Compounds > azathioprine
Page last updated: 2024-11-04

azathioprine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2265
CHEMBL ID1542
CHEBI ID2948
SCHEMBL ID4278
MeSH IDM0002065

Synonyms (266)

Synonym
AB00443544-11
BRD-K32821942-001-05-6
rorasul
thiopurine 6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)
1h-purine, 6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-
6-(3-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-9h-purine
OPREA1_633462
DIVK1C_000586
KBIO1_000586
6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1h-purine
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7h-purine
6-(1'-methyl-4'-nitro-5'-imidazolyl)-mercaptopurine
CHEBI:2948 ,
SDCCGMLS-0065415.P001
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-7h-purine
ai3-50290
ccris 62
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-9h-purine
methylnitroimidazolylmercaptopurine
einecs 207-175-4
azatioprina [inn-spanish]
6-((1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio)purine
6-1'-methyl,4'-nitro,5'-imidazolyl mercaptopurine
azathioprinum [inn-latin]
purine, 6-((1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio)-
6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-ylthio)purin [czech]
azamun [czech]
hsdb 7084
[methyl(nitroimidazolyl)mercaptopurine]
azatioprin
6-1'-methyl,5'-imidazolyl mercaptopurine
6-(methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)thiopurine
nsc 39084
wln: t56 bm dn fn hnj is- et5n cnj a1 dnw
nsc-39084
b. w. 57-322
bw-57-322
azothioprine
imuran
azamun
ccucol
azanin
muran
6-(1-methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-thiopurine
bw 57-322
purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio]-
nci-c03474
azathioprin
imurek
bw 57322
imurel
6-(methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-thiopurine
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio]purine
6-(1'-methyl-4'-nitro-5'-imidazolyl)mercaptopurine
nsc39084
purine, 6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolylthio)-
6-(1-methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)thiopurine
1h-purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-
EU-0100027
SPECTRUM_000064
CHEMDIV1_002659
SPECTRUM5_000848
PRESTWICK3_000094
PRESTWICK_41
NCGC00015060-01
NCGC00015060-02
CBDIVE_013132
cas-446-86-6
lopac-a-4638
BPBIO1_000054
CMAP_000046
IDI1_000586
PRESTWICK2_000094
NCGC00090836-01
AB00443544
446-86-6
C06837
azathioprine
azathioprine, meets usp testing specifications
DB00993
azathioprine (jp17/usp/inn)
imuran (tn)
azasan (tn)
D00238
AI-981/34845012 ,
6-({4-nitro-1-methyl-1h-imidazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)-7h-purine
BSPBIO_001876
LOPAC0_000027
BSPBIO_000048
MLS001049307
smr000427366
NCGC00090836-04
NCGC00094593-03
NCGC00094593-01
NCGC00094593-02
KBIO2_003032
KBIO2_005600
KBIOSS_000464
KBIO2_002427
KBIO3_001376
KBIO3_002906
KBIOGR_000646
KBIO2_004995
KBIO2_000464
KBIOSS_002433
KBIOGR_002427
KBIO2_007563
SPECTRUM2_000068
SPECTRUM3_000308
SPBIO_001987
NINDS_000586
PRESTWICK1_000094
SPBIO_000255
SPECTRUM4_000243
PRESTWICK0_000094
SPECTRUM1500133
OPREA1_533384
OPREA1_375441
NCGC00090836-05
NCGC00090836-06
NCGC00090836-02
NCGC00090836-03
azathioprine, >=98%
NCGC00015060-04
A 4638 ,
HMS2091K19
AC-4230
6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thiopurine
NCGC00015060-12
CHEMBL1542
azathioprinum
STK831906
HMS501N08
FT-0662375
HMS594I19
BRD-K60324116-001-01-5
AB00443544-03
HMS1568C10
HMS1920E17
6-(3-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7h-purine
NCGC00015060-06
HMS2802J03
AKOS005609209
HMS3259P03
HMS3260E15
HMS2095C10
azathiopurine
dtxcid00119
tox21_400024
dtxsid4020119 ,
6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1h-purin
A826664
pharmakon1600-01500133
nsc-755900
nsc755900
tox21_110074
CCG-16168
CCG-39877
NCGC00015060-03
NCGC00015060-05
NCGC00015060-08
NCGC00015060-09
NCGC00015060-16
NCGC00015060-11
NCGC00015060-10
NCGC00015060-07
NCGC00015060-15
NCGC00015060-14
NCGC00015060-13
bdbm50373919
azatioprina
unii-mrk240iy2l
mrk240iy2l ,
6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-ylthio)purin
azathioprine [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
azasan
FT-0602904
NCGC00015060-19
LP00027
1h-purine, 6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)
azathioprine [usan]
azathioprine [hsdb]
azathioprine [ep impurity]
azathioprine [mart.]
azathioprine [orange book]
azathioprine [vandf]
azathioprine [who-ip]
azathioprine [ep monograph]
azathioprine [jan]
azathioprine [iarc]
azathioprinum [who-ip latin]
azathioprine [inn]
6-((1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio)purine6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1h-purine
azathioprine [usp-rs]
azathioprine [usp monograph]
azathioprine [mi]
azathioprine [who-dd]
S1721
gtpl7120
jayempi
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-9h-purine
CCG-220094
HY-B0256
NC00614
SCHEMBL4278
NCGC00015060-18
tox21_110074_1
KS-1146
tox21_500027
NCGC00260712-01
6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-9h-purine
6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-ylthio)purine
azamune
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-1h-purine #
azothioprin
9h-purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-
azoran
6-(1-methyl-4-nitromidazol-5-ylthio)purine
6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-7h-purine
AB00443544_13
AB00443544_12
mfcd00069203
6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolyl)mercaptopurine
AKOS028108935
azathioprine, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
Z57063156
SR-01000762955-2
sr-01000762955
SR-01000075537-1
sr-01000075537
azathioprine, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
HMS3655M04
azathioprine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
SR-01000075537-4
SBI-0050016.P003
HMS3712C10
SW198560-2
6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-ylthio)-9h-purine
azanine
azathioprine (azasan, imuran) ,
azathiopurine,(s)
6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolythio)-9h-pur-ine
BCP09492
Q18939
BRD-K32821942-001-10-6
SDCCGSBI-0050016.P005
NCGC00015060-29
D70170
6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-1h-purine
azathioprine 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
BA166065
EN300-118702
azathioprine (usp monograph)
azathioprine (usp-rs)
azathioprinum (inn-latin)
l04ax01
azathioprine (ep monograph)
azathioprine (mart.)
6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-ylthio)purine
azathioprine (ep impurity)
1h-purine, 6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio-
zytrim
6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl)-7h-purine
azathioprine (usan:usp:inn:ban:jan)
azathioprine (iarc)
azatioprina (inn-spanish)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant that is widely used to treat many disease states including rheumatoid arthritis. It is an accessible drug for patients in many countries, including underdeveloped countries, and therefore it is used by many dermatologists in moderate and severe AD.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azathioprine is an accessible drug for patients in many countries, including underdeveloped countries, and therefore it is used by many dermatologists in moderate and severe AD."( The use of azathioprine in atopic dermatitis: A review.
Bracho-Borro, M; Franco-Ruiz, PA; Magaña, M, 2022)		1.83
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant that is widely used to treat many disease states including rheumatoid arthritis. "( A case of azathioprine-induced aplastic anemia.
Agarwal, AM; Lim, MY; Montgomery, HD, 2022)		2.57
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a commonly used immunosuppressive therapy that has been implicated in a number of cutaneous and systemic inflammatory reactions. "( Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome manifesting as subcutaneous Sweet syndrome and acute pancreatitis.
Harp, J; Magro, C; Tee, MW; Thomas, JL, 2023)		3.8
"Azathioprine is a purine analog (PA) used to treat myasthenia gravis (MG). "( Alopecia and colon ulcers following azathioprine use in a patient with myasthenia gravis: A case report.
Hsu, WY; Lin, LC; Lin, PC; Liu, YC, 2022)		2.44
"Azathioprine is a widely prescribed drug for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as myasthenia gravis or organ transplant recipients. "( Azathioprine therapy induces selective NK cell depletion and IFN-γ deficiency predisposing to herpesvirus reactivation.
Bamert, D; Becher, B; Cortés-Vicente, E; Ingelfinger, F; Kreutmair, S; Mundt, S; Reyes-Leiva, D; Rindlisbacher, L; Schreiner, B; Sethi, A; Sparano, C; Tugues, S; Widmer, CC; Zwicky, P, 2023)		3.8
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a pharmacologic immunosuppressive agent administrated in various conditions such as autoimmune disease or to prevent the rejection of organ transplantation. "( Influence of the Photodegradation of Azathioprine on DNA and Cells.
Bunea, MC; Diculescu, VC; Enache, TA; Enculescu, M; Oprea, D, 2022)		2.44
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an empirical attack -preventive immunotherapies drug to prevent the relapse of NMOSD, and tocilizumab (TCZ) has been also reported reduce the activity of NMOSD."( A comparison of the efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bian, J; Huang, Y; Ji, W; Tang, Q; Wang, Y; Yao, M, 2023)		1.88
"Azathioprine, which is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used for chronic inflammatory bowel disease, may be associated with an increased risk of certain cancers such as hematologic malignancies."( Acute myeloid leukemia after 10 years of azathioprine treatment for Crohn's disease.
Asma, M; Emna, BM; Nadia, B; Nouha, T; Yosra, S; Yosra, Z, 2023)		2.62
"• Azathioprine is a success story for the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics, particularly the effects of TPMT and NUDT15 variants on myelosuppression."( Precision medicine for rheumatologists: lessons from the pharmacogenomics of azathioprine.
Chung, CP; Daniel, LL; Dickson, AL, 2021)		1.41
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a commonly used immunosuppressant in patients with autoimmune diseases. "( NUDT15 polymorphism explains serious toxicity to azathioprine in Indian patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a case series.
Balasubramanian, P; Devasia, AJ; George, B; Illangeswaran, RSS; Raj, IX, 2020)		2.26
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a well-known immunosuppressant that has been known for many years for its ability to provide long-term disease remission in IBDs, but has important side effects, most of which are related to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), which ensures the degradation and efficacy of AZA."( Thiopurine Drugs in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Identification of a Novel Deleterious Mutation in TPMT.
Harmand, PO; Solassol, J, 2020)		1.28
"Azathioprine is a first-line drug used to maintain the remission of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Population pharmacokinetics of azathioprine active metabolite in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and dosage regimens optimisation.
Dong, J; Huang, P; Jiao, Z; Lin, C; Lin, R; Lin, W; Liu, Y; Wang, C; Zeng, D; Zheng, W, 2021)		2.35
"Azathioprine (Aza) is a purine antimetabolite immunosuppressant that is widely employed for immunosuppressive therapy in post-transplant recipients or patients with autoimmune diseases. "( Recombinogenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of azathioprine using
Cardoso, CG; Carneiro, CC; Chen-Chen, L; de Moraes Filho, AV; E Silva, CR; Melo Bisneto, AVD; Oliveira, LCD; Silva Fernandes, A; Silva, LS; Véras, JH, 2021)		2.31
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug used in many dermatological and nondermatological pathologies. "( Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome: report of two cases with cutaneous manifestations.
Barrio-González, S; Fariña-Sabaris, MC; Jo-Velasco, M; Lorda-Sánchez, I; Moya-Martínez, C; Núñez-Hipólito, L; Requena, L; Santonja, C, 2021)		3.51
"Azathioprine is a common first-line therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)."( Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)		2.39
"Azathioprine is a highly efficient immunosuppressant drug used for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Development and in vivo evaluation of chitosan beads for the colonic delivery of azathioprine for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Elsabahy, M; Helmy, AM; Ibrahim, EA; Mahmoud, MA; Soliman, GM, 2017)		2.12
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a well-known immunosuppressant used for many years for its ability to ensure long term disease remission in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) at an affordable cost to the public. "( Effective long-term solution to therapeutic remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Azathioprine.
Adam, L; Phulukdaree, A; Soma, P, 2018)		2.14
"Azathioprine is a widely used immunosuppressive drug. "( Thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and activity cannot predict outcomes of azathioprine maintenance therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis: A retrospective cohort study.
Hessels, AC; Rutgers, A; Sanders, JSF; Stegeman, CA, 2018)		2.15
"Azathioprine is a thiopurine which has a narrow therapeutic index and marked hematological and hepatic toxicity. "( [Genetic polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase and incidence of adverse events in patients with medical indication of azathioprine].
Azurmendi, PJ; Buhl, MA; Collado, MV; Gómez, G; Khoury, M; Oddo, EM; Sarano, J, 2018)		2.13
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective anticancer drug, but some cases of testicular toxicity have been reported."( Ameliorative effect of taurine-chloramine in azathioprine-induced testicular damage; a deeper insight into the mechanism of protection.
H Abd Elwahab, A; Ramadan, BK; Schaalan, MF, 2018)		1.46
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. "( Severe cholestasis due to azathioprine in Behcet's disease.
Gisi, K; Ispiroglu, M; Kantarceken, B; Sayar, H, 2019)		2.26
"Azathioprine is an efficient maintenance treatment of IBD, able to maintain a complete clinical and anatomical remission in about one third of patients. "( Is there still a room for azathioprine monotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease?
Bourrier, A; Cosnes, J; Seksik, P, 2013)		2.13
"Azathioprine is an inhibitor of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme involved in purine biosynthesis, which suggests that inhibition of c-di-GMP biosynthesis by azathioprine may be due to perturbation of intracellular nucleotide pools."( The immunosuppressive drug azathioprine inhibits biosynthesis of the bacterial signal molecule cyclic-di-GMP by interfering with intracellular nucleotide pool availability.
Antoniani, D; Bocci, P; Cutruzzolà, F; Landini, P; Lolicato, M; Paiardini, A; Raffaelli, N; Rinaldo, S; Rossi, E, 2013)		1.41
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug, but its effect on the skeletal system has not been reported so far."( Alendronate prevents development of the skeletal changes induced by azathioprine in rats.
Cegieła, U; Folwarczna, J; Fronczek-Sokół, J; Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak, I; Nowińska, B; Pytlik, M, )		1.09
"Azathioprine is a prodrug and requires conversion to its active form mercaptopurine, which has no intrinsic activity, and is activated by the enzymes of the purine salvage pathway to TGNs."( Deletion of glutathione-s-transferase m1 reduces azathioprine metabolite concentrations in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Bartoli, F; Cont, G; Cuzzoni, E; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Londero, M; Malusà, N; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2014)		1.38
"Azathioprine is a widely used immunosuppressive drug."( Azathioprine-induced fever in autoimmune hepatitis.
Chen, S; Khoury, T; Mizrahi, M; Ollech, JE; Shalit, M, 2013)		2.55
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an important immunosuppressant drug used in heart transplantation (HTX). "( TPMT genetic variants are associated with increased rejection with azathioprine use in heart transplantation.
Boilson, BA; Edwards, BS; Frantz, RP; Geske, JR; Kremers, WK; Kushwaha, SS; Liang, JJ; Pereira, NL; Weinshilboum, RM, 2013)		2.07
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a common immunosuppressive drug used for relapse prevention in neuromyelitis optica (NMO)."( Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients: a multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK.
Brown, R; Elsone, L; Goh, YY; Jacob, A; Jacob, S; Kitley, J; Leite, MI; Luppe, S; Lythgoe, D; McNeillis, B; Moss, K; Mutch, K; Palace, J; Robertson, N, 2014)		2.09
"Azathioprine is a purine antimetabolite drug commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Pharmacogenetics of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: a role for glutathione-S-transferase?
Cuzzoni, E; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Favretto, D; Franca, R; Martelossi, S; Pelin, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2014)		2.17
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive medication used in the management of many autoimmune conditions. "( Azathioprine-induced hepatitis and cholestasis occurring 1 year after treatment.
Alam, S; Black, M; Chertoff, J; Elgendy, IY, 2014)		3.29
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an established treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC).However, controversy exists regarding its efficacy in inducing and maintaining clinical remission, and long-term data are lacking. "( Long-term efficacy and safety of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis.
Ansari, S; Clark, T; Ford, AC; Hamlin, PJ; Sood, R, 2015)		2.14
"Azathioprine is an antineoplastic antimetabolite drug currently used as an immunosuppressive agent after organ transplantation and for several dysimmunitary diseases. "( Physicochemical and microbiological stability of azathioprine in InOrpha suspending agent studied under various conditions.
Afonso, Vdo N; Amin, A; Beauvais, R; Bourget, P; Cartier, F; Vidal, F, )		1.83
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a thiopurine prodrug which is widely used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( The impact of glutathione S-transferase genotype and phenotype on the adverse drug reactions to azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
Bi, H; Ding, L; Gao, X; Hu, P; Huang, M; Liu, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.08
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a purine analog that is commonly used for maintaining GPA remission after induction therapy with cyclophosphamide."( Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with azathioprine therapy in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Kang, GW; Kim, KC; Lee, IH, 2016)		1.42
"Azathioprine is a DMARD that has been reported to be effective in HSP nephritis and in adult cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, a condition with cutaneous histology similar to HSP."( Azathioprine therapy for steroid-resistant Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a report of 6 cases.
Baszis, KW; Fotis, L; Moore, TL; Pepmueller, PH; Tuttle, PV; White, AJ, 2016)		2.6
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug that has shown effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. "( [Azathioprine-induced pancytopenia: case series].
López Campos, M; Martínez de Zabarte Fernández, JM; Martínez Faci, C; Rodríguez-Vigil Iturrate, C; Ros Arnal, I; Sorribes Estorch, J, 2016)		2.79
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant frequently used for treatment of various autoimmune conditions, including MG."( A Review of Azathioprine-Associated Hepatotoxicity and Myelosuppression in Myasthenia Gravis.
Hulley, D; Jack, KL; Koopman, WJ; Nicolle, MW, 2016)		1.53
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an important drug commonly used in the therapy of the autoimmune system disorders. "( Folic Acid and Grape Seed Extract Prevent Azathioprine-induced Fetal Malformations and Renal Toxicity in Rats.
Bayad, AE; El-Ashmawy, IM, 2016)		2.14
"Azathioprine is a potent immunosuppressive drug that has been used in many immune-mediated diseases. "( Effectiveness of weekly azathioprine pulse in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: an open-label study.
Bhari, N; Gupta, S; Khanna, N; Verma, KK; Verma, P, 2016)		2.18
"Azathioprine is a commonly prescribed therapy for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). "( Azathioprine response in patients with fibrotic connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.
Adegunsoye, A; Chen, L; Chung, JH; Hsu, S; Lee, C; Montner, S; Noth, I; Oldham, JM; Strek, ME; Valenzi, E; Vij, R; Witt, LJ, 2016)		3.32
"Azathioprine is an oral immunosupressive medicine which has been used widely in various autoimmune disease and solid organ transplant patients."( Safety and Efficacy of Azathioprine as a Second Line Therapy for Primary Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
Gyawali, B; Poudyal, BS; Sapkota, B; Shrestha, GS; Thapalia, S; Tuladhar, S, )		1.16
"Azathioprine is a first-line drug in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). "( LC-MS/MS Analysis of Erythrocyte Thiopurine Nucleotides and Their Association With Genetic Variants in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders Taking Azathioprine.
Gong, X; Li, X; Liu, Y; Mei, S; Yang, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhou, A; Zhou, H; Zhu, L, 2017)		2.09
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive and steroid-sparing purine analogue, used in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. "( Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis.
Benedetti, MD; Invernizzi, P; Monaco, S; Poli, S, 2008)		3.23
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis."( Rapid periapical bone destruction during endodontic treatment of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
Hwang, IN; Hwang, YC; Oh, WM; Son, HH, 2008)		1.07
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive drug widely prescribed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) until the first half of the 1990s. "( Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis.
Casetta, I; Filippini, G; Iuliano, G, 2009)		3.24
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a purine antimetabolite, prodrug widely used as a disease modifying drug in several rheumatic conditions. "( Genetic polymorphisms of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in a cohort of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.
Blandizzi, C; Bombardieri, S; Colucci, R; d'Ascanio, A; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Fornai, M; Ghisu, N; Gori, G; Mosca, M; Tani, C, )		1.57
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a thiopurine prodrug commonly used in patients with kidney transplantation. "( Association between inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase deficiency and azathioprine-related adverse drug reactions in the Chinese kidney transplant recipients.
Li, Q; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Xiong, H; Xiong, L; Yu, AR, 2010)		2.03
"Azathioprine is an accepted treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but concerns exist regarding its carcinogenic potential. "( Risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine: a UK population-based case-control study.
Armstrong, RG; Card, TR; West, J, 2010)		2.05
"Azathioprine (Aza) is an important drug commonly used in the therapy of autoimmune system disorders. "( Grape seed extract prevents azathioprine toxicity in rats.
El-Ashmawy, IM; Gad, SB; Salama, OM, 2010)		2.1
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a purine analogue which has been used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) for over 30 years. "( [Oral cladribine for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: another purine analogue or a genuine therapeutic innovation?].
Schmidt, S, 2010)		1.8
"Azathioprine appeared to be a safe and potentially effective adjunct to prednisone for treatment of dogs with MUE. "( Evaluation of treatment with a combination of azathioprine and prednisone in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of undetermined etiology: 40 cases (2000-2007).
Clarke, JD; Hopkins, AL; Meeks, JC; Wong, MA, 2010)		2.06
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a commonly used drug for the management of various rheumatologic disorders. "( Outcome of patients on azathioprine: a need for a better pre-treatment assessment and dosing guideline.
Gow, PJ; Jabin, D; Kumar, S, 2010)		2.11
"Azathioprine is a thiopurine immunosuppressive antimetabolite used to chronically treat inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis. "( Usefulness of the measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the assessment of non-adherence.
Bartoli, F; Campanozzi, A; Decorti, G; Londero, M; Malusa, N; Marino, S; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2010)		2.08
"Azathioprine is a widely used anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anticancer agent. "( Oral azathioprine leads to higher incorporation of 6-thioguanine in DNA of skin than liver: the protective role of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway.
Dinkova-Kostova, AT; Finlayson, S; Kalra, S; Knatko, EV; Yamamoto, M; Zhang, Y, 2011)		2.33
"Azathioprine is a powerful immunosuppressive drug, which is partially effective by interfering with the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity. "( Effect of azathioprine on Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity in dendritic cells.
Bhandaru, M; Bobbala, D; Lang, F; Pasham, V; Rotte, A; Yang, W, 2012)		2.22
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent belonging to the antimetabolite family whose action blocks purine synthesis. "( [Current indications of azathioprine in nephrology].
Ladrière, M, 2013)		2.14
"Azathioprine is an effective and useful drug in severe AD although it is not always well-tolerated. "( Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Agarwal, S; Ahmed, I; Barclay, G; Berth-Jones, J; Graham-Brown, RA; Hotchkiss, K; Takwale, A; Tan, E, 2002)		3.2
"Azathioprine is a safe and well-tolerated maintenance therapy at 3 mg/kg for children with IBD. "( High-dose azathioprine in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Fuentes, D; Heuschkel, RB; Keady, S; Murch, SH; Thirrupathy, K; Thomson, MA; Torrente, F; Walker-Smith, JA, 2003)		2.16
"Azathioprine (AZ) is a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), but little is known about the relative suppressive efficacy of these agents against blastogenesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in-vitro. "( Comparison of suppressive potency between azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine against mitogen-induced blastogenesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in-vitro.
Hirano, T; Satoh, H; Sugiyama, K, 2003)		2.03
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an important drug used in the therapy of autoimmune system disorders. "( A comparison of hepatoprotective activities of aminoguanidine and N-acetylcysteine in rat against the toxic damage induced by azathioprine.
Ahmad, M; Al-Shabanah, OA; Gado, A; Raza, M, 2003)		1.97
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a widely-used drug in the treatment of different diseases such as vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and in renal transplantation. "( Azathioprine hypersensitivity: report of two cases and review of the literature.
Borlandelli, S; Cosci, P; Di Toma, L; Imbasciati, E; Sabadini, E; Sinico, RA, )		3.02
"Azathioprine is an effective agent which controls acute relapse of inflammatory bowel disease in many cases in combination with other drugs. "( A report on efficacy and safety of azathioprine in a group of inflammatory bowel disease patients in northwest Greece.
Baltayannis, G; Christodoulou, D; Katsanos, K; Tsianos, EV; Tzabouras, N, )		1.85
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. "( Mistaken identity: misclassification of TPMT phenotype following blood transfusion.
Allan, RN; Cheung, ST, 2003)		1.76
"Azathioprine is a valuable agent in the treatment of severe childhood atopic eczema. "( Azathioprine as a treatment for severe atopic eczema in children with a partial thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) deficiency.
Atherton, DJ; Murphy, LA, )		3.02
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. "( [Genetic polymorphism and treatment of chronic bowel inflammatory diseases: the example of azathioprine].
Bessard, G; Chartier, A; Hardy, G; Stanke-Labesque, F, )		1.79
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug widely used. "( Azathioprine acts upon rat hepatocyte mitochondria and stress-activated protein kinases leading to necrosis: protective role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
Arriaza, E; Cara, C; Di Paola, M; Escribano, O; Fernández-Moreno, MD; Fueyo, JA; Guijarro, LG; Lorusso, M; Menor, C; Olleros, T; Román, ID, 2004)		3.21
"Azathioprine is a useful agent in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. "( Cost-effectiveness of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype screening in patients about to commence azathioprine therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Gaffney, D; Mills, PR; Shapiro, D; Spooner, RJ; Walker, A; Winter, J, 2004)		1.98
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressive prodrug that undergoes metabolism by thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT). "( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotype predicts azathioprine-induced myelotoxicity in kidney transplant recipients.
Crabtree, J; Formea, CM; Fujita, S; Hemming, A; Howard, R; Karlix, JL; Myers-Huentelman, H; Reed, A; Wu, R, 2004)		2.02
"Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant commonly used for organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. "( Drug eruption caused by azathioprine: value of using the drug-induced lymphocytes stimulation test for diagnosis.
Hakamada, A; Isoda, K; Kaketa, M; Mizutani, H; Mori, H; Tamada, K; Yamanaka, K; Yamanishi, K, 2004)		2.07
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a thiopurine prodrug commonly used in triple-immunosuppressive therapy following liver transplantation. "( Pharmacogenetic association with adverse drug reactions to azathioprine immunosuppressive therapy following liver transplantation.
Arenas, M; Breen, DP; Hayes, PC; Marinaki, AM, 2005)		2.01
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent that reduces relapse rates in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), but its efficacy in suppressing new brain lesions has never been evaluated."( Efficacy of azathioprine on multiple sclerosis new brain lesions evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging.
Amaducci, L; Barilaro, A; Konze, A; Massacesi, L; Parigi, A; Pellicanò, G; Repice, AM; Siracusa, G; Taiuti, R, 2005)		2.15
"Azathioprine is an important steroid sparing agent in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. "( Re-introduction of azathioprine in previously intolerant patients.
Green, CJ; Mee, AS, 2006)		2.1
"Azathioprine is a frequently used immunosuppressant for managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity during azathioprine therapy.
de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; van Bodegraven, AA, 2005)		2.04
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug, and it has been shown to induce apoptosis in human T-lymphocytes. "( Perivascular treatment with azathioprine reduces neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.
Bernecker, O; Bonatti, J; Heiss, S; Kroell, A; Laufer, G; Schachner, T; Tzankov, A; Zipponi, D, 2006)		2.07
"Azathioprine is a thiopurine prodrug clinically used for immunosuppression in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and in pharmacological regimens of organ transplantations. "( Divergent activities of human glutathione transferases in the bioactivation of azathioprine.
Bergquist, J; Eklund, BI; Mannervik, B; Moberg, M, 2006)		2
"Azathioprine (Aza) is a widely used immunosuppressive drug in multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. "( Secondary myelodysplastic syndrome following long-term treatment with azathioprine in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Diener, HC; Germing, U; Knipp, S; Limmroth, V; Putzki, N; Ramczykowski, T; Vago, S, 2006)		2.01
"Azathioprine is a key drug in the management of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), with effects mediated via conversion to 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), the latter controlled by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). "( Utility of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping and phenotyping, and measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
Allan, ML; Bornstein, JD; Heneghan, MA; Muir, AJ; Tendler, DA, 2006)		2
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation. "( Current use of pharmacogenetic testing: a national survey of thiopurine methyltransferase testing prior to azathioprine prescription.
Bruce, I; Elliott, R; Fargher, EA; Newman, W; Payne, K; Roberts, SA; Shaffer, JL; Tricker, K, 2007)		2
"Azathioprine is an appropriate maintenance treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis who frequently relapse and require steroids. "( Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis.
Casetta, I; Filippini, G; Iuliano, G, 2007)		3.23
"Azathioprine intolerance is a common clinical problem, requiring drug withdrawal in up to 30% of patients. "( Tolerability and safety of mercaptopurine in azathioprine-intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Arnott, ID; Hansoti, B; Lees, CW; Maan, AK; Satsangi, J, 2008)		2.05
"Azathioprine is a synthetic purine analog derived from 6-mercaptopurine. "( Azathioprine in dermatology.
Bardek, I; Lipozencić, J; Milavec-Puretić, V, 2007)		3.23
"Azathioprine is a prodrug that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressive agent. "( Glutathione transferase activity with a novel substrate mimics the activation of the prodrug azathioprine.
Grehn, L; Hellman, U; Karlsson, A; Kurtovic, S; Mannervik, B, 2008)		2.01
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a commonly used immunosuppressant for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). "( Azathioprine-induced fatal myelosuppression in systemic lupus erythematosus patient carrying TPMT*3C polymorphism.
Angsuthum, S; Avihingsanon, Y; Boonsrirat, U; Hirankarn, N; Kongpunvijit, J; Tassaneeyakul, W; Vannaprasaht, S, 2008)		3.23
"Azathioprine (AZA) is a cytotoxic immunosuppressive drug used in the prevention of rejection in organ transplants and the treatment of auto-immune diseases. "( The haemotoxicity of azathioprine in repeat dose studies in the female CD-1 mouse.
Chen, CM; Gibson, FM; Marway, HK; McKeag, S; Mifsud, CV; Molyneux, G; Pilling, AM; Turton, JA; Whayman, MJ, 2008)		2.11
"Azathioprine is an effective agent which controls the relapse of Crohn's disease in most patients. "( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine maintenance therapy in a group of Crohn's disease patients in China.
Chu, XQ; Seng, BW; Shi, XH; Zheng, JJ; Zhou, CL, 2008)		2.1
"Azathioprine is a direct acting mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1535. "( Effect of the rat liver S9 fraction on the mutagenicity of azathioprine in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay.
Nagel, R; Nepomnaschy, I; Sommer, SE, 1984)		1.95
"Azathioprine is a reasonable alternative to corticosteroids in selected myasthenic patients requiring immunosuppression."( Azathioprine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
Cornblath, DR; Lisak, RP; Parry, GJ; Schatz, NJ; Witte, AS, 1984)		2.43
"Azathioprine is an antimetabolite which inhibits T lymphocyte cell division."( [Rejection of a liver allograft. Diagnosis and treatment].
Calmus, Y, 1994)		1.01
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressor used with ciclosporin and corticosteroids after organ transplantation. "( [Hematotoxicity caused by azathioprine genetically determined and aggravated by xanthine oxidase deficiency in a patient following renal transplantation].
Amirou, M; Bayle, F; Bechtel, Y; Bessard, G; Boujet, C; Serre-Debeauvais, F; Vialtel, P, 1995)		2.03
"Azathioprine is an established immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. "( [Myasthenic crisis caused by azathioprine-induced fever].
George, A; Nau, R; Tumani, H, 1997)		2.03
"Azathioprine is a useful drug in severe JCA, with a sustained effect and acceptable side effects. "( Azathioprine in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis: a longterm followup study.
Aho, K; Isomäki, H; Kautiainen, H; Savolainen, HA; Verronen, P, 1997)		3.18
"Azathioprine is an effective and safe alternative to corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of chronic Parthenium dermatitis. "( Azathioprine in the treatment of Parthenium dermatitis.
Chakrabarti, A; Mahajan, V; Sharma, VK, 1998)		3.19
"Azathioprine is an effective alternative which can induce disease remission and may be less toxic."( The use of azathioprine in severe adult atopic eczema.
Baldwin, P; Buckley, DA; Rogers, S, 1998)		1.41
"Azathioprine is an effective and cheaper alternative to cyclosporin in the treatment of severe adult atopic eczema. "( The use of azathioprine in severe adult atopic eczema.
Baldwin, P; Buckley, DA; Rogers, S, 1998)		2.13
"Azathioprine is a drug commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, organ transplantation and various autoimmune diseases. "( Cholestatic hepatocellular injury with azathioprine: a case report and review of the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity.
Jewell, L; Lalor, E; Romagnuolo, J; Sadowski, DC; Thomson, AB, 1998)		2.01
"Azathioprine is an effective agent in the management of chronic active Crohn's disease leading to long term remission of disease activity."( Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease.
Krummenauer, F; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH; Neurath, MF; Peters, M; Schlaak, JF; Wanitschke, R, 1999)		1.28
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug which is an analog to 6-mercaptopurine and has been used in the last 20 years to prevent organ transplant rejection. "( Desensitization to azathioprine.
Alonso, A; Chamorro, M; Cimarra, M; Domínguez Ortega, J; Martínez-Cócera, C; Plaza, A; Robledo, T, )		1.9
"Azathioprine is a prodrug commonly used in combination therapy to prevent allograft rejection after renal transplantation. "( Thiopurine methyltransferase activity and its relationship to the occurrence of rejection episodes in paediatric renal transplant recipients treated with azathioprine.
Baudouin, V; Broly, F; Dervieux, T; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Loirat, C; Maisin, A; Médard, Y; Zhang, D, 1999)		1.94
"Azathioprine is a useful agent for the treatment of Crohn's disease but side effects occur in 10% of patients. "( Portal hypertension in the presence of minimal liver damage in Crohn's disease on long-term azathioprine: possible endothelial cell injury.
Arnott, ID; Ghosh, S, 2000)		1.97
"Azathioprine is a commonly used and effective treatment for maintenance of remission for patients with steroid-dependent Crohn's disease (CD). "( Azathioprine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease: benefits outweigh the risk of lymphoma.
Lewis, JD; Lichtenstein, GR; Schwartz, JS, 2000)		3.19
"Azathioprine is a purine analogue used as an immunosuppressive and immunomodulator agent in various mammals, including cats. "( Demonstration of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the erythrocytes of cats.
Duley, JA; Foster, AP; Harbour, DA; Shaw, SE; Shobowale-Bakre, EM, )		1.57
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). "( Long term azathioprine fails to prevent onset of multiple sclerosis: report of two cases.
Blumhardt, LD; Constantinescu, CS; Whiteley, A, 2000)		2.15
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressor drug widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. "( [Aplasia after azathioprine administration: role of the thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism].
Baiget, M; Corominas, H; Díaz, C; Domènech, M; González-Juan, D; González-Suárez, B; Pujol, J; Vázquez, G, 2000)		2.1
"Azathioprine is a useful therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease that is difficult to control. "( The use of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after failure of azathioprine therapy.
Boulton-Jones, JR; Mahmoud, AA; Pritchard, K, 2000)		1.97
"Azathioprine is an important drug used in the therapy of autoimmune disorders and in preventing graft rejection. "( Mechanism of activation of an immunosuppressive drug: azathioprine. Quantum chemical study on the reaction of azathioprine with cysteine.
Chrzanowska, M; Hermann, T; Hoffmann, M; Rychlewski, J, 2001)		2
"Azathioprine is an effective treatment for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Is neutropenia required for effective maintenance of remission during azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease?
Campbell, S; Ghosh, S, 2001)		1.99
"Azathioprine is an indirect optional hepatotoxin."( [Cholestatic jaundice after azathioprine treatment (author's transl)].
Freise, J; May, B; Schmidt, E, 1976)		1.27
"Azathioprine, too, is a potentially toxic drug and may need to be discontinued."( Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with active chronic hepatitis: report of two cases.
Byrne, JP; Hewitt, M; Summerly, R, 1976)		0.98
"Azathioprine is a useful immunosuppressive agent in Beçhet's disease."( Immunosuppressive drug therapy for rheumatic disease.
Bayliss, GE; McCune, WJ, 1991)		1
"Azathioprine is a relatively non-toxic drug whose main side-effects are on the bone marrow and liver."( A critical review of immunosuppressive therapy.
Briggs, JD, 1991)		1
"Azathioprine is a valuable alternative to slow-acting antirheumatic drugs in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis."( Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil.
Bacon, PA; Luqmani, RA; Palmer, RG, 1990)		2.44
"Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive drug occasionally indicted as the cause of some episodes of acute cholestasis. "( Azathioprine-related cholestatic jaundice in heart transplant patients.
Bonadiman, C; Fraccaroli, GP; Perini, GP; Vantini, I, )		3.02
"Oral azathioprine therapy is an effective and usually well tolerated treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis."( Azathioprine treatment in chronic actinic dermatitis: a double-blind controlled trial with monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Hawk, JL; Maurice, PD; Morris, RW; Murphy, GM; Norris, PG, 1989)		2.17
"Azathioprine is a competitive inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase, benziodarone is covalently bound to ligandin and TSO is an inducer of liver ligandin."( The dependence of biliary methylmercury secretion on liver GSH and ligandin.
Cikrt, M; Magos, L; Snowden, R, 1985)		0.99

Effects

Azathioprine (AZA) has a slow onset of action in treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) It is preferred by most dermatologists for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous vasculitides, chronic eczematous dermatitides.

Azathioprine has been the therapy of choice for the maintenance of remission in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis. Recent studies show that rituximab could be more effective. Azathioprone has previously been used in systemic cases of IgG4-RD but has not been reported for isolated esophageal disease.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azathioprine has a narrow therapeutic index and a high risk of adverse events."( Precision medicine for rheumatologists: lessons from the pharmacogenomics of azathioprine.
Chung, CP; Daniel, LL; Dickson, AL, 2021)		1.57
"Azathioprine therapy has a higher rate of treatment-related side effects compared with the other 2 agents."( Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation.
Dunn, JP; Galor, A; Jabs, DA; Kedhar, SR; Leder, HA; Peters, GB; Thorne, JE, 2008)		1.07
"Azathioprine (AZA) has a slow onset of action in treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Steady-state of azathioprine during initiation treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Beránek, M; Chládek, J; Dědek, P; Hroch, M; Krásničanová, P; Malý, J; Pozler, O, 2010)		2.15
"Azathioprine has a useful role in maintaining the remission achieved by i.v."( Combination immunomodulatory therapy with cyclosporine and azathioprine in corticosteroid-resistant severe ulcerative colitis: the Edinburgh experience of outcome.
Campbell, S; Ghosh, S, 2003)		1.28
"Azathioprine has a significant early adverse reaction (EAR) profile, which includes an acute syndrome of constitutional symptoms, fever, rash, and acute pancreatitis and often requires discontinuation of drug."( Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience.
Bajaj, JS; Binion, DG; Emmons, J; Franco, J; Knox, JF; Levy, M; Podoll, J; Saeian, K; Varma, RR, 2005)		1.31
"Azathioprine has a good safety profile and is preferred by most dermatologists for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous vasculitides, chronic eczematous dermatitides, and cutaneous manifestations of connective tissue diseases."( Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology.
Ho, VC; Zloty, DM, 1993)		1.01
"Azathioprine has an important role in treatment of many inflammatory dermatoses. "( Azathioprine in dermatology: a survey of current practice in the U.K.
English, JS; Gawkrodger, DJ; Lear, JT; Tan, BB, 1997)		3.18
"Azathioprine (AZA) has a slight but consistent effect on clinical outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS), but very few data are available on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes. "( Lesion load quantification in serial MR of early relapsing multiple sclerosis patients in azathioprine treatment. A retrospective study.
Cavazzuti, M; Mavilla, L; Merelli, E; Tassone, G, 1997)		1.96
"Azathioprine has a relatively good safety profile and is therefore often preferred for the treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitides and bullous disorders."( Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology. An update.
Dutz, JP; Ho, VC, 1998)		1.02
"Azathioprine has a preventive effect on chronic CVS following SAH. "( Azathioprine and methylprednisolone: prevention of chronic cerebral vasospasm in dogs.
Liu, B; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Wu, J; Wu, Z, 2000)		3.19
"Azathioprine (AZA) has been shown to be effective for MG with a significant steroid-sparing activity, although burdened by side effects."( Methotrexate as a Steroid-Sparing Agent in Myasthenia Gravis: A Preliminary Retrospective Study.
Bonanno, C; Brizzi, T; Lupica, A; Musumeci, O; Nicocia, G; Pugliese, A; Rodolico, C; Toscano, A; Trimarchi, G, 2021)		1.34
"Azathioprine has been the therapy of choice for the maintenance of remission in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis, but recent studies show that rituximab could be more effective. "( Cost-Effectiveness of Rituximab (Fixed Schedule vs Tailored Dose) Compared With Azathioprine Maintenance Therapy in Adults With Generalized Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody-Associated Vasculitis in Colombia.
Contreras, K; García-Padilla, P; González, CA; Orozco, V; Puche, E; Rodríguez, MP; Rosselli, D, 2022)		2.39
"Azathioprine has previously been used in systemic cases of IgG4-RD but has not been reported for isolated esophageal disease.This case highlights the difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal IgG4-RD and the need to consider it as a differential diagnosis when histology reveals esophagitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration."( Isolated esophageal IgG4-related disease presenting with progressive dysphagia and weight loss in a middle-aged man.
Fehily, S; Holmes, JA; Lust, M; McKelvie, P; Miller, A; Poole, H, 2022)		1.44
"Azathioprine has a narrow therapeutic index and a high risk of adverse events."( Precision medicine for rheumatologists: lessons from the pharmacogenomics of azathioprine.
Chung, CP; Daniel, LL; Dickson, AL, 2021)		1.57
"Azathioprine (AZA) has been widely used for the treatment of various immune-related diseases and has become a mainstay in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. "( Azathioprine-induced toxoplasma gondii infection in a patient with Crohn's disease with NUDT15 variation: A case report.
Ou, D; Tan, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Azathioprine has been used as an immune-suppressant and we tested its efficacy in treating leprosy T1R."( AZALEP a randomized controlled trial of azathioprine to treat leprosy nerve damage and Type 1 reactions in India: Main findings.
Darlong, J; Govindharaj, P; John, AS; Kurian, R; Lockwood, DN; Sundarrao, P, 2017)		1.44
"Azathioprine has been reported to cause drug-induced fever in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis."( Azathioprine-induced fever in autoimmune hepatitis.
Chen, S; Khoury, T; Mizrahi, M; Ollech, JE; Shalit, M, 2013)		2.55
"Azathioprine (AZA) has been widely used in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). "( Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients.
Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)		2.12
"Azathioprine has equivalent efficacy as a maintenance agent to cyclophosphamide with fewer episodes of leucopenia."( Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults.
Craig, JC; Walters, G; Willis, NS, 2015)		1.14
"Azathioprine has been associated with an increased risk for malignancy, therefore we investigated whether azathioprine use affects the risk of CCA in persons with PSC."( No Evidence That Azathioprine Increases Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.
Boberg, KM; Bubenheim, M; Ehlken, H; Hartl, J; Hübener, P; Hübener, S; Jørgensen, KK; Karlsen, TH; Lenzen, H; Lohse, AW; Manns, MP; Pannicke, N; Peiseler, M; Schramm, C; Schulze, K; Sebode, M; Weiler-Normann, C; Weismüller, TJ; Zenouzi, R, 2016)		1.5
"Azathioprine therapy has a higher rate of treatment-related side effects compared with the other 2 agents."( Comparison of antimetabolite drugs as corticosteroid-sparing therapy for noninfectious ocular inflammation.
Dunn, JP; Galor, A; Jabs, DA; Kedhar, SR; Leder, HA; Peters, GB; Thorne, JE, 2008)		1.07
"Azathioprine has been shown to be effective and safe in parthenium dermatitis, but there are no reports of comparison of steroids and azathioprine in this condition."( Azathioprine versus betamethasone for the treatment of parthenium dermatitis: a randomized controlled study.
Mahesh, R; Mukhopadhyaya, AK; Ramam, M; Srivastava, P; Verma, KK, )		2.3
"Azathioprine has been in use for decades as an immunosuppressant treatment for various autoimmune diseases. "( TPMT testing before azathioprine therapy?
, 2009)		2.12
"Azathioprine (AZA) has immunosuppressive property and has been widely used in organ transplantation and in several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. "( Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase 94C>A polymorphism: clinical implications for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine.
Hiromura, K; Nakamura, K; Nakamura, T; Nojima, Y; Okada, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2010)		2.01
"Azathioprine has been clinically used for decades in connection with organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, and treatment of cancer. "( Differences among allelic variants of human glutathione transferase A2-2 in the activation of azathioprine.
Mannervik, B; Modén, O; Zhang, W, 2010)		2.02
"Azathioprine (AZA) has a slow onset of action in treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). "( Steady-state of azathioprine during initiation treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Beránek, M; Chládek, J; Dědek, P; Hroch, M; Krásničanová, P; Malý, J; Pozler, O, 2010)		2.15
"Azathioprine has been reported to cause drug fever in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in those with rheumatoid arthritis; to our knowledge, there have been no previous reports documenting azathioprine-induced fever in patients with sarcoidosis."( Azathioprine-induced fever in sarcoidosis.
McBane, S; Rojas, C, 2011)		2.53
"Azathioprine has been administered as immunosuppressive treatment."( Pregnancy after azathioprine therapy for ulcerative colitis in a woman with autoimmune premature ovarian failure and Addison's disease: HLA haplotype characterization.
Cannavò, S; Ferraù, F; Gangemi, S; Trimarchi, F; Vita, G, 2011)		2.16
"Azathioprine has often been used but there has been no randomized controlled trial of this drug to confirm its efficacy in AD."( Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Agarwal, S; Ahmed, I; Barclay, G; Berth-Jones, J; Graham-Brown, RA; Hotchkiss, K; Takwale, A; Tan, E, 2002)		2.48
"Azathioprine has been used for many years, with corticosteroids or alone, for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) but no studies of TPMT phenotype and genotype in relation to response to the drug in AIH have been published."( Thiopurine methyltransferase phenotype and genotype in relation to azathioprine therapy in autoimmune hepatitis.
Langley, PG; McFarlane, IG; Norris, S; Tredger, JM; Underhill, J, 2002)		1.27
"Azathioprine has been linked to subsequent acute pancreatitis in several case reports and small case series. "( Risk of acute pancreatitis in users of azathioprine: a population-based case-control study.
Floyd, A; Nielsen, GL; Pedersen, L; Sorensen, HT; Thorlacius-Ussing, O, 2003)		2.03
"Azathioprine has a useful role in maintaining the remission achieved by i.v."( Combination immunomodulatory therapy with cyclosporine and azathioprine in corticosteroid-resistant severe ulcerative colitis: the Edinburgh experience of outcome.
Campbell, S; Ghosh, S, 2003)		1.28
"Azathioprine has demonstrable benefits after induction therapy with prednisone."( Clinical features and management of Crohn's disease in Chinese patients.
Chu, XQ; Jia, LM; Shi, XH; Wang, FM; Zheng, JJ, 2004)		1.04
"Azathioprine has been reported to heal fistulas in 30-40% of cases."( Combining infliximab and methotrexate in fistulizing Crohn's disease resistant or intolerant to azathioprine.
Blumenstein, I; Schröder, O; Schulte-Bockholt, A; Stein, J, 2004)		1.26
"Azathioprine has been used in rheumatology for more than twenty years. "( [Panzytopenia from combination therapy with azathioprin and allopurinol].
Seidel, W, 2004)		1.77
"Azathioprine has been available as an immunosuppressive agent for over 40 years, and current routine usage in dermatology is not restricted to licensed indications. "( Guidelines for prescribing azathioprine in dermatology.
Anstey, AV; Reynolds, NJ; Wakelin, S, 2004)		2.06
"Azathioprine has a significant early adverse reaction (EAR) profile, which includes an acute syndrome of constitutional symptoms, fever, rash, and acute pancreatitis and often requires discontinuation of drug."( Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience.
Bajaj, JS; Binion, DG; Emmons, J; Franco, J; Knox, JF; Levy, M; Podoll, J; Saeian, K; Varma, RR, 2005)		1.31
"Azathioprine has variable efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. "( The leukocyte count predicts the efficacy of treatment with azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease.
Daczo, J; Folwaczny, C; Folwaczny, M; Glas, J; Tonenchi, L; Török, HP, 2005)		2.01
"Azathioprine (Aza) has been proposed in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) since 1971 and continues to be used in MS Clinical Centres. "( Azathioprine. Safety profile in multiple sclerosis patients.
La Mantia, L; Mascoli, N; Milanese, C, 2007)		3.23
"Azathioprine has been used in our unit as a third line disease modifying drug (DMD) since 1969. "( Compliance and long-term effect of azathioprine in 65 rheumatoid arthritis cases.
Dequeker, J; van Wanghe, P, 1982)		1.98
"Azathioprine (AZA) has disease modifying activity in RA."( The effect of azathioprine on serum levels of interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 2 receptor.
Capell, HA; Crilly, A; Madhok, R; McInnes, IB, 1994)		1.37
"Azathioprine has a good safety profile and is preferred by most dermatologists for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous vasculitides, chronic eczematous dermatitides, and cutaneous manifestations of connective tissue diseases."( Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology.
Ho, VC; Zloty, DM, 1993)		1.01
"Azathioprine has been shown to be effective steroid sparing treatment for generalized lichen planus."( Erosive and generalized lichen planus responsive to azathioprine.
English, JS; Lear, JT, 1996)		1.27
"Azathioprine has an important role in treatment of many inflammatory dermatoses. "( Azathioprine in dermatology: a survey of current practice in the U.K.
English, JS; Gawkrodger, DJ; Lear, JT; Tan, BB, 1997)		3.18
"Azathioprine has preventive effect on chronic cerebral vasospasm, supresses the production of free radicals and reduces damage to the BA wall following subarachnoid hemorrhage. "( [Azathioprine and its combination with methylprednisolone: preventive effect on chronic cerebral vasospasm].
Liu, B; Wang, Z; Wu, J, 1996)		2.65
"Azathioprine (AZA) has a slight but consistent effect on clinical outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS), but very few data are available on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes. "( Lesion load quantification in serial MR of early relapsing multiple sclerosis patients in azathioprine treatment. A retrospective study.
Cavazzuti, M; Mavilla, L; Merelli, E; Tassone, G, 1997)		1.96
"Azathioprine has a relatively good safety profile and is therefore often preferred for the treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitides and bullous disorders."( Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology. An update.
Dutz, JP; Ho, VC, 1998)		1.02
"Azathioprine has been found effective in chronic active Crohn's disease. "( Efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease: prospective one-year follow-up study. German Imurek Study Group.
Ludwig, D; Stange, EF, 1999)		2.13
"Azathioprine (AZA) has been shown to be effective and safe in the treatment of chronic active UC."( Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis: a 12-month pilot study.
Galle, PR; Krummenauer, F; Mayet, WJ; Neurath, MF; Orth, T; Peters, M; Schlaak, JF; Wanitschke, R, 2000)		1.32
"Azathioprine has a preventive effect on chronic CVS following SAH. "( Azathioprine and methylprednisolone: prevention of chronic cerebral vasospasm in dogs.
Liu, B; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Wu, J; Wu, Z, 2000)		3.19
"Azathioprine has also been reported to be useful as a steroid-sparing drug in patients who suffer from frequent relapses."( The beneficial effect of azathioprine on maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis.
Bhatia, KL; Kaushal, V; Malhotra, V; Midha, V; Sood, A; Sood, N, 2002)		1.34
"If azathioprine has to be stopped there seems to be no good indication for restarting it."( Is azathioprine necessary in renal transplantation?
Lee, HA; Sheriff, MH; Yayha, T, 1978)		1.39
"Azathioprine treatment has been given to 26 patients for periods up to 7 years."( Effects of some immunosuppressive procedures on myasthenia gravis.
Bergström, K; Franksson, C; Hammarström, L; Lefvert, AK; Matell, G; Möller, E; Smith, E; von Reis, G, 1976)		0.98
"Azathioprine has been associated with chromosome abnormalities."( Erythroleukemia in a renal transplant recipient.
Baker, MA; deVeber, GA; Ellerton, JA, 1979)		0.98
"Azathioprine alone has no advantage over placebo tablets."( Immunosuppressive therapy in chronic liver disease.
Sherlock, S, 1978)		0.98
"Both azathioprine and ATG have been used but ATG is preferred."( Immunosuppression and temporary skin transplantation in the treatment of massive third degree burns.
Bondoc, CC; Burke, JF; Cosimi, AB; Quinby, WC; Russell, PS; Szyfelbein, SK, 1975)		0.71
"Azathioprine (AZ) has been used in the treatment of refractory inflammatory bowel disease. "( Azathioprine reduces extravasation and neutrophil trafficking in immune complex-mediated inflammation in the rat colon.
Anania, T; Clearfield, HR; Murthy, SN, 1991)		3.17
"Azathioprine has been available for 30 years and is used in a variety of dermatologic conditions. "( Azathioprine in dermatology.
Colver, GB; Harris, DW; Younger, IR, 1991)		3.17
"Azathioprine sodium has been reported to be effective therapy for chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) but rarely for chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV). "( Azathioprine. An effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Burruss, JB; Callen, JP; Holtman, J; Spencer, LV, 1991)		3.17
"Azathioprine (Aza) has been used alone or in combination with steroids for two groups of myasthenic patients. "( Azathioprine as a single drug or in combination with steroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
Antozzi, C; Cornelio, F; Mantegazza, R; Peluchetti, D; Sghirlanzoni, A, 1988)		3.16
"Azathioprine has the longest continuing history of clinical use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) of any immunosuppressive therapy besides corticosteroids. "( Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis: the cons.
Silberberg, DH, 1988)		3.16
"Azathioprine has been used as an immunosuppressant for over 20 years in cancer chemotherapy, organ transplantation and diseases with confirmed or suspected immune mechanisms. "( Azathioprine shock.
Rosenthal, E, 1986)		3.16
"Azathioprine has been shown to reduce the steroid requirements of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. "( Further experience with azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis.
Chaput de Saintonge, DM; Harris, J; Jessop, JD, 1971)		2

