510
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.4220
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		05.0133
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		05.0133
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.4851
Chills
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.		05.9331
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3620
Hyperdactyly
[description not available]		02.0510
Congenital Foot Deformities
[description not available]		02.4120
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		09.7221
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.0510
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		04.7421
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		09.7421
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		03.4511
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		03.4511
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0610
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		02.0610
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0610
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.0610
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0610
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0610
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.0610
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0610
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.0610
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		02.0610
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		07.6688
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.0610
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.0610
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.0610
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.7521
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.7521
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.0950
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		03.3520
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.4220
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.4220
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		02.0610
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.9340
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		06.5954
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		06.5954
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0610
Abortion, Septic
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.		02.4220
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0610
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.7130
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.0710
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.9450
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		02.0710
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		02.0710
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.8221
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.0610
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.0710
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		03.4611
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		04.131
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		04.131
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		03.4611
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.0610
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.0710
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		02.4420
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		08.4980
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.0710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.4320
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		07.4320
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4220
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.4220
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.7130
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.7130
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.7130
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.7130
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.0710
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		0310
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		0310
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.0110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.241
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.9210
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.9210
Rheumatism
[description not available]		08.18132
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.9210
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		08.18132
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.5463
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.5463
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		05.770
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		05.770
Elephant Man Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Proteus Syndrome
Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called elephant man, apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.		02.0110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.0110
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		05.2140
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.3422
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3220
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		04.3522
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.3522
Metastase
[description not available]		03.7721
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		04.3522
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		04.3522
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.3522
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.7721
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		04.3522
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.3911
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		011.112010
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		011.112010
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		0210
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		0210
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		0210
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.411
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.411
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		05.8364
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		05.2162
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.730
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.730
Body Weight, Fetal
[description not available]		03.411
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		07.0110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.411
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.411
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.0950
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		06.3833
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		06.3833
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.0210
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.0210
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.0210
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0210
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.0210
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.411
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.411
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.3853
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		05.3853
Leg Length Inequality
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.		02.4220
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		07.0210
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.3211
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.9133
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		04.3211
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.9133
Indigestion
[description not available]		07.79102
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		012.79102
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.9310
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.9310
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.9310
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.9310
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.9310
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.9310
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.9310
Cramp
[description not available]		08.6130
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		15.6130
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.6930
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.0950
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0210
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		05.4153
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		05.4153
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		05.4153
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		05.4153
Craniofacial Microsomia
[description not available]		02.0210
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		013.81205
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		02.0210
Hematometra
Blood-filled UTERUS.		02.0210
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0210
Vulvitis
Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.		07.0210
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0210
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.0210
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.0210
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.0210
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.7921
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.7921
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.0210
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.0310
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		02.0210
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0210
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.0210
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0310
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.0310
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.4252
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.4252
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.9410
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.3520
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.3520
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.0310
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		03.3320
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		03.3320
Infection, Pelvic
[description not available]		02.9410
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.4111
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.4111
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		03.4111
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4111
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.4111
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		03.4111
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		03.2560
Congenital Micrognathia
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.0310
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.0310
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.0310
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.0310
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.0310
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0310
Fetal Macrosomia
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.		02.0310
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		07.4120
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.8121
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.8121
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4420
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4420
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0410
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.0410
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0410
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0410
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		04.2841
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		04.2841
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.6132
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.3920
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		07.3920
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.6232
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6232
Palsy
[description not available]		01.9810
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		01.9810
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		09.0631
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		04.0631
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9810
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		05.8933
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		17.8933
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		08.3711
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		03.3711
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		08.3711
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		03.3711
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		06.9810
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9810
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9810
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		01.9810
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9810
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.910
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.910
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.3711
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3711
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.3711
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		05.5432
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.7721
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.7721
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9810
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3820
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9810
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		03.8140
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		04.3422
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		04.3422
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		05.8933
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		05.8933
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		01.9810
Hydramnios
[description not available]		02.420
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		01.9810
Congenital Hand Deformities
[description not available]		01.9810
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.3820
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.3820
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.3820
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.8940
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		07.8940
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		03.7721
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.9810
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		04.2811
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		04.2811
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		04.6921
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		06.9810
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9810
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.6930
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.6930
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.8940
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.8940
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9910
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		01.9910
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		01.9910
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		01.9910
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		01.9910
Spider Veins
[description not available]		01.9910
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		01.9910
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		04.6332
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		04.6332
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		01.9910
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		01.9910
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		03.3811
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		03.3811
Amyoplasia Congenita
[description not available]		02.420
Clubfeet
[description not available]		01.9910
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3811
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		03.3811
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		01.9910
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		03.3811
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.3811
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		01.9910
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		06.9910
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.3811
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3811
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.3811
Chorioadenoma
[description not available]		0210
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic
[description not available]		0210
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		0210
Ankylosis of Teeth
[description not available]		0210
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.4120
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.3920
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		04.3522
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		04.3522
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		0210
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		0210
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		0210
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		0210
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		0210
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		0210
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		0210
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		0210
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.3911
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		03.3911
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		03.3911
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets
[description not available]		02.4120
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.		02.4120
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		03.3811
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		03.3811
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		0210
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		0210
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		0210
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		0210
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		0210
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		03.3911
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		03.3911
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.3911
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		03.3911
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.6630
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		01.9810
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		01.9810
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		01.9810
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.8910
Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9810
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		01.9810
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9710
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		01.9810
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9710
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		01.9710
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		06.9710
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		01.9710
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		01.9710
E coli Infections
[description not available]		01.9710
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		01.9710
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		01.9710
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9710
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.3611
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		15.3611
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9710
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3720
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		03.3511
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		03.3511
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		01.9710
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		01.9710
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9710
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		01.9710
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		01.9710
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		04.9633