Actions

Azathioprine can cause severe myelosuppression. It may increase disease relapse as maintenance therapy compared with MMF.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azathioprine may increase disease relapse as maintenance therapy compared with MMF."( Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis.
Craig, JC; Flanc, RS; Henderson, L; Masson, P; Palmer, SC; Roberts, MA; Singh-Grewal, D; Strippoli, GF; Tong, A; Tunnicliffe, DJ; Webster, AC, 2018)		1.2
"Azathioprine can cause severe myelosuppression. "( Azathioprine-induced myelosuppression due to thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis.
Ben Ari, Z; Burroughs, AK; Lennard, L; Mehta, A, 1995)		3.18
"Azathioprine therapy can cause acute myelosuppression. "( Pharmacogenetics of acute azathioprine toxicity: relationship to thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism.
Lennard, L; Van Loon, JA; Weinshilboum, RM, 1989)		2.02

Treatment

The treatment with azathioprine in a dose of 1.5-2.0 mg/kg/day is not associated with a noticeable increment of the rate of CA. Treatment with azithioprine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis leads to a dramatic reduction in the 4 h NK cytotoxicity against K562 cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azathioprine treatment was commenced, and despite poor prepregnancy follow-up, her pregnancy remained uneventful until 39 weeks, when fetal ultrasonography showed oligohydramnios."( A 25-Year-Old Saudi Woman with a 2-Year History of Antisynthetase Syndrome with Interstitial Lung Disease Who Commenced Azathioprine Treatment in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy and Had a Successful Birth at Term.
Alshwairikh, LA; Babay, Z, 2022)		1.65
"Azathioprine treatment was associated with significantly low NK cells."( Blood CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ natural killer cell distributions are heterogeneous in healthy adults and suppressed by azathioprine in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides.
Bergner, R; Jandova, I; Merkt, W; Salzer, U; Thiel, J; Venhoff, AC; Venhoff, N, 2021)		1.55
"GCs+azathioprine seem the best treatment in the event of relapse."( Efficacy and safety of treatments in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: A French observational retrospective study.
Aractingi, S; Bettuzzi, T; Bouaziz, JD; Chasset, F; Cordoliani, F; Dupin, N; Frumholtz, L; Guillevin, L; Jachiet, M; Mouthon, L; Paule, R; Régent, A; Sbidian, E; Terrier, B, 2022)		1.2
"Azathioprine treatment was provided for 48 weeks at 100-200 mg per day (dispensed as 50 mg tablets), depending on bodyweight (100 mg for <50 kg, 150 mg 50-79 kg, 200 mg for ≥80 kg)."( Combined immunosuppression and radiotherapy in thyroid eye disease (CIRTED): a multicentre, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Bremner, F; Bunce, C; Cook, A; Dayan, CM; Dick, AD; Drummond, SR; Ezra, DG; Garrott, H; Gattamaneni, R; Harris, N; Herbert, HM; Hills, R; Hurel, SJ; Jackson, S; Jain, R; Kemp, E; Lane, C; Lee, RWJ; Li, C; Morris, D; Morris, OC; Olver, J; Palaniappan, N; Pell, J; Plowman, N; Potts, MJ; Rajendram, R; Ritchie, DM; Rose, GE; Rumsey, N; Taylor, PN; Tomlinson, M; Uddin, JM; Wilson, VJ; Yarrow, S, 2018)		1.2
"Azathioprine was the treatment prescribed in the four patients with NMOSD."( Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system in Niger.
Adehossi Omar, É; Assadeck, H; Douma Maiga, D; Hassane Djibo, F; Mamadou, Z; Toudou Daouda, M, 2019)		1.24
"Azathioprine treatment was discontinued resulting in resolution of the clinical lesions within 5 days."( Neutrophilic dermatosis after azathioprine exposure.
Choi, JN; Cyrus, N; Ko, CJ; Mason, AR; Stavert, R, 2013)		1.4
"Azathioprine treatment was complicated with pancytopenia and septic shock."( [Acute cytomegalovirus infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient treated with azathioprine].
Gartner, B; Issekutz, A; Kárász, T; Kullmann, T; Oláh, A; Rácz, I, 2013)		1.33
"In azathioprine-treated patients these biomarkers were down-regulated."( Gene expression signature of tolerance and lymphocyte subsets in stable renal transplants: results of a cross-sectional study.
Benlloch, S; Cantarell, C; Jimeno, J; Martínez-Gallo, M; Moreso, F; Perelló, M; Pujol-Borrell, R; Seron, D; Torres, IB, 2014)		0.92
"All azathioprine treated mice showed signs of drug-associated toxicity such as weight loss and development of splenic T-cell lymphomas. "( Azathioprine does not reduce adenoma formation in a mouse model of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis.
D'Haens, GR; Heijmans, J; Jansen, M; Levin, AD; Muncan, V; Rosekrans, SL; Schukking, M; van den Brink, GR; van Lidth de Jeude, JF; Wielenga, MC, 2014)		2.4
"Azathioprine-treated patients' for AAV maintenance therapy showed a decline in physical abilities when compared to RTX at M24 in the MAINRITSAN trial."( Rituximab versus azathioprine for ANCA-associated vasculitis maintenance therapy: impact on global disability and health-related quality of life.
Aumaître, O; Blanchard-Delaunay, C; Bonnotte, B; Carron, PL; Cohen, P; Daugas, E; Decaux, O; Ducret, M; Gobert, P; Godmer, P; Guillevin, L; Hamidou, M; Hatron, PY; Karras, A; Khouatra, C; Limal, N; Mahr, A; Maurier, F; Mouthon, L; Ninet, J; Pagnoux, C; Papo, T; Perrodeau, E; Puéchal, X; Pugnet, G; Quemeneur, T; Ravaud, P; Terrier, B, )		1.91
"Azathioprine may be a treatment option, particularly in poor medical resource areas, for pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis who are seropositive for MOG-IgG."( Azathioprine therapy in a case of pediatric multiple sclerosis that was seropositive for MOG-IgG.
Fang, L; Hu, X; Huang, Q; Kermode, A; Lu, T; Lu, Z; Qiu, W; Sun, X; Zhou, Y, 2017)		2.62
"Azathioprine treatment was associated with increased CIMT."( Premature atherosclerosis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis prevention in pediatric lupus erythematosus cohort.
Ardoin, SP; Barnhart, HX; Bowyer, SL; Brunner, HI; Eberhard, A; Evans, GW; Higgins, GC; Ilowite, NT; Jung, L; Kimura, Y; Klein-Gitelman, M; Levy, DM; McCurdy, D; Mieszkalski, KL; Punaro, L; Reed, A; Sandborg, C; Schanberg, LE; Sherry, DD; Silver, R; Silverman, E; Singer, NG; Soep, JB; von Scheven, E; Wagner-Weiner, L; Wallace, C; Yow, E, 2009)		1.07
"Azathioprine treatment was stopped in 4 of 7 heterozygotes and 54 of 103 wild-type patients, because of side-effects, lack of effect or a combination of both."( An audit of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping and phenotyping before intended azathioprine treatment for dermatological conditions.
Bygum, A; Vestergaard, T, 2010)		1.31
"Azathioprine treated rats displayed a plethora of pathological events, which include loss of hepatocellular membrane integrity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and nuclear damage; whilst FHLE pretreated rats significantly precluded these abnormalities."( Hepatic perturbations provoked by azathioprine: a paradigm to rationalize the cytoprotective potential of Ficus hispida Linn.
Devaki, T; Shanmugarajan, TS, 2009)		1.35
"Azathioprine-treated Msh2(+/)⁻ mice developed diffuse lymphomas lacking Msh2 expression and displaying MSI due to somatic inactivation of the functional Msh2 allele by loss of heterozygosity or mutation."( Azathioprine-induced carcinogenesis in mice according to Msh2 genotype.
Antoine, N; Buhard, O; Chalastanis, A; Defaweux, V; Dumont, S; Duval, A; Fabiani, B; Fléjou, JF; Muleris, M; Penard-Lacronique, V; Renault, I; Svrcek, M; Te Riele, H; Tubacher, E, 2010)		2.52
"Azathioprine treatment is a long-term therapy and therefore it is at risk for non-adherence, which is considered an important determinant of treatment inefficacy."( Usefulness of the measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the assessment of non-adherence.
Bartoli, F; Campanozzi, A; Decorti, G; Londero, M; Malusa, N; Marino, S; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2010)		1.36
"Azathioprine treatment for AAMT is low risk, convenient, and cost-effective."( Successful treatment of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with azathioprine.
Chang, H; Tang, TC, 2011)		1.33
"Azathioprine (AZA) treatment in transplant or autoimmune patients and subsequent appearance squamous cell carcinomas at various sites, particularly skin and cervix, has shown a close relationship. "( [A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the breast in a patient with Crohn's disease taking azathioprine].
Cho, JY; Heo, SW; Ju, DU; Kim, EJ; Kim, EY; Oh, HK; Park, KC; Ryu, JI, 2012)		2.04
"Azathioprine treatment is associated with adverse effects such as leukopenia and aplasia."( [Genetic polymorphism and treatment of chronic bowel inflammatory diseases: the example of azathioprine].
Bessard, G; Chartier, A; Hardy, G; Stanke-Labesque, F, )		1.07
"The azathioprine treated group (AZA group) included 280 patients (132 female) treated for 17,672 months with AZA + Cyclosporine A (CyA) + steroid, or AZA + steroid, while the MMF group included 219 patients (112 female) treated for 5079 months with MMF + CyA + steroid, or MMF + steroid."( Does mycophenolate mofetil increase the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease compared with azathioprine after cadaveric kidney transplantation?
Basic-Jukic, N; Brunetta, B; Bubic-Filipi, LJ; Kes, P; Pasini, J; Puretic, Z, 2005)		1.03
"In azathioprine-treated grafts, the neointimal thickness was 2 microm (range, 1-5 microm) and 4 microm (range, 3-11 microm) at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively, respectively."( Perivascular treatment with azathioprine reduces neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts.
Bernecker, O; Bonatti, J; Heiss, S; Kroell, A; Laufer, G; Schachner, T; Tzankov, A; Zipponi, D, 2006)		1.14
"Azathioprine treatment had to be stopped in 23 patients because of ineffectiveness in nine and adverse effects in 14."( Compliance and long-term effect of azathioprine in 65 rheumatoid arthritis cases.
Dequeker, J; van Wanghe, P, 1982)		1.26
"Azathioprine treatment alone did not alter ionized calcium, 1,25(OH)2VitD, or PTH levels."( Azathioprine alone is bone sparing and does not alter cyclosporin A-induced osteopenia in the rat.
Armstrong, EC; Bryer, HP; Buchinsky, FJ; Epstein, S; Isserow, JA; Mann, GN; Romero, DF; Rucinski, B, 1995)		2.46
"Azathioprine treatment played only a minor role in the development of thrombocytopenia but patients with low (100-200 mio./ml) and falling platelet counts who later developed thrombocytopenia were treated with significantly (p < 0.01) higher azathioprine dosages."( Bone marrow function during quadruple immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation.
Heaf, J, 1993)		1.01
"Azathioprine-treated dogs had no significant changes in SIg levels or lymphocyte subpopulations."( The effects of prednisone and azathioprine on circulating immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in normal dogs.
Kaushik, A; Kruth, SA; Rinkardt, NE, 1999)		1.31
"Azathioprine treatment for 4-1/2 yr was well tolerated in this cohort of Caucasian patients with PLN and was associated with outcomes similar to those reported for pulse cyclophosphamide therapy."( Long-term efficacy of azathioprine treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis.
Koldingsnes, W; Nossent, HC, 2000)		2.06
"Azathioprine treatment is limited in some patients by hypersensitivity reactions or other side effects."( Use of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease previously intolerant of azathioprine.
Bowen, DG; Selby, WS, 2000)		1.25
"The azathioprine (Aza)-treated group (Aza group) included 319 patients."( Mycophenolate mofetil does not modify the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after kidney transplantation but prevents CMV-induced chronic graft dysfunction.
Ancelet, D; Blancho, G; Cantarovich, D; Daguin, P; Dantal, J; Giral, M; Hourmant, M; Josien, R; Nguyen, JM; Soulillou, JP, 2001)		0.79
"Azathioprine treatment caused an increase in serum albumin/globin ratio and a decrease in total protein in spleen tissue."( Modulatory effect of quercetin on azathioprine induced membrane changes in the mouse spleen.
Chitra, S; Devipriya, S; Shyamala Devi, CS, 2001)		1.31
"Azathioprine is effective treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. "( The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review.
Fraser, AG; Jewell, DP; Orchard, TR, 2002)		2.1
"The azathioprine- and MMF-treated groups were well matched at baseline with respect to demographic characteristics, end-stage renal failure causes and transplant characteristics. "( Is mycophenolate mofetil less safe than azathioprine in elderly renal transplant recipients?
Brown, AM; Campbell, SB; Griffin, AD; Hawley, CM; Isbel, NM; Johnson, DW; Nicol, DL; Preston, JM; Purdie, DM; Wall, D, 2002)		1.14
"Azathioprine treatment has been given to 26 patients for periods up to 7 years."( Effects of some immunosuppressive procedures on myasthenia gravis.
Bergström, K; Franksson, C; Hammarström, L; Lefvert, AK; Matell, G; Möller, E; Smith, E; von Reis, G, 1976)		0.98
"Azathioprine-treated patients showed improved long-term survival (72% vs 29%, P less than .005) and fewer hospitalizations (0.24/patient-years vs 0.89/patient-years, P less than .001)."( Long-term maintenance therapy with azathioprine in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Diamond, H; Ginzler, E; Kaplan, D; Sharon, E, )		1.13
"Azathioprine treatment did not significantly lower quantitative synthesis."( Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in multiple sclerosis: effect of corticosteroids and azathioprine.
Aguayo, F; Alvarez, C; Berciano, J; Garrido, JC; Miró, J; Pascual, J; Polo, JM, 1992)		1.23
"Azathioprine maintenance treatment in ulcerative colitis is beneficial for at least two years if patients have achieved remission while taking the drug. "( Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis.
Axon, AT; Foster, PN; Hawkey, CJ; Hawthorne, AB; Lennard-Jones, JE; Logan, RF; Scott, BB; Swarbrick, ET, 1992)		2.01
"In azathioprine-treated animals, the respective velocities were 7.0 microns/day and 5.5 microns/day."( Azathioprine treatment increases hepatocyte turnover.
Arber, N; Nordenberg, J; Sidi, Y; Zajicek, G, 1991)		2.24
"Azathioprine treatment reduced the aCL titer in the other patient, without fully normalizing it."( Primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). Two case reports and therapeutic implications.
Engler, H; Lang, B; Peter, HH; Rump, JA, 1991)		1
"No azathioprine-treated patients (n = 46) but 24% (17 of 70) of the cyclosporin treated patients were hypomagnesaemic."( Cyclosporin-induced renal magnesium leak in renal transplant patients.
Fernando, ON; Freestone, A; Moorhead, JF; Scoble, JE; Sweny, P; Varghese, Z, 1990)		0.79
"Azathioprine treatment did not significantly influence these parameters, although it did induce significant decrease in thyroid microsomal antibodies and in thyroid-stimulating hormone binding inhibiting immunoglobulin index."( Azathioprine in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
Crombie, AL; Kendall-Taylor, P; Perros, P; Weightman, DR, 1990)		2.44
"Azathioprine-treated recipients had significantly increased (p less than 0.05) mean hospital stays (31.9 versus 18.3 days), incidence of first rejection episodes (85 versus 31) and methylprednisolone dose (3.38 versus 0.06 gm."( Cyclosporine versus azathioprine: a review of 200 consecutive cadaver renal transplant recipients.
Jhunjhunwala, JS; Kropp, KA; Selman, SH; Wolfe, C, 1989)		1.32
"Azathioprine treatment benefited 19 (66%) out of 29 patients suffering from severe psoriasis. "( Treatment of psoriasis with azathioprine.
Du Vivier, A; Munro, DD; Verbov, J, 1974)		1.99
"Azathioprine (AZA) treatment appeared to decrease the risk for initial surgery in patients with non-penetrating and non-stricturing CD (HR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.13-3.10)."( Risk factors for initial surgery in patients with Crohn's disease in Central China.
Chen, M; Huang, M; Li, J; Li, L; Xia, B; Yan, W; Yi, F; Zhou, F, 2015)		1.14
"Treatment with azathioprine had a negative impact on recurrence rates."( [Effectiveness of Mucosal Advancement Flaps in Surgery of Perianal Fistulas from Crohn´s Disease and Cryptoglandular Fistulas - a Long-term Follow-up Study].
Bruder, L; Kamphues, C; Kreis, M; Lauscher, JC; Schineis, C; Warschkow, R; Weixler, B, 2023)		1.25
"Treatment with azathioprine within 3 months of remission induction with cyclophosphamide is a common treatment strategy for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. "( Long-term follow-up of cyclophosphamide compared with azathioprine for initial maintenance therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Bajema, I; Berden, A; Faurschou, M; Flossmann, O; Hoglund, P; Jayne, DR; Pusey, CD; Smith, R; Szpirt, W; Walsh, M; Westman, K, 2014)		1
"Treatment with azathioprine appears to be a risk factor for early EBV seropositivity in children with IBD, and the infliximab dose was associated with a higher EBV viral load."( Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Polyomaviruses in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Bronsky, J; Copova, I; Durilova, M; Hradsky, O; Hubacek, P; Maminak, M; Nevoral, J; Zarubova, K, 2015)		0.77
"The treatment with azathioprine could be responsible for this anti-inflammatory profile of monocytes."( CSF-1 regulates the function of monocytes in Crohn's disease patients in remission.
Cantó, E; Garcia-Planella, E; Gordillo, J; Juárez, C; Nieto, JC; Ortiz, MA; Vidal, S; Zamora, C, 2017)		0.77
"Treatment with azathioprine, commonly used in post-transplant immunosuppressive regimens, results in incorporation of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) into DNA."( Expression of DNA mismatch repair proteins and MSH2 polymorphisms in nonmelanoma skin cancers of organ transplant recipients.
Cerio, R; Harwood, CA; Karran, P; McGregor, JM; Perrett, CM; Warwick, J, 2010)		0.7
"Treatment with azathioprine as a systemic monotherapy clinically produces relevant improvement in moderate-to-severe alopecia areata."( Could azathioprine be considered as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of alopecia areata? A pilot study.
Farshi, S; Khiabanloo, SR; Mansouri, P; Safar, F, 2010)		1.18
"Treatment with azathioprine has been proven to increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in transplant patients and possibly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease as well."( Increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin after long-term treatment with azathioprine in patients with auto-immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
de Jong, EM; Hendriks, JC; Janssen, M; Schers, HJ; Seyger, MM; van de Kerkhof, PC; van den Reek, JM; van Lümig, PP, 2014)		0.96
"Treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was associated with elevated serum levels of examined lipids."( Renal function and lipid metabolism in pregnant renal transplant recipients.
Czajkowski, K; Grymowicz, M; Malinowska-Polubiec, A; Romejko, E; Sieńko, J; Smolarczyk, R; Wójcicka-Bentyn, J, 2004)		0.66
"Treatment with azathioprine may - depending on its cumulative dosage - lead to pancytopenia and subsequent development of myelodysplasia or secondary leukaemia, respectively. "( [Azathioprine-associated myelodysplastic syndrome with cytogenetic aberrations].
Kaiser, U; Schlegelberger, B; Wilkens, L; Willerding-Möllmann, S, 2004)		1.59
"Treatment with azathioprine as systemic monotherapy produces clinically relevant improvement in moderate-to-severe atopic eczema that remains active despite optimum therapy with topical corticosteriods. "( Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Gray, JC; Meggitt, SJ; Reynolds, NJ, 2006)		2.13
"Treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was successful in patients with type 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. "( Clinical and biochemical features of autoimmune hepatitis in 36 pediatric patients.
Bellomo-Brandão, MA; Costa-Pinto, EA; De Tommaso, AM; Hessel, G, )		0.48
"Treatment with azathioprine in addition to colchicine could ameliorate the nephrotic syndrome and control the attacks very effectively in these cases."( Successful treatment of nephrotic syndrome due to FMF amyloidosis with azathioprine: report of three Turkish cases.
Dogan, E; Erkoc, R; Sayarlioglu, H; Sayarlioglu, M; Soyoral, Y, 2006)		0.91
"Treatment with azathioprine (AZA) may be beneficial in such patients."( Long-term results with azathioprine therapy in patients with corticosteroid-dependent Crohn's disease: open-label prospective study.
Chebli, JM; Chebli, LA; De Souza, AF; Felga, GE; Forn, CG; Gaburri, PD; Pimentel, CF; Pinto, AL, 2007)		0.99
"Treatment with azathioprine and prednisone was started after diagnosis with an average time to remission of 14 months."( [Autoimmune hepatitis in pediatric patients].
Bernal Cuartas, C; García Romero, R; Martín de Carpi, J; Pinillos Pisón, S; Varea Calderón, V, 2007)		0.68
"Treatment with azathioprine or mycophenolate did not affect PV or PI in either the SRL group (PV: 0.22+/-0.66 versus 0.05+/-1.45 mm(3)/mm, P=0.46; PI: 1.5+/-6% versus -1.6+/-8.5%, P=0.29) or the CNI group (PV: 1.42+/-1.39 versus 1.06+/-2.28 mm(3)/mm, P=0.49; PI: 7.8+/-8.7% versus 4.8+/-7.3%, P=0.23)."( Conversion to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression attenuates the progression of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation.
Bae, JH; Clavell, AL; Edwards, BS; Frantz, RP; Khalpey, Z; Kremers, WK; Kushwaha, SS; Lerman, A; Raichlin, E; Rihal, C; Rodeheffer, RJ, 2007)		0.68
"When treatment with azathioprine is administered without oral CsA, patients requiring colectomy need this procedure within the first 6 months of discharge."( [Effectiveness of maintenance azathioprine therapy without oral cyclosporine after severe attacks of ulcerative colitis refractory to endovenous steroids].
Durá Ayet, AB; Ferrer Arranz, L; Huguet Malavés, JM; Latorre Sánchez, M; Medina Chuliá, E; Rodríguez García, I; Ruiz Sánchez, L; Tomé Toyosato, A; Tuset Ruiz, JA, 2008)		0.95
"Treatment with azathioprine (a single injection 100-400 mg/kg or 5 daily doses of 10-80 mg/kg s.c.) and dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide (a single injection of 45-180 mg/kg or 5 daily doses of 3-30 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in marked dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous macrophage cytotoxicity against TU5 tumor cells 2 days later."( Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural and BCG-stimulated macrophage cytotoxicity in mice.
Candiani, GP; Luini, W; Mantovani, A; Spreafico, F, 1980)		0.6
"Treatment with azathioprine (100 mg/kg/day ip x 9 days) or 6-mercaptopurine (100 mg/kg/day ip x 9 days) suppressed weight gain and increased mortality but had no effect on the number of oocytes or follicles in these mice."( The effects of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurine on oocyte and follicle number in C57BL/6N mice.
Chang, L; Mattison, DR; Shiromizu, K; Thorgeirsson, SS, 1981)		0.88
"Treatment with azathioprine and steroid was increased due to an initial rejection of the allograft."( [Extensive cardiac angiosarcoma in the course of immunosuppressive therapy after kidney transplant].
Bandello, A; Cavallini, L; Cotogni, A; Franco, G; Marchi, C; Rigatelli, G; Rugolotto, M; Visentin, E, 2000)		0.65
"Treatment with azathioprine (a single injection of 100-400 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 80 mg/kg lp) and cyclophosphamide (a single injection of 50--200 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 25 mg/kg ip) resulted in a marked dose-dependent inhibition of NK activity 2 days later."( Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice.
Luini, W; Mantovani, A; Peri, G; Spreafico, F; Vecchi, A, 1978)		0.6
"Treatment with azathioprine and corticosteroids produced transient improvement but three months later a dramatic relapse occurred."( A rapid unfavorable outcome of Wegener's granulomatosis in early childhood.
Colombo, A; Duse, M; Fiocca, R; Giannetti, A; Nespoli, L; Perinotto, G; Vitiello, MA, 1979)		0.6
"The treatment with azathioprine caused a relative depression of specific resistance accompanied by less pronounced inhibition of migration in vitro."( Specific acquired resistance and activity of migration inhibition factor (MIF) in spleens of mice with chronic tuberculosis.
Kvapilová, M; Pekárek, J; Svejcar, J; Trnka, L, 1975)		0.57
"Treatment with azathioprine resulted in a progressive improvement in her condition."( A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease respondong to treatment with azathioprine.
Hendry, AT; Sanderson, JE; Spiro, SG; Turner-Warwick, M, 1977)		0.83
"Treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone for immunosuppression had been discontinued 1 year before admission."( Idiopathic portal hypertension in a renal transplant patient after long-term azathioprine therapy.
Becker, K; Brauer, M; Classen, M; Lorenz, R; Tornieporth, N, 1992)		0.85
"The treatment with azathioprine and prednisolone after IVIG appears to be effective in maintenance of platelet counts."( [Effects of maintenance treatment after high-dose intravenous gamma-globulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura].
Fujitake, H; Im, T; Kageyama, T; Kawagoe, H; Kokawa, T; Nomura, S; Ohyabu, H; Park, K; Tatsumi, N; Yasunaga, K, 1991)		0.6
"The treatment with azathioprine in a dose of 1.5-2.0 mg/kg/day is not associated with a noticeable increment of the rate of CA."( [Chromosome aberration levels and their dynamics during the treatment with cytotoxic preparations of patients with primary and lupus glomerulonephritis].
Bagriĭ, AE; Diadyk, AI; Efremenko, VA; Iarovaia, NF; Nikolenko, IuI; Nikolenko, VIu; Siniachenko, OV; Sokhin, AA, 1991)		0.6
"Treatment with azathioprine was associated with marked clinical improvement in all the remaining 23 patients, resulting in reduction in the dose of pyridostigmine and prednisolone."( Long term treatment of myasthenia gravis with azathioprine.
Fonseca, V; Havard, CW, 1990)		0.88
"Treatment with azathioprine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis leads to a dramatic reduction in the 4 h NK cytotoxicity against K562 cells. "( The inhibition of NK cell function by azathioprine during the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Cseuz, R; Panayi, GS, 1990)		0.9
"Treatment with azathioprine (150 mg daily) improved the eczema."( Lymphocyte subsets in patients with compositae oleoresin dermatitis and increased UVA sensitivity during treatment with azathioprine.
Baadsgaard, O; Geisler, C; Plesner, T; Thestrup-Pedersen, K, 1985)		0.82

Toxicity

The purine analogues 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine have been found to be safe and efficacious. Switching to mercaptopurine is a safe therapeutic strategy for over two-thirds of azithioprine-intolerant patients.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Neither histopathological changes were observed, nor could any deaths be directly attributed to toxic effects of the drug on hepatocytes."( Azathioprine hepatotoxicity, direct complication or secondary effect in rat liver transplantation.
Hess, F; Jerusalem, C; Polak, M, 1976)		1.7
" The ability to induce "shock protein" synthesis obviously seems to be restricted to toxic drugs."( A cell culture assay for the detection of cardiotoxicity.
Löw-Friedrich, I; Schoeppe, W; von Bredow, F, 1991)		0.28
" There was no instance of severe bone marrow suppression or hepatitis in either group and none of the patients had any drug related adverse effects."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of azathioprine (Azoran), in fresh cases of renal homotransplantation.
Bulchand, S; Jagtap, SP; Lal, HM, 1991)		0.55
"Within one year three of 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with azathioprine 100 mg daily developed the following adverse reactions less than two weeks after starting treatment: patient one showed fever with chills, rash, and severe liver function abnormalities suggestive of cholestasis; the second patient had fever, nausea, diarrhoea, and moderately raised liver enzymes; the third patient showed very high fever and severe chills."( Azathioprine induced fever, chills, rash, and hepatotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Boerbooms, AM; Jeurissen, ME; Kruijsen, MW; van de Putte, LB, 1990)		1.95
"Six patients with histologically proven HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH), who were initially treated successfully with prednisolone with or without azathioprine, developed unacceptable adverse effects due to prednisolone."( D-penicillamine therapy in patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis and major prednisolone-induced adverse effects.
Callender, ME; McClements, BM, 1990)		0.48
"Although azathioprine has been reported to be safe during pregnancy in renal transplant recipients and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, opinions vary whether it should be continued in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease."( Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Alstead, EM; Clark, ML; Farthing, MJ; Lennard-Jones, JE; Ritchie, JK, 1990)		1.1
"Concerns about the short-term and long-term toxic effects of azathioprine (AZA) have limited its use."( Toxic effects of azathioprine in rheumatoid arthritis. A national post-marketing perspective.
Fries, JF; Singh, G; Spitz, P; Williams, CA, 1989)		0.86
"In contrast to its importance in improving renal graft survival, nephrotoxicity is the most serious side effect of cyclosporine."( Amplification of the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporine by preexistent chronic histological lesions in the kidney.
Bosman, FT; Kootstra, G; Leunissen, KM; Nieman, FH; Noordzij, TC; van Hooff, JP; Vromen, MA, 1989)		0.28
"In this uncontrolled study, 104 patients with generalized myasthenia gravis treated with azathioprine for a median period of 29 months (range, 1 month to 12 years) were surveyed for possible adverse reactions."( Azathioprine toxicity during long-term immunosuppression of generalized myasthenia gravis.
Besinger, U; Heininger, K; Hohlfeld, R; Michels, M; Toyka, KV, 1988)		1.94
" The findings suggest that this policy is safe and avoids the potential hazards of long-term CyA."( Conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine 3 months after renal transplantation--is it safe?
Cassidy, MJ; Irving, E; Jacobson, JE; Pascoe, MD; Swanepoel, CR; van Zyl-Smit, R, 1986)		0.56
" That preuremic transplantation is safe and efficacious in patients with immanent end-stage renal disease has not been established."( Renal transplantation done safely without prior chronic dialysis therapy.
Ascher, NL; Fryd, D; Migliori, RJ; Najarian, JS; Payne, WD; Simmons, RL; Sutherland, DE, 1987)		0.27
" Apart from infections, there were more adverse effects reported in the immunosuppressive therapy group."( Comparative toxicity of total lymphoid irradiation and immunosuppressive drug treated patients with intractable rheumatoid arthritis.
Bloch, D; Fries, J; Sherrer, Y; Strober, S, 1987)		0.27
" Toxic effects limited the dose of azathioprine in 27 patients (42%) and led to discontinuation of therapy in 13 (20%)."( Azathioprine toxicity in neuromuscular disease.
Griggs, RC; Kissel, JT; Levy, RJ; Mendell, JR, 1986)		1.99
" The most likely explanation for this adverse effect is that blood transfusions given to the recipient may cause crossimmunization for undefined, probably minor, antigens of the donor kidney."( Adverse effect of pretransplant blood transfusions on survival of matched kidney allografts in dogs.
Bijnen, AB; Jeekel, J; Niessen, GJ; Obertop, H; Westbroek, DL, 1982)		0.26
" In terms of reproductive and developmental toxicity, cyclosporine produces some adverse effects in both experimental animals and humans."( International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Cyclosporine A: review of genotoxicity and potential for adverse human reproductive and developmental effects. Report of a Working Group on the genotoxicity of cyclosp
Mattison, DR; Olshan, AF; Zwanenburg, TS, 1994)		0.29
" Adverse effects of gastrointestinal upset and liver function test abnormalities did not appear to correlate with TPMT activity."( The role of genetic variation in thiopurine methyltransferase activity and the efficacy and/or side effects of azathioprine therapy in dermatologic patients.
Gibson, LE; Snow, JL, 1995)		0.5
" We conclude that cyclophosphamide appears to be safe in maintenance immunosuppression, permitting the discontinuation of AZA in patients with AZA-induced hepatic dysfunction without necessitating the augmentation of either corticosteroids or CsA."( Cyclophosphamide as an alternative to azathioprine in cardiac transplant recipients with suspected azathioprine-induced hepatotoxicity.
Bristow, MR; Lappe, DL; O'Connell, JB; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO; Wagoner, LE, 1993)		0.56
" Myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, alopecia and gastrointestinal adverse effects are associated with azathioprine and generally respond to a reduction in dosage or withdrawal."( Prevention and management of the adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive therapy.
First, MR; Hariharan, S; Rossi, SJ; Schroeder, TJ, 1993)		0.5
" Azathioprine and monocrotaline were found to be selectively more toxic to SEC than to hepatocytes."( Toxicity of azathioprine and monocrotaline in murine sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes: the role of glutathione and relevance to hepatic venoocclusive disease.
DeLeve, LD; Kaplowitz, N; Kuhlenkamp, JF; Wang, X, 1996)		1.58
" This report suggests that discontinuation of CsA along with increased doses of azathioprine is safe for some patients and may be effective in managing CsA-related nephrotoxicity and other side effects after liver transplantation."( Cyclosporin A: drug discontinuation for the management of long-term toxicity after liver transplantation.
Baker, AL; Chan, CY; DasGupta, K, 1996)		0.52
"To determine adverse events of ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, 41 patients (18 with cirrhosis), treated with ribavirin at an initial dose of 600-1200mg day(-1), were analysed retrospectively (six patients were treated twice because adverse effects during the first treatment necessitated cessation of ribavirin)."( Effects of cirrhosis, interferon and azathioprine on adverse events in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with ribavirin.
Blot, C; Mathurin, P; Moussalli, J; Opolon, P; Perrin, M; Plassart, F; Poynard, T; Thevenot, T, 1997)		0.57
" This study's findings, that 6-TGN concentrations are very high in neutrophils, whereas me-MPs are undetectable, many explain the specific neutropenic adverse effect of AZA."( Patterns of azathioprine metabolites in neutrophils, lymphocytes, reticulocytes, and erythrocytes: relevance to toxicity and monitoring in recipients of renal allografts.
Bentdal, O; Bergan, S; Brun, A; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O; Sødal, G, 1997)		0.68
"The long-term side effects of lifelong steroid immunosuppression are well documented, therefore, steroid withdrawal (SW) if safe would clearly be of benefit."( Steroid withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients: is it a safe option?
Haussman, G; Isaacs, I; Ishitani, M; Lobo, P; McCullough, C; Pruett, T; Sanfey, H, 1997)		0.3
"Steroid withdrawal with CsA monotherapy is feasible, safe and beneficial in patients who have stable liver graft function 1 year after orthotopic liver transplant."( Steroid withdrawal is safe and beneficial in stable cyclosporine-treated liver transplant patients.
Castellón, C; Colina, F; García, I; Gómez, R; Gonzalez-Pinto, I; Loinaz, C; Lumbreras, C; Moreno, E; Perez-Cerdá, F, 1998)		0.3
" The objectives were to examine whether various experimental techniques could be used in the rat to indicate toxic effects on the immune system, and so to suggest their possible value as general indicators of immunotoxicity."( Report of validation study of assessment of direct immunotoxicity in the rat. The ICICIS Group Investigators. International Collaborative Immunotoxicity Study.
, 1998)		0.3
" These data, though preliminary, indicate that early immunosuppression without the use of prednisone is safe and tends to be associated with improved liver and renal functions compared to conventional triple therapy."( Immunosuppression without prednisone after liver transplantion is safe and associated with normal early graft function: preliminary results of a randomized study.
Angelico, M; Anselmo, A; Baiocchi, L; Casciani, CU; Negrini, S; Orlando, G; Palmieri, G; Pisani, F; Tisone, G; Vennarecci, G, 1998)		0.3
" Adverse effects occur in about 15% of patients."( Azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease, a safe alternative?
Tanis, AA, 1998)		1.74
" The aim of this study was to assess whether conversion from Sandimmune to Neoral provides safe and effective oral immunosuppression in stable liver transplant recipients."( An open-label study of the safety and tolerability of converting stable liver transplant recipients to neoral.
Dahlke, LM; Krom, RA; Pasha, TM; Porayko, MK; Wiesner, RH, 1998)		0.3
" For these women pregnancy generally proceeds without significant adverse effects on mother and child."( Drug safety issues in pregnancy following transplantation and immunosuppression: effects and outcomes.
Armenti, VT; Davison, JM; Moritz, MJ, 1998)		0.3
" Medical files were reviewed for adverse side effects: fever, pancreatitis, infections, gastrointestinal intolerance, aminotransferase level increase, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia."( Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Kirschner, BS, 1998)		0.7
"AZA or 6-MP was tolerated in 51 of 95 patients (54%) without adverse reaction; 27 of 95 (28%) experienced side effects that responded to dose reduction (23 patients) or spontaneously (4 patients), most commonly increased aminotransferase level (13."( Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Kirschner, BS, 1998)		0.7
"4 years, MMF had been discontinued in 13 patients (54%) because of adverse effects (AE)."( Adverse effects of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric renal transplant recipients with presumed chronic rejection.
Baluarte, HJ; Butani, L; Palmer, J; Polinsky, MS, 1999)		0.3
"Tacrolimus (FK506) is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of rejection of renal allografts."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.31
" Patients were followed for 1 yr posttransplant for the incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection, patient and graft survival, and adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.31
" The incidence of most adverse events was similar across treatment groups and comparable with previous reports."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.31
"Tacrolimus in combination with an initial dose of MMF 2 g/day is a very effective and safe regimen in cadaveric kidney transplant recipients."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.31
"Injection site reactions (ISRs) were the most common adverse event related to etanercept (8 episodes in 5 patients [25%]; < 1% of all injections)."( Etanercept combined with conventional treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis: a six-month open-label trial to evaluate safety.
Bedocs, NM; Crook, S; Hellmann, DB; Hoffman, GS; Stone, JH; Uhlfelder, ML, 2001)		0.31
" Adverse events were few."( Etanercept combined with conventional treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis: a six-month open-label trial to evaluate safety.
Bedocs, NM; Crook, S; Hellmann, DB; Hoffman, GS; Stone, JH; Uhlfelder, ML, 2001)		0.31
"Azathioprine is as effective and safe in the maintenance of the response of patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis to ciclosporin as it is in the treatment of those who respond to steroids."( Safety and efficacy of azathioprine in the maintenance of ciclosporin-induced remission of ulcerative colitis.
Actis, GC; Astegiano, M; Boscaglia, C; Bresso, F; Demarchi, B; Rizzetto, M; Sapone, N, 2001)		2.06
" The most significant side effect is nephrotoxicity, which may present differently at different times after transplantation."( Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: associated allograft dysfunction at low trough concentration.
Druskis, V; Jankauskiene, A; Laurinavicius, A, 2001)		0.31
" The overall frequency of adverse events was similar in the two groups, though hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia were more common in the ciclosporin group and tremor and hypomagnesaemia were more frequent in the tacrolimus group."( Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation: a randomised multicentre study.
Margreiter, R, 2002)		0.31
"Immunosuppression incorporating intravenous cyclophosphamide before and after transplantation is safe and highly effective in sensitized cardiac transplant recipients."( Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide is an effective and safe treatment for sensitized cardiac allograft recipients.
Burke, E; Edwards, N; Itescu, S; John, R; Lietz, K; Mancini, D; Michler, R; Oz, M; Rose, E, 2002)		0.31
"To know the type, frequency and time course for the occurrence of adverse events in our series of patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine."( Adverse effects of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Garrigues, V; Martínez, F; Nos, P; Pastor, M; Ponce, J, 2001)		0.84
"We observed 23 adverse reactions in 21 patients."( Adverse effects of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Garrigues, V; Martínez, F; Nos, P; Pastor, M; Ponce, J, 2001)		0.64
"The frequency of adverse events in our study is similar to that reported in previous studies."( Adverse effects of azathioprine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Garrigues, V; Martínez, F; Nos, P; Pastor, M; Ponce, J, 2001)		0.64
"Basiliximab (Simulect) has been shown to be safe and effective in adult renal transplant recipients, when used in combination with cyclosporine (Neoral) and corticosteroids."( A multicenter, open-label, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability study of basiliximab (Simulect) in pediatric de novo renal transplant recipients.
Broyer, M; Chodoff, L; Clark, G; Cochat, P; Crocker, JF; Hall, M; Korn, A; Lemire, J; Loirat, C; Mentser, M; Niaudet, P; Offner, G, 2002)		0.31
" All patients experienced adverse events, but most (71%) were mild or asymptomatic."( A multicenter, open-label, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability study of basiliximab (Simulect) in pediatric de novo renal transplant recipients.
Broyer, M; Chodoff, L; Clark, G; Cochat, P; Crocker, JF; Hall, M; Korn, A; Lemire, J; Loirat, C; Mentser, M; Niaudet, P; Offner, G, 2002)		0.31
"Basiliximab is safe and well tolerated when administered by IV bolus injection in de novo pediatric renal transplant recipients."( A multicenter, open-label, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability study of basiliximab (Simulect) in pediatric de novo renal transplant recipients.
Broyer, M; Chodoff, L; Clark, G; Cochat, P; Crocker, JF; Hall, M; Korn, A; Lemire, J; Loirat, C; Mentser, M; Niaudet, P; Offner, G, 2002)		0.31
"Serious adverse events may occur from the use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis."( Monitoring and assessing the safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a West Midlands experience.
Bevan, J; Homer, D; Jobanputra, P; Maggs, F, 2002)		0.31
"Forty-four serious adverse events associated with DMARD use were reported between December 1999 and October 2001."( Monitoring and assessing the safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a West Midlands experience.
Bevan, J; Homer, D; Jobanputra, P; Maggs, F, 2002)		0.31
"We have successfully implemented a regional system for identifying potential drug-related serious adverse events."( Monitoring and assessing the safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a West Midlands experience.
Bevan, J; Homer, D; Jobanputra, P; Maggs, F, 2002)		0.31
" However, adverse events leading to discontinuation may occur in 10-20% of patients."( 6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a short-term safety assessment.
de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Jansen, JB; Mulder, CJ, 2003)		0.6
" Primary outcome measures were the ability to tolerate 6-TG and the occurrence of adverse events."( 6-Thioguanine seems promising in azathioprine- or 6-mercaptopurine-intolerant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a short-term safety assessment.
de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Jansen, JB; Mulder, CJ, 2003)		0.6
"The purine analogues 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine have been found to be safe and efficacious in both inducing remission of Crohn's disease in adults and maintaining remission in adults and children."( Therapeutic efficacy and safety of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease.
Markowitz, JF, 2003)		0.82
" They were treated with 50 mg/day of AZA, and we evaluated the remission rate at 6 months, adverse side effects, and changes in prednisone doses after the initiation of AZA."( Low-dose azathioprine is effective and safe for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Hibi, T; Kinjyo, F; Kitahora, T; Naganuma, M; Shimoyama, T, 2003)		0.74
" Six of the 22 patients (27%) had some adverse side effects."( Low-dose azathioprine is effective and safe for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Hibi, T; Kinjyo, F; Kitahora, T; Naganuma, M; Shimoyama, T, 2003)		0.74
"A dose of 50 mg/day of AZA is effective and safe for maintenance of remission in the Japanese population."( Low-dose azathioprine is effective and safe for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.
Hibi, T; Kinjyo, F; Kitahora, T; Naganuma, M; Shimoyama, T, 2003)		0.74
"In clinical trials, up to 15% of patients discontinued 6-mercaptopurine or its pro-drug azathioprine prematurely due to adverse events."( Safety of thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Hooymans, PM; Mulder, CJ; Naber, AH, 2003)		0.54
"A retrospective cohort analysis of clinical data regarding adverse events of azathioprine in Crohn's disease."( Side effects of azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease.
de Jong, DJ; Goullet, M; Naber, TH, 2004)		0.9
"In 15 of the 50 patients azathioprine was preliminary discontinued due to adverse events and in 11 of these patients (22%) adverse events were probably related to azathioprine."( Side effects of azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease.
de Jong, DJ; Goullet, M; Naber, TH, 2004)		0.97
"Twenty-two per cent of patients discontinued azathioprine prematurely probably as a result of related adverse events."( Side effects of azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease.
de Jong, DJ; Goullet, M; Naber, TH, 2004)		0.93
" While many effects on the immune system's components can be found as a result of a drug treatment or chemical exposure, true immunotoxicity occurs when such treatment results in adverse effects or defects in the immune response."( Adequate immunotoxicity testing in drug development.
Gore, ER; Herzyk, DJ, 2004)		0.32
" Hyperlipidemia was the only adverse event more frequent among SRL patients (49% vs."( An open-label randomized trial of the safety and efficacy of sirolimus vs. azathioprine in living related renal allograft recipients receiving cyclosporine and prednisone combination.
Alfieri, F; Felipe, CR; Franco, M; Garcia, R; Hanzawa, NM; Machado, PG; Medina-Pestana, JO; Park, SI; Silva, HT, 2004)		0.55
" Fifteen adverse effects were observed in 13 patients (38%)."( Efficacy and safety of thiopurinic immunomodulators (azathioprine and mercaptopurine) in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.
Bermejo, F; Carrera, E; Garcia-Plaza, A; Lopez-Sanroman, A, 2004)		0.57
" However, their use is limited by serious adverse effects that can lead to cessation of therapy."( Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barclay, ML; Burt, MJ; Chapman, BA; Collett, JA; Gearry, RB, 2004)		0.32
" The case notes were then reviewed to identify those patients who had suffered an adverse effect that required cessation of the drug."( Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barclay, ML; Burt, MJ; Chapman, BA; Collett, JA; Gearry, RB, 2004)		0.32
"9%) had an adverse reaction requiring cessation of the drug."( Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barclay, ML; Burt, MJ; Chapman, BA; Collett, JA; Gearry, RB, 2004)		0.32
"In Canterbury, New Zealand, patients with IBD have a high rate of therapy-limiting adverse effects to thiopurine drugs."( Thiopurine drug adverse effects in a population of New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barclay, ML; Burt, MJ; Chapman, BA; Collett, JA; Gearry, RB, 2004)		0.32
"The only significant adverse events observed were urinary tract infection in 3 patients, 1 of which was accompanied by Escherichia coli bacteremia, and a prolonged febrile episode of putatively viral origin in 1 of them."( Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
Aringer, M; Graninger, WB; Smolen, JS; Steiner, G, 2004)		0.32
"Infliximab did not lead to adverse events related to an increase in SLE activity, although autoantibodies to double-stranded DNA and cardiolipin increased, as expected."( Safety and efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: an open-label study.
Aringer, M; Graninger, WB; Smolen, JS; Steiner, G, 2004)		0.32
"The use of MMF is associated with slight increases in gastrointestinal adverse effects, some hematologic adverse events, and CMV infections compared with Aza."( Safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in renal transplantation: a systematic review.
Li, H; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, K; Wei, Q; Yang, Y; Zhang, H, 2004)		0.59
"A 94C>A missense mutation in the ITPA gene which encodes inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase has been associated with adverse effects from azathioprine, specifically flu-like symptoms, pancreatitis and rash."( Lack of association between the ITPA 94C>A polymorphism and adverse effects from azathioprine.
Barclay, ML; Gearry, RB; Kennedy, MA; Roberts, RL, 2004)		0.75
" Deficiencies in TPMT result in accumulation of toxic metabolites, followed by neutropenia and hepatic inflammation."( Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine: effect on cost and adverse events.
Bailey, RJ; Fedorak, RN; Jacobs, P; Prosser, C; Sayani, FA, 2005)		0.54
"To determine whether assessment of TPMT activity before the administration of AZA would predict acute toxicity and, thus, allow for reductions in health care costs related to biochemical screening for, and management of, AZA-induced adverse events."( Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine: effect on cost and adverse events.
Bailey, RJ; Fedorak, RN; Jacobs, P; Prosser, C; Sayani, FA, 2005)		0.54
" Eight patients from group 1 and six patients from group 2 withdrew as a result of AZA-induced adverse events."( Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine: effect on cost and adverse events.
Bailey, RJ; Fedorak, RN; Jacobs, P; Prosser, C; Sayani, FA, 2005)		0.54
" We evaluate TPMT genotyping and TPMT enzyme activity as predictive tests for developing azathioprine-related adverse events."( Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) heterozygosity and enzyme activity as predictive tests for the development of azathioprine-related adverse events.
Heckmann, JM; Lambson, EM; Little, F; Owen, EP, 2005)		0.76
" There were no serious adverse events."( Optimization of the safety and efficacy of interferon beta 1b and azathioprine combination therapy in multiple sclerosis.
Bash, CN; Calabresi, PA; Costello, K; Cuffari, C; Mills, P; Pulicken, M; Rogg, JM; Said, A; Wilterdink, JL, 2005)		0.57
"In patients with low CTLpf long after kidney transplantation, a 50% reduction of immunosuppression is safe and further decreasing their immunosuppressive load is the obvious next step."( Reduction of immunosuppressive load in renal transplant recipients with a low donor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor frequency is safe.
de Kuiper, P; Ijzermans, JN; Rischen-Vos, J; van Besouw, NM; van de Wetering, J; van der Mast, BJ; Weimar, W, 2005)		0.33
" There was no significant difference between groups in terms of infection or serious adverse events."( Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1H) induction therapy in cadaveric kidney transplantation--efficacy and safety at five years.
Bradley, JA; Bradley, JR; Calne, R; Firth, J; Friend, PJ; Hale, G; Jamieson, NV; Smith, KG; Taylor, CJ; Thiru, S; Waldmann, H; Watson, CJ, 2005)		0.33
" The purpose of this study was to explore the association between these polymorphisms and the occurrence of azathioprine adverse effects in 112 renal transplant recipients undergoing triple immunosuppressive therapy including azathioprine, cyclosporine, and prednisone."( The impact of thiopurine s-methyltransferase polymorphism on azathioprine-induced myelotoxicity in renal transplant recipients.
Domański, L; Droździk, M; Dziewanowski, K; Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Kurzawski, M, 2005)		0.78
" Early steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant recipients is efficacious and safe and does not increase risk of rejection, preserving optimal growth and renal function, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors."( Early discontinuation of steroids is safe and effective in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
Benedetti, E; Briars, L; John, E; Knight, PS; Kraft, KA; Lumpaopong, A; Oberholzer, J; Sankary, HN; Testa, G; Verghese, P, 2005)		0.33
"Azathioprine (aza) therapy is beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, but 10%-30% of patients cannot tolerate aza therapy because of adverse drug reactions."( Association of inosine triphosphatase 94C>A and thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency with adverse events and study drop-outs under azathioprine therapy in a prospective Crohn disease study.
Adler, G; Armstrong, VW; Behrens, C; Bias, P; Herfarth, H; Kruis, W; Oellerich, M; Reinshagen, M; Schütz, E; Shipkova, M; Stallmach, A; Stein, J; von Ahsen, N; von Tirpitz, C, 2005)		1.97
"Influenza vaccination in SLE patients with quiescent disease is safe but is less effective than in controls."( Safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease.
Benne, CA; Bijl, M; De Vries, JJ; Holvast, A; Horst, G; Huckriede, A; Kallenberg, CG; Wilschut, J, 2006)		0.33
"The present study sought to elucidate the genetic basis of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphism and subsequently to investigate the relationship between mutant TPMT and an adverse response observed in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) taking azathioprine (AZA)."( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and the relationship between the mutant alleles and the adverse effects in systemic lupus erythematosus patients taking azathioprine.
Bae, SC; Cho, DY; Jun, JB; Kang, C, )		0.5
" Numerous patients taking AZA demonstrated adverse drug responses."( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and the relationship between the mutant alleles and the adverse effects in systemic lupus erythematosus patients taking azathioprine.
Bae, SC; Cho, DY; Jun, JB; Kang, C, )		0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" The spectrum of adverse events induced by sirolimus seemed to be mild relative to the potency of the immunosuppressive effect."( Successful reversal of acute vascular rejection and cyclosporine-associated nephrotoxicity in renal allograft with combined sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil as immunotherapy.
Foroncewicz, B; Mucha, K; Ołdakowska-Jedynak, U; Paczek, L; Perkowska-Ptasińska, A, )		0.13
"Long-term tacrolimus therapy appears safe and effective in refractory IBD."( Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up.
Baumgart, DC; Dignass, AU; Pintoffl, JP; Sturm, A; Wiedenmann, B, 2006)		0.33
" Adverse events (AE) and the reasons for withdrawal of combination therapy were analyzed."( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice.
Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)		0.58
"To evaluate the influence of thiopurine methyltransferase status and thiopurine metabolites in a large patient population for the risk of developing adverse event."( Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Almer, S; Fagerberg, U; Hildebrand, H; Hindorf, U; Lindqvist, M, 2006)		0.33
"The adverse event observed in 124 patients (34%) were more common in adults than children (40% vs."( Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Almer, S; Fagerberg, U; Hildebrand, H; Hindorf, U; Lindqvist, M, 2006)		0.33
"A pre-treatment determination of thiopurine methyltransferase status might be appropriate as patients with low to intermediate thiopurine methyltransferase activity are more prone to develop an adverse event; determination of metabolite levels can be useful in the case of an adverse event."( Adverse events leading to modification of therapy in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Almer, S; Fagerberg, U; Hildebrand, H; Hindorf, U; Lindqvist, M, 2006)		0.33
" These observations suggest that the development of muscular weakness in patients on azathioprine should be considered as an adverse effect of the drug."( Severe muscular weakness: an unusual adverse effect of azathioprine therapy.
Arora, M; Dutta, SK; Karhadkar, AS; Schwartz, HJ, 2006)		0.81
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term adverse effect (AE) profile of azathioprine (AZA) plus methylprednisolone combined immunosuppressive treatment in myasthenia gravis (MG) in a larger patient cohort."( Safety of long-term combined immunosuppressive treatment in myasthenia gravis--analysis of adverse effects of 163 patients.
Fornadi, L; Komoly, S; Lovas, G; Rozsa, C; Szabo, G, 2006)		0.56
"We investigated whether high-dose Mizoribine (MIZ: a water-soluble anti-metabolite), 4-6 mg/kg/d was as effective and safe as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for patients after kidney transplantation."( Revival of effective and safe high-dose mizoribine for the kidney transplantation.
Doi, A; Hirakata, H; Kitada, H; Ota, M; Sugitani, A; Tanaka, M; Yoshida, J, )		0.13
"To prospectively evaluate whether a relationship between thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and incidence of adverse effects (especially myelotoxicity) exists, in a long-term follow-up study of a large group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine."( Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and adverse effects of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 394 patients.
Cara, C; Gisbert, JP; Guijarro, LG; Niño, P; Rodrigo, L, 2006)		0.75
" The relationship among several variables and TPMT values was assessed, and the correlation between such levels and the incidence of adverse effects was evaluated."( Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and adverse effects of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 394 patients.
Cara, C; Gisbert, JP; Guijarro, LG; Niño, P; Rodrigo, L, 2006)		0.57
" Adverse effects were reported in 74 patients (18."( Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and adverse effects of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 394 patients.
Cara, C; Gisbert, JP; Guijarro, LG; Niño, P; Rodrigo, L, 2006)		0.57
" The association between polymorphisms of GST-M1, GST-P1, GST-T1, and TPMT genes and the adverse effects of azathioprine was therefore investigated."( Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Gotti, A; Martelossi, S; Montico, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2007)		0.79
"Fifteen patients developed adverse effects (21."( Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Gotti, A; Martelossi, S; Montico, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2007)		0.58
"Patients with IBD with a wildtype GST-M1 genotype present increased probability of developing adverse effects and increased incidence of lymphopenia during azathioprine treatment."( Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes and the adverse effects of azathioprine in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Gotti, A; Martelossi, S; Montico, M; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2007)		0.78
" The main outcome measures were average time to clinical remission, average time to immunologic remission (non-detectable circulating pemphigus vulgaris antibodies), proportion of patients who remained free of clinical relapse within 5 years after discontinuation of therapy, time from treatment discontinuation until first relapse, and incidence of adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and cyclosporine (ciclosporin) as adjuvant drugs in pemphigus vulgaris.
Blaszczyk, M; Cwikla, J; Kolacinska-Strasz, Z; Labecka, H; Natorska, U; Olszewska, M; Sulej, J, 2007)		0.61
" Azathioprine/6-MP-related pulmonary toxicity is a rare but serious side effect, and it is important for clinicians to have a high index of suspicion for this adverse reaction which occurs within 1 month after initiation of treatment for IBD."( Severe pulmonary toxicity after azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine initiation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Ananthakrishnan, AN; Attila, T; Binion, DG; Komorowski, RA; Lipchik, RJ; Massey, BT; Otterson, MF, 2007)		1.53
" Mercaptopurine intolerance was frequently for a different adverse event."( Tolerability and safety of mercaptopurine in azathioprine-intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Arnott, ID; Hansoti, B; Lees, CW; Maan, AK; Satsangi, J, 2008)		0.61
" On the other hand, the occurrence of unexpected adverse events (AEs) in clinical trials in recent years has aroused the interest in the safety profile of the drugs."( Azathioprine. Safety profile in multiple sclerosis patients.
La Mantia, L; Mascoli, N; Milanese, C, 2007)		1.78
" Despite these advantages, their therapeutic potential is limited by occasional adverse effects (myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity) and by a relatively frequent lack of efficacy."( Differential toxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine on human hepatocytes.
Akhdar, H; Guillouzo, A; Langouet, S; Morel, F; Nicolas-Nicolaz, C; Petit, E, 2008)		0.63
" None of the patients in this group discontinued the study medication due to drug-induced adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in de novo and maintenance renal transplant patients.
Aykas, A; Hoşcoşkun, C; Nart, A; Sipahi, S; Toz, H; Uslu, A, )		0.13
"To investigate the occurrence of adverse events and efficacy of azathioprine with or without mesalazine."( Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome.
Edwards, CM; Probert, CS; Shah, JA, 2008)		1.04
" Data were recorded on adverse events, azathioprine dose and thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) level."( Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome.
Edwards, CM; Probert, CS; Shah, JA, 2008)		1.07
" No relationship between TPMT activity and adverse events was observed."( Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome.
Edwards, CM; Probert, CS; Shah, JA, 2008)		0.8
" Adverse events are unrelated to dose of azathioprine."( Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome.
Edwards, CM; Probert, CS; Shah, JA, 2008)		1.07
" The adverse reaction of pericardial effusion has been added to product labeling."( Pericardial effusion coincident with sirolimus therapy: a review of Wyeth's safety database.
Adamkovic, AB; Blum, MD; Caulfield, ME; Demopoulos, LA; Hembekides, DD; Rothrock, LC; Schubert, CM; Singh, AB; Steele, GH, 2008)		0.35
"This study was to evaluate the frequency and the course of the adverse effects of AZA/6-MP in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."( [The frequency and the course of the adverse effects of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease].
Cheon, JH; Kim, JH; Kim, WH, 2008)		0.59
" Adverse effects included leukopenia occurred in 75 cases (56."( [The frequency and the course of the adverse effects of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease].
Cheon, JH; Kim, JH; Kim, WH, 2008)		0.59
"Leukopenia was the most common adverse effect of AZA/6-MP treatment."( [The frequency and the course of the adverse effects of azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease].
Cheon, JH; Kim, JH; Kim, WH, 2008)		0.59
" Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a less toxic immunosuppressive drug, has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative."( Mycophenolate mofetil in anti-MPO renal vasculitis: an alternative therapy in case of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine toxicity.
Bestard, O; Grinyó, JM; Ibernon, M; Poveda, R; Vidaller, A, 2008)		0.56
"1 years) with anti-MPO renal vasculitis who were switched from standard therapy to MMF because of drug-related adverse effects: leukopenia, toxic hepatitis, nausea, hair loss or appearance of carcinoma."( Mycophenolate mofetil in anti-MPO renal vasculitis: an alternative therapy in case of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine toxicity.
Bestard, O; Grinyó, JM; Ibernon, M; Poveda, R; Vidaller, A, 2008)		0.56
"Probably, the most important and potentially lethal adverse event of azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP) is myelosuppression."( Thiopurine-induced myelotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a review.
Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F, 2008)		0.58
"Fourteen members of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease reported 35 retrospective cases that received AZA/6-MP and were evaluated for adverse drug effects."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Japanese pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis: a survey of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Etani, Y; Kobayashi, A; Konno, M; Maisawa, S; Nakacho, M; Sasaki, M; Shimizu, T; Sumazaki, R; Tajiri, H; Tomomasa, T; Toyoda, S; Ushijima, K; Yoden, A, 2008)		0.66
"AZA or 6-MP was safely used in 21 of 35 patients (60%) without adverse drug effects."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Japanese pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis: a survey of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Etani, Y; Kobayashi, A; Konno, M; Maisawa, S; Nakacho, M; Sasaki, M; Shimizu, T; Sumazaki, R; Tajiri, H; Tomomasa, T; Toyoda, S; Ushijima, K; Yoden, A, 2008)		0.66
" However, 40% experienced adverse drug effects, mainly myelosuppression."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Japanese pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis: a survey of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Etani, Y; Kobayashi, A; Konno, M; Maisawa, S; Nakacho, M; Sasaki, M; Shimizu, T; Sumazaki, R; Tajiri, H; Tomomasa, T; Toyoda, S; Ushijima, K; Yoden, A, 2008)		0.66
" Drug adverse effects and the lack of efficacy, however, commonly require withdrawal of therapy."( Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol.
Gearry, RB; Leong, RW; Sparrow, MP, 2008)		0.35
"The addition of low dose allopurinol to dose-reduced thiopurine analogue seems safe but careful monitoring for adverse effects and profiling of thiopurine metabolites is essential."( Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol.
Gearry, RB; Leong, RW; Sparrow, MP, 2008)		0.35
" When azathioprine is prescribed it must be borne in mind that it can cause NRH as a potential adverse effect, and liver enzymes should be measured at regular follow-up examinations."( [Nodular regenerative hyperplasia as a side effect of azathioprine in a patient with Crohn's disease].
Günther, U; Loddenkemper, C; Preiss, JC; Schumann, M; Siegmund, B; Somasundaram, R; Zeitz, M, 2008)		1.08
" Main Outcome Measure Severe adverse effects were defined as those judged serious enough that azathioprine therapy be discontinued in 139 patients treated with azathioprine."( Role of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the safety and efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.
Chams-Davatchi, C; Firooz, A; Ghandi, N; Hallaji, Z; Karbakhsh Davari, M; Valikhani, M, 2008)		0.79
" Serious adverse effects occurred in 14 patients (10."( Role of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the safety and efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.
Chams-Davatchi, C; Firooz, A; Ghandi, N; Hallaji, Z; Karbakhsh Davari, M; Valikhani, M, 2008)		0.58
" Clinical and demographic data were recorded, together with a monthly laboratory control of hematological or other adverse reactions by means of clinical evaluation."( [Azathioprine toxicity in Crohn's disease: incidence, approach and course].
Amaro, TA; Chebli, JM; Colli, MV; Gaburri, PD; Pinto, AL, )		1.04
"At least one adverse reaction was found in 56 (52."( [Azathioprine toxicity in Crohn's disease: incidence, approach and course].
Amaro, TA; Chebli, JM; Colli, MV; Gaburri, PD; Pinto, AL, )		1.04
"In this study use of AZA in therapy for Crohn's disease disclosed that the drug is satisfactorily safe as long as periodical clinical and laboratory supervision is carried out during treatment."( [Azathioprine toxicity in Crohn's disease: incidence, approach and course].
Amaro, TA; Chebli, JM; Colli, MV; Gaburri, PD; Pinto, AL, )		1.04
"These data indicate that the Israeli population displays a distinct TPMT genetic variability that is comprised of a mix of three major genetically diverse subpopulations, each with its unique TPMT allelic frequency distribution pattern and likelihood of developing an adverse reaction to thiopurine drugs."( Distribution of TPMT risk alleles for thiopurine [correction of thioupurine] toxicity in the Israeli population.
Adler, L; Efrati, E; Krivoy, N; Sprecher, E, 2009)		0.35
"We sought to determine whether treatment with steroids, immunosuppressives (ISs), and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents is associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients with Crohn's disease (CD)."( Adverse events associated with common therapy regimens for moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.
Arrighi, HM; Hass, S; Marehbian, J; Sandborn, WJ; Tian, H, 2009)		0.35
" Follow-up adverse events in patients with CD and controls were compared across different treatment categories and are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)."( Adverse events associated with common therapy regimens for moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.
Arrighi, HM; Hass, S; Marehbian, J; Sandborn, WJ; Tian, H, 2009)		0.35
" However, long-term efficacy and adverse events are barely known."( Maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil: long-term efficacy and safety after heart transplantation.
Dandel, M; Hetzer, R; Jasaityte, R; Knosalla, C; Lehmkuhl, H, )		0.13
" We analyzed the survival, number, and severity of ARE, development of coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and main adverse effects (infections, tumors)."( Maintenance immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil: long-term efficacy and safety after heart transplantation.
Dandel, M; Hetzer, R; Jasaityte, R; Knosalla, C; Lehmkuhl, H, )		0.13
" Long-term therapy with infliximab, however, was associated with severe adverse events in two out of three SLE patients, which may have been provoked by infliximab and/or by their long-standing refractory SLE and previous therapies."( Adverse events and efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: long-term follow-up of 13 patients.
Aringer, M; Gordon, C; Graninger, WB; Houssiau, F; Rath, E; Smolen, JS; Steiner, G; Voll, RE, 2009)		0.35
"Immunosuppressants are among the pharmacological agents with the greatest potential to cause adverse reactions, although induction of hepatotoxicity is paradoxical from the pathogenic point of view, since the response of the innate and acquired immune system is a key element in the chain of events leading to chemical liver damage."( [Hepatotoxicity induced by new immunosuppressants].
Andrade, RJ; Cotta, J; Lucena, MA; Robles, M; Toscano, E, 2010)		0.36
"We have found statistical association between the presence of non-standard TPMT alleles and adverse event associated with azathioprine treatment - leucopenia (p=0."( Importance of thiopurine S-Methyltransferase gene polymorphisms for prediction of azathioprine toxicity.
Bartos, M; Bartosova, L; Batovsky, M; Chylkova, A; Dvorackova, D; Hosek, J; Kolorz, M; Zboril, V, 2009)		0.79
"Remission and complete response (primary outcome measures), frequency of uveitis attacks, visual acuity (VA), and adverse effects (secondary outcome measures)."( Safety and effectiveness of interferon alpha-2a in treatment of patients with Behçet's uveitis refractory to conventional treatments.
Bayer, A; Bayraktar, MZ; Durukan, AH; Erdem, U; Erdurman, C; Karagul, S; Köksal, S; Sobaci, G, 2010)		0.36
"6%) developed severe adverse effects, including psoriasis, epileptic seizure, and extreme tiredness."( Safety and effectiveness of interferon alpha-2a in treatment of patients with Behçet's uveitis refractory to conventional treatments.
Bayer, A; Bayraktar, MZ; Durukan, AH; Erdem, U; Erdurman, C; Karagul, S; Köksal, S; Sobaci, G, 2010)		0.36
"Our experience shows that, when adjusted to thiopurine methyltransferase activity, azathioprine is a safe drug for the treatment of children with severe atopic dermatitis."( [Safety of azathioprine therapy adjusted to thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the treatment of infantile atopic dermatitis. Report on 7 cases].
Borrego, L; Islas, D; Martel, RM; Melwani, P; Peñate, Y, 2010)		0.98
" Long-term, high-dose steroid therapy can result in serious adverse effects."( Adjuvant drugs in autoimmune bullous diseases, efficacy versus safety: Facts and controversies.
Puca, RV; Ruocco, E; Ruocco, V; Schiavo, AL, )		0.13
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
"To evaluate the relationship between thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphisms and thiopurine-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and thiopurine toxicity in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Dong, XW; Ran, ZH; Tong, JL; Zheng, Q; Zhu, MM, 2010)		0.36
"Allopurinol has been presented as a safe and effective adjunct to thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)."( Combination of thiopurines and allopurinol: adverse events and clinical benefit in IBD.
Govani, SM; Higgins, PD, 2010)		0.36
" The present article describes the incidence and the main clinical characteristics of this adverse effect to thiopurines."( [Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: azathioprine-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with Crohn's disease].
Corbatón, P; de la Fuente-Fernández, E; Gisbert, JP; López-Martín, C; Sánchez, MC, 2011)		0.65
"To study the hematologic adverse effects and differences between azathioprine and mycophenolate used as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy."( Hematologic side effects of azathioprine and mycophenolate in kidney transplantation.
Habas, E; Khammaj, A; Rayani, A, 2011)		0.9
"Mycophenolate and azathioprine hematologic adverse effect are not significantly different as long as close observation and follow-up are performed."( Hematologic side effects of azathioprine and mycophenolate in kidney transplantation.
Habas, E; Khammaj, A; Rayani, A, 2011)		1
" In this study, we investigated whether the enzyme phenotype is also related to adverse effects (AEs)."( Association between adverse effects under azathioprine therapy and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase activity in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
Abe, M; Andus, T; Franz, J; Klett, C; Shipkova, M; Wieland, E, 2011)		0.63
"Oral thiopurines are effective and widely used in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans, although their use is limited due the development of adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of the immunosuppressive agent 6-tioguanine in murine model of acute and chronic colitis.
de Boer, NK; Jharap, B; Klimesova, K; Kverka, M; Lukas, M; Mulder, CJ; Rossmann, P; Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H; van Bodegraven, AA; Vos, RM, 2011)		0.37
"To evaluate the incidence of adverse events (AE) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (MP) in our hospital, the features of these effects, the distribution of socio-demographic factors, and the possible predisposing factors."( Adverse events of thiopurine immunomodulators in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Bejerano, A; Chaparro, M; Espinosa, L; Gisbert, JP; López-Martín, C; Maté, J, )		0.34
"Variants associated with the decrease of enzyme activity in TPMT and ITPA genes were genotyped with the Snapshot system in 232 IBD patients treated with AZA, and correlated with the clinical response and development of adverse drug reactions in a retrospective case-control study."( A pharmacogenetics study of TPMT and ITPA genes detects a relationship with side effects and clinical response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving Azathioprine.
Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barros, F; Carpio, D; Carracedo, A; Castro, J; Corton, M; Echarri, A; Lorenzo, A; Martin-Granizo, I; Martínez-Ares, D; Pereira, S; Zabala-Fernández, W, 2011)		0.56
" Numbers and types of adverse events were roughly equivalent among groups, although enrollment was limited, so it was not clear how rare adverse events might affect overall outcomes in practice."( Adverse events do not outweigh benefits of combination therapy for Crohn's disease in a decision analytic model.
Finlayson, SR; Sands, BE; Siegel, CA; Tosteson, AN, 2012)		0.38
" For the risks of combination therapy to outweigh the benefits in this time frame, the incidence of serious adverse events would have to be higher than seems clinically realistic."( Adverse events do not outweigh benefits of combination therapy for Crohn's disease in a decision analytic model.
Finlayson, SR; Sands, BE; Siegel, CA; Tosteson, AN, 2012)		0.38
"An increasing body of evidence from prospective cohort studies suggests that azathioprine is safe for the fetus during pregnancy."( Safety of azathioprine use during pregnancy.
Bozzo, P; Koren, G; Natekar, A; Pupco, A, 2011)		1
" The primary outcome was the occurrence of 6-thioguanine induced hepatotoxicity, scaled according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."( Hepatotoxicity associated with 6-methyl mercaptopurine formation during azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy does not occur on the short-term during 6-thioguanine therapy in IBD treatment.
de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Asseldonk, DP; van Bodegraven, AA, 2012)		0.61
" Since it is likely that response to therapy and adverse events depends on the genetic background of patients our study aimed to evaluate retrospectively response to therapy and safety in a mixed IBD population in Southern Europe."( Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: response predictors, safety, and withdrawal in follow-up.
Alibrandi, A; Belvedere, A; Costantino, G; Fries, W; Furfaro, F, 2012)		0.38
" Moreover the likelihood to remain in thiopurine monotherapy was evaluated in responders, whereas adverse events were investigated in all patients."( Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: response predictors, safety, and withdrawal in follow-up.
Alibrandi, A; Belvedere, A; Costantino, G; Fries, W; Furfaro, F, 2012)		0.38
" Flu-like syndrome represented the most frequent adverse event followed by abnormalities of liver function tests and myelotoxicity."( Thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: response predictors, safety, and withdrawal in follow-up.
Alibrandi, A; Belvedere, A; Costantino, G; Fries, W; Furfaro, F, 2012)		0.38
" Adverse events were monitored and therapeutic adherence was assessed."( Safety and effectiveness of long-term allopurinol-thiopurine maintenance treatment in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bouma, G; de Boer, NK; Hanauer, SB; Harrell, LE; Hoentjen, F; Rubin, DT; Seinen, ML; van Bodegraven, AA, 2013)		0.39
" We here report on a 37-year-old man with BD and treatment-resistant schizophrenia who obtained an improvement following the introduction of clozapine in addition to azathioprine, without developing agranulocytosis or other severe adverse side effects during a 2-year follow-up."( Safety and efficacy of combined clozapine-azathioprine treatment in a case of resistant schizophrenia associated with Behçet's disease: a 2-year follow-up.
Campanella, D; De Berardis, D; Di Giannantonio, M; Marini, S; Martinotti, G; Moschetta, FS; Olivieri, L; Serroni, N, )		0.59
" Vidofludimus was well tolerated, no drug-related serious adverse events were observed."( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of vidofludimus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the ENTRANCE study.
Ammendola, A; Diculescu, M; Dietrich, B; Fellermann, K; Hartmann, H; Hentsch, B; Herrlinger, KR; Howaldt, S; Nikolov, R; Otte, JM; Petrov, A; Reindl, W; Stange, EF; Stoynov, S; Strauch, U; Sturm, A; Voiosu, R, 2013)		0.39
"The treatment with thiopurines and anti-TNF-α drugs does not seem to increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and does seem to be safe for the newborn."( Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-α drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Beltrán, B; Bermejo, F; Botella, B; Calvet, X; Calvo, M; Casanova, MJ; Chaparro, M; Domènech, E; Dueñas, C; Esteve, M; García-López, S; García-Planella, E; García-Sánchez, V; Garrido, E; Ginard, D; Gisbert, JP; Gómez-García, M; Gomollón, F; Iglesias, E; López, M; Mañosa, M; Maté, J; Pérez-Calle, JL; Piqueras, M; Ponferrada, A; Rodrigo, L; Saro, C; Taxonera, C, 2013)		0.39
" Increased disease activity during pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes."( Editorial: Are thiopurines and anti-TNFα agents safe to use in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
Mahadevan, U; Sheibani, S, 2013)		0.39
" To identify predictive factors associated with the development of thiopurine-induced adverse events."( Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients.
Aldeguer, X; Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barrio, J; Bastida, G; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Ceña, G; Chaparro, M; Esteve, M; García-Planella, E; Garcia-Sanchez, V; Garcia-Sepulcre, M; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Gutiérrez, A; Hinojosa, J; Márquez, L; Maté, J; Mendoza, JL; Merino, O; Montoro, MA; Muñoz, F; Ordás, I; Peñalva, M; Saro, C; Vera, I, 2013)		0.39
"Long-term incidence of adverse events was estimated in patients from a prospectively maintained Spanish nationwide database using Kaplan-Meier analysis."( Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients.
Aldeguer, X; Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barrio, J; Bastida, G; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Ceña, G; Chaparro, M; Esteve, M; García-Planella, E; Garcia-Sanchez, V; Garcia-Sepulcre, M; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Gutiérrez, A; Hinojosa, J; Márquez, L; Maté, J; Mendoza, JL; Merino, O; Montoro, MA; Muñoz, F; Ordás, I; Peñalva, M; Saro, C; Vera, I, 2013)		0.39
" Adverse events occurred at a median of 1 month after starting treatment."( Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients.
Aldeguer, X; Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barrio, J; Bastida, G; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Ceña, G; Chaparro, M; Esteve, M; García-Planella, E; Garcia-Sanchez, V; Garcia-Sepulcre, M; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Gutiérrez, A; Hinojosa, J; Márquez, L; Maté, J; Mendoza, JL; Merino, O; Montoro, MA; Muñoz, F; Ordás, I; Peñalva, M; Saro, C; Vera, I, 2013)		0.39
"As many as 1 of 4 patients on thiopurine therapy had adverse events during follow-up."( Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients.
Aldeguer, X; Barreiro-de Acosta, M; Barrio, J; Bastida, G; Cabré, E; Cabriada, JL; Ceña, G; Chaparro, M; Esteve, M; García-Planella, E; Garcia-Sanchez, V; Garcia-Sepulcre, M; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Gutiérrez, A; Hinojosa, J; Márquez, L; Maté, J; Mendoza, JL; Merino, O; Montoro, MA; Muñoz, F; Ordás, I; Peñalva, M; Saro, C; Vera, I, 2013)		0.39
" MPA was discontinued exclusively because of adverse events (16."( Safety profile comparing azathioprine and mycophenolate in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus and corticosteroids.
Cristelli, MP; Franco, MF; Medina-Pestana, JO; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2013)		0.69
" Serious adverse events occurred in 27."( Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study.
Bijl, M; Brunetta, P; Close, D; Drappa, J; Furie, RA; Guzman, R; Houssiau, FA; Jayne, D; Maciuca, R; Mysler, EF; Rao, K; Shahdad, S; Spindler, AJ, 2013)		0.39
" The aim of this analysis was to compare both the long-term patient and graft survival and the incidences of adverse effects in recipients treated with standard triple-drug therapy (TDT) alone or with an additional HDI with ATG-F."( High graft protection and low incidences of infections, malignancies and other adverse effects with intra-operative high dose ATG-induction: a single centre cohort study of 760 cases.
Kaden, J; Völp, A; Wesslau, C, 2013)		0.39
" In contrast, main adverse effects (TDT+HDI vs."( High graft protection and low incidences of infections, malignancies and other adverse effects with intra-operative high dose ATG-induction: a single centre cohort study of 760 cases.
Kaden, J; Völp, A; Wesslau, C, 2013)		0.39
"This world-wide largest single-centre cohort analysis clearly shows the superiority of the HDI with ATG-F compared to TDT alone in improving long-term graft survival without increasing the risk for infections, malignancies or other adverse effects."( High graft protection and low incidences of infections, malignancies and other adverse effects with intra-operative high dose ATG-induction: a single centre cohort study of 760 cases.
Kaden, J; Völp, A; Wesslau, C, 2013)		0.39
" The major drawback of these drugs are their serious adverse effects (SAE), highlighting the importance of preemptive identification of patients at risk."( Risk factors for serious adverse effects of thiopurines in patients with Crohn's disease.
Chowers, Y; Efrati, E; Elkin, H; Karban, A; Koifman, E; Krivoy, N; Mazor, Y, 2013)		0.39
" Among those patients who ceased mercaptopurine for further adverse effects, 59% experienced the same adverse effect as they had with azathioprine."( A trial of mercaptopurine is a safe strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease intolerant to azathioprine: an observational study, systematic review and meta-analysis.
Arnott, ID; Kennedy, NA; Lees, CW; Noble, CL; Rhatigan, E; Satsangi, J; Shand, AG, 2013)		0.81
"This meta-analysis shows that switching to mercaptopurine is a safe therapeutic strategy for over two-thirds of azathioprine-intolerant patients and may help optimise immunomodulatory therapy in inflammatory bowel disease."( A trial of mercaptopurine is a safe strategy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease intolerant to azathioprine: an observational study, systematic review and meta-analysis.
Arnott, ID; Kennedy, NA; Lees, CW; Noble, CL; Rhatigan, E; Satsangi, J; Shand, AG, 2013)		0.82
" Safety data were compared by calculating the weekly incidence rates (as percentages) for adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review.
Kuester, D; Limpens, J; Roekevisch, E; Schmitt, J; Spuls, PI, 2014)		0.4
" This study aims to detect TPMT polymorphisms and TPMT enzyme activity in Chinese SLE patients and to describe the association between TPMT genotypes and adverse effects of AZA."( Association of thiopurine methyltransferase status with azathioprine side effects in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Chen, D; Lian, F; Liang, L; Qiu, Q; Wang, Y; Xu, H; Yang, X; Ye, Y; Yuan, S; Zhan, Z, 2014)		0.65
" The overall safety profile was good; no serious adverse events were recorded."( Safety and efficacy of sodium hyaluronate (IBD98E) in the induction of clinical and endoscopic remission in subjects with distal ulcerative colitis.
Danese, S; Fiorino, G; Gilardi, D; Naccarato, P; Sociale, OR, 2014)		0.4
"IBD98E seems to be safe and effective for the induction of clinical and endoscopic remission."( Safety and efficacy of sodium hyaluronate (IBD98E) in the induction of clinical and endoscopic remission in subjects with distal ulcerative colitis.
Danese, S; Fiorino, G; Gilardi, D; Naccarato, P; Sociale, OR, 2014)		0.4
" The occurrence of adverse effects is a major drawback in the use of these drugs, and short- and long-term toxicity represent a major limitation to their use."( Azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease patients: type and time of onset of side effects.
Avallone, EV; Cassieri, C; Paoluzi, P; Pica, R; Vernia, P; Zippi, M, 2014)		1.85
"The present study investigated the prevalence, type and time of onset of AZA-related adverse events, in a cohort of IBD patients in a single referral Centre."( Azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease patients: type and time of onset of side effects.
Avallone, EV; Cassieri, C; Paoluzi, P; Pica, R; Vernia, P; Zippi, M, 2014)		1.85
" The majority (76%) of the dose-dependent adverse events were reported between 12-18 months after the beginning of treatment."( Azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease patients: type and time of onset of side effects.
Avallone, EV; Cassieri, C; Paoluzi, P; Pica, R; Vernia, P; Zippi, M, 2014)		1.85
" Unfortunately, these agents are associated with adverse events ranging from mild nuisance symptoms to potentially life-threatening complications including infections and malignancies."( Adverse events in IBD: to stop or continue immune suppressant and biologic treatment.
Cross, RK; McLean, LP, 2014)		0.4
" Differences in metabolism of these drugs lead to individual variation in thiopurine metabolite levels that can determine its therapeutic efficacy and development of adverse reactions."( Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD.
Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)		0.66
" Of the dosing strategies reviewed, we found evidence for monitoring thiopurine metabolite level, use of allopurinol with thiopurine, use of mesalamine with thiopurine, combination therapy with thiopurine and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and split dosing of AZA or 6-MP to optimize thiopurine therapy and minimize adverse effects in IBD."( Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD.
Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)		0.66
"Based on the currently available literature, various dosing strategies to improve therapeutic response and reduce adverse reactions can be considered, including use of allopurinol with thiopurine, use of mesalamine with thiopurine, combination therapy with thiopurine and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and split dosing of thiopurine."( Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD.
Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)		0.66
" We analyzed their biochemistries, immune parameters, liver synthetic function, and noninvasive assessments of liver fibrosis, as well as treatment efficacy and adverse effects at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months."( Case-control study on prednisolone combined with ursodeoxycholic acid and azathioprine in pure primary biliary cirrhosis with high levels of immunoglobulin G and transaminases: efficacy and safety analysis.
Deng, YQ; Fang, YQ; Jia, W; Li, J; Lv, DX; Wang, GQ; Wang, Y; Yu, M, 2014)		0.63
"Azathioprine is efficacious in the treatment of severe childhood atopic dermatitis; however, robust data on adverse effects in this population are lacking."( The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
Bragoli, W; Fuggle, NR; Glover, M; Kinsler, VA; Mahto, A; Martinez, AE, 2015)		2.14
"We sought to assess adverse effects of azathioprine treatment in a pediatric atopic dermatitis cohort, and make recommendations for monitoring based on these data."( The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
Bragoli, W; Fuggle, NR; Glover, M; Kinsler, VA; Mahto, A; Martinez, AE, 2015)		0.96
"Comparison with other studies is limited by varying definitions of adverse effects."( The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
Bragoli, W; Fuggle, NR; Glover, M; Kinsler, VA; Mahto, A; Martinez, AE, 2015)		0.69
"Oral azathioprine was associated with few pronounced adverse effects for the duration of use and dosage in this cohort."( The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
Bragoli, W; Fuggle, NR; Glover, M; Kinsler, VA; Mahto, A; Martinez, AE, 2015)		1.21
"AZA is a safe and effective therapy in UC patients who fail 5-aminosalisylates in both the short and long term."( Long-term efficacy and safety of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis.
Ansari, S; Clark, T; Ford, AC; Hamlin, PJ; Sood, R, 2015)		0.7
" However, studies evaluating the adverse effects of AZA in these two diseases are lacking."( Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients.
Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)		0.67
" Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively in terms of clinical characteristics and adverse effects of AZA."( Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients.
Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)		0.67
"5%) experienced adverse effects of AZA."( Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients.
Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)		0.67
"IBD patients are at increased risk for the adverse effects of AZA compared with AIH patients, of which leukopenia was the most commonly observed."( Differences in the adverse effects of azathioprine between inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis in Korean patients.
Cho, KB; Choi, WY; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, YJ; Lee, YJ; Park, KS, 2014)		0.67
" Fortunately, the absolute incidence of serious toxicity remains low, and an improved understanding of how best to minimize risk and the recognition of groups of patients at higher risk of toxicity from thiopurines means that they remain a relatively safe therapy in the majority of patients."( Toxicity and response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Goldberg, R; Irving, PM, 2015)		0.42
" Despite their proven efficacy, a high incidence of toxic effects in patients during standard-dose therapy is recorded."( Role of oxidative stress mediated by glutathione-s-transferase in thiopurines' toxic effects.
De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Fusco, L; Lagatolla, C; Martelossi, S; Pelin, M; Pellizzari, G; Stocco, G; Taboga, E; Ventura, A, 2015)		0.42
" Low TPMT levels facilitate occurrence of AZA-related adverse effects."( Plasma thiopurine S-methyltransferase levels and azathioprine-related adverse events in patients with Behçet's disease.
Aksu, K; Durusoy, R; Emmungil, H; Gücenmez, S; Kalfa, M; Keser, G; Özmen, M; Yargucu Zihni, F; Yilmaz, Z, )		0.39
" Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine whether a cut-off TPMT level could be found to predict AZA-related adverse effects."( Plasma thiopurine S-methyltransferase levels and azathioprine-related adverse events in patients with Behçet's disease.
Aksu, K; Durusoy, R; Emmungil, H; Gücenmez, S; Kalfa, M; Keser, G; Özmen, M; Yargucu Zihni, F; Yilmaz, Z, )		0.39
" AZA-related adverse effects were identified in only 8 patients (5 with BD and 3 with SLE)."( Plasma thiopurine S-methyltransferase levels and azathioprine-related adverse events in patients with Behçet's disease.
Aksu, K; Durusoy, R; Emmungil, H; Gücenmez, S; Kalfa, M; Keser, G; Özmen, M; Yargucu Zihni, F; Yilmaz, Z, )		0.39
" Although low plasma TPMT level is not the only factor determining AZA toxicity, a TPMT cut-off value may help to predict AZA-related adverse effects in BD."( Plasma thiopurine S-methyltransferase levels and azathioprine-related adverse events in patients with Behçet's disease.
Aksu, K; Durusoy, R; Emmungil, H; Gücenmez, S; Kalfa, M; Keser, G; Özmen, M; Yargucu Zihni, F; Yilmaz, Z, )		0.39
"To determine the incidence and predictors of thiopurine-related adverse events."( Clinical predictors of thiopurine-related adverse events in Crohn's disease.
Dubeau, MF; Eksteen, B; Ghosh, S; Kaplan, GG; Moran, GW; Panaccione, R; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" The primary outcome of interest was the first adverse event that led to discontinuation of the first thiopurine medication used."( Clinical predictors of thiopurine-related adverse events in Crohn's disease.
Dubeau, MF; Eksteen, B; Ghosh, S; Kaplan, GG; Moran, GW; Panaccione, R; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
"Thiopurine withdrawal due to adverse events is commoner in women over the age of 40 at prescription."( Clinical predictors of thiopurine-related adverse events in Crohn's disease.
Dubeau, MF; Eksteen, B; Ghosh, S; Kaplan, GG; Moran, GW; Panaccione, R; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" Unfortunately, the high rate of adverse events (AEs) leading to drug withdrawal represents a major limitation in the use of these drugs."( Safety Profile of Thiopurines in Crohn Disease: Analysis of 893 Patient-Years Follow-Up in a Southern China Cohort.
Chen, BL; Chen, MH; Guo, J; He, Y; Li, MY; Mao, R; Qiu, Y; Zeng, ZR; Zhang, SH, 2015)		0.42
" Patients' derived iPSC are an innovative model to study mechanisms of adverse drug reactions in individual patients and in cell types that cannot be easily obtained from human subjects."( Patients' Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Drug Induced Adverse Events: A Role in Predicting Thiopurine Induced Pancreatitis?
Decorti, G; Giliani, S; Lanzi, G; Martelossi, S; Pelin, M; Sasaki, K; Stocco, G; Tommasini, A; Ventura, A; Yue, F, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of the study was to investigate frequencies of TPMT and ITPA polymorphisms in Lithuanian IBD patients and analyze their association with AZA-related adverse events."( TPMT and ITPA genetic variants in Lithuanian inflammatory bowel disease patients: Prevalence and azathioprine-related side effects.
Denapiene, G; Jonaitis, L; Kiudelis, G; Kupcinskas, J; Kupcinskas, L; Skieceviciene, J; Steponaitiene, R; Survilaite, S; Valantinas, J; Varkalaite, G, 2016)		0.65
" However, because of their complex metabolism and potential toxicities, optimal use of biomarkers to predict adverse effects and therapeutic response is paramount."( Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Loftus, EV; Moon, W, 2016)		0.43
"To provide a comprehensive review focused on pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in IBD."( Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Loftus, EV; Moon, W, 2016)		0.43
"Pre-treatment thiopurine S-methyltransferase typing plus measurement of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotides levels during treatment have emerged with key roles in facilitating safe and effective thiopurine therapy."( Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Loftus, EV; Moon, W, 2016)		0.43
"Measurement of thiopurine-related enzymes and metabolites reduces the risk of adverse effects and improves efficacy, and should be considered part of standard management."( Review article: recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Loftus, EV; Moon, W, 2016)		0.43
" However, nearly 20% of patients discontinue thiopurines due to adverse events."( Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)		0.75
"To determine if variation in TPMT, ITPA and GST genotypes can predict adverse effects such as neutropenia, pancreatitis, liver enzyme elevation, as well as clinical response for patients with IBD treated with thiopurines."( Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)		0.75
" Adverse effects were calculated and their correlation with TPMT, ITPA and GST genotypes was evaluated."( Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)		0.75
" 17 patients experienced adverse events with 10 having to discontinue treatment."( Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)		0.75
"In addition to TPMT for adverse events, genotyping for GSTM1 appears to predict clinical response in IBD patients treated with thiopurines."( Genetic Predictors of Azathioprine Toxicity and Clinical Response in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Al-Judaibi, B; Chande, N; Dresser, GK; Gregor, JC; Huda, N; Kim, RB; Mosli, M; Ponich, T; Schwarz, UI, 2016)		0.75
" Early adverse events leading to discontinuation occurred less frequently in patients treated with MMF than in AZA treated patients."( Mycophenolate mofetil is an effective and safe option for the management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: results from the Australian Scleroderma Cohort Study.
Elford, K; Hill, C; Moore, O; Ngian, GS; Nikpour, M; Owen, C; Proudman, S; Rabusa, C; Roddy, J; Sahhar, J; Stevens, W; Sturgess, A; Tymms, K; Youssef, P; Zochling, J, )		0.13
" Thirty-four patients experienced adverse events: none in the NT, 11 (6."( Changes in Proteinuria and Side Effects of Corticosteroids Alone or in Combination with Azathioprine at Different Stages of IgA Nephropathy.
Alberghini, E; Baragetti, I; Buzzi, L; De Silvestri, A; Del Vecchio, L; Ferrario, F; Pani, A; Pozzi, C; Sarcina, C; Scaini, P; Tinelli, C, 2016)		0.66
" The risk of major adverse events is low in patients with normal renal function but increases in those with impaired renal function and with the addition of azathioprine."( Changes in Proteinuria and Side Effects of Corticosteroids Alone or in Combination with Azathioprine at Different Stages of IgA Nephropathy.
Alberghini, E; Baragetti, I; Buzzi, L; De Silvestri, A; Del Vecchio, L; Ferrario, F; Pani, A; Pozzi, C; Sarcina, C; Scaini, P; Tinelli, C, 2016)		0.85
"415C>T mutation was the likely cause of the adverse reaction."( Further evidence that a variant of the gene NUDT15 may be an important predictor of azathioprine-induced toxicity in Chinese subjects: a case report.
Ailing, Z; Jing, Y; Jingli, L; Xiaojian, Z; Yun, X, 2016)		0.66
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Thiopurines are used in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity can guide thiopurine dosing to avoid adverse events."( Thiopurines in the Management of Crohn's Disease: Safety and Efficacy Profile in Patients with Normal TPMT Activity-A Retrospective Study.
Afif, W; AlYafi, M; Benmassaoud, A; Bessissow, T; Bitton, A; Theoret, Y; Xie, X, 2016)		0.43
" Data were extracted from the studies, including clinical efficacy (response rate, adverse drug reaction [ADR] rate, steroid withdrawal rate and relapse rate) and endoscopic improvement (endoscopic remission rate and mucosal healing rate)."( Treatment efficacy and safety of low-dose azathioprine in chronic active ulcerative colitis patients: A meta-analysis and systemic review.
Li, Y; Luan, ZJ; Qian, JM; Sun, YH; Wang, L; Wang, SY; Zhao, XY, 2016)		0.7
"Low-dose AZA is effective and safe in the treatment of chronic active UC patients."( Treatment efficacy and safety of low-dose azathioprine in chronic active ulcerative colitis patients: A meta-analysis and systemic review.
Li, Y; Luan, ZJ; Qian, JM; Sun, YH; Wang, L; Wang, SY; Zhao, XY, 2016)		0.7
" Analysis of withdrawal due to adverse events showed the same pattern."( Comparative efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis : A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2017)		0.69
"Short episodes of corticosteroids seem to be safe in HBV carriers, even in the presence of DMARDs, but lamivudine prophylaxis should be considered for patients exposed to biologicals or cyclophosphamide."( Safety of Corticosteroid Treatment in Rheumatologic Patients With Markers of Hepatitis B Viral Infection: Pilot Evaluation Study.
Balbir-Gurman, A; Braun, M; Braun-Moscovici, Y; Markovits, D; Nahir, MA; Saadi, T, 2016)		0.43
" Exome data for 100 patients were assessed against biochemically measured TPMT enzyme activity, clinical response and adverse effects."( Genes implicated in thiopurine-induced toxicity: Comparing TPMT enzyme activity with clinical phenotype and exome data in a paediatric IBD cohort.
Afzal, NA; Andreoletti, G; Ashton, JJ; Batra, A; Beattie, RM; Coelho, T; Ennis, S; Gao, Y; Williams, AP, 2016)		0.43
"Hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal complaints and general malaise are common limiting adverse reactions of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in IBD patients, often related to high steady-state 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide (6-MMPR) metabolite concentrations."( Early prediction of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease.
Coenen, MJ; de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Franke, B; Guchelaar, HJ; Hooymans, PM; Klungel, OH; Scheffer, H; van Marrewijk, CJ; Verbeek, AL; Vermeulen, SH; Wong, DR, 2017)		0.67
"To determine the predictive value of 6-MMPR concentrations 1 week after treatment initiation (T1) for the development of these adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, during the first 20 weeks of treatment."( Early prediction of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease.
Coenen, MJ; de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Franke, B; Guchelaar, HJ; Hooymans, PM; Klungel, OH; Scheffer, H; van Marrewijk, CJ; Verbeek, AL; Vermeulen, SH; Wong, DR, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events [AEs] in pre-specified categories and serious AEs were recorded at least every 6 months of the 5-year observation period."( Five-year Safety Data From ENCORE, a European Observational Safety Registry for Adults With Crohn's Disease Treated With Infliximab [Remicade®] or Conventional Therapy.
Boice, J; Colombel, JF; Cornillie, F; D'Haens, G; Ghosh, S; Hommes, DW; Huang, Z; Huyck, S; Lindgren, S; Panes, J; Prantera, C; Reinisch, W, 2017)		0.46
" The selection criteria were as follows: (population) noninfectious AU patients, adults; (intervention) immunomodulatory drugs (any dose, regimen, route of administration, duration of treatment); (outcome) control of inflammation, steroid-sparing effect, AU flares, adverse events, and so on; (study design) systematic literature reviews, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies."( Efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory drugs in patients with anterior uveitis: A systematic literature review.
Cordero-Coma, M; Espinosa, G; Gómez-Gómez, A; Herreras, JM; Loza, E; Morales, JMGR; Muñoz-Fernández, S; Rosario, MP, 2017)		0.46
" Mutations in the gene that encodes the enzyme may augment the risk of adverse events."( [Genetic polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase and incidence of adverse events in patients with medical indication of azathioprine].
Azurmendi, PJ; Buhl, MA; Collado, MV; Gómez, G; Khoury, M; Oddo, EM; Sarano, J, 2018)		0.69
" Furthermore, gene sequencing showed that NUDT15 R139C (poor metabolizer) homozygosity might explain this adverse event."( NUDT15 R139C variation increases the risk of azathioprine-induced toxicity in Chinese subjects: Case report and literature review.
Chen, ZY; Fang, Y; Fei, X; Ge, WH; Hua, BZ; Shu, Q; Wang, SY, 2018)		0.74
"Despite NUDT15 variants showing significant association with thiopurine-induced adverse events (AEs) in Asians, it remains unclear which variants of NUDT15 or whether additional genetic variants should be tested to predict AEs."( NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter study.
Andoh, A; Araki, H; Endo, K; Hanai, H; Hiraoka, S; Hisamatsu, T; Hokari, R; Ikeya, K; Ishiguro, Y; Kakuta, Y; Kawai, Y; Kinouchi, Y; Kobayashi, T; Masamune, A; Matsumoto, T; Miura, M; Mizuno, S; Moroi, R; Motoya, S; Naganuma, M; Nagasaki, M; Naito, T; Nakagawa, S; Nakagawa, T; Nakamura, S; Nakase, H; Nishida, A; Okamoto, D; Onodera, K; Sakuraba, H; Sasaki, M; Shiga, H; Shimosegawa, T; Shinozaki, M; Suzuki, Y; Takagawa, T; Takahara, M; Toyonaga, T; Yanai, S, 2018)		0.48
" There does not appear to be any increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes from this population."( Trick or TREAT? More Safety Data of Infliximab During Pregnancy.
Kane, S, 2018)		0.48
" During the follow-up, adverse events occurred in 6 patients."( Efficacy and safety of long-term thiopurine maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis in Turkey: A single-center experience.
Ecevit, Ç; Erdemir, G; Hekimci, H; Karakoyun, M; Kıran Taşçı, E; Özgenç, F, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events occurred in 49 (92."( Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab and Azathioprine for Maintenance of Remission in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Randomized Controlled Study.
Blockmans, D; Green, Y; Hall, L; Henderson, RB; Jayne, D; Ji, B; Luqmani, R; Merkel, PA; Moiseev, S; Roth, D, 2019)		0.79
" The main reason for study dropout was active CD in the monotherapy group, whereas it was adverse effects in the combination group [Fisher's exact test, p <0."( Concerns and Side Effects of Azathioprine During Adalimumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Japanese Patients With Crohn's Disease: A Subanalysis of a Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial [DIAMOND Study].
Esaki, M; Hibi, T; Hisamatsu, T; Ishida, T; Kanai, T; Kato, S; Matsui, T; Matsumoto, T; Motoya, S; Nagahori, M; Naito, Y; Nakagawa, T; Nakase, H; Nojima, M; Suzuki, Y; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, M; Yoshimura, N, 2019)		0.81
"To study the efficacy in terms of muscle strength, and corticosteroid tapering as well as the prevalence of adverse effects in patients with the antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) treated with azathioprine (AZA) compared to those treated with methotrexate (MTX)."( Efficacy and adverse effects of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the antisynthetase syndrome.
Albayda, J; Casal-Dominguez, M; Christopher-Stine, L; Danoff, SK; Huapaya, J; Johnson, C; Mammen, AL; Paik, JJ; Pinal-Fernandez, I; Silhan, L, )		0.56
"We compared the clinical outcomes in ASyS patients treated with AZA versus MTX including change in corticosteroid dose, strength, and creatine kinase (CK) as well as the prevalence of adverse effects."( Efficacy and adverse effects of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the antisynthetase syndrome.
Albayda, J; Casal-Dominguez, M; Christopher-Stine, L; Danoff, SK; Huapaya, J; Johnson, C; Mammen, AL; Paik, JJ; Pinal-Fernandez, I; Silhan, L, )		0.37
" The prevalence of adverse events in patients treated with AZA and MTX was similar (29% vs."( Efficacy and adverse effects of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the antisynthetase syndrome.
Albayda, J; Casal-Dominguez, M; Christopher-Stine, L; Danoff, SK; Huapaya, J; Johnson, C; Mammen, AL; Paik, JJ; Pinal-Fernandez, I; Silhan, L, )		0.37
"AZA and MTX showed similar efficacy and adverse events in patients with ASyS."( Efficacy and adverse effects of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the antisynthetase syndrome.
Albayda, J; Casal-Dominguez, M; Christopher-Stine, L; Danoff, SK; Huapaya, J; Johnson, C; Mammen, AL; Paik, JJ; Pinal-Fernandez, I; Silhan, L, )		0.37
"Thiopurines are the most widely used immunosuppressants in IBD although drug-related adverse events (AE) occur in 20%-30% of cases."( Increased risk of thiopurine-related adverse events in elderly patients with IBD.
Argüelles, F; Arias, L; Calafat, M; Calvet, X; Calvo, M; Cañete, F; Cimavilla, M; de Francisco, R; Domènech, E; García-López, S; Garcia-Planella, E; Gisbert, JP; Gomollón, F; Iglesias, E; Mañosa, M; Martín-Arranz, MD; Martínez-Cadilla, J; Mesonero, F; Mínguez, M; Nos, P; Ricart, E; Rivero, M; Rodríguez-Moranta, F; Taxonera, C; Zabana, Y, 2019)		0.51
"To compare the early biochemical response and rate of adverse effects in patients who received prednisolone (PRED)/azathioprine (AZA) and those who received budesonide (BUD)/AZA as the first-line treatment for autoimmune hepatitis."( The efficacy and adverse effects of budesonide in remission induction treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective study.
Binicier, OB; Günay, S, 2019)		0.72
" Biochemical and hemogram data at baseline and after 6 months of treatment, and adverse effects observed in the follow-up, were compared."( The efficacy and adverse effects of budesonide in remission induction treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective study.
Binicier, OB; Günay, S, 2019)		0.51
"There was no difference between the groups in biochemical response (17 patients receiving PRED/AZA and 18 receiving BUD/AZA) and the rate of adverse effects (9 patients receiving PRED/AZA and 5 receiving BUD/AZA)."( The efficacy and adverse effects of budesonide in remission induction treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective study.
Binicier, OB; Günay, S, 2019)		0.51
" Lower, although not significantly, rate of adverse effects and lower total number of adverse effects indicate that BUD/AZA may potentially be used as the first-line treatment of choice, especially in patients with obesity, diabetes, resistant hypertension, glaucoma, or osteoporosis."( The efficacy and adverse effects of budesonide in remission induction treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective study.
Binicier, OB; Günay, S, 2019)		0.51
"MMF migh be a safe and effective therapeutic option in VNLM, both as first-line agent and as a rescue therapy."( Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with virus-negative lymphocytic myocarditis: A prospective cohort study.
Basso, C; Campochiaro, C; Candela, C; Dagna, L; De Luca, G; Della Bella, P; Esposito, A; Palmisano, A; Peretto, G; Rizzo, S; Sala, S; Sartorelli, S; Thiene, G, 2020)		0.56
" The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of TMPT genotyping in reducing the incidence of adverse effects of azathioprine."( TPMT Genotype and Adverse Effects of Azathioprine among Jordanian Group.
Gharaibeh, MG; Mhanna, M; Rashid, M; Sharab, A; Shehab, M; Zihlif, M, 2019)		0.99
"One hundred and forty-one IBD patients were followed for azathioprine Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)."( TPMT Genotype and Adverse Effects of Azathioprine among Jordanian Group.
Gharaibeh, MG; Mhanna, M; Rashid, M; Sharab, A; Shehab, M; Zihlif, M, 2019)		1.03
"The frequency of Azathioprine adverse effect was about 35."( TPMT Genotype and Adverse Effects of Azathioprine among Jordanian Group.
Gharaibeh, MG; Mhanna, M; Rashid, M; Sharab, A; Shehab, M; Zihlif, M, 2019)		1.13
" The administration of intratympanic infliximab is an effective and safe technique."( Intratympanic infliximab is a safe and effective rescue therapy for refractory immune-mediated hearing loss.
García-Fernández, A; Mata-Castro, N; Sanz-López, L; Varillas-Delgado, D, 2020)		0.56
" Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and published medical literature."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		0.56
" This case series demonstrates that the DI can result in clinically significant adverse events and is supportive of current febuxostat labeling."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		0.56
" The most commonly observed adverse events included: infections - 214/551 cases (38."( Treatment and its side effects in ANCA-associated vasculitides - Study based on POLVAS registry data.
Biedroń, G; Brzosko, I; Brzosko, M; Czuszyńska, Z; Dębska-Ślizień, A; Głuszko, P; Hawrot-Kawecka, A; Jakuszko, K; Jeleniewicz, R; Klinger, M; Kucharz, EJ; Kur-Zalewska, J; Madej, M; Majdan, M; Masiak, A; Musiał, J; Rowaiye, OO; Storoniak, H; Szczeklik, W; Sznajd, J; Tłustochowicz, W; Wawrzycka-Adamczyk, K; Wisłowska, M; Wójcik, K; Włudarczyk, A; Zdrojewski, Z, 2020)		0.56
" The most frequent adverse events were typical for usually administered immunosuppressive treatment."( Treatment and its side effects in ANCA-associated vasculitides - Study based on POLVAS registry data.
Biedroń, G; Brzosko, I; Brzosko, M; Czuszyńska, Z; Dębska-Ślizień, A; Głuszko, P; Hawrot-Kawecka, A; Jakuszko, K; Jeleniewicz, R; Klinger, M; Kucharz, EJ; Kur-Zalewska, J; Madej, M; Majdan, M; Masiak, A; Musiał, J; Rowaiye, OO; Storoniak, H; Szczeklik, W; Sznajd, J; Tłustochowicz, W; Wawrzycka-Adamczyk, K; Wisłowska, M; Wójcik, K; Włudarczyk, A; Zdrojewski, Z, 2020)		0.56
" To analyses the prevalence of thiopurine S-methyl-transferase (TPMT) genotypes and their association with adverse events due to azathioprine therapy in MG patients."( Myasthenia gravis and azathioprine treatment: Adverse events related to thiopurine S-methyl-transferase (TPMT) polymorphisms.
Ducci, RD; Kay, CSK; Lorenzoni, PJ; Scola, RH; Werneck, LC; Zanlorenzi, MF, 2020)		1.08
" NUDT15 variants are associated with thiopurine-induced adverse events, particularly in Asians."( Rare Genotype of His/His in NUDT15 Codon 139 and Thiopurine-associated Adverse Events in a Case of Ulcerative Colitis.
Kakuta, Y; Kawata, Y; Okamoto, D; Sato, H; Terai, S; Tominaga, K; Tomiyoshi, K; Yokoyama, J, 2020)		0.56
" We used a random-effects model with a Bayesian approach to appraise both renal outcomes and serious adverse effects."( The efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: A network meta-analysis.
Dong, L; Hu, T; Qin, W; Tan, J; Tang, Y; Tarun, P; Xu, Y; Ye, D; Zhong, Z, 2020)		0.56
" 57 (97%) of 59 patients in the tocilizumab group and 56 (95%) of 59 patients in the azathioprine group had adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial.
Bennett, JL; Feng, Y; Jia, D; Lu, W; Ma, H; Qiu, W; Shi, FD; Yang, CS; Yang, L; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, M; Zhang, TX; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)		1.05
" Tocilizumab might therefore be another safe and effective treatment to prevent relapses in patients with NMOSD."( Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial.
Bennett, JL; Feng, Y; Jia, D; Lu, W; Ma, H; Qiu, W; Shi, FD; Yang, CS; Yang, L; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, M; Zhang, TX; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)		0.82
" However, these small chemical drugs suffer from poor solubility, short circulating half-life and adverse side effects."( A novel long-acting azathioprine polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticle enhances treatment efficacy for systemic lupus erythematosus with reduced side effects.
Hu, J; Li, S; Wang, M; Wei, D; Xiao, X; Xie, Q; Xu, X; Zhang, B; Zhang, X; Zheng, Z, 2020)		0.88
" The routine clinical use of thiopurines has, however, been questioned due to a number of potential adverse effects."( Safety of Thiopurine Use in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disease.
Benninga, MA; Broekaert, I; Dolinsek, J; Mas, E; Miele, E; Orel, R; Pienar, C; Ribes-Koninckx, C; Thapar, N; Thomassen, RA; Thomson, M; Tzivinikos, C, 2020)		0.56
" However, their use is limited by adverse effects in a subset of patients."( Toxicity profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort analysis.
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Fekih, M; Hafi, M; Labidi, A; Serghini, M, 2020)		0.56
"The present study aimed to evaluate toxicity profile and identify clinical predictive factors of thiopurine adverse effects in inflammatory bowel disease patients."( Toxicity profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort analysis.
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Fekih, M; Hafi, M; Labidi, A; Serghini, M, 2020)		0.56
" Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for thiopurine adverse effects."( Toxicity profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort analysis.
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Fekih, M; Hafi, M; Labidi, A; Serghini, M, 2020)		0.56
"Almost a quarter of inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with thiopurines developed adverse effects."( Toxicity profile of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort analysis.
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Fekih, M; Hafi, M; Labidi, A; Serghini, M, 2020)		0.56
" The toxic side effect to AZA (myelosuppression, hair loss, and oral ulcers) are highly unpredictable which can be life threatening if not identified earlier and dose adjustments made or the drug is withdrawn."( NUDT15 polymorphism explains serious toxicity to azathioprine in Indian patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a case series.
Balasubramanian, P; Devasia, AJ; George, B; Illangeswaran, RSS; Raj, IX, 2020)		0.81
"Our report suggests pre-emptive genotype-based dosing of AZA could reduce adverse toxicity and hence better outcome."( NUDT15 polymorphism explains serious toxicity to azathioprine in Indian patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a case series.
Balasubramanian, P; Devasia, AJ; George, B; Illangeswaran, RSS; Raj, IX, 2020)		0.81
"Thioguanine (TG) is a thiopurine which has been used for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), who have failed azathioprine (AZA) or mercaptopurine (MP) due to adverse events or suboptimal response."( Efficacy, safety and drug survival of thioguanine as maintenance treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective multi-centre study in the United Kingdom.
Anderson, S; Ansari, A; Bayoumy, AB; de Boer, NK; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Nolan, J; Sanderson, JD; Simsek, M; van Liere, ELSA; Warner, B, 2020)		0.77
" Clinical response, adverse events, laboratory results, imaging and liver biopsies were retrospectively collected."( Efficacy, safety and drug survival of thioguanine as maintenance treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective multi-centre study in the United Kingdom.
Anderson, S; Ansari, A; Bayoumy, AB; de Boer, NK; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Nolan, J; Sanderson, JD; Simsek, M; van Liere, ELSA; Warner, B, 2020)		0.56
" Within the safe upper limit, a higher dose of AZA may be associated with a better efficacy for NMOSD."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of real-world studies.
Chen, C; Cui, Y; Dong, X; Li, M; Luo, D; Ma, L; Tian, X; Wei, R; Zhang, E; Zhou, Y, 2020)		0.87
" No other serious adverse events were reported for these treatments."( Efficacy and safety of long-term immunotherapy in adult patients with MOG antibody disease: a systematic analysis.
Gao, F; Hao, H; Jin, H; Jin, Y; Liu, R; Lu, Q; Luo, J, 2021)		0.62
"Several preventive immunotherapies have been demonstrated to be effective and safe for adult patients with MOG-AD; however, large controlled studies for subgroups with specific manifestations are still needed in the future."( Efficacy and safety of long-term immunotherapy in adult patients with MOG antibody disease: a systematic analysis.
Gao, F; Hao, H; Jin, H; Jin, Y; Liu, R; Lu, Q; Luo, J, 2021)		0.62
"Thiopurines are important for treating inflammatory bowel disease, but are often discontinued due to adverse effects."( Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective population-based cohort study.
de Boer, A; Egberts, ACG; Houwen, JPA; Houwen, RHJ; Lalmohamed, A; van Maarseveen, EM, 2021)		0.62
" Dosing regimens, indications, efficacy, monitoring, and side effect profile as described in these studies were recorded."( Is weekly azathioprine pulse effective and safe in dermatological conditions?
Bhari, N; Patra, S; Verma, KK, 2021)		1.02
"We assessed the incidence and predictive factors of thiopurine-induced adverse events (AE) resulting in therapy cessation in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), related to thiopurine metabolites and biochemical abnormalities, and determined overall drug survival."( Adverse Events of Thiopurine Therapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Correlations with Metabolites: A Cohort Study.
Benninga, MA; Buiter, HJC; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; Jagt, JZ; Pothof, CD; van Limbergen, JE; van Wijk, MP, 2022)		0.72
"The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term treatment (>10 years) with azathioprine is safe in NMOSD."( Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)		1.17
"7%) had records of adverse events during the follow-up, which consisted of chronic B12 vitamin deficiency, pulmonary tuberculosis and breast cancer."( Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)		0.94
"Azathioprine may be considered a safe agent for long-term treatment (>10 years) of NMOSD, but continuous vigilance for infections and malignancies is required."( Long-term safety of azathioprine for treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Apóstolos-Pereira, SL; Callegaro, D; Gomes, ABAGR; Pitombeira, MS; Sato, DK, 2021)		2.39
" He was treated with low-dose corticosteroid and azathioprine, which led to a complete remission without any adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of low-dose corticosteroid with azathioprine in the treatment of elderly-onset IgA vasculitis with nephritis.
Sugimoto, H; Takei, T; Yamaguchi, Y; Yumura, W, 2021)		1.13
" Overall, the rate of treatment-related adverse events was 18%, which led to the discontinuation of treatment in 7% of patients."( Efficacy and safety of treatments in cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: A French observational retrospective study.
Aractingi, S; Bettuzzi, T; Bouaziz, JD; Chasset, F; Cordoliani, F; Dupin, N; Frumholtz, L; Guillevin, L; Jachiet, M; Mouthon, L; Paule, R; Régent, A; Sbidian, E; Terrier, B, 2022)		0.72
"Diarrhea is a common adverse effect of mycophenolate treatment in renal transplant recipients."( Efficacy and Safety of Switching to Azathioprine for Mycophenolate-Induced Diarrhea in Renal Transplant Recipients.
Altun, B; Arici, M; Erdem, Y; Jabrayilov, J; Koc, NS; Onal, C; Sekmek, S; Yildirim, T; Yilmaz, R, )		0.41
" The annualized relapse rate (ARR), expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score, activities of daily living (ADL) scale score, and treatment-related adverse events were compared between groups."( Efficacy and safety of modified reduced-dose rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective cohort study.
Cao, S; Chen, X; Duan, X; Fang, Q; Gu, Y; Ji, X; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Xue, Q; Yu, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, F, 2021)		0.62
" The adverse event rate in the AZA group was relatively higher than that in the MMF and mRTX groups, though no significant difference was noted among the three groups."( Efficacy and safety of modified reduced-dose rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective cohort study.
Cao, S; Chen, X; Duan, X; Fang, Q; Gu, Y; Ji, X; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Xue, Q; Yu, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, F, 2021)		0.62
" mRTX-treated patients presented less concomitant steroid use than those treated with AZA and MMF, fewer adverse events, and better tolerance."( Efficacy and safety of modified reduced-dose rituximab in Chinese patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A retrospective cohort study.
Cao, S; Chen, X; Duan, X; Fang, Q; Gu, Y; Ji, X; Li, Y; Shen, Y; Tian, J; Wang, X; Xiao, X; Xue, Q; Yu, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, F, 2021)		0.62
"Though not exempt from adverse events, azathioprine (AZA) is an inexpensive and effective drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease."( Azathioprine-induced alopecia: a rare adverse event, early marker of myelotoxicity.
Baños Arévalo, AJ; Gallardo Sánchez, F; Merino Gallego, E; Miras Lucas, L; Pérez González, Á; Vázquez Rodríguez, JA, 2022)		2.43
" However, treatment is limited by adverse events-in particular, myelotoxicity."( TPMT and NUDT15 Variants Predict Discontinuation of Azathioprine for Myelotoxicity in Patients with Inflammatory Disease: Real-World Clinical Results.
Anandi, P; Birdwell, KA; Chung, CP; Cox, NJ; Dale Plummer, W; Daniel, LL; Dickson, AL; Dupont, WD; Feng, Q; Hung, AM; Kawai, V; Liu, G; Reese, T; Stein, CM; Wei, WQ; Zanussi, J, 2022)		0.97
" Adverse reactions to these agents are one of the main causes of treatment discontinuation or interruption."( Biomarkers for gastrointestinal adverse events related to thiopurine therapy.
Decorti, G; Franca, R; Stocco, G; Zudeh, G, 2021)		0.62
"Azathioprine (AZA) is the preferred immunosuppressant for treating pemphigus vulgaris (PV), with discontinuation mainly attributed to hematological adverse events (AE)."( Effect of NUDT15 polymorphisms on early hematological safety of low-dose azathioprine in Chinese patients with pemphigus vulgaris: A prospective cohort study.
Cheng, L; Gou, H; Gu, Y; Ju, K; Lan, T; Li, G; Li, W; Sun, Y; Wang, Y; Xu, Y; Zhan, T; Zhou, X; Zhou, Y, 2022)		2.4
"As treatment options for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) expand each class of medication will have specific safety concerns and side-effect profiles that need to be considered for optimal treatment of patients."( Immunomodulatory Agents for Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Review safety of anti-TNF, Anti-Integrin, Anti IL-12/23, JAK Inhibition, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator, Azathioprine / 6-MP and Methotrexate).
Hanauer, SB; Malter, L; Sattler, L, 2021)		0.81
" In contrast, anti-interleukin 12/23 agents and gut selective anti-integrin antibody agents have demonstrated a favorable side-effect profile with low rates of infection and malignancy."( Immunomodulatory Agents for Treatment of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Review safety of anti-TNF, Anti-Integrin, Anti IL-12/23, JAK Inhibition, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator, Azathioprine / 6-MP and Methotrexate).
Hanauer, SB; Malter, L; Sattler, L, 2021)		0.81
" In the present study we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis, comprising 30 studies and 3582 individuals, to investigate the putative genetic association of two inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) polymorphisms with adverse effects in patients treated with AZA/6-MP."( Association of ITPA gene polymorphisms with adverse effects of AZA/6-MP administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bagos, PG; Barba, E; Braliou, GG; Kontou, PI; Michalopoulos, I, 2022)		0.72
" Secondary outcomes were annual relapse rate, disability accumulation, drug persistence, and adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and reduced dose of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Chang, X; Du, L; Huang, W; Li, Q; Li, W; Lu, C; Lu, J; Ma, J; Pan, J; Quan, C; Tan, H; Wang, B; Wang, L; Wang, M; Xia, J; Yu, J; ZhangBao, J; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2022)		1.03
" RTX exhibited lower incidence of adverse events (32."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and reduced dose of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Chang, X; Du, L; Huang, W; Li, Q; Li, W; Lu, C; Lu, J; Ma, J; Pan, J; Quan, C; Tan, H; Wang, B; Wang, L; Wang, M; Xia, J; Yu, J; ZhangBao, J; Zhao, C; Zhou, L, 2022)		1.03
" In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the adverse effects of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, tocilizumab, eculizumab, satralizumab, and inebilizumab in NMOSD."( Adverse Events in NMOSD Therapy.
Berthele, A; Giglhuber, K, 2022)		0.95
"MMF is effective for relapse prevention in Thai NMOSD patients and has a low risk of adverse events."( The efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in Thai neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients.
Jitprapaikulsan, J; Pathomrattanapiban, C; Prayoonwiwat, N; Rattanathamsakul, N; Siritho, S; Tisavipat, N, 2022)		0.72
" Additional goal was to evaluate adverse events of vaccination."( Efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive and biological therapy: Prospective observational study.
Coufal, S; Cupkova, A; Drabek, J; Hlava, S; Keil, R; Koptová, P; Kucerova, B; Milota, T; Pichlerová, D; Stovicek, J; Trojanek, M; Wasserbauer, M, 2022)		0.72
" Several non-severe local and general adverse events were present in our patients with a majority of these events on the day of vaccine administration and the day after, no anaphylactic reactions were present."( Efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunosuppressive and biological therapy: Prospective observational study.
Coufal, S; Cupkova, A; Drabek, J; Hlava, S; Keil, R; Koptová, P; Kucerova, B; Milota, T; Pichlerová, D; Stovicek, J; Trojanek, M; Wasserbauer, M, 2022)		0.72
"Approximately 25% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) discontinue azathioprine (AZA) or mercaptopurine (MP) therapy within 3 months of treatment initiation because of adverse drug reactions."( Predictive Algorithm for Thiopurine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.
Bus, P; Creemers, RH; de Boer, NKH; Deben, DS; Pierik, MJ; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA; van Moorsel, SAW; Winkens, B; Wong, DR, 2022)		0.95
" RTX has a high incidence of adverse reactions, which are mild and with certain self limited, it should be cautious in clinical medication."( A meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of rituximab for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
Dong, GY; Meng, YH; Xiao, XJ, 2022)		0.72
"Thioguanine (TG) has been shown as a safe alternative in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who did not tolerate conventional thiopurines [azathioprine (AZA)/mercaptopurine]."( Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series.
Bayoumy, AB; Benninga, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; de Ridder, L; Hummel, T; Jagt, JZ; Mulder, CJJ; Stapelbroek, J; van Wering, HM; Wolters, VM, 2022)		0.92
" TG-related adverse events (AE) were assessed and listed according to the common terminology criteria for AE."( Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series.
Bayoumy, AB; Benninga, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; de Ridder, L; Hummel, T; Jagt, JZ; Mulder, CJJ; Stapelbroek, J; van Wering, HM; Wolters, VM, 2022)		0.72
"In pediatric IBD, TG seems a safe alternative in case of AZA-induced pancreatitis."( Safety of Thioguanine in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multi-Center Case Series.
Bayoumy, AB; Benninga, MA; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; de Ridder, L; Hummel, T; Jagt, JZ; Mulder, CJJ; Stapelbroek, J; van Wering, HM; Wolters, VM, 2022)		0.72
" Meta-analyses for mortality, different types of adverse events (AEs), withdrawal due to AE, change in disease activity and clinical remission were performed following mainly a fixed-effects model."( Role of Pharmacogenomics in the Efficacy and Safety of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Barajas, M; Beloqui, JJ; Erviti, J; Gutiérrez-Valencia, M; Leache, L; Saiz, LC; Vicuña, M, 2023)		0.91
" Secondary outcomes include safety and tolerability of MMF and azathioprine, time to remission, changes in Model For End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-score, adverse events, and aspects of quality of life."( Assessing the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (CAMARO trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Bakker, SF; Bartelink, M; Beuers, UHW; Biewenga, M; de Boer, YS; de Jonge, HJM; Drenth, JPH; Gevers, TJG; Gisbertz, IAM; Guichelaar, MMJ; Levens, AD; Pape, S; Pronk, MAMCB; Sebib Korkmaz, K; Sijtsma, MGM; Snijders, RJALM; Soufidi, K; Stoelinga, AEC; van den Berg, AP; van den Brand, FF; van der Meer, AJ; van Gerven, NMF; van Hoek, B; Vanwolleghem, T; Verdonk, RC; Verwer, BJ; Vrolijk, JM, 2022)		1.2
" Four (8%) developed nonserious adverse reactions and switched to 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) by 1 year."( Efficacy and Safety of Sulfasalazine Suspension in Children With Ulcerative Colitis.
Bousvaros, A; Chan, C; Liu, E; Mansuri, I; Rufo, PA; Wang, S, 2023)		0.91
"SZ suspension is a safe and effective treatment for UC in children with difficulty swallowing a pill."( Efficacy and Safety of Sulfasalazine Suspension in Children With Ulcerative Colitis.
Bousvaros, A; Chan, C; Liu, E; Mansuri, I; Rufo, PA; Wang, S, 2023)		0.91
" Among the pharmacological alternatives, there are chemically synthesized drugs whose efficacy has been evaluated, but which have the potential to generate adverse events that may compromise adherence and response to treatment."( Synthetic Pharmacotherapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Potential Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Safety.
Baracaldo-Santamaría, D; Poole, BD; Quaye, A; Rojas-Rodríguez, LC; Téllez Arévalo, AM; Tellez Freitas, CM, 2022)		0.72
" The latter shows higher efficacy but a higher side effect rate, suggesting the use of split-dose regimen as the first-line approach."( Safety and Efficacy of Split-Dose Thiopurine vs Low-Dose Thiopurine-Allopurinol Cotherapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Borrelli, O; Buckingham, R; Chadokufa, S; Cococcioni, L; El-Kouly, S; Gaynor, E; Kiparissi, F; Pensabene, L; Puoti, MG; Saliakellis, E, 2023)		0.91
" Although he was previously treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) for immune-related adverse event (irAE) hepatitis by a previous doctor, he still had worsening liver function and was transferred to our hospital."( Immune-related adverse events in hepatitis treated with thiopurine-based immunosuppressants: A case report.
Hamaguchi, M; Horie, M; Isobe, T; Kawakado, K; Nagase, M; Nakashima, K; Okimoto, T; Tobita, H; Tsubata, Y; Yoshihara, K, 2023)		0.91
"First-line AZA plus prednisone realizes a better hematological response and relapse-free duration with acceptable adverse events compared to prednisone alone in ANA-positive ITP patients."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine plus prednisone versus prednisone alone as first-line treatment for antinuclear antibody-positive immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cohort study.
Chen, X; Dong, Z; Ma, L; Su, J; Wang, Q; Xiao, P; Xu, M, 2023)		1.22
"To compare adverse effects of immunotherapies for people with MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and to rank these treatments according to their relative risks of adverse effects through network meta-analyses (NMAs)."( Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis.
Benedetti, MD; Capobussi, M; Castellini, G; Featherstone, R; Filippini, G; Frau, S; Gonzalez-Lorenzo, M; Lucenteforte, E; Perduca, V; Tramacere, I; Virgili, G, 2023)		0.91
" Our review, along with other work in the literature, confirms poor-quality reporting of adverse events from RCTs of interventions."( Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis.
Benedetti, MD; Capobussi, M; Castellini, G; Featherstone, R; Filippini, G; Frau, S; Gonzalez-Lorenzo, M; Lucenteforte, E; Perduca, V; Tramacere, I; Virgili, G, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Combination therapy with azathioprine appears to improve efficacy by increasing pharmacokinetic features of infliximab. The thiopurine derivative 6-mercaptopurine is the active metabolite of AzA.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" To optimize immunosuppressive therapy and minimize toxicity, it is necessary for the nurse to be knowledgeable of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the various agents."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressive agents.
Kilkenny, JM; Lake, KD, 1992)		0.28
" Since the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone are little altered in renal transplantation, it is concluded that lymphocyte sensitivity specific to prednisolone may be a pharmacodynamic marker characteristic of successful graft survival in patients with histo-incompatibility and/or drug resistance."( Role of altered prednisolone-specific lymphocyte sensitivity in chronic renal failure as a pharmacodynamic marker of acute allograft rejection after kidney transplantation.
Hirano, T; Kang, XX; Kozaki, M; Oka, K; Sakurai, E; Tamaki, T, 1991)		0.28
" The biological half-life (beta-phase) of roxithromycin in cyclosporin patients was 34."( Pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin in kidney grafted patients under cyclosporin A or azathioprine immunosuppression and in healthy volunteers.
Matousovic, K; Morávek, J; Prát, V; Sedivý, J, 1990)		0.5
" 6-MP plasma concentrations in the patients were low (mean peak concentration 36."( Pharmacokinetics of 6-thiouric acid and 6-mercaptopurine in renal allograft recipients after oral administration of azathioprine.
Ascher, NL; Canafax, DM; Chan, GL; Chen, S; Erdmann, GR; Gruber, SA; Stock, P, 1989)		0.49
" The results showed no significant differences between the two groups in estimates of prednisolone plasma protein binding parameters and peak time, peak concentration, mean input time, clearance/F, volume of distribution/F, or half-life (t 1/2), using total or unbound prednisolone concentrations."( The absence of effect of azathioprine on prednisolone pharmacokinetics following maintenance prednisone doses in kidney transplant patients.
Amend, WJ; Birnbaum, JL; Gambertoglio, JG; Holford, HG; Lizak, PS; Salvatierra, O, 1984)		0.57
"Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations suggest that azathioprine may diminish the plasma level of prednisolone."( A single dose of azathioprine does not affect the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following oral prednisone.
Frey, BM; Frey, FJ; Guentert, T; Lozada, F, 1981)		0.85
"Serum methylprednisolone concentrations were determined by HPLC and were used to generate pharmacokinetic parameters for this drug."( Comparative methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving double- or triple-drug immunosuppression.
Holdsworth, MT; Reed, KA; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC; Walshe, JJ, 1993)		0.29
" Therefore, the pharmacokinetic variability noted in this study may have important clinical implications regarding the development of chronic toxicity (e."( Comparative methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving double- or triple-drug immunosuppression.
Holdsworth, MT; Reed, KA; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC; Walshe, JJ, 1993)		0.29
" The large variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of AZN in patients and even in rabbits under carefully controlled conditions that may be ascribed to the complexity of its metabolism necessitates a careful approach to its dose selection."( Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine after repeated oral and single intravenous administration.
el-Yazigi, A; Wahab, FA, 1993)		0.61
"95) giving a mean elimination half-life (t0."( The pharmacokinetics of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) following intravenous infusion in man.
Bevan, DJ; Bunn, D; Hendry, BM; Higgins, RM; Lea, CK, 1996)		0.29
"The combination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs provides a novel method for the optimization of drug dosing."( Pharmacodynamic assessment of mycophenolic acid-induced immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients.
Halloran, PF; Langman, LJ; LeGatt, DF; Yatscoff, RW, 1996)		0.29
" This study aimed to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of delayed-release oral azathioprine capsules at doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg relative to 100 mg of standard oral azathioprine tablets."( A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; McKinney, JA; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1997)		0.82
" Serum concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in patients on hemodialysis, renal transplant recipients and normal children."( Pharmacokinetics of deflazacort in renal transplanted and hemodialyzed children.
Díaz, L; Ferraris, J; Flores, D; Giogieri, S; Krmar, R; Tessler, J, 1998)		0.3
" Pharmacodynamic monitoring has been investigated by us and other investigators on primarily five immunosuppressive drugs: cyclosporine (CsA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), rapamycin (RAPA), azathioprine (AZA), and methylprednisolone (MP)."( The monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs: a pharmacodynamic approach.
Aspeslet, LJ; Yatscoff, RW, 1998)		0.49
" The thiopurine derivative 6-mercaptopurine is the active metabolite of azathioprine, and it would be of interest to measure, after validation of plasma measurements, the mean values of the pharmacokinetic parameters in transplant patients with high or intermediate TPMTase phenotypes (85 and 14% of the Caucasian population, respectively)."( 6-Mercaptopurine pharmacokinetics after use of azathioprine in renal transplant recipients with intermediate or high thiopurine methyl transferase activity phenotype.
D'Athis, P; Escousse, A; Guedon, F; Mounie, J; Mousson, C; Rifle, G, 1998)		0.79
" Twenty-five full pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 22 heart transplant patients (11 men and 7 women) at less than 1 year posttransplant."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in heart transplantation: new strategies of monitoring.
Arizón del Prado, JM; Aumente Rubio, MD; Cárdenas Aranzana, M; López Granados, A; López Malo de Molina, MD; Mesa Rubio, D; Rodriguez Esteban, E; Romo Peñas, E; Segura Saint-Gerons, C; Segura Saint-Gerons, J, 2003)		0.32
" We used median-effect analysis to characterize exposure-response associations between everolimus average Cmin vs freedom from biopsy-confirmed acute rejection; maximum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and creatinine levels; and minimum leukocyte and platelet counts."( Everolimus in de novo cardiac transplantation: pharmacokinetics, therapeutic range, and influence on cyclosporine exposure.
Dorent, R; Eisen, H; Hsu, CH; Kovarik, JM; Mancini, D; Rordorf, C; Rouilly, M; Vigano, M, 2003)		0.32
" The role of immunosuppressants in post-transplant outcome is crucial, and associations between exposure-related pharmacokinetic parameters and clinical outcome have been made for several drugs in this class."( Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences.
Dirks, NL; Huth, B; Meibohm, B; Yates, CR, 2004)		0.32
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis of cyclosporine (CsA) was performed, and the influence of covariates on CsA oral clearance and relative bioavailability was investigated."( Population pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in cardiopulmonary transplant recipients.
Akhlaghi, F; Baheti, G; Rosenbaum, SE; Trull, AK, 2005)		0.33
" Mycophenolic acid (MPA) pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were used for associations with the incidence of acute rejection (AR) episodes and infectious complications after renal transplantation."( The influence of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine and mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics on the incidence of acute rejection and infectious complications after renal transplantation.
Habuchi, T; Hayase, Y; Inoue, T; Matsuura, S; Murakami, M; Satoh, S; Suzuki, T; Tada, H; Togashi, H; Tsuchiya, N, 2005)		0.59
"When CsA pharmacokinetic profiles were considered, the CsA dose requirement was not lower in Chinese patients receiving everolimus than that in patients receiving azathioprine."( Influence of everolimus on cyclosporine Neoral pharmacokinetics in Chinese de novo cardiac transplant recipients.
Chi, NH; Chou, NK; Hsu, RB; Ko, WJ; Tsao, CI; Wang, CH; Wang, SS; Wu, FL, 2006)		0.53
"In this study in Crohn's disease patients no pharmacokinetic interaction was shown between adalimumab and the conventional thiopurines, azathioprine and mercaptopurine."( The pharmacokinetic effect of adalimumab on thiopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease patients.
Bakker, JA; Bus, P; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Masclee, AA; Neef, C; Pierik, M; Seinen, ML; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2014)		0.61
" This study aimed to assess whether expression and activity of Rac1 or phosphorylated ezrin-radixin-moesin (pERM) in patients with IBD could provide a useful biomarker for the pharmacodynamic thiopurine effect and might be related to clinical effectiveness."( Rac1 as a Potential Pharmacodynamic Biomarker for Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Bezu, J; van Bodegraven, AA; van Nieuw Amerongen, GP, 2016)		0.43
" Therefore, Rac1-GTP and expression of Rac1, but not phosphorylation of ERM, form potentially pharmacodynamic markers of therapeutic thiopurine effectiveness in patients with IBD."( Rac1 as a Potential Pharmacodynamic Biomarker for Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Bezu, J; van Bodegraven, AA; van Nieuw Amerongen, GP, 2016)		0.43
"Upon 6MP/azathioprine discontinuation, a 6-TGN elimination half-life of less than 10 days is expected in most patients."( Pharmacokinetics and Immune Reconstitution Following Discontinuation of Thiopurine Analogues: Implications for Drug Withdrawal Strategies.
Ben-Horin, S; Chen, MH; Chowers, Y; Eliakim, R; Fudim, E; Gueta, I; Kopylov, U; Loebstein, R; Mao, R; Markovits, N; Peled, Y; Picard, O; Ungar, B; Van Assche, G; Yavzori, M, 2018)		0.9
" Combination therapy with azathioprine appears to improve efficacy by increasing pharmacokinetic features of infliximab."( Combination Therapy With Infliximab and Azathioprine Improves Infliximab Pharmacokinetic Features and Efficacy: A Post Hoc Analysis.
Adedokun, OJ; Colombel, JF; Cornillie, FJ; D'Haens, GR; Gao, LL; Gasink, C; Hanauer, SB; Reinisch, W; Rutgeerts, PJ; Sandborn, WJ, 2019)		1.08
" Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) has been suggested as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of the thiopurine effect in lymphocytes."( Rac1/pSTAT3 expression: A pharmacodynamic marker panel as a first step toward optimization of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Deben, DS; Drent, R; Leers, MPG; Pelzer, KEJM; Puts, S; van Adrichem, AJ; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2022)		0.72
" In this study, the pharmacokinetic behaviours of 6-TGN and 6-MMP were assessed in the pseudo germ-free (PGF) group and control group following oral administration of AZA."( Intestinal microbiota-mediated biotransformations alter the pharmacokinetics of the major metabolites of azathioprine in rats after oral administration.
Chen, G; Gu, R; Qin, Y; Shen, C; Song, S; Tan, C; Wang, S; Wen, Q; Xia, Q, 2022)		0.94
" A functional pharmacodynamic marker in T lymphocytes may be useful to predict therapeutic outcome of thiopurine therapy."( A report on the potential of Rac1/pSTAT3 protein levels in T lymphocytes to assess the pharmacodynamic effect of thiopurine therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients.
Creemers, RH; Deben, DS; Drent, R; Leers, MPG; Merry, AHH; van Adrichem, AJ; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2022)		0.72
" With these data we generated a population pharmacokinetic model using non-linear mixed effects modeling and calculated infliximab clearance for each patient over time."( Early Infliximab Clearance Predicts Remission in Children with Crohn's Disease.
Almeida, P; Carroll, M; Chung, A; Huynh, H; Isaac, D; Mould, D; Petrova, A; Wine, E, 2023)		0.91
" Our pharmacokinetic model showed infliximab clearance was positively associated with CRP and weight, while negatively associated with albumin."( Early Infliximab Clearance Predicts Remission in Children with Crohn's Disease.
Almeida, P; Carroll, M; Chung, A; Huynh, H; Isaac, D; Mould, D; Petrova, A; Wine, E, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

A case of intractable IgG4-related orbital disease was successfully treated by debulking surgery. Prednisolone combined with UDCA and azathioprine showed a higher efficacy based on our new criteria.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Twenty-one patients with myasthenia gravis underwent a course of plasma exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy."( Plasma-exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy in myasthenia gravis.
Allan, TL; Behan, PO; Burnett, AK; Haase, G; Shakir, RA; Simpson, JA, 1979)		0.26
"The efficacy of azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, and d-penicillamine alone and in combination with chloroquine was quantitated in an in vitro system, with the use of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells."( Synergistic and additive effects of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs combined with chloroquine on the mitogen-driven stimulation of mononuclear cells.
de Vreede, TM; de Vries, E; Dijkmans, BA, )		0.48
"Azathioprine (Aza) has been used alone or in combination with steroids for two groups of myasthenic patients."( Azathioprine as a single drug or in combination with steroids in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
Antozzi, C; Cornelio, F; Mantegazza, R; Peluchetti, D; Sghirlanzoni, A, 1988)		3.16
" Prednisolone in combination with asathioprin (imuran) administered to CBA mice inhibited the GVHR."( [Effect of prodigiosin and its combination with immunodepressants on the graft versus host reaction in mice].
Alekhin, EK; Shigaev, NI, 1983)		0.27
"20 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), refractory to anticholinesterase and steroid therapy, underwent plasma exchange therapy combined with immunosuppressive drugs and lymphocytapheresis."( Plasma exchange combined with cytotoxic drugs and lymphocytapheresis for myasthenia gravis.
Cornelio, F; Forlani, G; Garelli, S; Pelucchetti, D; Valbonesi, M; Zerbi, D, 1982)		0.26
"Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titres have been monitored in the sera of 19 myasthenic patients treated with plasma exchange combined with a three month period of immunosuppressive therapy."( Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titres in the sera of myasthenia patients treated with plasma exchange combined with immunosuppressive therapy.
Behan, PO; Carter, B; Harrison, R; Lunt, GG; Simpson, JA, 1980)		0.26
" This pilot study examines the effect of donor bone marrow (DBM) infusion and antithymocyte serum (ATS) in combination with immunosuppressive drug therapy in prolonging renal allograft survival in dogs."( Renal allograft survival in outbred mongrel dogs using rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum in combination with immunosuppressive drug therapy with or without donor bone marrow.
Atilola, M; Binnington, AG; Holmberg, DL; Johnston, K; Mathews, KA; Maxie, G; Miller, CM; Smith, G, )		0.13
" This study examined whether AZA combined with standard prednisolone therapy improved the therapeutic outcome compared with monotherapy with prednisolone."( Azathioprine combined with prednisolone or monotherapy with prednisolone in active Crohn's disease.
Ewe, K; Hommel, G; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH; Press, AG; Singe, CC; Stufler, M; Ueberschaer, B, 1993)		1.73
"We carried out lymphocytapheresis (LCP) in combination with the administration of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), who were resistant to conventional immunosuppressive therapy, and examined its efficacy and effects on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets."( Lymphocytapheresis in combination with immunosuppressive drugs for refractory myasthenia gravis: two-color flow cytometric analysis of changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets.
Furutama, D; Makino, S; Nakajima, H; Ohsawa, N; Shinoda, K, 1995)		0.29
"We enrolled 11 patients with secondary progressive MS in a randomized single-masked cross-over study of plasma exchange (PE) in combination with azathioprine 2 mg/kg."( Plasma exchange combined with azathioprine in multiple sclerosis using serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI to monitor disease activity: a randomized single-masked cross-over pilot study.
Christiansen, P; Jensen, CV; Nordenbo, A; Ravnborg, M; Schreiber, K; Szpirt, W; Sørensen, PS; Wanscher, B, 1996)		0.78
" The preventive effect of azathioprine alone and its combination with methylprednisolone on chronic cerebral vasospasm was studied."( [Azathioprine and its combination with methylprednisolone: preventive effect on chronic cerebral vasospasm].
Liu, B; Wang, Z; Wu, J, 1996)		1.5
" Pathological examination showed that azathioprine alone and its combination with methylprednisolone obviously reduced the damage to the BA wall."( [Azathioprine and its combination with methylprednisolone: preventive effect on chronic cerebral vasospasm].
Liu, B; Wang, Z; Wu, J, 1996)		1.48
"After cadaveric renal transplant, patients were randomized to receive tacrolimus in combination with either azathioprine (AZA, n=59), MMF 1 g/day (n=59), or MMF 2 g/day group (n=58)."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.52
"Tacrolimus in combination with an initial dose of MMF 2 g/day is a very effective and safe regimen in cadaveric kidney transplant recipients."( Safety and efficacy of tacrolimus in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in cadaveric renal transplant recipients. FK506/MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Jensik, SC; Mendez, R; Miller, J; Pirsch, JD, 2000)		0.31
" In this study, we compared the rate of acute rejection in liver transplant recipients randomized in a double-blind comparative study to treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA), both in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids."( A randomized double-blind comparative study of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids in primary liver transplant recipients.
Bismuth, H; Freeman, R; Kalayoglu, M; Klintmalm, G; Langnas, A; Levy, G; Mamelok, R; McDiarmid, S; McMaster, P; Neuhaus, P; Punch, J; Rabkin, J; Wang, W; Wiesner, R, 2001)		0.73
"In this open-label trial, etanercept used in combination with standard treatments was well-tolerated in patients with WG."( Etanercept combined with conventional treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis: a six-month open-label trial to evaluate safety.
Bedocs, NM; Crook, S; Hellmann, DB; Hoffman, GS; Stone, JH; Uhlfelder, ML, 2001)		0.31
"This study evaluated the effects of azathioprine in combination with low-dose prednisolone in the management of patients with intractable autoimmune hepatitis."( Therapeutic effects of azathioprine in combination with low-dose prednisolone in patients with intractable autoimmune hepatitis type 1.
Fujiwara, A; Miyake, Y; Miyashita, M; Nishimura, M; Sakaguchi, K; Takenami, T; Terao, M; Tsuji, T, 2001)		0.9
"A standardized questionnaire on the use of INF in combination with LEF or AZA was mailed to hospital physicians and collected over a 2 month period."( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice.
Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)		0.58
" INF was used in combination with LEF in 171 patients and with AZA in 54."( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice.
Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)		0.58
"Our study suggests that INF used in combination with LEF or AZA could be an alternative to methotrexate/INF combinations."( Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice.
Brocq, O; Cantagrel, A; Combe, B; Debiais, F; Deslandre, CJ; Kara-Terki, R; Kuntz, JL; Loet, XL; Mariette, X; Pavy, S; Perdriger, A, 2006)		0.58
"5 U combined with a post-treatment 6-thioguanine nucleotide level > 230 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes was the best predictor of response."( Thiopurine methyltransferase activity combined with 6-thioguanine metabolite levels predicts clinical response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Devlin, SM; Kwan, LY; Mirocha, JM; Papadakis, KA, 2008)		0.35
" Even among high immunologic risk patients, this regimen attenuates the risk of acute allograft rejection episodes when used in combination with cyclosporine or tacrolimus."( Fifteen years of clinical studies and clinical practice in renal transplantation: reviewing outcomes with de novo use of sirolimus in combination with cyclosporine.
Kahan, BD, 2008)		0.35
"To evaluate the effectiveness of infliximab, used in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine, in maintaining clinical benefit in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis."( Long-term maintenance treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis with infliximab in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine in a retrospective cohort.
Bonesrønning, JH; Dalaker, M, 2009)		0.78
" Most patients received either infliximab 3 mg/kg (17 of 23) or 5 mg/kg (1 of 23) in combination with methotrexate, while 5 of 23 patients received infliximab 5 mg/kg in combination with azathioprine."( Long-term maintenance treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis with infliximab in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine in a retrospective cohort.
Bonesrønning, JH; Dalaker, M, 2009)		0.75
"Long-term (> 1 year) maintenance therapy of infliximab combined with methotrexate or azathioprine is effective and well tolerated for moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis."( Long-term maintenance treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis with infliximab in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine in a retrospective cohort.
Bonesrønning, JH; Dalaker, M, 2009)		0.78
" In conclusion, AZA induces resistance in hepatoblastoma cells to IGF-1, which leads to autophagy activation, and causes apoptosis when it is combined with bafilomycin A1."( Azathioprine desensitizes liver cancer cells to insulin-like growth factor 1 and causes apoptosis when it is combined with bafilomycin A1.
Fernández-Moreno, MD; Gisbert, JP; González-Rodríguez, Á; Guijarro, LG; Hernández-Breijo, B; Lobo, MV; Monserrat, J; Román, ID; Valverde, ÁM, 2013)		1.83
" We investigated the effects of GMAA combined with thiopurines on patients with early-diagnosed CD."( Therapeutic effect of intensive granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis combined with thiopurines for steroid- and biologics-naïve Japanese patients with early-diagnosed Crohn's disease.
Ashida, K; Fukuchi, T; Ito, D; Koga, H; Matsuura, M; Nakase, H; Shimazu, K; Toyonaga, T; Ubukata, S; Yamashita, H; Yoshino, T, 2014)		0.4
"Twenty-two corticosteroid- and biologic-naïve patients with active early-diagnosed CD were treated with intensive GMAA (twice per week) combined with thiopurines administration."( Therapeutic effect of intensive granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis combined with thiopurines for steroid- and biologics-naïve Japanese patients with early-diagnosed Crohn's disease.
Ashida, K; Fukuchi, T; Ito, D; Koga, H; Matsuura, M; Nakase, H; Shimazu, K; Toyonaga, T; Ubukata, S; Yamashita, H; Yoshino, T, 2014)		0.4
"TB risk with anti-TNF agents appeared to be increased when these agents were used in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine as compared with monotherapy regimen."( Higher risk of tuberculosis reactivation when anti-TNF is combined with immunosuppressive agents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Armuzzi, A; Bruzzese, V; Diamanti, AP; Gatta, L; Hassan, C; Laganà, B; Lorenzetti, R; Migliore, A; Ridola, L; Zullo, A, 2014)		0.61
" Prednisolone combined with UDCA and azathioprine showed a higher efficacy based on our new criteria."( Case-control study on prednisolone combined with ursodeoxycholic acid and azathioprine in pure primary biliary cirrhosis with high levels of immunoglobulin G and transaminases: efficacy and safety analysis.
Deng, YQ; Fang, YQ; Jia, W; Li, J; Lv, DX; Wang, GQ; Wang, Y; Yu, M, 2014)		0.91
" The aim of the study was quantification of 6-TG and 6-MMP, with the use of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in solid-organ transplant recipients."( Determination of Concentrations of Azathioprine Metabolites 6-Thioguanine and 6-Methylmercaptopurine in Whole Blood With the Use of Liquid Chromatography Combined With Mass Spectrometry.
Borowiec, A; Dadlez, M; Hryniewiecka, E; Jazwiec, R; Paczek, L; Samborowska, E; Tszyrsznic, W; Zegarska, J; Zochowska, D, 2016)		0.71
"To investigate the effectiveness, visual outcome, and prognostic factors of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease treatment with a reduced dose of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents."( Novel treatment regimen of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with a reduced dose of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents.
Du, L; Kijlstra, A; Liang, L; Qi, J; Wang, C; Wu, L; Yang, P; Ye, Z; Zhou, Q, 2018)		0.48
" Reduced doses of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents were used for 1-1."( Novel treatment regimen of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with a reduced dose of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents.
Du, L; Kijlstra, A; Liang, L; Qi, J; Wang, C; Wu, L; Yang, P; Ye, Z; Zhou, Q, 2018)		0.48
"A reduced dose of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents effectively controlled the intraocular inflammation and improved visual acuity in most Chinese VKH patients."( Novel treatment regimen of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease with a reduced dose of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressive agents.
Du, L; Kijlstra, A; Liang, L; Qi, J; Wang, C; Wu, L; Yang, P; Ye, Z; Zhou, Q, 2018)		0.48
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)		0.48
"Low-dose thiopurines in combination with allopurinol improved hepatotoxicity and increased 6-TG levels in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)		0.48
"We prospectively enrolled 215 newly diagnosed patients with IgG4-RD, who were initially treated with glucocorticoid (GC) alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents (IM), and had at least 6 months of follow up."( Failure of remission induction by glucocorticoids alone or in combination with immunosuppressive agents in IgG4-related disease: a prospective study of 215 patients.
Fei, Y; Feng, R; Lai, Y; Peng, L; Wang, L; Wang, M; Zeng, X; Zhang, F; Zhang, P; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.48
" As a conservative therapy for SLE-associated AAC, corticosteroid therapy combined with azathioprine might be beneficial."( Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-associated Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Successfully Treated by a Corticosteroid Combined with Azathioprine.
Fujiyama, S; Kudo, N; Shimomura, T; Suzushima, H; Takaoka, H, 2019)		0.94
"6 months elapsed from initiation of the drug combination until discovery of the event."( Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.
Harinstein, L; Logan, JK; Muñoz, M; Neuner, R; Sahajwalla, C; Saluja, B; Seymour, S; Wickramaratne Senarath Yapa, S, 2020)		0.56
"A case of intractable IgG4-related orbital disease (IgG4-ROD) was successfully treated by debulking surgery combined with low-dose prednisolone and azathioprine as maintenance therapy."( Debulking Surgery Combined with Low-Dose Oral Prednisolone and Azathioprine for Intractable IgG4-Related Orbital Disease: A Case Report.
Chen, CH; Kuo, HH; Wu, SY, 2021)		1.06
" In this report, we describe the safe and effective use of trametinib combined with dasatinib in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)."( Successful use of trametinib and dasatinib combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of Ph-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report.
Hu, BF; Shen, SH; Wang, GL; Wang, J, 2021)		0.62
"The patient was treated with dasatinib combined with an intermediate risk-oriented chemotherapy."( Successful use of trametinib and dasatinib combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of Ph-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report.
Hu, BF; Shen, SH; Wang, GL; Wang, J, 2021)		0.62
" In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of the usual duo of azathioprine combined with allopurinol."( Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo.
Sparrow, MP; Turbayne, AK, 2022)		1.34

Bioavailability

Azathioprine (AZA) is characterized by a high interindividual variability in bioavailability and metabolism. Colonic delivery of azathiopine may reduce its systemic bioavailability.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In terms of progression of MAR serum creatinine values, obviously indicating cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, appear to reflect the extent of cyclosporine-mediated immunosuppressive activity more properly than parameters of its bioavailability by measuring cyclosporine HPLC blood levels."( The progression of mild acute cardiac rejection evaluated by risk factor analysis. The impact of maintenance steroids and serum creatinine.
Buxbaum, P; Havel, M; Holzinger, C; Horvat, R; Laczkovics, A; Laufer, G; Seitelberger, R; Wollenek, G; Wolner, E, 1991)		0.28
" Thus, the concomitant administration of azathioprine does not appear to alter the bioavailability or elimination of prednisolone at these doses."( The absence of effect of azathioprine on prednisolone pharmacokinetics following maintenance prednisone doses in kidney transplant patients.
Amend, WJ; Birnbaum, JL; Gambertoglio, JG; Holford, HG; Lizak, PS; Salvatierra, O, 1984)		0.84
" Colonic delivery of azathioprine may reduce its systemic bioavailability and limit toxicity."( Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; Van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1996)		2.06
"To determine the bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine after administration of azathioprine via three colonic delivery formulations."( Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; Van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1996)		1.97
"The bioavailabilities of 6-mercaptopurine after colonic azathioprine administration via delayed release oral, hydrophobic rectal foam, and hydrophilic rectal foam (7%, 5%, 1%; respectively) were significantly lower than the bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine after oral azathioprine administration (47%) by Wilcoxon rank sum pairwise comparison."( Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; Van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1996)		1.98
" This study aimed to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of delayed-release oral azathioprine capsules at doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg relative to 100 mg of standard oral azathioprine tablets."( A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
Lipsky, JJ; Mahoney, DW; Mays, DC; McKinney, JA; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ; van Os, EC; Zins, BJ; Zinsmeister, AR, 1997)		0.82
" The lower variability of trough levels and the higher L/D ratio in the CyE group, which are related ti improved bioavailability of CyE, may explain the lower rejection rate among these patients."( Comparison of Neoral and Sandimmun for induction and maintenance immunosuppression after kidney transplantation.
Haberal, M; Karakayali, H; Moray, G; Senel, FM; Yildirim, S, 1997)		0.3
"Azathioprine (AZA) is characterized by high interindividual differences in bioavailability and metabolization."( Relationship between red cell mean corpuscular volume and 6-thioguanine nucleotides in patients treated with azathioprine.
Decaux, G; Desager, JP; Horsmans, Y; Prospert, F, 2000)		1.96
" Patients treated with either branded azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine achieved significantly higher erythrocyte 6-thioguanine levels than patients treated with generic azathioprine, thereby suggesting that branded azathioprine has improved oral bioavailability compared to generic azathioprine."( Enhanced bioavailability of azathioprine compared to 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with treatment efficacy.
Bayless, TM; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2000)		0.87
"Our results suggest that differences in bioavailability may have clinical relevance when considering the need to optimize erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels in patients deemed unresponsive to treatment on conventional drug dosages."( Enhanced bioavailability of azathioprine compared to 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with treatment efficacy.
Bayless, TM; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2000)		0.6
" The introduction of the microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine with its more consistent bioavailability has renewed interest in the use of alternative sampling strategies to the trough cyclosporine concentration."( New developments in the immunosuppressive drug monitoring of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and azathioprine.
Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M, 2001)		0.53
" It is conceivable that reduced intracolonic pH in active ulcerative colitis impairs bioavailability of 5-aminosalicylic acid from pH dependent release formulations (Asacol, Salofalk) and those requiring cleavage by bacterial azo reductase (sulphasalazine, olsalazine, balsalazide), but further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to confirm this possibility."( Intestinal luminal pH in inflammatory bowel disease: possible determinants and implications for therapy with aminosalicylates and other drugs.
Evans, DF; Kumar, D; Nugent, SG; Rampton, DS, 2001)		0.31
"Azathioprine (AZA) is characterized by a high interindividual variability in bioavailability and metabolism."( High 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and low thiopurine methyltransferase activity in patients with lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine.
Decaux, G; Desager, JP; Horsmans, Y; Houssiau, F, )		1.78
" The new microemulsion formulation of cyclosporine, introduced in recent years, has improved intestinal absorption and bioavailability and resulted in much less intrapatient variation than the older formulation."( Use of cyclosporine in renal transplantation.
Kyriakides, G; Miller, J, 2004)		0.32
" Prednisolone bioavailability was measured using a limited 6-hour area under the curve (AUC), with prednisolone measured using specific HPLC assay."( Area-under-the-curve monitoring of prednisolone for dose optimization in a stable renal transplant population.
Hickman, PE; McWhinney, BC; Potter, JM; Sampson, L, 2004)		0.32
"The results are consistent with the hypothesis that CsA increases the bioavailability of prednisolone, most likely through inhibition of P-glycoprotein."( Area-under-the-curve monitoring of prednisolone for dose optimization in a stable renal transplant population.
Hickman, PE; McWhinney, BC; Potter, JM; Sampson, L, 2004)		0.32
" Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus, however, have all been described to exhibit ethnicity-specific differences in bioavailability and/or dose-adjusted systemic exposure, although currently available reports are controversial for some of these drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic differences.
Dirks, NL; Huth, B; Meibohm, B; Yates, CR, 2004)		0.32
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis of cyclosporine (CsA) was performed, and the influence of covariates on CsA oral clearance and relative bioavailability was investigated."( Population pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in cardiopulmonary transplant recipients.
Akhlaghi, F; Baheti, G; Rosenbaum, SE; Trull, AK, 2005)		0.33
" Oral bioavailability of AZA was low, ranging from 1% to 7%."( Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration and effects of azathioprine following chronic oral administration in horses.
Hawkins, JL; Kollias-Baker, C; Maxwell, LK; Szabo, NJ; White, SD, 2005)		0.65
" In order to minimize their systemic side effects, we assessed the role of a locally active sustained release corticosteroid with minimal systemic bioavailability in patients with refractory celiac disease in an open labeled noncontrolled study."( Budesonide in the treatment of refractory celiac disease.
Bhagat, G; Brar, P; Egbuna, I; Green, PH; Lee, S; Lewis, S, 2007)		0.34
" Bioavailability of thiopurines may be competitively inhibited by dietary purines."( Influence of xanthine oxidase on thiopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease.
Ansari, A; Aslam, Z; De Sica, A; Duley, J; Fairbanks, L; Gilshenan, K; Marinaki, A; Sanderson, J; Smith, M, 2008)		0.35
"We included 13 patients with MS with NAbs and a low IFN-beta bioavailability detected by the MxA-mRNA response in a descriptive, non-randomized trial."( Treatment with azathioprine and cyclic methylprednisolone has little or no effect on bioactivity in anti-interferon beta antibody-positive patients with multiple sclerosis.
Bendtzen, K; Christensen, O; Hesse, D; Jensen, PE; Ravnborg, M; Sørensen, PS; Tovey, MG, 2009)		0.71
" In-vivo study in rabbit shows delayed T(max), prolonged absorption time, decreased C(max) and absorption rate constant (Ka) indicating reduced systemic toxicity of the drug as compared to other dosage forms."( Formulation development and in-vitro/in-vivo correlation for a novel Sterculia gum-based oral colon-targeted drug delivery system of azathioprine.
Nath, B; Nath, LK, 2013)		0.59
" The study is aimed at investigating effect of intestinal mucositis on pharmacokinetics, organ distribution, and bioavailability of azathioprine (AZA) (6-mercaptopurine)."( Altered systemic bioavailability and organ distribution of azathioprine in methotrexate-induced intestinal mucositis in rats.
Karbelkar, SA; Majumdar, AS, )		0.58
"Intestinal permeation of AZA into systemic circulation of rats was lower after MTX administration, widely found in intestinal segments of mucositis-induced rats leading to decline in systemic bioavailability of AZA."( Altered systemic bioavailability and organ distribution of azathioprine in methotrexate-induced intestinal mucositis in rats.
Karbelkar, SA; Majumdar, AS, )		0.37
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Dose-restricted tioguanine (thioguanine) could expand treatment options by reducing methylated metabolites, increasing the bioavailability of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and ameliorating thiopurine intolerance or resistance."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
" wexlerae colonization reduced 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) bioavailability by enhancing selenium-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase (sd-XDH) activity."( Commensal bacteria promote azathioprine therapy failure in inflammatory bowel disease via decreasing 6-mercaptopurine bioavailability.
Chen, H; Cui, Z; Fang, JY; Gao, Z; Hong, J; Hu, M; Huang, X; Ma, Y; Ning, L; Tong, T; Wang, Z; Xuan, B; Yan, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhou, YL, 2023)		1.21

Dosage Studied

Azathioprine dosage correlated negatively with post-transplantation polycythaemia regardless of the original cause of renal failure. Since there was no activity of the mixed connective tissue disease the methylprednisolone dosage was reduced.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The true effect of azathioprine could not be isolated whereas corticotherapy modified clearly the beta2m/creatinine ratio : increase of dosage for rejection resulted in a fall of the ratio whereas fast reduction increased the ratio acting essentially on circulating beta2m level (12 cases)."( [beta2-Microglobulin in renal transplanted patients (author's transl)].
Brauman, H; Dupont, E; Toussaint, C; Valsamis, J; van Geertruyden, J; Vereestraeten, P, 1978)		0.58
" The substances are mesenchymosuppressive as well as immunosuppressive, but the present results show that the effective dosage is higher for mesenchymal suppression than for immunosuppression."( Experimental results to immunomesenchymal suppression.
Hauss, GM; Hauss, WH; Kramer, H; Müller, U; Wirth, W, 1975)		0.25
" Also, because the dosage required is comparatively low, patients over procreative age could be included in the program of treatment with immunosuppressants."( [Results and experiences in the immunosuppressive therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].
Keitel, W, 1976)		0.26
" Drug combinations incorporating niridazole at a lower dosage or for a shorter period were less effective, and azathioprine and prednisolone on their own or used together prolonged graft survival only marginally in this model."( Prolonged allograft survival with niridazole, azathioprine, and prednisolone.
Bird, M; Godfrey, AM; Jones, B; Millar, D; Miller, J; Salaman, JR, 1977)		0.73
" Temporary reduction in azathioprine dosage with hepatic dysfunction was not associated with rejection episodes."( HBs antigenemia in renal allograft recipients.
Ettenger, RB; Fine, RN; Landing, BH; Malekzadeh, MH; Pennisi, AJ; Uittenbogaart, CH; Wright, HT, 1977)		0.56
" A therapeutic program, which included high dose corticosteroids initially, the combinations of azathioprine with corticosteroids chronically, and the rapid reduction in corticosteroid dosage to an alternate day schedule, appears to contribute to improved survivorship."( Longterm survival of lupus nephritis patients treated with azathioprine and prednisone.
Barnett, EV; Dornfeld, L; Lee, DB; Liebling, MR, 1978)		0.72
" In agreement with current literature, immunosuppression with ALG in high dosage seems to be justified."( [Evaluation of the effectiveness of ALG in clinical kidney transplantation in alternating studies].
Bunzendahl, H; Pichlmayr, R; Tidow, G; Wonigeit, K, 1979)		0.26
" Therefore it is better to combine glucocorticoids and azathioprine in some cases, especially in those with a high dosed glucocorticoid therapy."( [Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].
Siede, W, 1979)		0.51
" Haemodialysis was started, cytotoxic drugs were stopped, and steroid dosage was reduced."( Haemodialysis and transplantation in Wegener's granulomatosis.
Alexandre, GP; Pirson, Y; van Ypersele de Strihou, C; Vandenbroucke, JM, 1979)		0.26
" Group III (n = 4) dogs were not operated upon and received all drugs in full dosage in order to test any direct toxic effect on normal kidneys."( Cimetidine for kidney transplantation: experimental observations.
Toledo-Pereyra, LH; Zammit, M, 1979)		0.26
" steroid was required, but the steroid dosage requirement then rebounded in the 2 weeks after the end of the prescribed treatment period."( Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) in renal allograft recipients. Multicenter trials using a 14-dose regimen.
Brodie, JA; Morrell, RM; Rafi, M; Schultz, JR; Wechter, WJ, 1979)		0.26
" Extrapolation from a dose-response curve for the toxicity of azathioprine on the bone marrow CFU-c indicated that bilateral ureteral ligation and bilateral nephrectomy had the effect of a 25 to 50% increase in the azathioprine dose."( Effect of ureteral ligation and nephrectomy on granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and azathioprine toxicity.
Foster, RS; Gamelli, RL, 1979)		0.72
" in the same dosage in combination with heparin 5000 U/day."( Treatment of acute allograft rejection with high doses of corticosteroids.
Alarcon-Zurita, A; Ladefoged, J, 1976)		0.26
" It is concluded that ATG therapy can be beneficial in renal transplantation; but monitoring of recipients' T cell level is desirable during therapy to determine the dosage required."( Randomized clinical trial of antithymocyte globulin in cadaver renal allograft recipients: importance of T cell monitoring.
Cosimi, AB; Delmonico, FL; Russell, PS; Wortis, HH, 1976)		0.26
" Serious complications and mortality could be related to high dosage of steroids and severe leukopenia."( Influence of rejection on graft survival after renal transplantation.
Black, HR; Finkelstein, FO; Lytton, B; Schiff, M, 1976)		0.26
" Cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea were unsuccessful and excessively toxic chemotherapeutic agents in this setting, although optimal dosing schedules were difficult to achieve because they caused moderately severe bone marrow suppression."( Treatment of multiple myeloma in remission with anticancer drugs having cell cycle specific characteristics.
Alberts, DS; Durie, BG; Salmon, SE, )		0.13
" The corticosteroid dosage was proportional to each patient's weight."( Reversibility of corticosteroid-associated cataracts in children with the nephrotic syndrome.
Forman, AR; Loreto, JA; Tina, LU, 1977)		0.26
"Analysis of the response to corticosteroid therapy in a personal series of 8 consecutive cases of dermatomyositis in childhood shows that there are advantages in a moderate dosage, short-term treatment schedule, with gradual tapering of the dosage as soon as there is clinical improvement without waiting for full remission, and in trying to stop steroid therapy within six months rather than following the more prolonged regimen currently still in vogue."( Treatment of dermatomyositis in childhood.
Dubowitz, V, 1976)		0.26
" Although azathioprine does not confer dramatic benefit upon patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who require steroids, it does permit reduction of steroid dosage without apparent worsening of the disease."( A controlled trial of azathioprine in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis.
Binder, HJ; Kirsner, JB; Levin, B; Rosenberg, JL; Wall, AJ, 1975)		0.97
" The mean reduction in steriod dosage in the azathioprine group at the end of the trial (-15."( A controlled trial of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.
Kirsner, JB; Levin, B; Rosenberg, JL; Wall, AJ, 1975)		0.83
" A persistent fall of the IgG globulins was noted in the first ten days after renal allograft with the immunosuppressive regimen of an initial gramme of methylprednisolon and high dosage of azothioprine."( [Immunglobulin levels after kidney transplantation and during rejection crisis (author's transl)].
Leithner, C; Oppolzer, R; Pinggera, W; Schieler, K; Singer, F; Stummvoll, H; Wolf, A, 1975)		0.25
" The kinetics of the monocyte also changes under the low dosage of azathioprine."( The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the cell cycle of promonocytes and the production of monocytes in the bone marrow.
Diesselhoff-Den Dulk, MM; Gassmann, AE; van Furth, R, 1975)		0.85
" Functional psychosis was usually preciptated by corticsoteroid therapy and respond to a reduction in steroid dosage and administration of psychotropic drugs."( Central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Therapy and prognosis.
Klempner, MS; Lipsky, BA; Lockshin, MD; Sergent, JS, 1975)		0.25
" Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man."( The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction.
Gassmann, AE; van Furth, R, 1975)		0.62
" In pemphigus erythematosus, very good results were obtained in 3 of 5 cases, and failure in 2 cases was probably related to insufficient dosage of steroids, or no treatment with steroids at all."( Visken as supplementary drug in the treatment of pemphigus.
Blaszczyk, M; Chorzelski, T; Jablonska, S; Maciejowska, E, 1975)		0.25
" A flexible treatment schedule was applied to the follow-up of all the pregnancies, and included low dose aspirin, steroids at medium-low dosage and, if needed, azathioprine (AZA) after 20 weeks of gestation."( Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: a prospective study.
Balestrieri, G; Cattaneo, R; Di Mario, C; Faden, D; Gastaldi, A; Lojacono, A; Spatola, L; Tanzi, P; Tarantini, M; Tincani, A, )		0.33
" In order to determine the ideal form of induction regimen, combination drugs with CYA, the initial dosage of CYA and its blood trough level were retrospectively analyzed with particular reference to the possible factors relevant to the occurrence of acute rejection episode in the first three post-transplant months and graft survival."( [Study of 54 renal allograft recipients in the cyclosporin A era. What influences acute rejection episode and long-term graft survival?].
Chikaraishi, T; Hirano, T; Kanagawa, K; Koyanagi, T; Seki, T; Takeuchi, I; Tanda, K; Togashi, M; Tsubo, S, 1992)		0.28
" Four weeks after discontinuation of azathioprine, 1 treated cat again was given azathioprine at a lower dosage (1."( Systemic toxicosis associated with azathioprine administration in domestic cats.
Altman, D; Beale, KM; Bolon, B; Clemmons, RR, 1992)		0.83
" CsA dosage remained unchanged in the range of 200 mg/m2/day; CsA whole blood trough level was 120 to 130 ng/mL throughout the years."( Long-term results of cyclosporin A therapy in children.
Bökenkamp, A; Brodehl, J; Hoyer, PF; Offner, G, 1992)		0.28
" Prednisone was used in 17 cases, high dosage of methylprednisolone in 8 (in one case twice), azathioprine in 11 and cyclophosphamide in 10."( Immunosuppressive treatment for juvenile myasthenia gravis.
Badurska, B; Ryniewicz, B; Strugalska, H, 1992)		0.5
" Postoperatively, all received daily doses of cyclosporine (15 mg/kg) and azathioprine (1 mg/kg) and were subdivided into three steroid dosage groups."( Normal bronchial healing without bronchial wrapping in canine lung transplantation.
Auteri, JS; Jeevanandam, V; Kirby, TJ; Marboe, CC; Sanchez, JA; Smith, CR, 1992)		0.51
" Careful monitoring of complete blood cell count and dosage adjustment according to white blood cell count are usually adequate to prevent serious leukopenia."( Complications associated with immunosuppressive therapy and their management.
Min, DI; Monaco, AP, 1991)		0.28
" Emphasis is given to the mechanism of the primary pharmacological response of the drugs to the immunocompetent cells, the grounding of their clinical use, dosage and mechanisms of possible side effects."( [Immunodepressants used in immune system pathology. I. Cyclosporin, cyclophosphane, azathioprine and mercaptopurine].
Borisov, KB; Napolov, IuK, )		0.36
" After 8 weeks, the dosage was increased depending on the clinical improvement."( Methotrexate versus azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind trial.
Boerbooms, AM; Doesburg, WH; Haverman, JF; Jeurissen, ME; Kruijsen, MW; Mulder, J; Muller, WH; Rasker, JJ; van Beusekom, HJ; van de Putte, LB, 1991)		0.6
" A decrease in or cessation of cyclosporine dosage frequently is used in an attempt to minimize nephrotoxicity."( Highly sensitized patients with delayed graft function: a management protocol.
Hakala, TR; Hickey, DP; Hrebinko, R; Jordan, ML; Lopatin, WB; O'Donovan, R; Vivas, CA, 1991)		0.28
" Depending on the clinical effect after 8 weeks, the dosage was increased to either azathioprine, 150 mg, or methotrexate, 15 mg."( Influence of methotrexate and azathioprine on radiologic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind study.
Boerbooms, AM; Doesburg, WH; Jeurissen, ME; Lemmens, AM; van de Putte, LB, 1991)		0.79
" The mean dosage of azathioprin and prednisone in patients with SLE did not significantly differ from the non-SLE group."( [Reactivation of the alpha 1-fetoprotein synthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus].
Knopf, B; Schulze, M; Wollina, U, 1985)		0.27
" She went into hematological remission 6 weeks following 40 mg/day treatment with prednisolone, but the anemia relapsed frequently when the dosage was lessened."( [Chronic T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with pure red cell aplasia].
Akihama, T; Chubachi, A; Endo, Y; Kuwayama, A; Miura, A; Yoshida, K, 1989)		0.28
" AZP was orally administered to 3 dogs daily at a dosage of 1-10 mg/kg for a period from 3 days before infection until the end of the experiment."( Influence of immunosuppressants against Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs.
Hayasaki, M; Ohishi, I, 1989)		0.28
" It seems possible, however, that high initial dosing of CsA might trigger this complication in the early posttransplant period when other predisposing factors are present."( Allograft renal vascular thrombosis--lack of increase with cyclosporine immunosuppression.
Canafax, DM; Chavers, B; Fryd, DS; Gruber, SA; Matas, A; Najarian, JS; Payne, WD; Simmons, RL, 1989)		0.28
" These data indicated that hypertension develops in almost all patients after heart transplantation despite the lower dosage of cyclosporine used with the triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy and the absence of significant renal impairment with this regimen, and probably it is not the result of activation of the sympathetic nervous system."( Arterial hypertension in heart transplant recipients treated with triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy.
Antolick, A; Olivari, MT; Ring, WS, )		0.13
" We conclude that in the dosage used, and despite early effects on endogenous insulin secretion, azathioprine alone does not influence the remission phase in children with newly diagnosed type I diabetes."( Double-blind controlled trial of azathioprine in children with newly diagnosed type I diabetes.
Colman, PG; Cook, JJ; Court, JM; Dean, B; Harrison, LC; Hudson, I; Warne, GL; Werther, GA, 1989)		0.78
"3 micrograms/ml after a dosage of 33."( Azathioprine, a genotoxic agent to be considered non-genotoxic in man.
Voogd, CE, 1989)		1.72
" The steroid dosage given was significantly lower in the second group."( Low-dose cyclosporin A therapy in cadaver renal transplantation in children.
Bonzel, KE; Gretz, N; Mehls, O; Möhring, K; Müller-Wiefel, DE; Pomer, S; Ruder, H; Schaefer, F; Schärer, K; Strehlau, J, 1989)		0.28
" In 5 transplantable murine tumor models, including sc Sa180, sc Ca755, ip LL and ip leukemias; L1210 and P388 both drugs were found to be antitumor active in all the experiments carried out regardless of dosing regimen or the route of administration."( Experimental antitumor activity of new azathioprine analogues.
Bałoniak, S; Gutsche, W; Hładoń, B; Sikorska, H, 1989)		0.55
" Twenty-five of 39 patients had normal complement levels within six months (Group 1), and immunosuppressive therapy was tapered but continuously readjusted to the lowest dosage that preserved normal CH50 and maintained clinical remission."( Effect of long-term normalization of serum complement levels on the course of lupus nephritis.
Bank, N; Barland, P; Glicklich, D; Grayzel, AI; Laitman, RS; Sablay, LB, 1989)		0.28
" Dosage reductions of CsA mitigate its nephrotoxic effect."( Amplification of the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporine by preexistent chronic histological lesions in the kidney.
Bosman, FT; Kootstra, G; Leunissen, KM; Nieman, FH; Noordzij, TC; van Hooff, JP; Vromen, MA, 1989)		0.28
" In a prospective randomized multicenter trial, 123 patients undergoing acute rejection of cadaveric renal transplants were treated either with OKT3 daily for a mean of 14 days, with concomitant lowering of the dosage of other immunosuppressive drugs (63 patients), or with conventional high-dose steroids (60 patients)."( A randomized clinical trial of OKT3 monoclonal antibody for acute rejection of cadaveric renal transplants.
, 1985)		0.27
" Metronidazole and azathioprin are considered to be reserve drugs and can be used in the treatment of fistulae or in order to cut down the dosage of prednisolone during remission."( [Drug therapy of chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases--current status of 5-aminosalicylic acid].
Gerok, W; Schölmerich, J, 1986)		0.27
" The low dosage utilized (8 mg/kg instead of the usual 14-17 mg/kg) avoided virtually all the extrarenal side-effects of cyclosporin A, but not its nephrotoxicity."( [Prospective study of a triple immunosuppressive combination in renal transplantation: cyclosporin A-corticoids-azathioprine].
Bellamy, J; Benoit, G; Charpentier, B; Fries, D; Hammouche, M; Kechrid, C; Moulin, B; Neyrat, N; Rieu, P, 1985)		0.48
" Neither toxicity nor inhibition of the IL-2 response was observed when the IL-2-dependent indicator cells were preincubated in post-DST+A plasma prior to an IL-2 dose-response assay."( Modulation of the response to interleukin 2 in recipients of donor-specific transfusions under azathioprine immunosuppression.
Anderson, CB; Sicard, GA; Tyler, JD, 1986)		0.49
" The mean initial steroid dosage was 87 mg prednisone equivalent per day."( [Therapy of pemphigus. Critical remarks based on 44 clinical cases].
Smolle, J, 1985)		0.27
" The data demonstrate that ATG has a deleterious influence on the incidence and severity of CMV infection in renal transplant patients, even when the dosage of other immunosuppressive drugs is decreased during ATG therapy."( Effect of treatment with cyclosporine versus azathioprine on incidence and severity of cytomegalovirus infection posttransplantation.
Andiman, W; Bia, MJ; Flye, W; Gaudio, K; Kliger, A; Siegel, N; Smith, D, 1985)		0.53
"0) at high prednisolone dosage compared to the lower incidence (CMV 54."( Cytomegalo and herpes simplex virus infections in renal transplant recipients.
Geelen, JL; Slaterus, KW; van der Noordaa, J; Wertheim, P; Wilmink, JM, 1985)		0.27
" During gradual reduction of the steroid dosage osteocalcin returned to pretreatment values."( Serum osteocalcin in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides: relation between inflammatory activity and the effect of glucocorticoids and remission inducing drugs.
Ekenstam, EA; Hällgren, R; Ljunghall, S, 1986)		0.27
" All patients received CyA in increasing dosage (3 mg/kg to 6-10 mg/kg) postoperatively according to renal function, obtaining a trough high-pressure liquid chromatographic whole-blood target level of 200 to 400 ng/ml at the end of the first week."( Incidence and severity of acute cardiac allograft rejection with two different low-dose cyclosporine maintenance protocols.
Kober, I; Laczkovics, A; Laufer, G; Schreiner, W; Wollenek, G; Wolner, E, 1988)		0.27
"The best systemic treatment of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy remains high dosage Prednisolone."( Systemic management of dysthyroid ophthalmopathy.
Fells, P, 1988)		0.27
" The new salicylates score 75, because they extend the benefits of sulphasalazine to a minority of patients but they have the potential to score 90 if increased dosing and greater effectiveness over sulphasalazine can be achieved."( Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis: scoring the advances.
Hawkey, CJ; Hawthorne, AB, 1988)		0.27
"The immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporin A plus low-dose prednisolone in 33 children after kidney transplantation was compared with conventional treatment with azathioprine plus regular prednisolone dosage in 34 children."( Cyclosporine in pediatric kidney transplantation.
Brodehl, J; Hoyer, PF; Offner, G, 1987)		0.47
" In patients who received cyclosporine, the dosage was adjusted to achieve trough whole blood concentrations of 100 to 250 ng/ml measured by liquid chromatography."( Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity is minimized by adjusting dosage on the basis of drug concentration in blood.
Anderson, CF; Moyer, TP; Post, GR; Sterioff, S, 1988)		0.27
" In the CsA group, 71% required either a significant reduction in CsA dosage with the addition of azathioprine or a complete switch to azathioprine, mainly because of CsA-associated nephrotoxicity."( A randomized trial comparing cyclosporine with antilymphoblast-globulin-azathioprine for renal allograft recipients. Results at 2 1/2-6 years.
Ascher, NL; Canafax, DM; Flick, B; Fryd, DS; Johnson, CP; Najarian, JS; Payne, WD; Simmons, RL; Sutherland, DE, 1988)		0.72
" Two patients in the azathioprine group required dosage reduction because of myelosuppression and both subsequently relapsed."( Maintenance of remission in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis with azathioprine after corticosteroid withdrawal.
Johnson, PJ; Keating, JJ; McFarlane, IG; Stellon, AJ; Williams, R, )		0.68
" Azathioprine dosage correlated negatively with post-transplantation polycythaemia regardless of the original cause of renal failure."( Polycythaemia following renal transplantation: an association with azathioprine dosage?
Hutton, RD; Newcombe, RG; Orchard, J; Price, KA; Salaman, JR; Webb, DB, 1987)		1.42
" In group II, cyclosporine was started only after the procedure at a lower dosage and was complemented by azathioprine, which was used for the first postoperative week."( Cardiac transplantation: improved quality of survival with a modified immunosuppressive protocol.
Bahnson, HT; Griffith, BP; Hardesty, RL; Kormos, RL; Thompson, ME; Trento, A, 1987)		0.49
" Group 2 (n = 36) received only cyclosporine and azathioprine with no maintenance dosage of steroids."( Are steroids essential for successful maintenance of immunosuppression in heart transplantation?
Barnhart, GR; Hastillo, A; Hess, M; Katz, MR; Lower, RR; Rider, S; Szentpetery, S; Thompson, JA, )		0.39
" Its therapeutic use is hampered by the development of toxicities, however, especially leukopenia, which is a common criterion for dosage adjustment."( The therapeutic use of azathioprine in renal transplantation.
Canafax, DM; Chan, GL; Johnson, CA, 1987)		0.58
" Side effects can be serious but are usually manageable and, to some extent, preventable by appropriate dosage schedules."( Immunosuppressant therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacologic and clinical aspects.
Goldstein, F, 1987)		0.27
" After AZA or saline administration, dose-response (DR) curves for inhibition of gastrocnemius twitch tension by dTC were constructed."( Azathioprine fails to alter the dose-response curve of d-tubocurarine in rats.
Glidden, RS; Martyn, JA; Tomera, JF, 1988)		1.72
" Its implication for the dosage of steroids is opposite that in steroid-induced peptic ulcers."( Oesophageal pemphigus vulgaris.
Al Karawi, M; Coode, P; Mobacken, H; Mohamed, A, 1988)		0.27
" In patients without clinical remission immunosuppressive drugs were prescribed in different schedule; the greater percentage of pharmacological remissions with less adverse effects was obtained with administration of prednisone 50-75 mg/die initially, than gradually reduced to smaller dosage in alternate day, associated to azathioprine."( Myasthenia gravis treatment: twelve years experience on 110 patients.
Jann, S; Premoselli, S; Scarlato, G; Valli, G, 1987)		0.45
" Since its inception, cyclosporine loading dosage has been reduced between 20 to 50 percent."( Therapeutic immunosuppression in cardiac transplantation.
O'Connell, JB; Robinson, JA, )		0.13
"Severe cases of pemphigus vulgaris should be treated with prednisone in high dosage (180-360 mg daily)."( [Therapy of pemphigus and pemphigoid].
Schaumburg-Lever, G, 1986)		0.27
" In vitro, the dose-response curves to MP were examined in pretransplant PHA cultures."( The impact of high lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids on kidney graft survival in patients treated with azathioprine and cyclosporine.
Ladefoged, J; Langhoff, E, 1987)		0.48
" Treatment with prednisolone should be given for at least two years, with adjustment of dosage according to the serum levels of aspartate transaminase; maintenance does should be 8-12 mg a day."( Treatment of chronic active hepatitis and other liver diseases with corticosteroid agents.
Mackay, IR, 1987)		0.27
" Effectiveness of treatment was graded according to resolution of lesions, return to normal of abnormal laboratory findings, or the ability to lower the dosage of a second therapeutic agent (usually a corticosteroid)."( Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: clinical experience in 44 patients.
af Ekenstam, E; Callen, JP, 1987)		0.27
" Recipients were also given pulse doses of methylprednisolone (100 mg/kg) and azathioprine (3 mg/kg) once a week, the dosage schedule being gradually reduced and azathioprine discontinued as recipients became long-term survivors (greater than 60 days)."( Orthotopic cardiac xenografting in the newborn goat.
Bailey, LL; Jang, J; Johnson, W; Jolley, WB, 1985)		0.5
" The effect on the infant of adjusting azathioprine dosage on the basis of maternal total leucocyte count has been studied in 10 pregnancies in eight renal allograft recipients."( Maternal azathioprine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients.
Davison, JM; Dellagrammatikas, H; Parkin, JM, 1985)		0.96
" More data are needed with various dosage schedules, and with randomized controls."( Stability of renal allograft recipients after conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine.
Carpenter, CB; Kirkman, RL; Lazarus, JM; Milford, EL; Strom, TB; Tilney, NL, 1985)		0.5
" The skin lesions responded dramatically to 100 mg of azathioprine sodium daily, flared when the drug treatment was discontinued, and again responded on reinstatement of the same dosage of azathioprine."( Successful treatment of generalized discoid skin lesions with azathioprine. Its use in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Caughman, SW; Klippel, JH; Tsokos, GC, 1985)		0.76
"The requirement for insulin decreased in both patients during the period of renal insufficiency and increased following transplantation; this seemed to be related to the large dose of steroids given because now that a maintenance level of steroids has been established, both patients require the same dosage of insulin as they did before the onset of renal insufficiency."( Treatment of renal failure from diabetic nephropathy with cadaveric homograft.
Beaudry, C; Laplate, L, 1973)		0.25
" Over 18 months the two "immunosuppressive" agents produced clinical improvement comparable to that achieved with gold, and they also facilitated a reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids and retarded radiological joint deterioration."( Comparison of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and gold in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Beveridge, T; Currey, HL; Davies, J; Dixon, AS; Harris, J; Mason, RM; Owen-Smith, B; Roberts, CJ; Vere, DW; Woodland, J, 1974)		0.61
" Leucopenia when it occurred did so soon after transplantation at a time when the function of the renal transplant was poor in relation to the dosage of azathioprine given."( Co-trimoxazole and azathioprine: a safe combination.
Hall, CL, 1974)		0.78
"A controlled trial in 20 adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome due to proliferative glomerulonephritis compared the effects of consecutive eight-week courses of treatment with prednisolone in conventional dosage and a low-dose azathioprine-prednisolone combination."( Nephrotic syndrome due to primary renal disease in adults: II. A controlled trial of prednisolone and azathioprine.
Cameron, JS; Ogg, CS; Sharpstone, P, 1969)		0.65
" Statistical analysis showed that the association of leucopenia and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole therapy was dependent on the time after the transplantation procedure and was not related to the dosage of immunosuppressive chemotherapy or renal function."( Leucopenia associated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole after renal transplantation.
Hulme, B; Reeves, DS, 1971)		0.25
" In patients whose renal function was stable at the time of initiation of MPG therapy, prednisone dosage could be lowered to an average of 37% of the previous dose and the patient's Cushingoid appearance or aseptic necrosis of the hips either did not progress or improved."( Allograft prolongation with synthetic progestins.
Gikas, PW; Haines, RF; Niederhuber, JE; Turcotte, JG, 1971)		0.25
" Corticosteroid administration was continued concurrently with azathioprine, but the dosage could be reduced and in one case they were withdrawn."( Treatment of ulcerative colitis with azathioprine.
Gilon, E; Theodor, E; Waks, U, 1968)		0.76
" The effect of a daily 2 mg/kg body weight dosage on 56 randomly chosen patients with multiple sclerosis is compared with a non-treated control group of 51 randomly selected multiple sclerosis patients."( Azathioprine in multiple sclerosis--a 3 year controlled study of its effectiveness.
Patzold, U; Pocklington, P, 1980)		1.7
" Preliminary results seem to indicate, that the dosage used may be reduced slowly and therapy finally stopped after 3-4 years of treatment in most patients."( [Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].
Arnold, W; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH, 1981)		0.26
" Azathioprine or corticosteroid dosage intake on the day of the test did not influence the level of graft recipient NKCA."( Decrease in natural killer cell activity in kidney allograft recipients.
Fauconnier, B; Hegaret, A; Moreau, JF; Soulillou, JP; Ythier, A, )		1.04
" Immunosuppression was generally reduced in the second trimester and was temporarily increased above the maintenance dosage after delivery."( [Pregnancy after kidney transplantation. Report of 6 successful cases with multiple risk factors].
Hengst, P; May, G; Mebel, M; Schilling, H; Schmitt, E; Scholz, D, 1983)		0.27
" Forty out of 45 patients suffered one or more rejection episodes which were treated by raising the dosage of prednisone."( Ratios of T lymphocyte subpopulations predict survival of cadaveric renal allografts in adult patients on low dose corticosteroid therapy.
Baldwin, WM; Oljans, PJ; Ploem, JS; Tanke, HJ; Van Es, A; Vanes, LA, 1983)		0.27
" In addition to numerous qualitative methodologic deficiencies, many studies showed inadequacies in sample size and duration of treatment, and the drug dosage used varied from one study to another."( Does drug therapy slow radiographic deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis?
Dawson, N; Iannuzzi, L; Kushner, I; Zein, N, 1983)		0.27
" We conclude from these results (1) that previously the dosage of CyA administered at this centre was probably too high, and (2) early adjustment of dose levels on the basis of blood concentrations and with low-dose prednisone cover appears to be safe and effective, but requires further verification."( Cyclosporin A used alone or in combination with low-dose steroids in cadaveric renal transplantation.
Brünisholz, M; Brunner, F; Follath, F; Harder, F; Landmann, J; Lörtscher, R; Mihatsch, M; Thiel, G; Wenk, M, 1983)		0.27
" In two patients the corticosteroid dosage could be tapered."( Cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis are improved by hydroxychloroquine.
Bickers, DR; Callen, JP; Hanno, R; Hawkins, C; Voorhees, JJ; Woo, TY, 1984)		0.27
"Fourteen patients with severe unremitting chronic actinic dermatitis were treated with oral azathioprine in a dosage of 100-200 mg daily for a mean 11."( Treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis with azathioprine.
Hawk, JL; Leigh, IM, 1984)		0.75
" Prednisone dosage was decreased or administration discontinued in nine of ten patients (5."( Intractable rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with combined cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine.
Carrera, GF; McCarty, DJ, 1982)		0.49
" Low dosage of the substances used and limitation of the dosage in the therapy of acute rejection seem to be advisable."( [Immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation].
Gessler, U; Seybold, D; Sigel, A, 1982)		0.26
" In the 24 patients who were corticosteroid dependent, the dosage of steroids could be reduced by 35% and in four steroids could be stopped completely."( Compliance and long-term effect of azathioprine in 65 rheumatoid arthritis cases.
Dequeker, J; van Wanghe, P, 1982)		0.54
"A series of 29 children with dermatomyositis has been reviewed and the outcome compared between cases treated by us initially with a low dosage short duration course of corticosteroids, and those referred late and having had various different therapeutic regimens and usually more active and higher dosage drug schedules."( Drug treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis.
Dubowitz, V; Heckmatt, JZ; Miller, G, 1983)		0.27
" The major defect was depressed granulocyte adherence early postoperatively and at the time of rejection crises, when prednisone dosage was maximal."( Granulocyte function in recipients of renal transplant from live related donors and from cadavers.
Barker, CF; Golshan, N; MacGregor, RR, 1980)		0.26
" The findings suggest that the development of steroid diabetes can serve as a warning signal for excessive dosage of corticosteroids, and help to identify patients that are particularly sensitive to immunosuppressive therapy with large doses of steroids."( Steroid diabetes--a sign of overtreatment with steroids in the renal graft recipient?
Groth, CG; Gunnarsson, R; Lundgren, G; Magnusson, G; Ost, L, 1980)		0.26
" The daily dosage was such as to maintain the rosette-forming cell (RFC) level at 10% of baseline values."( Antithymocyte globulin in cadaver kidney transplantation: a randomized trial based on T-cell monitoring.
Bach, JF; Crosnier, J; Dandavino, R; Descamps, JM; Kreis, H; Mansouri, R; N'Guyen, AT, 1981)		0.26
"We undertook two randomised studies in an effort to decrease the dosage of steroids in transplanted patients and to replace harmful steroid therapy by nonsteroid anti-inflammatory (NSAI) drugs."( Are there non-steroid-dependent rejection episodes?
Crosnier, J; Descamps, JM; Kreis, H; Mansouri, R, 1980)		0.26
" It seems that a rather moderate dosage of methylprednisolone allows us to prolong and repeat the courses according to individual needs, and this may be the main reason for the significantly improved graft function at one year."( Steroids and rejection treatment in the Gothenburg transplant programme.
Brynger, H; Gelin, LE, 1980)		0.26
" The TDD patients were begun on half the dosage of steroids, and at 30 days were receiving approximately two-thirds the dose that the non-TDD patients received."( Renal transplantation after thoracic duct drainage.
Bell, JD; Fish, JC; Flye, MW; Remmers, A; Sarles, HE; Townsend, CM, 1981)		0.26
"On the basis of 15-years' experience with the allogeneic transplantation of the kidney, the authors present recommendations, concerning the dosage of azathioprine and prednisone (methylprednisolone) during the schematic immunosuppression."( Schematic and controlled immunosupression after renal allotransplantation.
Jirka, J; Kaslík, J; Kaslíková, J; Kocandrle, V, 1981)		0.46
" The correlation between these is poor, in many patients, at the dosage used in man."( The comparative incidence of malignant disease in rheumatoid arthritics exposed to different treatment regimens.
Hazleman, BL, 1982)		0.26
"In an open, randomised, controlled follow-up study the effectiveness of continuous azathioprine therapy of multiple sclerosis with a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day was tested against a control group that was not treated with cytostatics."( Azathioprine in treatment of multiple sclerosis. Final results of a 41/2-year controlled study of its effectiveness covering 115 patients.
Hecker, H; Patzold, U; Pocklington, P, 1982)		1.93
" Gradual reduction in prednisone dosage to 5 mg daily has coincided with a period of clinical resolution and modest improvement in lymphocyte reactivity."( Idiopathic pyoderma gangrenosum and impaired lymphocyte function: failure of azathioprine and corticosteroid therapy.
Breathnach, SM; Valdimarsson, H; Wells, GC, 1981)		0.49
" Using appropriate dosage schedules, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and procarbazine either potentiated or had no effect on DTH."( Selective effects of immunosuppressive agents against the delayed hypersensitivity response and humoral response to sheep red blood cells in mice.
Doherty, NS, 1981)		0.26
" Based on these observations and the fact that authors who have observed an inhibition of the collagen synthesis have used an uncomparibly higher dosage per kilogram of body weight, the authors of this report are so far of the opinion that the dosage they are using (300-600 mg/day) does not significantly influence the speed of wound healing."( [D-penicillamine and wound healing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
Bamert, W; Stojan, B; Wiedmer, U, )		0.13
" In the long term, azathioprine should be suspended and the dosage of corticosteroids should be reduced."( [Rejection of a liver allograft. Diagnosis and treatment].
Calmus, Y, 1994)		0.62
" There was no increase in concurrent immunosuppressives dosage after the conversion."( Alternate-day prednisone in the maintenance immunosuppressive therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation.
Kaplan, MM; Pedrosa, MC; Rohrer, RM, 1995)		0.29
"These data suggest that long-term renal function in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant patients is primarily influenced by the occurrence of early and late rejection episodes rather than by the dosage or duration of cyclosporine therapy."( Long-term renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients.
Hodge, E; Novick, AC; Streem, S; Tanabe, K, 1995)		0.29
"Prednisone dosage was successfully tapered to 10 to 20 mg/d without worsening symptoms in 10 (38%) of the 26 patients studied."( Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis.
Agbogu, BN; Sewell, C; Stern, BJ; Yang, G, 1995)		0.29
" Because of different individual responses duration of therapy was 1 to 17 weeks (median 5) with a total dosage ranging from 8 to 36 x 10(3) IU (mean 21 x 10(3))."( The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in lung transplantation.
End, A; Geissler, K; Grimm, M; Inhauser, T; Klepetko, W; Ringl, H; Stift, A; Stockenhuber, F, 1995)		0.29
" The introduction of cyclosporine has allowed us to reduce the dosage of oral steroids and to accept DM patients (pts) for HTx."( Mid-term results of heart transplantation in diabetic patients.
Bianco, R; Boffa, GM; Caforio, AL; Casarotto, D; Casula, R; Gambino, A; Grassi, G; Livi, U; Milano, A; Thiene, G, 1994)		0.29
" After an initial loading dose of 120 mg prednisolone per day for 6 weeks (11/1986), the steroid dosage was reduced to 40 mg (12/1986) and diminished to 15 mg/day in 1988 to 1989."( [Löffler endocarditis fibroplastica with simultaneous infectious endocarditis].
Bethge, C; Drude, L; Herzum, M; Maisch, B; Menz, V; Schönian, U, 1994)		0.29
" Dosage was adjusted to target white blood cell (WBC) counts."( A prospective, randomized comparison of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine for early rejection prophylaxis after cardiac transplantation. Decreased sensitization to OKT3.
Bristow, MR; Ensley, RD; Hammond, EH; O'Connell, JB; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO; Wagoner, LE, 1994)		0.53
" Immunologic and hematologic consequences included rejection episodes (25%), decreased cyclosporine requirement (higher levels with lower doses), and leukopenia that required azathioprine dosage reduction."( Steroid withdrawal after renal transplantation.
Hricik, DE; Schulak, JA, 1994)		0.48
" Until day 14, all recipients received cytomegalovirus hyperimmunoglobulin at a dosage of 2 ml/kg/day."( Monitoring of cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation: persistence of anti-cytomegalovirus IgM antibodies.
Auer, T; Halwachs-Baumann, G; Iberer, F; Müller, H; Petutschnigg, B; Pleisnitzer, A; Rödl, S; Tscheliessnigg, K; Wasler, A; Wilders-Truschnig, M, )		0.13
" Increased growth is a major benefit of decreased steroid dosing in these children."( Monotherapy with cyclosporine for chronic immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplant recipients.
Billmire, DF; Dunn, SP; Falkenstein, K; Lawrence, JP; Meyers, R; Vinocur, CD; Weintraub, WH, 1994)		0.29
" In individual patients, 6-TGN levels were relatively stable throughout the dosing interval ("within-dose-interval-CV" < 19%), even when sharp and high 6-MP peaks in plasma were observed."( Kinetics of mercaptopurine and thioguanine nucleotides in renal transplant recipients during azathioprine treatment.
Bentdal, O; Bergan, S; Endresen, L; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O, 1994)		0.51
" The authors believe that increasing dosage of the immunosuppressants is an effective method for the management of chronic renal rejection and the earlier the treatment is given the better the results would be."( Treatment of chronic allograft rejection.
Fan, Y; Jin, WH; Wang, XH; Xie, T; Xu, D, 1993)		0.29
" Rejection frequency did not increase; neither corticosteroid nor CsA dosage was altered significantly after the substitution of cyclophosphamide."( Cyclophosphamide as an alternative to azathioprine in cardiac transplant recipients with suspected azathioprine-induced hepatotoxicity.
Bristow, MR; Lappe, DL; O'Connell, JB; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO; Wagoner, LE, 1993)		0.56
" ALG treatment should usually be limited to 14 days, but azathioprine dosage can safely be increased after ALG discontinuation."( Bone marrow function during quadruple immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation.
Heaf, J, 1993)		0.53
" The delayed dosing was associated with improved graft survival and no increase in the frequency of rejection episodes."( Is there an optimal time for the first cyclosporin dose in renal transplantation?
Fenn, N; Griffin, PJ; Krishnan, H; Moore, RH; Salaman, JR, 1993)		0.29
"The mean daily methylprednisolone dosage was 19 +/- 19 mg in the double-drug group and 9 +/- 2 mg in the triple-drug group."( Comparative methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving double- or triple-drug immunosuppression.
Holdsworth, MT; Reed, KA; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC; Walshe, JJ, 1993)		0.29
" Typically, methylprednisolone is prescribed according to a standardized dosing protocol that assumes minimal interpatient variation."( Comparative methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving double- or triple-drug immunosuppression.
Holdsworth, MT; Reed, KA; Tornatore, KM; Venuto, RC; Walshe, JJ, 1993)		0.29
" Management of these effects has focused on alternate day and dosage reduction protocols."( Prevention and management of the adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive therapy.
First, MR; Hariharan, S; Rossi, SJ; Schroeder, TJ, 1993)		0.29
" Increased TG levels were associated with increase in weight and higher daily prednisolone dosage at the time of evaluation."( Dyslipoproteinemia in renal transplantation.
Acharya, VN; Almeida, AF; Gunjotikar, RV; Taskar, SP, )		0.13
" The CSA-associated toxicity may be reduced by initiating therapy at very low initial doses, with incremental dosage escalation to the desired target range."( Low-dose cyclosporin A therapy in treating chronic, noninfectious uveitis.
Foster, CS; Rodriguez, A; Vitale, AT, 1996)		0.29
" Since there was no activity of the mixed connective tissue disease the methylprednisolone dosage was reduced and the administration of azathioprine was ceased."( [Chronic recurrent subileus due to Strongyloides stercoralis infection under immunosuppressive therapy].
Back, W; Birck, R; Braun, C; Gottstein, T; Gretz, N; Manegold, BC; Rohmeiss, P; Strauch, M, 1996)		0.5
" The results are suggestive of a dose-response relationship with no significant risk during the first years of treatment and a possible increased risk after about 10 years of continuous therapy."( Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.
Adeleine, P; Aimard, G; Confavreux, C; Grimaud, J; Moreau, T; Saddier, P, 1996)		0.62
" The most significant factor responsible for these metabolic complications was the total dosage of prednisone and cyclosporine."( Metabolic problems in recipients of liver transplants.
Filo, RS; Hughes, D; Jindal, RM; Leapman, SB; Lumeng, L; Milgrom, ML; Pescovitz, MD; Sidner, RA, 1996)		0.29
"It is widely recommended that, during concurrent therapy with allopurinol, the azathioprine dosage should be decreased by at least two thirds."( Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation.
Banner, N; Cummins, D; Halil, O; Sekar, M, 1996)		0.8
" If TPMT deficiency is present, the AZA dosage should be adjusted or alternative immunosuppressive regimens should be considered."( Monitoring of TPMT in heart transplant recipients under immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine.
Dalichau, H; Gummert, JF; Mohr, FW; Oellerich, M; Schütz, E, 1995)		0.51
" Methotrexate was given weekly for 8 weeks beginning at the conclusion of OKT3 therapy (postoperative days 8 to 16), and dosed according to white blood cell count."( Methotrexate for rejection prophylaxis after heart transplantation.
Ensley, RD; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO, )		0.13
" MP dosage based on BMI may be a reasonable alternative to a fixed-dose regimen with the advantage of limiting steroid exposure and the consequent side-effects."( Treatment of renal allograft acute rejection with methylprednisolone: effect of fixed dose versus dose per body mass index.
Carson, RW; Douzdjian, V; Fisch, JC; Gugliuzza, KK; Rice, JC, 1996)		0.29
" Blood samples were collected throughout the dosing interval."( Pharmacodynamic assessment of mycophenolic acid-induced immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients.
Halloran, PF; Langman, LJ; LeGatt, DF; Yatscoff, RW, 1996)		0.29
"5/100) with opportunity to increase dosage at 6 week intervals."( Combination treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using azathioprine and methotrexate: a 48 week controlled clinical trial.
Stablein, D; Willkens, RF, 1996)		0.54
"5 mg MTX/week plus 100 mg AZA/day), with opportunity to increase the dosage at 6-week intervals."( Comparison of azathioprine, methotrexate, and the combination of the two in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A forty-eight-week controlled clinical trial with radiologic outcome assessment.
Marks, C; Sharp, JT; Stablein, D; Willkens, RF; Wortmann, R, 1995)		0.65
"The stability of drugs commonly prescribed for use in oral liquid dosage forms but not commercially available as such was studied."( Stability of acetazolamide, allopurinol, azathioprine, clonazepam, and flucytosine in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
Allen, LV; Erickson, MA, 1996)		0.56
" Enalaprilat levels were measured and compared with 15 similar patients matched for transplant function and enalapril dosage immunosuppressed with cyclosporine and prednisone."( Mechanism of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-related anemia in renal transplant recipients.
Bachmann, T; Gossmann, J; Kachel, HG; Scheuermann, EH; Schoeppe, W; Thürmann, P; Weller, S, 1996)		0.29
" The dosage was titrated to 200 mg/d over the following 2 weeks."( Azathioprine and allopurinol: the price of an avoidable drug interaction.
Hayney, MS; Kennedy, DT; Lake, KD, 1996)		1.74
" We found three predictors of flares: renal disease, persistence of dsDNA antibodies for at least 1 year after the beginning of treatment and reduction in azathioprine dosage to below 2 mg/kg/d."( Predictors of flares and long-term outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus during combined treatment with azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone.
Abendroth, K; Hein, G; Oelzner, P; Stein, G, 1996)		0.71
" In 82 renal allograft recipients, the effect of standard AZA dosage (3 mg/kg tapered to 1 mg/kg) was compared with higher dosages (3 mg/kg for several days) under 6-TGN monitoring."( Possibilities for therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine: 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations and thiopurine methyltransferase activity in red blood cells.
Aarbakke, J; Bentdal, O; Bergan, S; Giverhaug, T; Hartmann, A; Klemetsdal, B; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O; Sødal, G, 1997)		0.55
" Combined azathioprine methylprednisolone has produces better effects when only lower dosage is used."( [Azathioprine and its combination with methylprednisolone: preventive effect on chronic cerebral vasospasm].
Liu, B; Wang, Z; Wu, J, 1996)		1.61
" Three patients were treated with intravenous acyclovir with concomitant reduction of steroid dosage and recovered completely."( Management of varicella infection during the course of inflammatory bowel disease.
Balasubramanian, S; Giannadaki, E; Greenstein, AJ; Manousos, ON; Mouzas, IA; Sachar, DB, 1997)		0.3
" If varicella infection occurs, prompt diagnosis and treatment with acyclovir and concomitant reduction in immunosuppressive therapy (reduction in steroid dosage and discontinuation of azathioprine) should be initiated immediately to limit viremia and avoid fatal complications."( Management of varicella infection during the course of inflammatory bowel disease.
Balasubramanian, S; Giannadaki, E; Greenstein, AJ; Manousos, ON; Mouzas, IA; Sachar, DB, 1997)		0.49
" No proteinuria was observed after total dosage of immunosuppressants was increased."( [A case of recurrent IgA nephropathy following renal transplantation under tacrolimus (FK506)].
Hatori, M; Honda, M; Ichimaru, N; Imai, E; Kokado, Y; Kyo, M; Matsumiya, K; Miyamoto, M; Nonomura, N; Okuyama, A; Takahara, S; Takao, T; Yokoyama, K, 1997)		0.3
"1%), whereas rejections were reduced for non-AAs receiving either MMF dosage (AZA, 35."( Immunosuppressive therapy in high-risk transplant patients: dose-dependent efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in African-American renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group.
Neylan, JF, 1997)		0.3
"Dose-dependent prevention of acute rejection in AAs is best afforded by a dosage of MMF at 3 g/day, whereas 2 g/day provides a superior benefit/risk ratio for non-AAs."( Immunosuppressive therapy in high-risk transplant patients: dose-dependent efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in African-American renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group.
Neylan, JF, 1997)		0.3
" Azathioprine was used in addition to steroid therapy at a dosage of 2 mg/kg."( Azathioprine in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.
Ardizzone, S; Bianchi Porro, G; Bollani, S; Imbesi, V; Molteni, F; Molteni, P, 1997)		2.65
" Throughout the dosing interval, the enzyme activities parallel the respective drug concentrations."( Pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs.
Aspeslet, LJ; Gallant, HL; Yatscoff, RW, 1998)		0.3
" Over 20 years, we have simply observed our patients clinically after diagnosis, and only used aggressive therapy with steroids in high dosage and azathioprine for 21 patients with progressive renal failure."( 'Progressive' versus 'indolent' idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis.
Bone, JM; Rustom, R; Williams, PS, 1997)		0.5
" Prednisolone dosage was reduced and cyclosporin (350 mg/d) substituted for azathioprine."( [Late manifestation of a fatal Behçet's disease with cardiac involvement and lethal outcome].
Bocker, T; Görnig, M; Kaatz, M; Wollina, U; Zouboulis, CC, 1998)		0.53
" The primary outcome was time to a major flare of SLE which resulted in either the institution of or an increase in the current dosage of prednisone of 10 mg/day or more, or institution of therapy with immunosuppressive agents."( A long-term study of hydroxychloroquine withdrawal on exacerbations in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group.
Choquette, D; Cividino, A; Danoff, D; Esdaile, JM; Joseph, L; Osterland, CK; Senécal, JL; Smith, CD; Tsakonas, E; Yeadon, C, 1998)		0.3
" Having these information will aid in determining dosage of certain medications to the patients with an inherited abnormality of drug metabolizing enzyme."( [Individualization of drug therapy and pharmacogenetics].
Azuma, J; Yamamoto, I, 1998)		0.3
" The diagnosis of azathioprine hypersensitivity should be considered in patients who have recently either initiated or increased their dosage of azathioprine."( Azathioprine hypersensitivity reaction in a patient with ulcerative colitis.
Garey, KW; Rainish, MC; Streetman, DS, 1998)		2.08
" Familiarity with disease-specific clinical efficacy, side-effect profile, and dosage allows the successful and judicious use of these drugs in dermatologic disorders."( Immunosuppressive agents in dermatology. An update.
Dutz, JP; Ho, VC, 1998)		0.3
" Further studies of the combination of FK 506 and MMF in kidney transplant recipients to further define the optimal dosing regimen are warranted."( FK 506 and mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients: six-month results of a multicenter, randomized dose ranging trial. FK 506 MMF Dose-Ranging Kidney Transplant Study Group.
Mendez, R, 1998)		0.3
" Duration of treatment, dosage of drugs per kg body weight and serum cyclosporin levels were recorded."( Contribution of individual drugs to gingival overgrowth in adult and juvenile renal transplant patients treated with multiple therapy.
Ashley, FP; Koffman, CG; Morel, A; Ogg, CS; Rigden, SP; Smith, D; Wilson, RF, 1998)		0.3
" After conversion, the Neoral dosage was adjusted on the basis of trough levels measured at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12."( An open-label study of the safety and tolerability of converting stable liver transplant recipients to neoral.
Dahlke, LM; Krom, RA; Pasha, TM; Porayko, MK; Wiesner, RH, 1998)		0.3
" Throughout the dosing interval, enzyme activity parallels that of drug concentrations."( The monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs: a pharmacodynamic approach.
Aspeslet, LJ; Yatscoff, RW, 1998)		0.3
" The principal indications for azathioprine treatment were uncontrolled disease despite appropriate steroid therapy in 28 patients (82%) or to permit a decrease in steroid dosage in 6 patients (18%)."( The role of azathioprine in the management of retinal vasculitis.
Graham, EM; Greenwood, AJ; Stanford, MR, 1998)		0.97
" Corticosteroid dosage was tapered according to a standard protocol."( Randomised trial of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease.
Krummenauer, F; Meyer zum Büschenfelde, KH; Neurath, MF; Peters, M; Schlaak, JF; Wanitschke, R, 1999)		0.56
" The average number of days before reduction of the prednisone dosage could begin was 16."( Pemphigus vulgaris: benefits of tetracycline as adjuvant therapy in a series of thirteen patients.
Calebotta, A; Carvalho, M; Castillo, R; González, F; Sáenz, AM, 1999)		0.3
" Most clinics use intravenous steroids for treating relapses, although with different dosing regimens."( Current status of multiple sclerosis therapy in Germany: a national survey.
Berenbeck, C; Buhmann, C; Emskotter, T; Hadji-Abdolrahim, B; Hauer, S; Heesen, C, 1999)		0.3
" Prior to the operation, the first patient was continuously administered 2 mg/kg/day of cyclosporin A with the dosage regulated according to the plasma level."( Coronary bypass surgery after renal transplantation.
Esato, K; Fujimura, Y; Gohra, H; Hamano, K; Katoh, T; Noda, H, 1999)		0.3
" MMF was administered at a dosage of 2 gm/day whereas Aza was initiated at 2 mg/kg/day and adapted by leukocyte count."( Comparison between mycophenolate mofetil- and azathioprine-based immunosuppressions in clinical lung transplantation.
Artemiou, O; Birsan, T; Dekan, G; Klepetko, W; Taghavi, S; Wisser, W; Wolner, E; Zuckermann, A, 1999)		0.56
" Differential analysis of white blood cells indicated a decline in lymphocyte number, in particular, with increased dosage of azathioprine."( Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) dosed with azathioprine display immune effects similar to those seen in mammals, including apoptosis.
Gogal, RM; Holladay, SD; Robertson, JL; Smith, BJ; Smith, SA, 1999)		0.77
" A nonnephrotoxic and powerful immunosuppressant such as mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) could allow a reduction of cyclosporine dosage or its withdrawal and an improvement in renal function in these patients."( Conversion of liver transplant recipients on cyclosporine with renal impairment to mycophenolate mofetil.
Alvárez-Cienfuegos, J; Girala, M; Gómez-Manero, N; Herrero, JI; Pardo, F; Prieto, J; Quiroga, J; Sangro, B, 1999)		0.3
"The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dosing regimen of immunosuppressants necessary to avoid the formation of anti-hGH antibodies in a pig model."( Plasma concentration of hGH and anti-hGH antibodies after subcutaneous administration of hGH for 3 weeks to immunosuppressed pigs.
Agersø, H; Drustrup, J; Haahr, PM; Jørgensen, KD; Wilken, M, 1999)		0.3
" All groups were dosed subcutaneously (s."( Plasma concentration of hGH and anti-hGH antibodies after subcutaneous administration of hGH for 3 weeks to immunosuppressed pigs.
Agersø, H; Drustrup, J; Haahr, PM; Jørgensen, KD; Wilken, M, 1999)		0.3
"A total of 79 patients with hepatitis C, B, or both, transplanted between 1973 and 1990, were grouped according to whether they had AZA either withdrawn from the immunosuppressive regimen [group (G) I, n=45] or a dosage reduction only (group II, n=34)."( The impact of azathioprine on chronic viral hepatitis in renal transplantation: a long-term, single-center, prospective study on azathioprine withdrawal.
Americo da Fonseca, J; David-Neto, E; Ianhez, LE; Jota de Paula, F; Nahas, WC; Sabbaga, E, 1999)		0.66
"The development of a stability-indicating capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the determination of the drug azathioprine (AZA) and its related substances in bulk and dosage forms is described."( Determination of azathioprine and its related substances by capillary zone electrophoresis and its application to pharmaceutical dosage forms assay.
Clark, BJ; Shafaati, A, 2000)		0.85
"The daily dosage (mg/kg) of azathioprine administered 1 year after transplantation was analyzed in relation to subsequent long-term graft outcome."( Critical threshold of azathioprine dosage for maintenance immunosuppression in kidney graft recipients. Collaborative Transplant Study.
Döhler, B; Opelz, G, 2000)		0.92
"In patients on maintenance immunosuppression without cyclosporine, the daily dosage of azathioprine had a highly significant influence on long-term graft outcome."( Critical threshold of azathioprine dosage for maintenance immunosuppression in kidney graft recipients. Collaborative Transplant Study.
Döhler, B; Opelz, G, 2000)		0.84
" All patients went into remission with a lower daily dosage of oral prednisone at 3 and 6 months postplasmapheresis."( Plasmapheresis as a steroid saving procedure in bullous pemphigoid.
Egan, CA; Meadows, KP; Zone, JJ, 2000)		0.31
" The initial prednisolone dosage was 50 mg and was tapered according to a standard protocol."( Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis: a 12-month pilot study.
Galle, PR; Krummenauer, F; Mayet, WJ; Neurath, MF; Orth, T; Peters, M; Schlaak, JF; Wanitschke, R, 2000)		0.6
"To perform a dosing equivalency analysis and comparison of clinical efficacy in 82 patients with inflammatory bowel disease on long-term (> 2 months) therapy with either branded azathioprine (Imuran) (n=26), generic azathioprine (n=38), or 6-mercaptopurine (n=18), based on the measurement of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels."( Enhanced bioavailability of azathioprine compared to 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with treatment efficacy.
Bayless, TM; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2000)		0.79
" Remission, pharmacological remission, and marked improvement with reduction in drug dosage were considered good results."( Clinical characteristics and prognosis of myasthenia gravis in older people.
Batocchi, AP; Di Schino, C; Evoli, A; Minisci, C; Tonali, P, 2000)		0.31
" In the multiple regression test, a linear coincidence was observed between apo A1, apo B and prednisone cumulative dosage after the 1st month, TG and cyclosporine in the 6th month and LDL and cyclosporine in the 12th month after transplantation."( Does immunosuppressive regimen influence the lipid disturbances in kidney recipients?
Kisielnicka, E; Kortas, B; Lysiak-Szydłowska, W; Rutkowski, B; Wróblewska, M; Zdrojewski, Z, )		0.13
"1 mg/kg/dose given twice a day, and the dosage was adjusted to achieve blood levels between 10 and 15 ng/mL."( Oral tacrolimus treatment of severe colitis in children.
Balint, JP; Bousvaros, A; Daum, F; Day, AS; Ferry, GD; Freeman, KB; Griffiths, AM; Kirschner, BS; Leichtner, AM; Parker-Hartigan, L; Werlin, SL; Zurakowski, D, 2000)		0.31
" Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) may allow CsA dosage reduction or even complete withdrawal in selected populations with CsA nephrotoxicity or CAD."( Cyclosporine withdrawal in stable renal transplant recipients after azathioprine-mycophenolate mofetil conversion.
Bedrossian, J; Bererhi, L; Chalopin, JM; Ducloux, D; Janin, A; Kreis, H; Legendre, C; Mihatsch, M; Morelon, E; Noël, LH; Puget, S; Thervet, E, 2000)		0.54
" azathioprine trial in Crohn's disease suggests oral dosing alone may obtain the same results."( Intravenous azathioprine in severe ulcerative colitis: a pilot study.
Johnson, T; Lipsky, JJ; Mahadevan, U; Mays, DC; Pike, MG; Sandborn, WJ; Tremaine, WJ, 2000)		1.6
" If an underlying problem requires long-term immunosuppressive medication, it is wiser to choose cimetidine rather than increasing the steroid dosage to resolve atypical PFAPA."( PFAPA syndrome (Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Adenitis).
Chen, LC; Huang, JL; Lee, KF; Lee, WI; Lin, SJ; Yang, MH; Yeh, KW, 1999)		0.3
" Nevertheless, beside the use of RBC 6TGN determination to confirm compliance to therapy, this dosage could be useful in non-responding patients, allowing, in absence of leukopenia, to increase the dose of AZA/6-MP safely."( Therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in Crohn disease.
Belaiche, J; Desager, JP; Horsmans, Y; Louis, E, 2001)		0.6
" Hence, no dosing adjustment is deemed necessary when basiliximab is used in triple immunosuppressive therapy including either azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil."( Differential influence of azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil on the disposition of basiliximab in renal transplant patients.
Book, BK; Gerbeau, C; Girault, D; Kaplan, B; Kovarik, JM; Legendre, C; Pescovitz, MD; Salmela, K; Sollinger, HW; Somberg, K, 2001)		0.82
" Development of this complication was associated with elevated intravenous FK 506 dosing schedules, with the mean cumulative dose 43% higher than treated patients with unaffected kidney function."( Renal complications and development of hypertension in the European study of FK 506 and cyclosporin in primary liver transplant recipients.
Bismuth, H; Calne, R; Devlin, J; Groth, C; McMaster, P; Neuhaus, P; Otto, G; Pichlmayr, R; Williams, R, 1994)		0.29
" In 22 patients with refractory Crohn's disease despite long term azathioprine therapy, their dosage was increased by 25 mg/day at eight week intervals as needed."( Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Bayless, T; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2001)		0.78
"Measurement of erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels is helpful in determining the adequacy of azathioprine dosage and can be used to optimise the dose of antimetabolite therapy to achieve an improved clinical response without inducing leucopenia."( Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Bayless, T; Cuffari, C; Hunt, S, 2001)		0.76
" Before thiopurine dosage adjustments, TPMT-deficient patients experienced more frequent hospitalization, more platelet transfusions, and more missed doses of chemotherapy."( Preponderance of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency and heterozygosity among patients intolerant to mercaptopurine or azathioprine.
Bomgaars, L; Coutre, S; Evans, WE; Holdsworth, M; Hon, YY; Janco, R; Kalwinsky, D; Keller, F; Khatib, Z; Kornegay, N; Krynetski, EY; Margolin, J; Murray, J; Quinn, J; Ravindranath, Y; Relling, MV; Ritchey, K; Roberts, W; Rogers, ZR; Schiff, D; Steuber, C; Tucci, F, 2001)		0.52
" However, with appropriate dosage adjustments, TPMT-deficient and heterozygous patients can be treated with thiopurines, without acute dose-limiting toxicity."( Preponderance of thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency and heterozygosity among patients intolerant to mercaptopurine or azathioprine.
Bomgaars, L; Coutre, S; Evans, WE; Holdsworth, M; Hon, YY; Janco, R; Kalwinsky, D; Keller, F; Khatib, Z; Kornegay, N; Krynetski, EY; Margolin, J; Murray, J; Quinn, J; Ravindranath, Y; Relling, MV; Ritchey, K; Roberts, W; Rogers, ZR; Schiff, D; Steuber, C; Tucci, F, 2001)		0.52
" Dosage schedules were audited."( Immunosuppression in live-related donor renal transplantation.
Iman, A; Jacob, CK; Juneja, R; Rao, M, )		0.13
" An audit of dosing schedules showed that over the first 6 months post-transplant, cumulatively, 20%-50% of patients received azathioprine, and 55%-60% received cyclosporine in doses below the protocol."( Immunosuppression in live-related donor renal transplantation.
Iman, A; Jacob, CK; Juneja, R; Rao, M, )		0.34
" Thus, immunosuppressive drug dosage should be optimized and therapeutic drug level monitoring strategies should be preemptive rather than event related, especially in the early post-transplant period."( Immunosuppression in live-related donor renal transplantation.
Iman, A; Jacob, CK; Juneja, R; Rao, M, )		0.13
"The extent and severity of hyperplasia was significantly correlated with the dosage and serum level of CsA at 3, 6 and 12 months post-transplantation; last recorded dosage, however (p<0."( Cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth is unrelated to allograft function in renal transplant recipients.
Baboolal, K; Newcombe, RG; Subramanian, N; Thomas, DW, 2001)		0.31
" This suggested that, although the adult 12-hour dosing interval was appropriate for pediatric patients, they would require reduced dosing based on body size compared with adults."( Safety and efficacy of TOR inhibitors in pediatric renal transplant recipients.
Ettenger, RB; Grimm, EM, 2001)		0.31
" Because of that, there was no need to increase dosage nor to switch systemic immunosuppressors."( [Transeptal steroids in necrotizing scleritis].
Folch Ramos, J; Sainz De La Maza Serra, M, 2001)		0.31
" CsA side effects can be eliminated by reducing the dosage of the drug."( Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: associated allograft dysfunction at low trough concentration.
Druskis, V; Jankauskiene, A; Laurinavicius, A, 2001)		0.31
" Combined use of azathioprine with methylprednisolone allows lower dosage and less complication compared with a single agent, and results in a better outcome."( Azathioprine and methylprednisolone: prevention of chronic cerebral vasospasm in dogs.
Liu, B; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Wu, J; Wu, Z, 2000)		2.09
" Infliximab was administered at the dosage of 3 mg/Kg at the weeks 0, 2 and 6 and then every 8 weeks."( [Infliximab in aggressive and refractory rheumatoid arthritis. A pilot study].
Bambara, LM; Biasi, D; Canestrini, S; Caramaschi, P; Carletto, A; Scambi, C; Scarperi, A, 2002)		0.31
" All achieved remission again after restarting the regimen and increasing the SSZ dosage by one-third."( Sulfasalazine therapy for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Chen, CC; Chiang, BL; Lin, YT; Yang, YH, 2002)		0.31
"the aim of this retrospective study is to determine whether initial AZA dosing based on TPMT genotype or phenotype alters the likelihood of developing acute leukopenia."( Determination of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype or phenotype optimizes initial dosing of azathioprine for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
Mardini, H; Regueiro, M, 2002)		0.53
" The aim of this study was to assess the reversibility of CCN and to assess the safety and efficacy of a strategy of cyclosporine dosage reduction, combined with conversion from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil (AZA/MMF switch) to maintain immunosuppression."( Reversal of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity after heart transplantation-potential role of mycophenolate mofetil.
Hayward, C; Keogh, AM; Kusano, K; Macdonald, PS; Savdie, E; Spratt, PM; Tedoriya, T; Wilson, M, 2002)		0.51
" A strategy of AZA/MMF switch combined with cyclosporine dosage reduction is generally well tolerated and results in short-term improvement in renal function in most patients."( Reversal of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity after heart transplantation-potential role of mycophenolate mofetil.
Hayward, C; Keogh, AM; Kusano, K; Macdonald, PS; Savdie, E; Spratt, PM; Tedoriya, T; Wilson, M, 2002)		0.31
" AZA dosing was safely increased in patients with cirrhosis/hypersplenism."( Azathioprine metabolite measurements in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in pediatric patients: a preliminary report.
Emerick, KM; Emre, S; Rumbo, C; Shneider, BL, 2002)		1.76
" Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests provide a sensitive, specific means of prospectively identifying these patients before AZA therapy and minimizing toxicity through dosage reduction."( Practical pharmacogenetics: the cost effectiveness of screening for thiopurine s-methyltransferase polymorphisms in patients with rheumatological conditions treated with azathioprine.
Anis, AH; Esdaile, JM; Marra, CA, 2002)		0.51
" The usual dosing strategy cost $677 Cdn per patient, whereas the genotype directed dosing strategy cost $663 Cdn per patient."( Practical pharmacogenetics: the cost effectiveness of screening for thiopurine s-methyltransferase polymorphisms in patients with rheumatological conditions treated with azathioprine.
Anis, AH; Esdaile, JM; Marra, CA, 2002)		0.51
" We evaluated for the first time an alternative dosing regimen for basiliximab, consisting of a single 40-mg intravenous dose on day 1 post-transplantation plus triple therapy, in comparison with the conventional two-dose regimen (2 h before transplantation and on day 4) plus triple therapy."( Safety and efficacy of an alternative basiliximab (Simulect) regimen after renal transplantation: administration of a single 40-mg dose on the first postoperative day in patients receiving triple therapy with azathioprine.
Bachleda, P; Korn, A; Lao, M; Matl, I; Matthisson, M; Michalský, R; Navrátil, P; Prestele, H; Treska, V, 2003)		0.51
" Prednisone dosage was reduced from a mean of 19."( Immunomodulators and "on demand" therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease: clinical experience with 400 infusions.
France, R; Kinney, T; Kozarek, R; Patterson, D; Rawlins, M, 2003)		0.32
" Dosing of these agents was concentration-controlled and open-labeled."( Bicêtre hospital experience with sirolimus-based therapy in human renal transplantation: the Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study.
Bäckman, L; Brattström, C; Calne, R; Campistol, JM; Charpentier, B; Claesson, K; Durand, D; Groth, CG; Kreis, H; Lang, P; Morales, JM; Touraine, JL; Wramner, L, 2003)		0.32
" Most liver transplantation centers reduce the dosage of steroids and eventually withdraw them after various time intervals."( Steroid-free immunosuppression during and after liver transplantation--a 3-yr follow-up report.
Aerts, R; Fevery, J; Koshiba, T; Lauwers, P; Nevens, F; Pirenne, J; Roskams, T; Schetz, M; Van Gelder, F; Verhaegen, M, 2003)		0.32
" All patients received oral corticosteroids in a tapering dosage schedule initially."( Azathioprine versus sulfasalazine in maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis.
Avasthi, G; Midha, V; Sood, A; Sood, N, )		1.57
" In this study, we examined the dosing time-dependent alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Miz."( Dosing time-dependent pharmacological effects of anti-metabolites for rat cardiac graft.
Fujimura, A; Higuchi, S; Hishikawa, S; Kobayashi, E; Sudoh, T; Sugimoto, K; Sunaga, K; To, H; Uchida, H; Xiu, DR, 2001)		0.31
"To evaluate the value of genotype-based dosing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based polymorphism screening in terms of cost-effectiveness for treatment with azathioprine in Korea."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea.
Anis, AH; Bae, SC; Oh, KT, 2004)		0.72
"Decision analysis was employed to compare a genotype-based dosing strategy with the conventional weight-based dosing strategy using a hypothetical cohort composed of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea.
Anis, AH; Bae, SC; Oh, KT, 2004)		0.53
"In the base case model, total expected cost and the probability of not dropping out owing to serious adverse events of the conventional weight-based dosing and the genotype-based dosing strategy were 1339 x 10(3) Korean won (1,117 US dollars) and 1109 x 10(3) Korean won (926 US dollars), and 97."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea.
Anis, AH; Bae, SC; Oh, KT, 2004)		0.53
"Our model suggests that a genotype-based dosing strategy through PCR-based thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphism screening is less costly and more effective than the conventional weight-based dosing strategy in Korea, as it was associated with a marked reduction in the number of serious adverse events."( Pharmacoeconomic analysis of thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphism screening by polymerase chain reaction for treatment with azathioprine in Korea.
Anis, AH; Bae, SC; Oh, KT, 2004)		0.53
" At 8 visits during the first 6 months after transplantation, we obtained 2,328 everolimus trough levels (Cmin) and 129 area-under-the-curve (AUC) profiles over the dosing interval in patients treated with everolimus; we collected 3,258 cyclosporine trough concentrations and 174 profiles in all 3 treatment arms."( Everolimus in de novo cardiac transplantation: pharmacokinetics, therapeutic range, and influence on cyclosporine exposure.
Dorent, R; Eisen, H; Hsu, CH; Kovarik, JM; Mancini, D; Rordorf, C; Rouilly, M; Vigano, M, 2003)		0.32
" Traditional dosing strategies for initiation of thiopurines are often based on weight or empirically chosen."( Optimizing immunomodulator therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
Dubinsky, MC, 2003)		0.32
" For the treatment of pemphigus, a course of the lowest possible corticosteroid dosage in combination with immunosuppressive agents appears to be effective and less toxic than a high corticosteroid dosage."( Pemphigus in Korea: clinical manifestations and treatment protocol.
Choi, WW; Chung, JH; Seo, PG, 2003)		0.32
" In the past years major efforts have been carried out to define therapeutic windows based on blood/plasma levels of each immunosuppressant relating those concentrations to drug dosing and clinical events."( From pharmacokinetics to pharmacogenomics: a new approach to tailor immunosuppressive therapy.
Cattaneo, D; Perico, N; Remuzzi, G, 2004)		0.32
" The dosage was adjusted to maintain trough levels in the target range of 250 to 350 ng/dL during the first 3 months; however, it was often reduced when renal dysfunction was suspected."( Experience with cyclosporine in living-donor lobar lung transplantation.
Date, H, 2004)		0.32
"Optimal dosing of cyclosporine is difficult in transplant recipients."( Impact of C2 measurement on cyclosporine Neoral dosing in a Latin-American transplant program: the Guatemalan experience.
García-Gallont, R; Toledo Solares, M, 2004)		0.32
"Twenty-three consecutive patients (14 male/9 female, universal colitis 14/23) entered a 3-month course of NEORAL (initially dosed at 5 mg/kg/day) because of steroid-refractoriness (14 cases) and steroid-dependence (9 cases)."( Long-term efficacy of oral microemulsion cyclosporin for refractory ulcerative colitis.
Actis, GC; Fadda, M; Lagget, M; Morino, F; Palmo, A; Pinna-Pintor, M; Rizzetto, M, 2004)		0.32
" However, optimal cyclosporine exposure can now be achieved through monitoring of cyclosporine levels 2 hours after dosing (C(2) monitoring)."( Optimizing the immunosuppressive regimen in heart transplantation.
Eisen, H; Ross, H, 2004)		0.32
"To evaluate the circadian variation in patients with renal transplant on twice daily dosing in order to evaluate if patients could need a dosage adjustment in diurnal or nocturnal dose."( Circadian variation of cyclosporine A in renal transplanted patients.
González López, EH; Jung Cook, H; Nava, A; Reyna Rodríguez, C, )		0.13
"To investigate whether patients kept in remission by azathioprine treatment for >2 years benefit from further treatment, and to explore dose-response relationship."( Randomized controlled azathioprine withdrawal after more than two years treatment in Crohn's disease: increased relapse rate the following year.
Dahlerup, JF; Fallingborg, J; Grønbaek, K; Munck, LK; Nørregaard, P; Vilien, M, 2004)		0.89
"A 49-years-old female with a history of multiple sclerosis and on medication with azathioprine over 5 years amounting to a cumulative dosage of 45 g presented with fatigue and sinus tachycardia."( [Azathioprine-associated myelodysplastic syndrome with cytogenetic aberrations].
Kaiser, U; Schlegelberger, B; Wilkens, L; Willerding-Möllmann, S, 2004)		1.46
"Treatment with azathioprine may - depending on its cumulative dosage - lead to pancytopenia and subsequent development of myelodysplasia or secondary leukaemia, respectively."( [Azathioprine-associated myelodysplastic syndrome with cytogenetic aberrations].
Kaiser, U; Schlegelberger, B; Wilkens, L; Willerding-Möllmann, S, 2004)		1.59
" A rational therapeutic strategy for thiopurine drug use is to first determine TPMT phenotype/genotype and then to adjust the dosage on an individual basis."( Analytic aspects of monitoring therapy with thiopurine medications.
Armstrong, VW; Oellerich, M; Shipkova, M; von Ahsen, N, 2004)		0.32
" The 2 g per day dosage is more acceptable."( Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine after renal transplantation: a systematic review.
Li, H; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Wang, K; Wei, Q; Yang, Y; Zhang, H, 2004)		0.59
" Complications of high AZA dosing make dose escalation potentially problematic."( Utility of azathioprine metabolite measurements in post-transplant recurrent autoimmune and immune-mediated hepatitis.
Emre, SH; Rumbo, C; Shneider, BL, 2004)		0.71
" New diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are needed to directly determine the functional importance of the influence of host genetic factors on choice and dosage scheduling of therapy."( Pharmacogenetics of inflammatory bowel disease.
Farrell, R; Kelleher, D; McManus, R, 2004)		0.32
" This review provides the latest information for clinicians on efficacy, side-effects, dosing and monitoring of these medications for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease."( Review article: monitoring of immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease.
Aberra, FN; Lichtenstein, GR, 2005)		0.33
"Univariate analysis identified the duration of transplant, papilla bleeding index, creatinine serum concentration, azathioprine and prednisolone dosage as risk factors for overgrowth severity."( Risk factors for gingival overgrowth in patients medicated with ciclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers.
Ellis, JS; Seymour, RA; Thomason, JM, 2005)		0.54
" Dosage of each of the three immunosuppressants was identified as a risk factor for the severity of gingival change."( Risk factors for gingival overgrowth in patients medicated with ciclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers.
Ellis, JS; Seymour, RA; Thomason, JM, 2005)		0.33
" Concern over acute toxicity frequently leads to under dosing and frequent monitoring tests and visits."( Thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity determination before treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine: effect on cost and adverse events.
Bailey, RJ; Fedorak, RN; Jacobs, P; Prosser, C; Sayani, FA, 2005)		0.54
" Heterozygous patients may then be targeted for a more "tailored" increase in dosing and regular laboratory monitoring."( Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) heterozygosity and enzyme activity as predictive tests for the development of azathioprine-related adverse events.
Heckmann, JM; Lambson, EM; Little, F; Owen, EP, 2005)		0.54
" All patients were initiated with equivalent azathioprine dosage (50 mg qd)."( Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience.
Bajaj, JS; Binion, DG; Emmons, J; Franco, J; Knox, JF; Levy, M; Podoll, J; Saeian, K; Varma, RR, 2005)		0.85
" The mean dosage of Az was 52."( Twenty-five-year survival of living related kidney transplants: thirty-five years' experience.
Akioka, K; Higuchi, A; Kadotani, Y; Kaihara, S; Nobori, S; Ogino, S; Okamoto, M; Ushigome, H; Wakabayashi, Y; Yoshimura, N, 2005)		0.33
"Modifications in the timing and dosage of immunosuppression can ameliorate the morbidity and mortality that has prevented widespread use of intestinal transplantation (ITx) in children."( Intestinal transplantation under tacrolimus monotherapy after perioperative lymphoid depletion with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin).
Abu-Elmagd, K; Bond, GJ; Macedo, C; Mazariegos, GV; Murase, N; Peters, J; Reyes, J; Sindhi, R; Starzl, TE, 2005)		0.33
" Records were reviewed for the dosage of immunosuppression, rate of relapse, steroid side effects, current status of liver function tests and evidence for cirrhosis and its complications."( Autoimmune hepatitis type 1: safety and efficacy of prolonged medical therapy.
Boyer, JL; Seela, S; Sheela, H, 2005)		0.33
" The renal tolerability of CsA is reasonably good when the dosage is low."( Treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Meyrier, A, 2005)		0.33
" AZA dose selection based on pharmacogenetic testing of TPMT and metabolite monitoring (MM) may offer a safety and efficacy advantage over traditional dosing strategies."( A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative disease management strategies in patients with Crohn's disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine.
Chiou, CF; Dubinsky, MC; Ofman, J; Reyes, E; Sandborn, WJ; Wade, S, 2005)		0.54
"61); among the 34 responders, the median dosage of the drug required to obtain remission was lower for mutated than for wild type patients (1."( TPMT genotype and the use of thiopurines in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Barabino, A; Bartoli, F; Decorti, G; Fezzi, M; Fontana, M; Giraldi, T; Lionetti, P; Malusà, N; Martelossi, S; Stocco, G; Ventura, A, 2005)		0.33
" During first 6 months of the trial, the patients also received prednisolone, which was started at a dosage of 15 mg daily and tapered to zero by the end of the sixth month."( A randomized unblinded trial of cyclophosphamide versus azathioprine in the treatment of systemic sclerosis.
Davis, P; Fritzler, M; Kovalenko, W; Nadashkevich, O, 2006)		0.58
" The immunosuppression scheme and dosage of drugs used in pregnant women are vital to both the normal course of pregnancy and delivery of a healthy child."( [Immunosuppressive drug therapy during pregnancy after kidney transplantation].
Gryboś, M; Kazimierczak, I; Kazimierczak, K; Klinger, M; Weyde, W; Zmonarski, S, 2005)		0.33
" TPMT-based dosing seemed to reduce predicted toxicity, and drug efficacy was maintained."( Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate-to-severe atopic eczema: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Gray, JC; Meggitt, SJ; Reynolds, NJ, 2006)		1.78
"To evaluate pharmacokinetics and tolerance after initiation of thiopurine treatment with a fixed dosing schedule in patients with IBD."( Pharmacogenetics during standardised initiation of thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease.
Almer, S; Hindorf, U; Hjortswang, H; Lindqvist, M; Peterson, C; Pousette, A; Söderkvist, P; Ström, M, 2006)		0.33
"After initiation of thiopurine treatment using a fixed dosing schedule, no general induction of TPMT enzyme activity occurred, though TPMT gene expression decreased."( Pharmacogenetics during standardised initiation of thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease.
Almer, S; Hindorf, U; Hjortswang, H; Lindqvist, M; Peterson, C; Pousette, A; Söderkvist, P; Ström, M, 2006)		0.33
" Additionally, established therapies are attracting renewed interest with novel dosage regimens and new formulations offering improved efficacy whilst maintaining an excellent tolerance profile."( What's new: innovative concepts in inflammatory bowel disease.
Sandborn, WJ, 2006)		0.33
" In this case, once the dosage of oral prednisone was increased and methotrexate was added to the therapeutic scheme, inflammation was controlled within 1 month."( Combination of azathioprine and corticosteroids in the treatment of serpiginous choroiditis.
Burnier, MN; Deschênes, J; Ozdal, PC; Vianna, RN, 2006)		0.69
" They (1) summarize the history of azathioprine; (2) discuss metabolism, integrating information from recent publications; (3) review the mechanism of action with attention paid to the activities of azathioprine not mediated by its 6-mercaptopurine metabolites and review new data about inhibition by azathioprine of the CD28 signal transduction pathway; (4) thoroughly examine thiopurine s-methyltransferase genetics, its clinical relevance, and interethnic variations; (5) review prior uses of azathioprine in the field of dermatology and grade the level of evidence; (6) discuss the use of azathioprine in pregnancy and pediatrics; review (7) key drug interactions and (8) adverse effects; (9) suggest a dosing and monitoring approach different from prior recommendations; and (10) explore the future of azathioprine, focusing on laboratory considerations and therapeutic application."( Azathioprine in dermatology: the past, the present, and the future.
McCall, CO; Patel, AA; Swerlick, RA, 2006)		2.05
" His tacrolimus dosage was decreased, and azathioprine was discontinued."( Tumor lysis syndrome associated with reduced immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient.
Deel, C; Hellman, RN; Khan, BA, 2006)		0.6
" Randomized trials comparing the routine strategy of AZA/6-MP dosing (based exclusively on the patient's weight) versus individualized monitoring (based on quantification of TPMP activity and/or thiopurine metabolites) are required before definitive conclusions on the most effective alternative can be drawn."( [Monitoring of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolites to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease].
Gisbert, JP; González-Lama, Y; Maté, J, 2006)		0.56
" 6-TGN accumulation may result in azathioprine (AZA)-induced bone marrow myelosuppression in the course of treatment with the drug in a standard dosage regimen in patients following renal transplantation."( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase phenotype-genotype correlation in hemodialyzed patients.
Chrzanowska, M; Czekalski, S; Droździk, M; Kurzawski, M; Mazik, M; Oko, A, )		0.41
" The addition of allopurinol enabled a reduction in mean daily prednisone dosage from 17."( Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine.
Cao, D; Friedman, S; Hanauer, SB; Hande, SA; Sparrow, MP, 2007)		0.56
" No significant differences on renal and survival endpoints are demonstrated with different dosing of CyA (evidence from RCT)."( [Treating lupus nephritis: guideline from the Italian Society of Nephrology].
Cagnoli, L; Canavese, C; Lupo, A; Manno, C; Passerini, P; Pozzi, C; Stratta, P; Strippoli, GF, )		0.13
" The use of bosentan for vasculitis had not been reported in children before the treatment of our patient, so its dosage was based on that used to produce vasodilation in children with pulmonary hypertension."( Polyarteritis nodosa resistant to conventional treatment in a pediatric patient.
García-Consuegra, J; González-Fernández, MA, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacogenomics has led to several genetic tests that provide clinical dosing recommendations."( Pharmacogenomics and its implications for autoimmune disease.
Carleton, B; Hayden, MR; Katzov, H; Ross, CJ, )		0.13
"Standard and adapted dosing with the provided dosing scheme led to identical 6-TGN concentrations and remission rates."( 6-thioguanine nucleotide-adapted azathioprine therapy does not lead to higher remission rates than standard therapy in chronic active crohn disease: results from a randomized, controlled, open trial.
Adler, G; Armstrong, VW; Behrens, C; Bias, P; Herfarth, H; Kruis, W; Oellerich, M; Reinshagen, M; Schütz, E; Shipkova, M; Stallmach, A; Stein, J; von Ahsen, N; von Tirpitz, C, 2007)		0.62
" A young patient presenting with toxic maculopathy after 57 g of hydroxychloroquine and a daily dosage of 2 mg/kg body weight prompted us to retrospectively look at our patients examined in this respect over about 1 year."( [Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine: variability of retinotoxic cumulative doses].
Berndt, S; Foerster, J; Rüther, K; Schroeter, J, 2007)		0.34
" However, there are inconsistencies in dosing regimes, blood monitoring and duration of therapy."( A triangulation study of the clinician and patient experiences of the use of the immunosuppressant drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
Holbrook, K, 2007)		0.55
" Gastrointestinal disturbances, bone marrow suppression and hepatic toxicity were greater in the azathioprine group rather than in the placebo group; they were anticipated, and, by monitoring and dosage adjustment, were easily managed."( Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis.
Casetta, I; Filippini, G; Iuliano, G, 2007)		2
" For centres with equipped laboratories, a dosing suggestion is provided based on thiopurine methyltransferase testing."( Azathioprine and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: the pharmacogenetics of thiopurine methyltransferase.
Adhikari, NK; Cole, DE; Friedman, O; Mintz, S; Perri, D; Piliotis, E, 2007)		1.78
" Although general guidelines have been suggested for weight-based dosing of thiopurines, no standard of care has been established."( How are Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine dosed by gastroenterologists? Results of a survey of clinical practice.
Abreu, MT; Sparrow, MP; Woodward, M; Yip, JS, 2008)		0.78
" The majority used weight-based dosing as their target of therapy."( How are Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine dosed by gastroenterologists? Results of a survey of clinical practice.
Abreu, MT; Sparrow, MP; Woodward, M; Yip, JS, 2008)		0.78
" Optimizing dosing of AZA/6-MP may improve efficacy and reduce the need to use additional therapy."( How are Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine dosed by gastroenterologists? Results of a survey of clinical practice.
Abreu, MT; Sparrow, MP; Woodward, M; Yip, JS, 2008)		0.78
" It is very important to measure the TPMT activity before initiating therapy so that proper dosing of azathioprine can be achieved."( Azathioprine in dermatology.
Bardek, I; Lipozencić, J; Milavec-Puretić, V, 2007)		2
" Most of them are easily managed by dosage adjustment or therapy interruption."( Azathioprine. Safety profile in multiple sclerosis patients.
La Mantia, L; Mascoli, N; Milanese, C, 2007)		1.78
" Papillary bleeding index, time since transplant and azathioprine dosage were significant in the univariate and multivariate models (adjusted R=43."( Gingival overgrowth in renal transplant subjects medicated with tacrolimus in the absence of calcium channel blockers.
Cezário, ES; Costa, FO; Cota, LO; Ferreira, SD; Siqueira, FM; Soares, RV; Zenóbio, EG, 2008)		0.6
" In the first set, the inactiveness and mortality of the mussels in different drugs were studied through two different dosages and in subsequent tests the fixation of dosage was employed."( Differential growth of the freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis in relation to certain drugs.
Mishra, RK; Mishra, S; Nayak, L; Sahu, BK; Senga, Y, 2008)		0.35
" Closely monitored dose escalation beyond the standard dosing range is effective and well-tolerated."( Increased dosing requirements for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease patients six years and younger.
Baldassano, RN; Grossman, AB; Mamula, P; Noble, AJ, 2008)		0.59
" To achieve maximal efficacy but minimize glucocorticoid-related adverse reactions, dosage should be individually tailored."( Improving therapeutic options for patients with giant cell arteritis.
Pipitone, N; Salvarani, C, 2008)		0.35
" Experiment 2 was a dose-response study with AZA gavaged daily for 10 days at 40-120 mg/kg."( The haemotoxicity of azathioprine in repeat dose studies in the female CD-1 mouse.
Chen, CM; Gibson, FM; Marway, HK; McKeag, S; Mifsud, CV; Molyneux, G; Pilling, AM; Turton, JA; Whayman, MJ, 2008)		0.66
" For patients with severe ulcerative colitis (UC), steroid dosing has been clarified, and a mega-analysis of steroid outcomes and toxicities has been reported."( Optimizing drug therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Kornbluth, A; Swaminath, A, 2007)		0.34
" The Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and the Harvey-Bradshaw index, the reduction of steroid dosage and side-effects for an average of 18 months follow up were analyzed."( Efficacy and safety of azathioprine maintenance therapy in a group of Crohn's disease patients in China.
Chu, XQ; Seng, BW; Shi, XH; Zheng, JJ; Zhou, CL, 2008)		0.66
" Primary end point was the proportion of patients who required a decrease in IFX dosing interval or stopped IFX therapy."( Withdrawal of immunosuppression in Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial.
Baert, F; D'Haens, G; Magdelaine-Beuzelin, C; Noman, M; Paintaud, G; Rutgeerts, P; Ternant, D; Van Assche, G; Vermeire, S; Watier, H, 2008)		0.35
"A similar proportion (24/40, 60% Con) and (22/40, 55% Dis) of patients needed a change in IFX dosing interval or stopped IFX therapy (11/40 Con, 9/40 Dis)."( Withdrawal of immunosuppression in Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial.
Baert, F; D'Haens, G; Magdelaine-Beuzelin, C; Noman, M; Paintaud, G; Rutgeerts, P; Ternant, D; Van Assche, G; Vermeire, S; Watier, H, 2008)		0.35
" hydrocortisone, and 8 with active disease despite oral steroids (all but one with therapeutic dosage and duration of immunomodulation)."( Use of infliximab in the prevention and delay of colectomy in severe steroid dependant and refractory ulcerative colitis.
Lawrance, IC; Willert, RP, 2008)		0.35
" In patients, however, on effective dosage and duration of immunomodulation at time of infliximab therapy colectomy was not avoided."( Use of infliximab in the prevention and delay of colectomy in severe steroid dependant and refractory ulcerative colitis.
Lawrance, IC; Willert, RP, 2008)		0.35
" Individualized dosing schedules and the emergence of non-steroidal medications are realistic expectations."( Safety issues in the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2008)		0.35
" Because of elevated liver enzyme levels, the azathioprine dosage was decreased to 100 mg daily."( Azathioprine-induced warfarin resistance.
Pendleton, RC; Rondina, MT; Vazquez, SR, 2008)		2.05
" We describe the case of a young patient with ulcerative colitis, homozygous for TPMT*3A alleles, who suffered fatal azathioprine-induced myelotoxicity after standard dosing with azathioprine."( Fatal myelotoxicity after azathioprine treatment.
Bortlík, M; Chalupná, P; Krska, Z; Lukás, M; Novotný, A; Slanar, O, 2008)		0.86
" Identification of the TPMT mutant alleles allows physicians to tailor the dosage of the thiopurine drugs to the genotype of the patient or to use alternatives, improving therapeutic outcome."( Clinical pharmacogenomics of thiopurine S-methyltransferase.
Zhou, S, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacogenetically guided dosing is recommended for safe use of thiopurines but ongoing routine laboratory monitoring remains important."( Laboratory evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease.
Bass, D; Wong, A, 2008)		0.35
" CsA dosing was adjusted according to the 2-hour whole blood concentration (C2) level."( Optimal C2 concentration of cyclosporin corrected with good efficacy and safety in Asian kidney transplant recipients.
Chueh, SC; Chung, SD; Lai, MK; Tai, HC; Wang, SM, 2008)		0.35
" Our C2 dosing strategy resulted in good outcomes with acceptable side effects in our single-center experience."( Optimal C2 concentration of cyclosporin corrected with good efficacy and safety in Asian kidney transplant recipients.
Chueh, SC; Chung, SD; Lai, MK; Tai, HC; Wang, SM, 2008)		0.35
" Conclusion Larger prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of TPMT activity and to determine accurate azathioprine dosing guidelines based on TPMT activity."( Role of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the safety and efficacy of azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris.
Chams-Davatchi, C; Firooz, A; Ghandi, N; Hallaji, Z; Karbakhsh Davari, M; Valikhani, M, 2008)		0.78
"We studied dosing patterns of MMF and azathioprine in the first year after transplantation and their impact on graft outcome after renal transplantation between 1999 and 2002 in the United Kingdom."( The effect of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine dose on renal allograft outcome in the United kingdom.
Collett, D; Johnson, R; Raftery, M; Rudge, C; Shah, S; Yaqoob, MM, 2008)		0.88
"We conducted a 6-month open-label dose-escalation clinical study of patients with active SLE treated with azathioprine dosed by body weight and metabolite levels."( Use of pharmacogenetics, enzymatic phenotyping, and metabolite monitoring to guide treatment with azathioprine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Askanase, AD; Belmont, HM; Bernstein, L; Buyon, JP; Ishimori, M; Izmirly, PM; Seidman, E; Tseng, CE; Wallace, DJ; Weisman, MH, 2009)		0.78
" Finally, drug dosage should be adjusted in cases of chronic renal insufficiency."( [Treatment of membranous nephropathy with chronic renal insufficiency].
Leoni, A; Passerini, P, )		0.13
" The initial loading dosage was 2 mg/d, and the next dosage was 1 mg/d."( Rapamycin instead of mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine in treatment of post-renal transplantation urothelial carcinoma.
Hu, XP; Ma, LL; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yang, XY; Yin, H; Zhang, XD, 2009)		0.61
"Medication vials incorporating electronic monitor circuits in their caps compiled prospective data files on the azathioprine dosing patterns of 180 adult renal transplant recipients monitored up to 4 years."( Quantitative patterns of azathioprine adherence after renal transplantation.
Nevins, TE; Thomas, W, 2009)		0.87
" These initial dosing patterns remained remarkably consistent up to 4 years."( Quantitative patterns of azathioprine adherence after renal transplantation.
Nevins, TE; Thomas, W, 2009)		0.66
" Individual dosing patterns are established early after hospital discharge and remain remarkably consistent, despite gradual erosion in adherence over time."( Quantitative patterns of azathioprine adherence after renal transplantation.
Nevins, TE; Thomas, W, 2009)		0.66
" There is insufficient study of the dosing of glucocorticoids."( Review article: Progress of treatment in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Jayne, D, 2009)		0.35
" Azathioprine dosage was adjusted according to clinical response and occurrence of adverse events."( Azathioprine therapy in steroid-dependent patients with Crohn disease: results of a 10-year longitudinal follow-up study.
Chebli, JM; Chebli, LA; do Amaral, FJ; Gaburri, PD; Meirelles de Souza, AF; Moraes, JP; Pace, FH; Pinto, AL; Ribeiro, MS, 2009)		2.71
" A moderate dosage of prednisone (0."( Premature atherosclerosis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis prevention in pediatric lupus erythematosus cohort.
Ardoin, SP; Barnhart, HX; Bowyer, SL; Brunner, HI; Eberhard, A; Evans, GW; Higgins, GC; Ilowite, NT; Jung, L; Kimura, Y; Klein-Gitelman, M; Levy, DM; McCurdy, D; Mieszkalski, KL; Punaro, L; Reed, A; Sandborg, C; Schanberg, LE; Sherry, DD; Silver, R; Silverman, E; Singer, NG; Soep, JB; von Scheven, E; Wagner-Weiner, L; Wallace, C; Yow, E, 2009)		0.35
"Our analysis supports the view that TPMT genotyping alone is not sufficient to adequately personalize the AZA dosage in rheumatic patients."( Genetic polymorphisms of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in a cohort of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.
Blandizzi, C; Bombardieri, S; Colucci, R; d'Ascanio, A; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Fornai, M; Ghisu, N; Gori, G; Mosca, M; Tani, C, )		0.13
" Patients often take only 40 to 80% of their prescribed dosage of medication."( [The problems of compliance and adherence, using the example of chronic inflammatory bowel disease].
Siegmund, SV; Singer, MV; Zimmerer, T, 2009)		0.35
" Patients with variations of the TPMT gene may be at risk for myelosuppression after they receive a standard dosage of the drug."( Impact of the heterozygous TPMT*1/*3C genotype on azathioprine-induced myelosuppression in kidney transplant recipients in Thailand.
Angsuthum, S; Avihingsanon, Y; Makarawate, P; Pongskul, C; Praditpornsilpa, K; Sirivongs, D; Tassaneeyakul, W; Vannaprasaht, S, 2009)		0.61
" Retreatment with an augmented dosage of prednisolone, +/- another immunosuppressive agent, resulted in CR and PR in 15 (79%) and 4 (21%) of these flare episodes, respectively."( Very long-term outcome of pure lupus membranous nephropathy treated with glucocorticoid and azathioprine.
Mok, CC; Ng, WL; Wong, WS; Yim, CW; Ying, KY, 2009)		0.57
" Dosing was guided by measuring thiopurine methyltransferase (for UK patients) or thioguanine nucleotides and methyl-6MP (Australian patients)."( Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can bypass many adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Ansari, A; Duley, JA; Florin, TH; O'Donohue, J; Patel, N; Sanderson, J, 2010)		0.78
" AZA dosage was adjusted according to clinical response and occurrence of adverse events."( Early onset steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis is a predictor of azathioprine response: a longitudinal 12-month follow-up study.
Chaves, LD; Chebli, JM; Chebli, LA; Felga, GG; Gaburri, PD; Guerra, DM; Pimentel, FF; Zanini, A, 2010)		0.6
" Infliximab failure was defined by: (i) disease flare requiring shortening of the dosing interval or increasing the infliximab dose to 10 mg/kg, or switching to adalimumab; (ii) acute or delayed hypersensitivity reactions leading to infliximab discontinuation; or (iii) CD-related surgery."( Predictors of infliximab failure after azathioprine withdrawal in Crohn's disease treated with combination therapy.
Bigard, MA; Chevaux, JB; Fay, R; Oussalah, A; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sandborn, WJ, 2010)		0.63
"In 53 patients, acute inflammation was suppressed with effective prednisolone dosage (1-2 mg/kg/day, tapered to 10 mg within 4-6 weeks)."( Safety and effectiveness of interferon alpha-2a in treatment of patients with Behçet's uveitis refractory to conventional treatments.
Bayer, A; Bayraktar, MZ; Durukan, AH; Erdem, U; Erdurman, C; Karagul, S; Köksal, S; Sobaci, G, 2010)		0.36
" To prevent severe bone marrow depletion, the dosage of azathioprine, an immunosupressant drug, was reduced by 50% to prevent interaction with allopurinol."( Gout in pediatric renal transplant recipients.
Goetschel, P; Laube, GF; Trück, J; von Vigier, RO, 2010)		0.61
"001), and a significant decrease in the mean oral prednisone dosage (55."( Azathioprine in severe uveitis of Behçet's disease.
Amoura, Z; Bodaghi, B; Cacoub, P; Cassoux, N; Hajage, D; Le Hoang, P; Le Thi Huong, D; Resche-Rigon, M; Saadoun, D; Terrada, C; Wechsler, B, 2010)		1.8
" Drug-induced neutropenia, especially MMF-induced neutropenia, was suspected, and the dosage of MMF was reduced."( Mycophenolate mofetil-induced agranulocytosis in a renal transplant recipient.
Chikaraishi, T; Kimura, K; Matsui, K; Sasaki, H; Shibagaki, Y; Yasuda, T, 2010)		0.36
" The median dosage of MMF was 1180 mg/d at the end of follow-up."( Introduction of mycophenolate mofetil in maintenance liver transplant recipients: what can we expect? Results of a 10-year experience.
Adham, M; Boillot, O; Dumortier, J; Guillaud, O; Pittau, G; Salandre, J; Scoazec, JY, 2010)		0.36
" Presently, the most debated issues surrounding the thiopurines include: the role of thiopurine methyltransferase and metabolite-adjusted dosing in enhancing efficacy and minimizing toxicity; the timing of thiopurine use, that is, earlier versus later use during the course of the disease; the selection of thiopurine monotherapy versus combination therapy with an anti-TNF-α; agent; and the safety profile of thiopurines."( Thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Dassopoulos, T; Ha, C, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacogenomic advances and increased knowledge of their metabolism are allowing dosage optimization."( Optimizing thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Chevaux, JB; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Sparrow, MP, 2011)		0.37
" AZA dosing according to patients TPMT status can reduce drug-induced morbidity and can be cost effective."( Outcome of patients on azathioprine: a need for a better pre-treatment assessment and dosing guideline.
Gow, PJ; Jabin, D; Kumar, S, 2010)		0.67
" Data were collected on patient's demographics, treatment history including AZA dosing regimen, TPMT testing, drug-related toxicities and their management."( Outcome of patients on azathioprine: a need for a better pre-treatment assessment and dosing guideline.
Gow, PJ; Jabin, D; Kumar, S, 2010)		0.67
" BSR recommendation for AZA dosing was followed in 15% cases."( Outcome of patients on azathioprine: a need for a better pre-treatment assessment and dosing guideline.
Gow, PJ; Jabin, D; Kumar, S, 2010)		0.67
" Our data suggests that better pre-treatment assessment including TPMT testing and the practice of guideline based dosing regimen would reduce the incidence of undue side-effects and discontinuation of such treatment."( Outcome of patients on azathioprine: a need for a better pre-treatment assessment and dosing guideline.
Gow, PJ; Jabin, D; Kumar, S, 2010)		0.67
" The dosage of thiopurine methyltransferase activity showed a low activity of the enzyme and the genotype of this enzyme found a TPMT*3C heterozygous mutant allele."( Azathioprine-induced severe cholestatic hepatitis in patient carrying TPMT*3C polymorphism.
Belajouza, C; Ben Salah, L; Ben Salem, C; Bouraoui, K, 2010)		1.8
" When the dosage of prednisone was reduced, symptoms returned."( Autoimmune dysfunction and subsequent renal insufficiency in a collegiate female athlete: a case report.
Colandreo, RM; Kern, A; Leone, JE; Williamson, JD, )		0.13
" Adequately dosed steroids are the mainstay of remission induction treatment, while remission maintenance is best achieved by azathioprine."( Autoimmune hepatitis.
Lohse, AW; Mieli-Vergani, G, 2011)		0.58
" We provide dosing recommendations (updates at http://www."( Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing.
Carrillo, M; Evans, WE; Gardner, EE; Klein, TE; Pui, CH; Relling, MV; Sandborn, WJ; Schmiegelow, K; Stein, CM; Yee, SW, 2011)		0.37
" The two treatment groups were compared for blood concentrations of CsA, the extent of acceptable dosage reduction for the maintenance of immunotherapy, potential effects of kidney protection, and promotion of graft function."( Combination therapy with diltiazem plus CsA/MMF/Pred or CsA/Aza/Pred triple immunosuppressive regimens for use in clinical kidney transplantation in Northwestern China.
Ding, X; Fan, X; Feng, X; Hou, J; Pan, X; Qin, G; Song, Y; Tian, P; Tian, X; Xiang, H; Xue, W; Yan, H, 2011)		0.37
"In our cohort of renal transplantation patients, co-administration of CsA and diltiazem increased CsA blood concentration, thereby resulting in a reduction in its required dosage treatment, which lightened the patients' economic burden while improving primary and long-term kidney function by promoting the recovery of graft function and decreasing hepatic and renal toxicity."( Combination therapy with diltiazem plus CsA/MMF/Pred or CsA/Aza/Pred triple immunosuppressive regimens for use in clinical kidney transplantation in Northwestern China.
Ding, X; Fan, X; Feng, X; Hou, J; Pan, X; Qin, G; Song, Y; Tian, P; Tian, X; Xiang, H; Xue, W; Yan, H, 2011)		0.37
" We also explore some of the recent evidence emerging in regards to the risks of lymphoproliferative disease, dosage optimization strategies and the role of thiopurines in achieving mucosal healing in UC and ultimately changing natural history outcomes for our patients."( Thiopurine immunomodulators in ulcerative colitis: moving forward with current evidence.
La Nauze, RJ; Sparrow, MP, 2011)		0.37
" Following induction, therapy is continued, with some decrease in aggressive dosing for a more prolonged period of time-typically 24 months-that is aimed at preventing renal flares and smoldering disease, which could lead to continuous deterioration of renal function."( Treatment of lupus nephritis.
Askanase, A; Shum, K, 2011)		0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" Future research will be important to more fully understand the best dosing regimen of MMF for induction versus maintenance treatment, total duration of treatment, and the utility of therapeutic monitoring of MMF levels."( Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Dall'Era, M, 2011)		0.37
" Almost all gastroenterologists (97%) used weight-based dosing that was gradually escalated."( How are thiopurines used and monitored by Swedish gastroenterologists when treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease?
Andersson, P; Hindorf, U, 2011)		0.37
" During subsequent days, mean azathioprine dosage administered to thiopurine S-methyltransferase wild-type homozygous patients was similar to heterozygous patients, but with no statistical difference (P = ."( Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism in Iranian kidney transplant recipients.
Aghdaie, MH; Azarpira, N; Darai, M; Geramizadeh, B; Malekhoseini, SA; Rahsaz, M; Sagheb, M, 2011)		0.66
" There was no difference between the AZA- and MTX-groups in respect of prednisone dosing (apart from months 10 and 12), in quantitative MG Score improvement, proportions in sustained remission, frequencies of MG relapses, or adverse reactions and/or withdrawals."( A single-blinded trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine as steroid-sparing agents in generalized myasthenia gravis.
Badri, M; Bateman, K; Heckmann, JM; Rawoot, A; Renison, R, 2011)		0.63
" Dose intensification to weekly dosing was needed in 16."( [Predictors of efficacy, mucosal healing and dose intensification during the first year of adalimumab therapy in patients with luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. National data from Hungary].
Banai, J; Bartha, Z; Farkas, K; Gasztonyi, B; Golovics, PA; Horváth, G; Kiss, LS; Lakatos, L; Lakatos, PL; Lovász, BD; Miheller, P; Molnár, T; Nagy, F; Palatka, K; Papp, M; Salamon, A; Szamosi, T; Szathmári, M; Szenes, M; Tóth, GT; Tulassay, Z; Végh, Z; Veres, G; Vincze, A, 2011)		0.37
" Measuring thiopurine metabolites is useful for dosage adjustment in children, and for the detection of potential toxicity."( Evaluating the use of metabolite measurement in children receiving treatment with a thiopurine.
Armstrong, L; Bishop, J; Galloway, P; McGrogan, P; Russell, RK; Sharif, JA, 2011)		0.37
" AZ dosing was correlated to TPMT levels successfully, with comparable levels of improvement in the heterozygous and homozygous wild-type groups."( Systemic treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil.
Agans, R; Morrell, DS; Waxweiler, WT, )		0.38
" Optimal thiopurine dosing is challenging for preventing adverse drug reactions and improving clinical response."( Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beaune, P; Chouchana, L; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Roblin, X, 2012)		0.38
" Adjusting dosage according to TPMT status and/or metabolite blood levels is recommended for optimising thiopurine therapy (e."( Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beaune, P; Chouchana, L; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Roblin, X, 2012)		0.38
" This algorithm allows a dosage individualisation to optimise the management of patients under thiopurine."( Review article: the benefits of pharmacogenetics for improving thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beaune, P; Chouchana, L; Loriot, MA; Narjoz, C; Roblin, X, 2012)		0.38
" In this report, we will review different approaches to administer the thiopurine medications, including the administration of 6-mercaptopurine in those unsuccessfully treated with azathioprine; co-administration of thiopurine with allopurinol; co-administration of thiopurine with anti-tumor necrosis factor α; 6-TGN administration; desensitization trials; and split dosing of 6-MP."( Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine therapy in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
Bradford, K; Shih, DQ, 2011)		0.84
" Patients were randomized to the non-RTX group (to receive conventional treatment, consisting of 1 of the following 3: glucocorticoids; azathioprine or cyclophosphamide; or plasmapheresis) or the RTX group (to receive 2 infusions of 1 gm each, with a lowering of the glucocorticoid dosage when possible, and with a second course of RTX at relapse)."( A randomized controlled trial of rituximab for the treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
Bombardieri, S; Campanini, M; De Vita, S; Ferri, C; Filippini, D; Gabrielli, A; Galli, M; Isola, M; Lenzi, M; Mascia, MT; Maset, M; Masolini, P; Mazzaro, C; Migliaresi, S; Monti, G; Naclerio, C; Perrella, O; Pietrogrande, M; Pioltelli, P; Quartuccio, L; Roccatello, D; Scaini, P; Tavoni, A; Zabotti, A; Zignego, AL, 2012)		0.58
"The assessment of the dose-response relationship is important but not straightforward when the therapeutic agent is administered repeatedly with dose-modification in each patient and a continuous response is measured repeatedly."( An autoregressive linear mixed effects model for the analysis of unequally spaced longitudinal data with dose-modification.
Funatogawa, I; Funatogawa, T, 2012)		0.38
" Median duration of 6-thioguanine therapy (median daily dosage 21 mg (9-24)) was 23 weeks (6-96)."( Hepatotoxicity associated with 6-methyl mercaptopurine formation during azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine therapy does not occur on the short-term during 6-thioguanine therapy in IBD treatment.
de Boer, NK; Mulder, CJ; Seinen, ML; van Asseldonk, DP; van Bodegraven, AA, 2012)		0.61
" There is heterogeneous thiopurine methyltransferase metabolism among patients, which has implications for clinical dosing and risk for adverse events."( Initiating azathioprine for Crohn's disease.
Levesque, BG; Loftus, EV, 2012)		0.77
" 13 adverse events occurred, including 6 specific to co-therapy (3 rash, 2 abnormal liver function tests, 1 dosing error)."( Optimising outcome on thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease by co-prescription of allopurinol.
Anderson, SH; Blaker, P; Irving, PM; Marinaki, AM; Sanderson, JD; Smith, MA, 2012)		0.38
" Tacrolimus was titrated to achieve a trough blood concentration of 4-6 ng/mL, and the dosage of azathioprine was 2 mg/kg/d."( Outcomes of maintenance therapy with tacrolimus versus azathioprine for active lupus nephritis: a multicenter randomized clinical trial.
Chen, J; Chen, W; Fu, J; Fu, P; Kong, Y; Li, Z; Liao, Y; Liu, F; Liu, Q; Liu, Z; Lou, T; Tang, X; Yang, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, J, 2012)		0.84
" The calf pain and limited range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion subsided from day 1 on administration of oral corticosteroid at high dosage and were completely resolved by 4 months."( Muscular polyarteritis nodosa.
Cho, NS; Choi, HS; Choi, SJ; Kim, DH; Yang, SN; Yoon, ES, 2012)		0.38
" The drop in relapse rate was independent from the dosage of azathioprine or changes in lymphocyte count."( Interferon-β or azathioprine as add-on therapies in patients with active multiple sclerosis.
Havrdova, E; Kalincik, T; Ticha, V, 2012)		0.97
" In-vivo study in rabbit shows delayed T(max), prolonged absorption time, decreased C(max) and absorption rate constant (Ka) indicating reduced systemic toxicity of the drug as compared to other dosage forms."( Formulation development and in-vitro/in-vivo correlation for a novel Sterculia gum-based oral colon-targeted drug delivery system of azathioprine.
Nath, B; Nath, LK, 2013)		0.59
" In responders, adherence and dosing issues were identified and TGN-guided dose-reduction was possible without precipitating relapse."( The impact of introducing thioguanine nucleotide monitoring into an inflammatory bowel disease clinic.
Anderson, S; Arenas, M; Blaker, P; Escuredo, E; Irving, P; Marinaki, A; Patel, C; Sanderson, J; Smith, M, 2013)		0.39
"To assess the levels of red blood cell thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) in subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to determine how these levels impacted thiopurine dosing and leukopenia over the first six months of therapy."( The utility of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme testing in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bernstein, CN; Chisick, L; Oleschuk, C, 2013)		0.39
"8% were dosed with ≥2."( The utility of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme testing in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bernstein, CN; Chisick, L; Oleschuk, C, 2013)		0.39
" MMF dosage was tapered and subsequently transferred to AZA, which was maintained throughout pregnancy."( Low risk of renal flares and negative outcomes in women with lupus nephritis conceiving after switching from mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine.
Aringer, M; Brinks, R; Fischer-Betz, R; Schneider, M; Specker, C, 2013)		0.59
"This study explored the relationship between the weight-based dosage of AZA and metabolites levels in 86 pediatric IBD patients using multilevel analysis."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage and thiopurine metabolites in pediatric IBD patients: identification of covariables using multilevel analysis.
Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH, 2013)		0.71
"The reliable AZA dose-metabolites relationship is useful for clinicians to guide the dosing regimen to maximize clinical response and minimize side effects or to consider alternative therapies when patients have preferential production of the toxic 6-MeMPN."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage and thiopurine metabolites in pediatric IBD patients: identification of covariables using multilevel analysis.
Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH, 2013)		0.71
" To date, however, optimal dosing has not been established."( Low allopurinol doses are sufficient to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with inadequate thiopurine metabolite concentrations.
Curkovic, I; Frei, P; Fried, M; Jetter, A; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Rentsch, KM; Rogler, G, 2013)		0.64
" With conventional dosing of thiopurines, patients with homozygous variant TPMT alleles consistently suffer from severe myelosuppression."( Successful azathioprine treatment with metabolite monitoring in a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patient homozygous for TPMT*3C.
Choe, YH; Kang, B; Kim, JW; Lee, MN; Lee, SY; Lee, YM; Woo, HI, 2013)		0.78
" Each patient had a dosage of azathioprine metabolites."( [Is there any interest to dose the azathioprine's metabolites during inflammatory bowel diseases?].
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Bouissorra, H; Fékih, M; Ferchichi, H; Filali, A; Klouz, A; Lakhal, M; Melaouhia, S, )		0.7
" It is recommended that virtually all children with UC must be treated with some maintenance therapy and 5-ASA requirement and dosing are often higher in children."( Differences in the management of pediatric and adult onset ulcerative colitis--lessons from the joint ECCO and ESPGHAN consensus guidelines for the management of pediatric ulcerative colitis.
Ruemmele, FM; Turner, D, 2014)		0.4
"To investigate whether AZA therapy is optimised by individualised dosing based on thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and 6TGN concentrations."( Randomised clinical trial: individualised vs. weight-based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.
Bentsen, JL; Dassopoulos, T; Dubinsky, MC; Galanko, JA; Hanauer, SB; Martin, CF; Sandler, RS; Seidman, EG, 2014)		0.64
" individualised AZA dosing in inducing and maintaining remission in adults and children with steroid-treated CD."( Randomised clinical trial: individualised vs. weight-based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn's disease.
Bentsen, JL; Dassopoulos, T; Dubinsky, MC; Galanko, JA; Hanauer, SB; Martin, CF; Sandler, RS; Seidman, EG, 2014)		0.64
"4%) patients, 11 UC and 9 CD, side-effects recovered after dosage reduction whilst in 78 (79."( Azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease patients: type and time of onset of side effects.
Avallone, EV; Cassieri, C; Paoluzi, P; Pica, R; Vernia, P; Zippi, M, 2014)		1.85
" Pemphigus activity scores, the time that new bulla formation stopped, the time corticosteroid was tapered, cumulative steroid dosage and medication side effects were analyzed."( Assessment of the adjuvant effect of tacrolimus in the management of pemphigus vulgaris: A randomized controlled trial.
Baghernejhad, M; Dastgheib, L; Sadati, MS, 2015)		0.42
" In IBD, conventional weight-based dosing with thiopurines leads to an inadequate response in many patients."( The role of thiopurine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatological disorders.
Friedman, AB; Gibson, PR; Sparrow, MP, 2014)		0.4
" Conventional weight based dosing of thiopurines in IBD leads to intolerance or inefficacy in many patients."( The role of thiopurine metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Sparrow, MP, 2014)		0.4
" Complete remission was defined as the absence of disease activity measured by a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's granulomatosis of 0 and not qualified by the prednisone dosage at the time."( Rituximab with or without a conventional maintenance agent in the treatment of relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): a retrospective single-center study.
Azar, L; Hoffman, GS; Langford, CA; Springer, J, 2014)		0.4
" Variation in thiopurine dosing and metabolite measurement was found among practitioners."( Routine use of thiopurines in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn's disease.
Baldassano, RN; Boyle, BM; Colletti, RB; Crandall, WV; Kappelman, MD; Milov, DE, 2014)		0.4
" Of the dosing strategies reviewed, we found evidence for monitoring thiopurine metabolite level, use of allopurinol with thiopurine, use of mesalamine with thiopurine, combination therapy with thiopurine and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and split dosing of AZA or 6-MP to optimize thiopurine therapy and minimize adverse effects in IBD."( Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD.
Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)		0.66
"Based on the currently available literature, various dosing strategies to improve therapeutic response and reduce adverse reactions can be considered, including use of allopurinol with thiopurine, use of mesalamine with thiopurine, combination therapy with thiopurine and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, and split dosing of thiopurine."( Update 2014: advances to optimize 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy in the management of IBD.
Amin, J; Huang, B; Shih, DQ; Yoon, J, 2015)		0.66
"Oral azathioprine was associated with few pronounced adverse effects for the duration of use and dosage in this cohort."( The adverse effect profile of oral azathioprine in pediatric atopic dermatitis, and recommendations for monitoring.
Bragoli, W; Fuggle, NR; Glover, M; Kinsler, VA; Mahto, A; Martinez, AE, 2015)		1.21
"Rituximab was the most effective of the three immunosuppressives for PV, although repeat dosing was frequently required."( Treatment outcomes in a cohort of patients with mucosal-predominant pemphigus vulgaris.
Fulcher, DA; Lin, MW; O'Connor, K; Ojaimi, S; Schifter, M, 2015)		0.42
" Systemic treatment usually begins with high dosage corticosteroids."( Atypical Cogan's syndrome: a case report and summary of current treatment options.
Jančatová, D; Komínek, P; Matoušek, P; Zeleník, K, 2015)		0.42
" However, the dosing and the duration of immunosuppressive therapy have not been systematically studied in the setting of treating ipilimumab-induced irAEs."( Ipilimumab-induced toxicities and the gastroenterologist.
Bye, W; Cheng, R; Cooper, A; Kench, J; McNeil, C; Shackel, N; Watson, G, 2015)		0.42
" The disease activity was determined by Crohn's Disease Activity Index and serum C-reactive protein dosage and dietary intake by 24h dietary recalls."( Whey and soy protein supplements changes body composition in patients with Crohn's disease undergoing azathioprine and anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
Coy, CS; Machado, JF; Morcillo, AM; Oya, V; Severino, SD; Sgarbieri, VC; Vilela, MM; Wu, C, 2015)		0.63
"AZA dosage is positively correlated with 6-TGN level."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage, 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels, and therapeutic response in pediatric patients with IBD treated with azathioprine.
Choe, YH; Choi, SY; Kang, B; Kim, JW; Kim, MJ; Lee, MN; Lee, SY; Woo, SY, 2015)		0.74
" These agents are generally used in fixed, weight-based dosing regimens, and both incomplete response and adverse effects are common."( Optimizing the use of existing therapies in lupus.
Croyle, L; Morand, EF, 2015)		0.42
" Current immunosuppression protocols include a combination of calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus, and antiproliferative agents (most commonly mycophenolate mofetil), with or without different dosing regimens of corticosteroids."( Current State of Immunosuppression: Past, Present, and Future.
Karam, S; Wali, RK, 2015)		0.42
" Tacrolimus dosage was 2 mg/day (median)."( Long-term follow-up of patients with difficult to treat type 1 autoimmune hepatitis on Tacrolimus therapy.
Adams, DH; Füssel, K; Hirschfield, GM; Hodson, J; Lohse, AW; Mann, J; Oo, YH; Schramm, C; Than, NN; Weiler-Normann, C; Wiegard, C, 2016)		0.43
" Weight-based dosing did not improve rates of therapeutic TGN levels (under-dosed 31."( Thiopurine metabolite testing in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bell, S; Brown, S; Connell, W; Cunningham, G; Goldberg, R; Kamm, MA; Lust, M; Marsh, P; Moore, G; Schulberg, J, 2016)		0.43
" Weight-based dosing did not increase rates of therapeutic levels but was associated with increased 6MMP shunting."( Thiopurine metabolite testing in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bell, S; Brown, S; Connell, W; Cunningham, G; Goldberg, R; Kamm, MA; Lust, M; Marsh, P; Moore, G; Schulberg, J, 2016)		0.43
" After randomization, 18 patients (group 2) had their treatment modified by reducing cyclosporine dosage and substituting azathioprine for mycophenolate mofetil, while the other 15 patients (group 1) remained under the initial scheme."( Intragraft transcriptional profiling of renal transplant patients with tubular dysfunction reveals mechanisms underlying graft injury and recovery.
Azevedo, H; Câmara, NO; Cenedeze, MA; Chinen, R; de Matos, AC; Moreira-Filho, CA; Naka, E; Pacheco-Silva, A; Renesto, PG, 2016)		0.64
" After a 2-month course of treatment with hydroxychloroquine dosage of 200 mg per day and a break of 3 months between courses, we observed a complete remission."( Unilateral unique Lupus tumidus: pathogenetic mystery and diagnostic problem.
Bakardzhiev, I; Chokoeva, AA; Krasnaliev, I; Lotti, T; Tana, C; Tchernev, G; Wollina, U, 2016)		0.43
" After diagnosis of a sympathetic ophthalmia a high dosage corticosteroid therapy was initiated."( [Sympathetic ophthalmia : Therapy with steroid-free immunosuppressant azathioprine].
Lohmann, CP; Mayer, CS; Straub, M; Wand, K, 2016)		0.67
" Cases (1555 patients with SLE who developed HZ) and controls (3049 age- and sex-matched patients with SLE but without HZ) were analyzed for use of various immunosuppressive medications in the preceding 3-month period, and dose-response relationships were determined."( Immunosuppressive medication use and risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A nationwide case-control study.
Chen, GS; Hu, SC; Lin, CL; Lin, YC; Wang, TN; Yen, FL, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, acute liver failure after multiple dosing of azathioprine was investigated in a patient case study by use of own clinical data."( Model-based contextualization of in vitro toxicity data quantitatively predicts in vivo drug response in patients.
Blank, LM; Castell, JV; Conde, I; Cordes, H; Kuepfer, L; Thiel, C, 2017)		0.7
" In this subgroup, thiopurine dosing was modified in 64% (dosage reduction: 32%, medication discontinued: 32%)."( The Impact of Azathioprine-Associated Lymphopenia on the Onset of Opportunistic Infections in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Biedermann, L; Frei, P; Fried, M; Rogler, G; Scharl, M; Scharl, S; Sulz, MC; Vavricka, SR; Vögelin, M; Zeitz, J, 2016)		0.79
" The activity in these enzymes correlates with the genetic polymorphism of the TPMT and ITPA genes, respectively, which determines an individual reaction and dosing of thiopurines."( A Simple Method for TPMT and ITPA Genotyping Using Multiplex HRMA for Patients Treated with Thiopurine Drugs.
Bartkowiak-Kaczmarek, A; Borun, P; Dobrowolska, A; Kurzawski, M; Lipinski, D; Plawski, A; Skrzypczak-Zielinska, M; Slomski, R; Walczak, M; Waszak, M; Zakerska-Banaszak, O, 2016)		0.43
" Because of the patient's susceptibility to infections, the attempt to gradually reduce glucocorticoid dosage induced a relapse of PH."( A complicated case of primary hypophysitis with bilateral intracavernous carotid artery occlusion.
Katsiveli, P; Kounadi, T; Lymperopoulos, K; Papanastasiou, L; Piaditis, G; Sfakiotaki, M; Voulgaris, N, 2016)		0.43
" Thiopurines are used in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) activity can guide thiopurine dosing to avoid adverse events."( Thiopurines in the Management of Crohn's Disease: Safety and Efficacy Profile in Patients with Normal TPMT Activity-A Retrospective Study.
Afif, W; AlYafi, M; Benmassaoud, A; Bessissow, T; Bitton, A; Theoret, Y; Xie, X, 2016)		0.43
" Oral prednisolone treatment was initiated at 30 mg/day, and the dosage was gradually decreased."( A case of autoimmune pancreatitis effectively treated with an immunosuppressant (azathioprine).
Arakawa, N; Fujisawa, M; Igarashi, R; Ikeda, T; Irisawa, A; Maki, T; Notohara, K; Sato, A; Shibukawa, G; Yamabe, A; Yamamoto, S; Yoshida, Y, 2016)		0.66
"Recent findings do support optimized drug dosing for infliximab based on early trough levels, but question the utility of checking these values in patients doing well in maintenance therapy."( Therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease.
Dubinsky, M; Jossen, J, 2016)		0.43
" CNI-based therapy is also complicated by the absence of standardized dosing and the need for drug level monitoring, as well as by pharmacogenetic differences."( Con: The use of calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Fernandez Nieto, M; Jayne, DR, 2016)		0.43
"85]) Conclusions: This study indicated that by changing the treatment strategy from standard weight-based dosing of azathioprine to weight-based low-dose azathioprine in combination with allopurinol, we can increase remission rates in patients with IBD."( Randomized clinical trial: a pilot study comparing efficacy of low-dose azathioprine and allopurinol to azathioprine on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease.
Kiszka-Kanowitz, M; Mertz-Nielsen, A; Theede, K, 2016)		0.88
" In spite of the temporary remission after re-initiation of oral steroid therapy, reduction of oral steroid dosage resulted in new lesion formation apart from the initial locations."( An adult-onset multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM) presenting favorable response to steroid therapy.
Fujimura, H; Fukada, K; Hazama, T; Inoue, K; Kinoshita, M; Sugimura, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Eight-week old male rats were orally dosed once with Aza at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) at 10 and 40mg/kg as a positive control."( Red blood cell Pig-a assay and PIGRET assay in rats with azathioprine.
Harada, Y; Hashizume, T; Matsumoto, A; Sakai, Y; Yoshida, I, 2016)		0.68
" Rituximab has proven effective for the treatment of steroid-refractory pemphigus, although there is controversy over the optimum dosing protocol."( Low-dose rituximab and concurrent adjuvant therapy for pemphigus: Protocol and single-centre long-term review of nine patients.
Robinson, AJ; Scardamaglia, L; Unglik, GA; Varigos, GA; Vu, M, 2018)		0.48
" The aim of the present study was to characterize the outcomes of pediatric patients with AIH and determine correlations between AZA dosing or 6-TGN metabolite levels and biochemical remission."( Outcomes in Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis and Significance of Azathioprine Metabolites.
Capocelli, KE; Mack, CL; McCoy, AM; Pan, Z; Sheiko, MA; Sundaram, SS, 2017)		0.69
" The primary outcome measure was achievement of disease remission (Pediatric Vasculitis Activity Score [PVAS] of 0) at 12 months with a corticosteroid dosage of <0."( Early Outcomes in Children With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis.
Benseler, SM; Cabral, DA; Charuvanij, S; Dancey, P; Eberhard, BA; Elder, ME; Foell, D; Hersh, AO; Huber, AM; Klein-Gitelman, M; Kostik, MM; Lawson, EF; Lee, T; Li, SC; Lubieniecka, JM; Luqmani, RA; Moorthy, LN; Morishita, KA; Nielsen, SM; Ristic, G; Shenoi, S; Toth, MB; Twilt, M; Yeung, RSM, 2017)		0.46
"6%), yet patients with MP were relatively higher dosed compared with those on AZA."( More Dose-dependent Side Effects with Mercaptopurine over Azathioprine in IBD Treatment Due to Relatively Higher Dosing.
Broekman, MMTJ; Coenen, MJH; de Jong, DJ; Derijks, LJJ; Guchelaar, HJ; Hooymans, PM; Klungel, OH; Scheffer, H; van Marrewijk, CJ; Verbeek, ALM; Wanten, GJA; Wong, DR, 2017)		0.7
" Drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics have increasingly played a role in determining dosing and dose optimisation and we review the rationale for this in both thiopurine monotherapy and in combination with biologic agents."( Optimising use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease.
Dart, RJ; Irving, PM, 2017)		0.46
" Additionally, the review addresses the benefits and risks of routine measurement of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme activity or genotype before starting thiopurine therapy compared with empiric weight-based dosing and explores the performance of different trough drug concentrations for anti-tumor necrosis factor agents and thiopurines to inform clinical decision making when applying TDM in a reactive setting."( American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Falck-Ytter, Y; Herfarth, H; Katz, J; Singh, S; Vande Casteele, N, 2017)		0.46
" The role of TDM with new biologics and the usefulness of software-systems support tools to guide drug dosing are now under investigation."( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric IBD: Current Application and Future Perspectives.
Bramuzzo, M; Dubinsky, MC; Lega, S, 2018)		0.48
" To assess if IFX influenced thiopurine metabolites, eight patients who had responded to 12 weeks of intensified IFX at a constant thiopurine dosing were included."( A Role for Thiopurine Metabolites in the Synergism Between Thiopurines and Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Ainsworth, MA; Brynskov, J; Mogensen, DV; Nersting, J; Schmiegelow, K; Steenholdt, C, 2018)		0.48
" We propose a simple and clinically implementable algorithm based on rs2647087 and TPMT genotypes for AZA selection and dosing for patients with IBD."( HLA-DQA1-HLA-DRB1 polymorphism is a major predictor of azathioprine-induced pancreatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Beaton, M; Chande, N; Gregor, JC; Jairath, V; Jansen, LE; Khanna, N; Khanna, R; Kim, RB; McIntosh, K; Ponich, T; Rose, RV; Sey, M; Teft, WA; Wilson, A; Yan, B, 2018)		0.73
" Reduced dosage of RTX exerted a significant effect in reducing CD19+ B-cell counts (P<0."( Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and lower dosages of rituximab among patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
Guo, SG; Wang, BJ; Wang, CJ; Yang, Y; Zeng, ZL, 2018)		0.74
" Knowing a patient's TPMT status allows the prescribing doctor to make an informed decision about dosage and be more alert to the signs of cytotoxicity."( Effective long-term solution to therapeutic remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Azathioprine.
Adam, L; Phulukdaree, A; Soma, P, 2018)		0.7
" Dosing history, concomitant therapy, and comorbidity data were assessed."( Late-onset Rise of 6-MMP Metabolites in IBD Patients on Azathioprine or Mercaptopurine.
Barclay, ML; Mulder, CJ; Munnig-Schmidt, E; Zhang, M, 2018)		0.73
" Indications for switch, dosing and subsequent clinical outcomes (including thiopurine persistence) were recorded."( Low-dose thiopurine with allopurinol co-therapy overcomes thiopurine intolerance and allows thiopurine continuation in inflammatory bowel disease.
Beswick, L; Friedman, AB; Haridy, J; Moltzen, A; Raghunath, A; Sparrow, M; van Langenberg, D; Vasudevan, A, 2018)		0.48
" We aimed to describe our center's experience with thiopurine optimization through the use of reduced thiopurine dosing in combination with allopurinol upon hepatotoxicity, drug metabolite levels, and clinical outcomes in children with IBD."( Thiopurine Optimization Through Combination With Allopurinol in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Boyle, B; Bricker, J; Crandall, W; Dotson, JL; Kim, SC; Maltz, R; Serpico, MR, 2018)		0.48
" For thiopurines, adjusting dosing by monitoring 6-thioguanine (6TGN) and 6-methylmercaptopurine ((6MMP) levels is demonstrated to maximize response and minimize toxicity, while monitoring metabolite levels when treating with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) remain controversial."( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Benchimol, EI; Carman, N; Mack, DR, 2018)		0.48
" We aimed to compare 6-month outcomes between standard and optimized dosing strategies and define long-term predictors of thiopurine durability."( The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD.
Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C, 2019)		0.51
"5 mg/kg/day (group 2) and further subgrouped depending on whether dosing was optimized to achieve 6-TGN >235 pmol/8 × 108 RBC."( The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD.
Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C, 2019)		0.51
" Both dosing strategies led to similar initial 6-TGN levels (group 1 = median 209 [IQR: 155-272] with 25% of patients >235; group 2 = 196 [139-274] with 29% >235)."( The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD.
Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C, 2019)		0.51
"Steroid-free clinical remission and 6-TGN levels at 6 months were no different between a standardized, fixed dosing strategy and a metabolite-driven, optimized dosing strategy."( The Impact of Thiopurine Metabolite Monitoring on the Durability of Thiopurine Monotherapy in Pediatric IBD.
Dubinsky, MC; Norris, E; Spencer, E; Williams, C, 2019)		0.51
" Nevertheless, prospective studies of genotype-guided dosing of thiopurines are warranted to prove clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of pretreatment NUDT15 gene testing across different populations."( Diagnostic accuracy of NUDT15 gene variants for thiopurine-induced leukopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Canonico, PL; Cargnin, S; Genazzani, AA; Terrazzino, S, 2018)		0.48
" This study suggests that AZA dosage may be determined according to the high or low prevalence of a TPMT genotype."( Thiopurine Methyltransferase Genetic Polymorphisms and Activity and Metabolic Products of Azathioprine in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Asadi, J; Khoshnia, M; Marjani, A; Pashazadeh, P, 2019)		0.74
" Continuing standard dosing regimens after primary non-response was rarely helpful; only 14 (12·4% [95% CI 6·9-19·9]) of 113 patients entered remission by week 54."( Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn's disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study.
Ahmad, T; Bewshea, C; Bouri, S; Chanchlani, N; Cummings, JRF; Gaya, DR; Goodhand, JR; Green, HD; Hamilton, B; Hart, AL; Heap, GA; Heerasing, NM; Hendy, P; Irving, PM; Kennedy, NA; Lees, CW; Lin, S; Lindsay, J; Mansfield, JC; McDonald, TJ; McGovern, D; Nice, R; Parkes, M; Perry, MH; Russell, RK; Sebastian, S; Selinger, CP; Thomas, A; Walker, GJ, 2019)		0.51
"Our aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of phenotyping-based dosing of TPMT activity, genotyping-based screening and no screening (reference) for patients treated with azathioprine."( Modeling the Outcome of Systematic TPMT Genotyping or Phenotyping Before Azathioprine Prescription: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.
Chatellier, G; Durand-Zaleski, I; Loriot, MA; Pallet, N; Zarca, K, 2019)		0.94
"A decision tree was built to compare the conventional weight-based dosing strategy with phenotyping and with genotyping using a micro-simulation model of patients with inflammatory bowel disease from the perspective of the French health care system."( Modeling the Outcome of Systematic TPMT Genotyping or Phenotyping Before Azathioprine Prescription: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.
Chatellier, G; Durand-Zaleski, I; Loriot, MA; Pallet, N; Zarca, K, 2019)		0.75
" Long-term follow-up trials focused on gonadal toxicity and limitation of maximum dosage of cyclophosphamide should been carried out."( Efficacy and acceptability of immunosuppressive agents for pediatric frequently-relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Li, Q; Li, S; Tan, L; Wan, J; Yang, H; Zou, Q, 2019)		0.51
" The pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the preceding drugs include specific recommendations, generic names, availability, mode of administration, dosage schedule, and the essentials of drug management."( Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Corticosteroids Sparing Maintenance Immunosuppressive/Adjunct Therapy Drugs.
Malhotra, R; Sehgal, VN, 2019)		0.51
" Low AZA dosing was defined as 6-thioguanine levels <125 pmol/8 × 10 erythrocytes and 6-methylmercaptopurine levels <5700 pmol/8 × 10 erythrocytes."( Prediction of Thiopurine Metabolite Levels Based on Haematological and Biochemical Parameters.
Bronsky, J; Hradsky, O; Karaskova, E; Lerchova, T; Mihal, V; Potuznikova, K; Siroka, J; Spenerova, M; Urbanek, L; Velganova-Veghova, M, 2019)		0.51
" The attributes included efficacy and withdrawals due to adverse events, as well as dosing and other rare risks of treatment."( Patient preferences for maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease: A discrete-choice experiment.
Bombardier, C; Deardon, R; Hazlewood, GS; Kaplan, GG; Ma, C; Marshall, DA; Panaccione, R; Pokharel, G; Seow, CH; Tomlinson, G, 2020)		0.56
"Patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) typically respond well to initial glucocorticoid therapy, but always relapse with tapered or maintenance dosage of steroid."( Relapse predictors and serologically unstable condition of IgG4-related disease: a large Chinese cohort.
Chen, D; Gao, J; Li, ZG; Liu, Y; Shen, D; Wang, K; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Xia, C; Yang, F; Yu, G; Zeng, Q; Zhang, S; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
"9 µg/mL, whereas the IFX dosage was significantly lower than that in the nonresponding patients."( Distribution and Cytokine Profile of Peripheral B Cell Subsets Is Perturbed in Pediatric IBD and Partially Restored During a Successful IFX Therapy.
Allabauer, I; Christoph, J; Ehrsam, C; Hess, M; Hoerning, A; Kaspar, S; Metzler, M; Rascher, W; Rechenauer, T; Rieger, D; Rückel, A; Schmidt, H; Schnell, A; Schwarz, B; Siebenlist, G; Wahlbuhl, M; Weber, S; Werner, F; Woelfle, J, 2021)		0.62
"To describe the metabolic pathways and key factors implicated in the efficacy and toxicity of the thiopurine drugs and to indicate the opportunities to improve outcomes by monitoring and manipulating metabolic pathways, individualising dosage and strengthening the response."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
" Universal pre-treatment assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and individualisation of dosage to manipulate metabolite thresholds could improve outcomes."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"To allow for tailored dosing and overcome swallowing difficulties, compounded liquid medication is often required in pediatric patients."( Stability of Azathioprine, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Ethambutol Hydrochloride, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, and Thioguanine Oral Suspensions Compounded with SyrSpend SF pH4.
Anagnostou, K; Cunha, CN; da Silva, SL; Dijkers, E; Ferreira, AO; Polonini, H, )		0.5
" Dosing was guided by thiopurine S-methyltransferase-activity at baseline and by clinical response and toxicity at 4 months; 1 year into the study, therapeutic drug monitoring at 4 months was also considered in the decision making."( Role of Thiopurines in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Real-Life Prospective Cohort Study.
Atia, O; Beeri, R; Ben-Moshe, T; Ledder, O; Lev-Tzion, R; Meyer, EO; Rachmen, Y; Renbaum, P; Shamasneh, I; Shteyer, E; Turner, D, 2020)		0.56
" • As our knowledge advances, testing and dosing recommendations will continue to evolve, with our field striving to balance costs and benefits to patients."( Precision medicine for rheumatologists: lessons from the pharmacogenomics of azathioprine.
Chung, CP; Daniel, LL; Dickson, AL, 2021)		0.85
"Our report suggests pre-emptive genotype-based dosing of AZA could reduce adverse toxicity and hence better outcome."( NUDT15 polymorphism explains serious toxicity to azathioprine in Indian patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a case series.
Balasubramanian, P; Devasia, AJ; George, B; Illangeswaran, RSS; Raj, IX, 2020)		0.81
" Moreover, further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage for patients with heterozygous mutations."( A rare case of Azathioprine-induced leukopenia in an European woman.
Jean-Charles, C; Séverine, W; Xavier, K, 2022)		1.07
"Combination therapy dosed with an optimized thiopurine was superior to infliximab monotherapy for induction of response, durability of response, and clinical outcomes in the first 6 months following induction."( Thiopurines and their optimization during infliximab induction and maintenance: A retrospective study in Crohn's disease.
Dawson, L; Gibson, PR; Kariyawasam, VC; Luber, RP; Martin, C; Munari, S; Sparrow, MP; Ward, MG, 2021)		0.62
" Here, we aimed to develop a model to quantitatively investigate factors that affect 6-TGN pharmacokinetics to formulate a dosage guideline for azathioprine."( Population pharmacokinetics of azathioprine active metabolite in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and dosage regimens optimisation.
Dong, J; Huang, P; Jiao, Z; Lin, C; Lin, R; Lin, W; Liu, Y; Wang, C; Zeng, D; Zheng, W, 2021)		1.11
" The pulse dose of azathioprine is an unique once weekly dosing regimen, which has been used as an alternative to daily dose regimen in some immune mediated dermatologic disorders."( Is weekly azathioprine pulse effective and safe in dermatological conditions?
Bhari, N; Patra, S; Verma, KK, 2021)		1.35
" In order to improve immunosuppression and decrease dosage and duration of glucocorticoid treatment, a second immunosuppressive drug is commonly used in most of the immune-mediated diseases."( Combination of Prednisolone and Azathioprine for Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis Treatment in Dogs.
Cauzinille, L; Giraud, L; Girod, M, 2021)		0.9
" In the future, the quality of life of AIH patients should be managed by personalized medicine, including the appropriate selection and dosing of first-line therapy and perhaps alternating with potential therapeutics, and the prediction of the success of treatment withdrawal."( Recent updates on the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
Komori, A, 2021)		0.62
" The median daily dosage of TG was 20 mg/d (range 10-40 mg/d), and the median duration of TG use was 21."( Relationship Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Genotype/Phenotype and 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in 316 Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on 6-Thioguanine.
Anderson, S; Ansari, AR; Bayoumy, AB; Boekema, PJ; Derijks, LJJ; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Sanderson, JD, 2021)		0.62
" These findings suggest that ITPA polymorphisms could be used as predictive biomarkers for adverse effects of thiopurine drugs to eliminate intolerance in ALL patients and clarify dosing in patients with different ITPA variants."( Association of ITPA gene polymorphisms with adverse effects of AZA/6-MP administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bagos, PG; Barba, E; Braliou, GG; Kontou, PI; Michalopoulos, I, 2022)		0.72
" Biomarkers that can predict the clinical course of disease, identify patients at elevated risk for relapse, and improve monitoring and medication dosing beyond current practice would have high clinical value."( Noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis.
Assis, DN; Cravedi, P; Harrington, C; Krishnan, S; Levitsky, J; Mack, CL, 2022)		0.72
" Only 39% of patients had appropriate dosing of thiopurines."( Proactive Metabolite Testing in Patients on Thiopurine May Yield Long-Term Clinical Benefits in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Andrews, JM; Bampton, P; Barnes, A; Bishara, M; Connor, S; Gounder, M; Grafton, R; Leach, P; Lynch, KD; Mountifield, R; Ng, W; Ooi, SJ; Parthasarathy, N; Sechi, A; van Langenberg, D, 2023)		0.91
" Semashko, Russia) in a dosage of 1 mg/100g of weight once a day for the first 3 days (starting from the day of surgery)."( Complex assessment of immunosuppression effects in prevention and treatment of adhesive disease, an experiment.
Aimagambetov, M; Auzhanov, D; Omarov, N, 2022)		0.72
" Treatment is initiated after a preliminary workup, followed by a progressive titration of the dosage while closely monitoring possible toxicities."( [Metabolism and therapeutic monitoring of azathioprine in gastroenterology and hepatology].
André, P; Bianchetti, D; Chtioui, H; Moradpour, D; Salvador Nunes, L; Schoepfer, A, 2022)		0.99
" This systematic review aims to synthesize the evidence on the effect of genotype-based dosing of thiopurines on treatment efficacy and safety in inflammatory bowel disease (objective #1), and the association between genotype status and the efficacy and safety profile (objective #2)."( Role of Pharmacogenomics in the Efficacy and Safety of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Barajas, M; Beloqui, JJ; Erviti, J; Gutiérrez-Valencia, M; Leache, L; Saiz, LC; Vicuña, M, 2023)		0.91
"Genotype-based dosing was associated to a significantly lower incidence of hematologic AEs (risk ratio=0."( Role of Pharmacogenomics in the Efficacy and Safety of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Barajas, M; Beloqui, JJ; Erviti, J; Gutiérrez-Valencia, M; Leache, L; Saiz, LC; Vicuña, M, 2023)		0.91
"Children with Crohn's disease have lower response rates to infliximab, lower infliximab levels, and higher infliximab clearance on weight-based dosing than adults."( Early Infliximab Clearance Predicts Remission in Children with Crohn's Disease.
Almeida, P; Carroll, M; Chung, A; Huynh, H; Isaac, D; Mould, D; Petrova, A; Wine, E, 2023)		0.91
" Differences in dosing did not account for differences in outcome."( Early Infliximab Clearance Predicts Remission in Children with Crohn's Disease.
Almeida, P; Carroll, M; Chung, A; Huynh, H; Isaac, D; Mould, D; Petrova, A; Wine, E, 2023)		0.91
" Participants with optimal dosing in the morning had an earlier chronotype by corrected midpoint of sleep."( Impact of Chronotherapy on 6-Mercaptopurine Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Crossover Trial.
Biglin, M; Bishehsari, F; Chouhan, V; Francey, L; Hogenesch, J; Jochum, S; Keshavarzian, A; Raff, H; Shaikh, M; Swanson, GR, 2023)		0.91
"In the first study on a potential role of chronotherapy in IBD, we found (i) morning dosing of AZA or 6-MP resulted in more optimal metabolite profiles and (ii) host chronotype could help identify one-third of patients who would benefit from evening dosing."( Impact of Chronotherapy on 6-Mercaptopurine Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Crossover Trial.
Biglin, M; Bishehsari, F; Chouhan, V; Francey, L; Hogenesch, J; Jochum, S; Keshavarzian, A; Raff, H; Shaikh, M; Swanson, GR, 2023)		0.91
"Heart transplant recipients experience high rates of skin cancer, likely due to greater length or dosage of immunosuppression."( A review of heart transplant immunosuppressants and nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Camacho, I; Dave, Y; Eckembrecher, DG; Eckembrecher, FJ; Nouri, K; Patel, S; Shah, H, 2023)		0.91
"Prolonged rituximab dosing intervals may be effective to achieve B-cell depletion and reduce risk of infection in advanced age or patients with impaired kidney function."( Identification of Covariates Modulating B-Cell Repopulation Kinetics in Subjects Receiving Rituximab Treatment.
Arnold, F; Bemtgen, X; Hug, MJ; Kappes, J; Schramm, MA; Staudacher, DL; Venhoff, N; Welte, T; Westermann, L, 2023)		0.91
"The risk of severe adverse events related to thiopurine therapy can be reduced by personalizing dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genetic polymorphisms."( Comparison of variants in TPMT and NUDT15 between sequencing and genotyping methods in a multistate pediatric institution.
Bansal, M; Bechtel, AS; Blake, KV; Cook, KJ; Duong, BQ; Gloe, L; Gresh, RC; Grusauskas, V; Kirwin, SM; Kolb, EA; Nagasubramanian, R; Seligson, ND, 2023)		0.91
" However, the effects of glucocorticoids, methotrexate, TNF inhibitors and JAK inhibitors on vaccine responses remain unclear and could depend on the dosage and type of vaccination."( Effect of DMARDs on the immunogenicity of vaccines.
Brouwer, E; Huckriede, ALW; van Baarle, D; van der Geest, KSM; van Sleen, Y, 2023)		0.91
" This flexibility is readily achieved using an oral liquid dosage form."( Physiochemical and Microbiological Stability of Azathioprine Suspensions in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.
Bostanian, LA; Graves, RA; Kader, C; Mandal, TK; Morris, TC; Pramar, YV, )		0.39
"This retrospective study evaluates in which group of dogs [oclacitinib (OC) or azathioprine (AZ)] remission of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) was more effectively achieved with matched induction dosing of glucocorticoids; it further evaluates which group had a higher glucocorticoid-sparing effect."( The use of oclacitinib compared to azathioprine in the management of canine pemphigus foliaceus: A retrospective analysis.
Bidot, WA; Griffin, CE; Hernandez-Bures, A; Rosenkrantz, WS, 2023)		1.41
" The TPMT*2 (defined by rs1800462), *3A (defined by rs1800460 and rs1142345), *3B (defined by rs1800460), *3C (defined by rs1142345), *6 (defined by rs75543815), and NUDT15 rs116855232 genetic variant have been associated, with the highest level of evidence, with the response to azathioprine, and, the approved drug label for azathioprine and main pharmacogenetic dosing guidelines recommend starting with reduced initial doses in TPMT intermediate metabolizer (IM) patients and considering an alternative treatment in TPMT poor metabolizer (PM) patients."( Azathioprine dose tailoring based on pharmacogenetic information: Insights of clinical implementation.
Cabeza-Barrera, J; Callejas-Rubio, JL; Díaz-Villamarín, X; Fernández-Varón, E; Gálvez, J; Morón, R; Rodríguez-Nogales, A; Rojas Romero, MC, 2023)		2.53
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
antimetaboliteA substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
immunosuppressive agentAn agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
prodrugA compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
carcinogenic agentA role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
DNA synthesis inhibitorAny substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
hepatotoxic agentA role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
thiopurine
C-nitro compoundA nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.
imidazolesA five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
aryl sulfideAny organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Azathioprine Action Pathway4782
Azathioprine Metabolism Pathway03

Protein Targets (88)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.003245.467312,589.2998AID2517
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.004023.8416100.0000AID485290
Chain A, Ferritin light chainEquus caballus (horse)Potency0.89135.623417.292931.6228AID485281
interleukin 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency66.82420.047349.480674.9780AID651758
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency52.97290.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347398
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency14.65970.100020.879379.4328AID488773; AID588453
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency79.43280.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency44.04060.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency43.37970.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.20590.004110.890331.5287AID504467
Fumarate hydrataseHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.57730.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency43.37970.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.51100.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.62910.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.03780.180013.557439.8107AID1460
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.00180.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID1259381; AID588516; AID743035; AID743042; AID743054; AID743063
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency10.00000.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.02550.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.95380.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.87520.000214.376460.0339AID720692
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency41.21410.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.69060.000817.505159.3239AID1159527
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.81630.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224819; AID1224820; AID1224821; AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency27.84000.375827.485161.6524AID743217; AID743220
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.35770.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.97120.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID1259248; AID743069; AID743075; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency20.88340.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
polyproteinZika virusPotency18.57730.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
P53Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.07319.685831.6228AID504706
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency41.54450.001024.504861.6448AID588535; AID743212
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency61.13230.001019.414170.9645AID743191
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.07571.069113.955137.9330AID720538
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency4.10950.005210.865235.4813AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.01120.035520.977089.1251AID504332
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.84620.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085; AID743122
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency4.28810.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency68.17130.001628.015177.1139AID1259385
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.06010.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.44840.057821.109761.2679AID1159526
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency126.02000.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.19950.540617.639296.1227AID2364; AID2528
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency47.754823.934123.934123.9341AID1967
hemoglobin subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.93770.31629.086131.6228AID1405; AID910; AID925; AID930; AID931
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.97830.316212.443531.6228AID902
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency56.21530.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
heat shock protein beta-1Homo sapiens (human)Potency48.25300.042027.378961.6448AID743210
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.45360.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID743202; AID743219
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.050127.073689.1251AID588590
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.72050.004611.374133.4983AID463097; AID624296
peripheral myelin protein 22Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.79360.005612.367736.1254AID624032
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.78210.125912.234435.4813AID1458
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.031610.279239.8107AID884; AID885
M-phase phosphoprotein 8Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.177824.735279.4328AID488949
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.00419.962528.1838AID2675
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency10.00000.00106.000935.4813AID944
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.80910.891312.067628.1838AID1459; AID1487
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency19.48590.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.88340.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.88340.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.06480.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID651743; AID720552
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency19.48590.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Nuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency37.57800.026622.448266.8242AID651802
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.88340.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.83360.011917.942071.5630AID651632
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.83360.011912.222168.7989AID651632
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency3.98111.000012.224831.6228AID885
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.88340.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.40002.75008.6000AID1209456
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)567.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1209455; AID1443980; AID1449628; AID1473738
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Protein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)8,100.00002.50004.20005.9000AID320706
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (241)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic processNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwayNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterolNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue developmentNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiationNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IINuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleosome assemblyProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodelingProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell population maintenanceProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification processProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
post-translational protein modificationProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (87)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
oxysterol bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein-arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
histone arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3R2 arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3R8 arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3R17 arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3R26 arginine deiminase activityProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (50)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusNuclear receptor ROR-gammaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmProtein-arginine deiminase type-4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (341)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1292609Cmax in renal transplant patient (3 patients) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 to 100 mg, po measured with in an hour post dose by reversed-phase HPLC method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1209457Unbound Cmax in human plasma2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1292608Terminal phase half life in patient with impaired liver function assessed as 6-mercaptopurine1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1293062Oral bioavailability in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1292592Tmax in uremic patient (7 patients) erythrocytes assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425850Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium WSLH1544 isolated from water assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1292604Clearance in kidney transplant patient1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1292596Cmax in uremic patient (8 patients) at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID496829Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID425842Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium 104 isolated from AIDS patient assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293105Oral bioavailability in healthy human assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg of standard compound1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID425822Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-5 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1292588Tmax in uremic patient (8 patients) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293060Oral bioavailability in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1293058AUC in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID1293067Cmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1293097Cmax in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 400 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID496818Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1209456Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1293086Stability of the compound used as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID167955Carcinogenic activity on ear duct after oral administration1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 24, Issue:3
Computer-assisted structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens. Aromatic amines.
AID1292576Primary phase half life in uremic patient (13 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID396923Immunosuppressive activity in human B cell assessed as inhibition of mitogenesis
AID1292580Volume of distribution in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425821Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-4 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID167927Carcinogenic activity on all sites after oral administration1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 24, Issue:3
Computer-assisted structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens. Aromatic amines.
AID1292598AUC (0 to infinity) in uremic patient (7 patients) at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293092AUC in healthy human (9 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 200 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293059AUC in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID425829Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B236 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID90482Percent inhibition against incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in Human mixed lymphocyte reaction at a concentration of 25 uM1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Rational design of novel immunosuppressive drugs: analogues of azathioprine lacking the 6-mercaptopurine substituent retain or have enhanced immunosuppressive effects.
AID1293078Tmax in uraemic patient (8 patients) at 100 mg, po1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID496825Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1293056AUC in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg, po by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1292597Tmax in uremic patient (8 patients) at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID396928Immunosuppressive activity in human lymphocytes assessed as inhibition of protein synthesis
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1292590Volume of distribution in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID137949Immunological activity in mice as the percentage of suppression of the cellular response to EI4 tumor cells at 10 mg/kg1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Novel immunosuppressive agents. Potent immunological activity of some bensothiopyrano [4,3-c]pyrazol-3-ones.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID396919Immunosuppressive activity in baboon T cell assessed as inhibition of mitogenesis
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID425826Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B213 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID417680Inhibition of T cell mitogen-induced blastogenesis in human PBMC after 4 days2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Novel derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine: synthesis, characterization and antiproliferative activities of S-allylthio-mercaptopurines.
AID497005Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID181153Compound was tested for dose at which there was no significant weight loss in rat at day 161989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Nucleosides of azathioprine and thiamiprine as antiarthritics.
AID396920Immunosuppressive activity in human T cell assessed as inhibition of mitogenesis
AID1292606Terminal phase half life in kidney transplant patient assessed as 6-mercaptopurine1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425860Antituberculosis activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 isolated from human urine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID496826Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1293089AUC in healthy human (29 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po of standard compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1292589Cmax in uremic patient (8 patients) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293102Tmax in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 600 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293098Tmax in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 400 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293072Toxicity in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as induction of adverse events at 50 mg, po by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID425831Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B238 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID1292574Cmax in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID524790Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1292582Cmax in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID178124Antiarthritic activity in rat determined by adjuvant arthritis assay in rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Nucleosides of azathioprine and thiamiprine as antiarthritics.
AID425854Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID425847Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium EPA3 isolated from water assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293057AUC in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1636476Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 53 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NAD2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1293085Stability of the compound used as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1293084Stability of the compound used as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID357931Immunosuppressant activity in mouse T cells assessed as inhibition of concanavalin A-induced cell proliferation2001Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 64, Issue:9
Immunomodulatory constituents from an Ascomycete, Eupenicillium crustaceum, and revised absolute structure of macrophorin D.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID396918Immunosuppressive activity in rat T cell assessed as inhibition of mitogenesis
AID425852Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 11758 assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID496831Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1293091Tmax in healthy human (29 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po of standard compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293080Oral bioavailability in uraemic patient (8 patients) at 100 mg1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1292591Cmax in uremic patient (7 patients) erythrocytes assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425857Antituberculosis activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 clinical isolate assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID425827Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B213 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425859Antituberculosis activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 isolated from human urine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293082Stability in whole blood (unknown origin) using compound stored in ice water slurry1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID357932Immunosuppressant activity in mouse B cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced cell proliferation2001Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 64, Issue:9
Immunomodulatory constituents from an Ascomycete, Eupenicillium crustaceum, and revised absolute structure of macrophorin D.
AID1293101Cmax in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 600 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293064Cmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg, po by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID496832Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1292584Terminal phase half life in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1292586Total clearance in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425845Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium JTC981 isolated from bongo fecal sample assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID678718Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as high signal/noise ratio (S/N of >100) by measuring GSH adduct formation at 100 uM after 90 mins by HPLC-MS analysis2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID184629Compound was tested for lethal dose at day 16 against rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Nucleosides of azathioprine and thiamiprine as antiarthritics.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1293103Oral bioavailability in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 600 mg of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1292593Primary phase half life in uremic patient (4 patients) erythrocytes assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1636414Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 77.9 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of N2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID425844Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium JTC48627 isolated from bison fecal sample assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1292600Drug metabolism in uremic patient plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine formation at 100 mg, iv after 240 mins by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID496824Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID425843Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium JTC48627 isolated from bison fecal sample assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1292583Primary phase half life in uremic patient (13 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID524795Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum HB3 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID425834Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-8 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID318681Anticarcinogenic activity in rat assessed as induction of tumors per day2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
QSAR modeling of the rodent carcinogenicity of nitrocompounds.
AID425846Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium JTC981 isolated from bongo fecal sample assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1292577Terminal phase half life in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425828Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B236 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID496817Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1292601Immunosuppressive activity in human PBL assessed as MEC of 6-mercaptopurine for inhibition of leucoagglutin-induced cell proliferation treated with sera drawn at 5 to 30 mins from uremic patient administered with compound at 100 mg, iv1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425823Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-5 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425825Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-7 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID137950Compound was evaluated for immunological activity in mice as the percentage of suppression of the humoral response to EI4 tumor cells at 10 mg/kg, po1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Novel immunosuppressive agents. Potent immunological activity of some bensothiopyrano [4,3-c]pyrazol-3-ones.
AID1292595AUC (0 to infinity) in uremic patient (7 patients) erythrocytes assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293093Cmax in healthy human (9 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 200 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425851Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 11758 assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293100AUC in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 600 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293069Tmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID496823Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID396926Immunosuppressive activity in baboon lymphocytes by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1292575Tmax in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID496820Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID90463Effective dose against inhibitory potency in Human mixed lymphocyte reaction1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Rational design of novel immunosuppressive drugs: analogues of azathioprine lacking the 6-mercaptopurine substituent retain or have enhanced immunosuppressive effects.
AID1293068Tmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg, po by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID425856Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID496821Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID425840Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 25291 isolated from chicken assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1293104Oral bioavailability in healthy human (29 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg of standard compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1292578AUC (0 to infinity) in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID409956Inhibition of mouse brain MAOB2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID1293090Cmax in healthy human (29 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po of standard compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1293106Oral bioavailability in healthy human assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg of delayed release compound1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1293075Toxicity in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as induction of adverse events at 50 mg dosed as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID168085Carcinogenic activity on liver after oral administration of the compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 24, Issue:3
Computer-assisted structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens. Aromatic amines.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1292602Immunosuppressive activity in human PBL assessed as inhibition of leucoagglutin-induced cell proliferation treated with sera drawn at 60 to 360 mins from uremic patient administered with compound at 100 mg, iv1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1293039Toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patient assessed as induction of leucopenia1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1293063Oral bioavailability in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID167940Tested for carcinogenic activity on breast after oral administration of the compound; - denotes non carcinogenic activity.1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 24, Issue:3
Computer-assisted structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens. Aromatic amines.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1292594Terminal phase half life in uremic patient (7 patients) erythrocytes assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID524794Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum GB4 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1292581Tmax in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1293066Cmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID425820Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-4 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425818Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis JTC303 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID515780Intrinsic solubility of the compound in water2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19
QSAR-based solubility model for drug-like compounds.
AID496827Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID524791Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID90480Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by 10 uM: No data.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Rational design of novel immunosuppressive drugs: analogues of azathioprine lacking the 6-mercaptopurine substituent retain or have enhanced immunosuppressive effects.
AID396925Immunosuppressive activity in human lymphocytes by mixed lymphocyte reaction assay
AID1293079Cmax in uraemic patient (8 patients) at 100 mg, po1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1293095Oral bioavailability in healthy human (9 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 200 mg of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1293077Volume of distribution at steady state in uraemic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID425838Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis ATCC 19698 isolated from bovine assessed as lowest drug level required for killing by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID425832Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 35712 isolated from chicken assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID496828Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID425855Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1292599Drug uptake in uremic patient plasma at 100 mg, iv after 240 mins by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1293065Cmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID425853Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1636358Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 44 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NAD2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID399512Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenic B lymphocytes assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1
Immunomodulatory constituents from an Ascomycete, Chaetomium seminudum.
AID1293070Tmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophobic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID496830Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID425858Antituberculosis activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 clinical isolate assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1292603Half life in human with good renal function1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425839Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 25291 isolated from chicken assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425837Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B244 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425830Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B238 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293061Oral bioavailability in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID524796Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1293083Stability in plasma (unknown origin) using compound stored in frozen condition1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1292585AUC (0 to infinity) in uremic patient (15 patients) plasma assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID425819Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis JTC303 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID425836Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis B244 isolated from bovine assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293074Toxicity in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as induction of adverse events at 50 mg dosed as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID1293099Oral bioavailability in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 400 mg of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID409954Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID168110Carcinogenic activity on other sites after oral administration1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 24, Issue:3
Computer-assisted structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens. Aromatic amines.
AID1293096AUC in healthy human (10 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 400 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID425849Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium WSLH1544 isolated from water assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1292611Drug uptake in uremic patient (5 patients) erythrocytes at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1292607Terminal phase half life in patient with acceptable graft function assessed as 6-mercaptopurine1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID302641AUC in human at 100 mg, po2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 17, Issue:23
A simple method for the preparation of PEG-6-mercaptopurine for oral administration.
AID1292587AUC (0 to infinity) in uremic patient (8 patients) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 mg, po by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293076Clearance in uraemic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID320706Inhibition of PAD4 by ABPP-based assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
Profiling Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4): a novel screen to identify PAD4 inhibitors.
AID1292605Terminal phase half life in renal transplant patient assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 100 to 200 mg, iv or 100 mg, po1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1293071Tmax in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 50 mg dosed as hydrophilic rectal foam formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID425835Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-8 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for killing after 56 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID425841Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium 104 isolated from AIDS patient assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID425848Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium avium EPA3 isolated from water assessed as minimum drug level required for killing within 15 days by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID1293073Toxicity in healthy human subjects (24 subjects) assessed as induction of adverse events at 50 mg dosed as delayed release oral formulation by HPLC method1996Gut, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Azathioprine pharmacokinetics after intravenous, oral, delayed release oral and rectal foam administration.
AID1292579Total clearance in uremic patient (15 patients) at 100 mg, iv by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multiple detection method1986International journal of immunopharmacology, , Volume: 8, Issue:1
Serum azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels and immunosuppressive activity after azathioprine in uremic patients.
AID1209455Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1
In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID425824Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis UCF-7 isolated from Crohn's disease patient assessed as minimum drug level required for inhibition by MGIT 960 susceptibility test2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit Mycobacterium paratuberculosis growth in vitro.
AID399511Immunosuppressive activity in BALB/c mouse splenic T lymphocytes assessed as inhibition of Con A-induced cell proliferation after 72 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1
Immunomodulatory constituents from an Ascomycete, Chaetomium seminudum.
AID1293094Tmax in healthy human (9 volunteers) assessed as 6-mercaptopurine at 200 mg, po of delayed release compound by HPLC analysis1997Journal of clinical pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 37, Issue:1
A dose-ranging study of azathioprine pharmacokinetics after single-dose administration of a delayed-release oral formulation.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347149Furin counterscreen qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347155Optimization screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Linked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347169Tertiary RLuc qRT-PCR qHTS assay for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347168HepG2 cells viability qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347150Optimization screen NINDS AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Linked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347167Vero cells viability qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347112qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347125qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347114qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347122qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347118qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347111qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347115qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347109qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347116qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347123qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347126qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347110qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for A673 cells)2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347124qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347117qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347119qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347128qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347113qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347127qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347121qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347129qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Confirmatory screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (14,395)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905827 (40.48)18.7374
1990's2591 (18.00)18.2507
2000's2606 (18.10)29.6817
2010's2642 (18.35)24.3611
2020's729 (5.06)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.12

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index98.12 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.75 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.47 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index185.88 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (98.12)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1,746 (11.27%)5.53%
Reviews1,784 (11.52%)6.00%
Case Studies3,157 (20.38%)4.05%
Observational100 (0.65%)0.25%
Other8,702 (56.18%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (158)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Special Drug Use Investigation for IMURAN (Azathioprine) Tablet (Pulmones Transplantation) [NCT01381432]39 participants (Actual)Observational2004-12-31Completed
Comparison of Annual Relapse Rate, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and Side Effects Between Azathioprine and Rituximab in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders [NCT03002038]Phase 2/Phase 386 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Reduced Intensity Related Donor Peripheral Blood Derived Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Patients With Severe Sickle Cell Disease [NCT04362293]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-04-30Suspended(stopped due to We are holding enrollment, due to some recent SAEs.)
A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of Ocrelizumab in Patients With Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [NCT00539838]Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-19Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated prematurely when the decision was made that ocrelizumab was not likely to benefit this patient population.)
A Randomized Multicenter Trial Comparing Leflunomide and Azathioprine as Remission-Maintaining Treatment for Proliferative Lupus Glomerulonephritis. [NCT01172002]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-03-31Recruiting
Cyclophosphamide and Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Thrombocytopenia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [NCT02444728]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Because of insufficient enrollement)
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Controlled Trial Comparing REMICADE� (Infliximab) and REMICADE Plus Azathioprine to Azathioprine in the Treatment of Patients With Crohn's Disease Naive to Both Immunomodulators and Biologic Therapy [NCT00094458]Phase 3508 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Effect of Sarilumab on Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Rheumatoid Arthritis and With Inadequate Response or Intolerance to Current Conventional Synthetic DMARDs or Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors [NCT03449758]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-05Completed
A Phase 2 Pilot, Multicenter, Single Arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of GSK1070806 Plus Standard of Care for the Prevention of Delayed Graft Function in Adult Subjects After Renal Transplantation [NCT02723786]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-27Terminated(stopped due to Lack of efficacy)
Post-Operative Crohn's Disease Outcome in Children (The POPCORN Trial): a Prospective Comparative Non-interventional Open Study [NCT03681652]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-02-11Recruiting
Prospective Multicenter Observational Cohort Study of Comparative Effectiveness of Disease-modifying Treatments for Myasthenia Gravis [NCT03490539]167 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2018-05-07Completed
Low-dose Azathioprine and Allopurinol- Versus Azathioprine Monotherapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: An Investigator-initiated, Open, Multicentre, Parallel-arm, Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03101800]Phase 384 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-14Recruiting
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Trial of Azathioprine for the Prevention of Relapse in Myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-Antibody Associated Disease [NCT05349006]Phase 3126 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Not yet recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium Versus Azathioprine for the Induction and Maintenance of Remission of the Extra-renal Lupus Manifestations [NCT01112215]Phase 4240 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
International Phase 3 Trial in Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Ph+ALL) Testing Imatinib in Combination With Two Different Cytotoxic Chemotherapy Backbones [NCT03007147]Phase 3475 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-08Recruiting
Evaluation of MEpolizumab-based Regimen Compared to Conventional Therapeutic Strategy For Remission Induction In Patients With Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study [NCT05030155]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-30Recruiting
Multicenter Registry of Pediatric Lupus Nephritis in China [NCT03791827]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-12-01Recruiting
Weaning of Immunosuppression in Nephritis of Lupus [NCT01284725]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Active, not recruiting
SyMptomAtic Stricturing Small Bowel CRohn's Disease - Medical Treatment Versus Surgery, a Prospective, Multi-centre, Randomized, Non-inferiority Trial [NCT05584228]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-01Not yet recruiting
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With DMARDs: Predictors of Response [NCT03414502]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-12-10Recruiting
Dose-effect Relationship Between Allopurinol, Azathioprine and 6-thioguanine Nucleotide Levels (6-TGN) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. [NCT00849368]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Comparison Between Two Therapeutic Strategies for the Maintenance of Clinical and Endoscopic Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Treated by Infliximab [NCT03151525]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-08Recruiting
Comparison of Intravenous Low Dose Versus High Dose Cyclophosphamide as Induction Therapy in the Treatment of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis [NCT02645565]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
Phase II Pilot Cohort Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Infliximab as Additional Therapy in the Treatment if Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody Associated Vasculitis [NCT00753103]Phase 237 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of Ocrelizumab in Patients With WHO or ISN Class III or IV Nephritis Due to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [NCT00626197]Phase 3381 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-15Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated due to an imbalance of serious and opportunistic infections in the ocrelizumab treated patients versus the placebo arm.)
Efficacy and Safety of Baricitinib Versus Azathioprine in Combination With Topical Corticosteroids For Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis [NCT05969730]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-15Recruiting
Preemptive HLADQA1*05 Genotyping for the Use of Infliximab in Chinese Crohn's Disease：A Multicenter, Prospective, Controlled, Randomized Study [NCT05813860]Phase 4976 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomised Study to Assess and Compare the Efficacy of Cyclosporine Versus Azathioprine in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Urticaria [NCT03250143]Phase 1/Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-06Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study of Early-Use Long Acting Tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) in Lung Transplant Recipients [NCT04469842]Early Phase 148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomised Clinical Trial Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Induction of Remission in Treatment Primary Biliary Cholangitis-Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndrome [NCT04933292]Phase 478 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-16Recruiting
Cyclophosphamide and Azathioprine vs Tacrolimus in Antisynthetase Syndrome-related Interstitial Lung Disease : Multicentric Randomized Phase III Trial [NCT03770663]Phase 376 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-05Recruiting
Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial [NCT00132691]Phase 4255 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CCX168 (Avacopan) in Patients With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Treated Concomitantly With Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide/Azathioprine [NCT02994927]Phase 3331 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-15Completed
Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease [NCT02517684]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Active, not recruiting
Adalimumab vs. Conventional Immunosuppression for Uveitis Trial [NCT03828019]Phase 3222 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-16Active, not recruiting
Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomised, Multicentre, Comparative Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Azathioprine Versus Mesalazine for Prevention of Clinical Relapses in Crohn's Disease Patients With Postoperative Moderate or Severe Endoscopic Recurrence [NCT00946946]Phase 378 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Rituximab Therapy for the Induction of Remission and Tolerance in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (ITN021AI) [NCT00104299]Phase 2/Phase 3197 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Comparison of Two Tapering Strategies of Prednisone in Patients With Generalised Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Prednisone and Azathioprine: a Single-blind Randomised Controlled Multicenter Study [NCT00987116]Phase 4118 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Nordic Everolimus (Certican) Trial in Heart and Lung Transplantation: Results at 24 Months [NCT00377962]Phase 4282 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Baricitinib for the Treatment of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid [NCT05263505]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-02-21Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor)
Evaluation of a New Treatment Strategy for Patients With Microscopic Polyangiitis, Polyarteritis Nodosa or Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Churg Strauss Syndrome) Without Poor Prognosis Factors [NCT00647166]Phase 3114 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter Open Label Study Comparing Early Administration of Azathioprine Plus Infliximab to Corticosteroids Plus Azathioprine for Acute Severe Colitis [NCT02425852]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Active Controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-center Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) in Inducing Response and Maintaining Remission in Subjects With Lupus Nephritis. [NCT00377637]Phase 3370 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, [NCT01056237]206 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
SIMPLE Study: A Prospective and Randomized Trial of a Simplified Immunosuppressive Protocol Utilizing Low Dose EnvarsusXR [NCT04773392]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-23Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Phase II Multicenter Trial of CTLA4Ig (Abatacept) Plus Cyclophosphamide vs Cyclophosphamide Alone in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis [NCT00774852]Phase 2137 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
Prospective Observational Trial to Evaluate Clinical Prognosis and the Risk Factors for Progression for Myasthenia Gravis Patients [NCT04101578]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-02-08Recruiting
[NCT02579733]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-01Terminated(stopped due to Not enough number of enrolling patient)
Tolerization Reduces Intolerance to Pegloticase and Prolongs the Urate Lowering Effect [NCT02598596]Phase 2132 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
A Trial of Antigen-specific Immune Tolerance Induction in Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) Patients Initiating Enzyme Replacement Therapy With Aldurazyme® (Laronidase) [NCT00741338]Phase 1/Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Corticosteroids and Azathioprine Versus Corticosteroids Alone in IgA Nephropathy: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00755859]Phase 4206 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-05-31Completed
Immunosuppression Minimization to Single Drug Therapy With Sirolimus (Rapamune) in Pediatric Transplantation [NCT00768729]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Immediate Versus Delayed Treatment With Azathioprine or Rituximab in Anti-myelin Oligodendrocytes Glycoprotein (Anti-MOG) Antibodies Associated Acute Demyelinating Syndromes in Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05545384]Phase 2/Phase 386 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
Therapeutic Optimization Study Based on MR Enterocolonography in Patients With Crohn's Disease [NCT02332356]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Active, not recruiting
Correlation of Genetic Polymorphism of Two Azathioprine Metabolizing Enzymes and Their Correlation to Clinical Adverse Effects [NCT00525473]166 participants (Actual)Observational2007-02-28Completed
MAINtenance of Remission Using RITuximab in Systemic ANCA-associated Vasculitis [NCT00748644]Phase 3117 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Steroids and Azathioprine in Early and Advanced IgA Nephropathy: Amendments to a Prospective Randomised Multicenter Trial [NCT01392833]Phase 346 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-12-31Completed
Observational Acquired Haemophilia Registry [NCT01403740]250 participants (Anticipated)Observational2011-09-30Not yet recruiting
Prevention of Skin Cancer in High Risk Patients After Conversion to a Sirolimus-based Immunosuppressive Protocol [NCT00866684]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient patient recruitment)
A Multicentre Randomized Open Study Comparing Azathioprine to Mesalazine for the Prevention of Postoperative Recurrence in the Crohn Disease [NCT00976690]Phase 383 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
A Phase II, Open-Label, Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized Study of LCP-Tacro Tablets vs. Azathioprine, in Combination With Corticosteroids, for the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis [NCT00608894]Phase 213 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was discontinued due to slow enrollment)
Risk-stratified Randomized Controlled Trial in Paediatric Crohn Disease:Methotrexate vs Azathioprine or Adalimumab for Maintaining Remission in Patients at Low or High Risk for Aggressive Disease Course, respectively-a Treatment Strategy [NCT02852694]Phase 4312 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-02-28Recruiting
Prospective and Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Everolimus in the Clinical and Intra-Cardiac Ecography Progression of Heart Graft Vascular Illness. [NCT00695344]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial of Adjuvant Azathioprine Therapy in New Cases of Pemphigus Vulgaris Receiving Prednisone [NCT00626678]Phase 248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Rituximab and Azathioprine in the Treatment of Granulomatous and Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease (GLILD) in Adult Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) [NCT02789397]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-02Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding for study.)
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab, as Monotherapy or in Combination With Azathioprine, Versus Azathioprine Monotherapy in Moderate to Severe Active Ulcerative Colitis (Part 1) Comparison of Maintenance Versus Intermittent Infliximab Trea [NCT00537316]Phase 3242 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Infusion reactions during re-induction cycles after a period of no treatment in another study [P04563, NCT0358670])
"Efficacy of Infliximab as Bridging Therapy in the Treatment of Patients Affected by Corticodependent Crohn's Disease Under Standard Treatment With Azathioprine" [NCT00796250]Phase 39 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-01Terminated(stopped due to Due to poor patient recruitment, a decision was made to terminate this trial.)
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Maintenance Therapy of Lupus Nephritis [NCT02949349]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Nature of Anifrolumab Impact on Vaccine-Emergent Immunity in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Multi-Centre Open Label Parallel Group Trial: [NCT04726553]Early Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-20Recruiting
Pharmacogenetic Testing in the Clinical Setting: is Screening for TPMT Genotype a Cost-effective Treatment Strategy? - The First Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Within the Dutch Health Care System. [NCT00521950]853 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
A 36 Month Multi-center, Open Label, Randomized, Comparator Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Everolimus Immunosuppression Treatment in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Exceeding Milan Criteria [NCT02081755]Phase 4336 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-03-31Active, not recruiting
Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical and Imaging Patterns of Neuroinflammation Diseases (CLUE) [NCT04106830]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2019-01-01Recruiting
An Open, Randomized Study Treating Refractory Adult-onset Still's Disease With Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra (Kineret), Compared to an Established, Single Anti-rheumatic Drug Treatment [NCT01033656]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Study to Compare the Effect of CellCept Plus Corticosteroids, and Cyclophosphamide Plus Corticosteroids Followed by Azathioprine, on Remission Rate in Patients With Lupus Nephritis [NCT00425438]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Study was terminated early for administrative reasons.)
A 6-month, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Study of Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus-based Regimen Versus Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI)-Based Regimen in Maintenance Liver Transplant Recipients [NCT00267189]Phase 3145 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Study to Assess the Efficacy of T2 Versus Azathioprine for the Maintenance of Clinical and Endoscopic Remission in Subjects With Crohn's Disease After Surgical Resection [NCT01015391]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-11-30Recruiting
Comparison of a Tacrolimus/Sirolimus/Prednisone Regimen Versus Tacrolimus/Azathioprine/Prednisone Immunosuppressive Regimen in Lung Transplantation [NCT00321906]Phase 4181 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Completed
RANDOMIZED, MULTICENTRIC STUDY COMPARING THE EFFECT OF TWO REGIMENS OF COMBINED IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY CZECH-ICIT (CZECH INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY IMMUNOSUPPRESSION TRIAL) [NCT01877746]Phase 3234 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-01-31Recruiting
Infliximab Top-down Study in Kids With Crohn's Disease [NCT01880307]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Not enough study subjects)
A Multicenter, Single Arm, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Satralizumab in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) [NCT04660539]Phase 3119 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-02Active, not recruiting
Assessment of Everolimus in Addition to Calcineurin Inhibitors Reduction in Maintenance Renal Transplant Recipients [NCT00170846]Phase 4394 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
[NCT00615173]Phase 381 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Drug Use Investigation for IMURAN (Azathioprine) Tablet (Hepatic Transplantation) [NCT01390766]41 participants (Actual)Observational2002-08-31Completed
CHUSPAN PAN BP Treatment of Polyarteritis Nodosa and Microscopic Polyangiitis Without Poor-Prognosis Factors a Prospective Randomized Study in 125 Patients [NCT00400075]Phase 4124 participants Interventional1996-07-31Active, not recruiting
The Ideal Management of Crohn's Disease: Top Down Versus Step Up Strategies. A Prospective Controlled Trial in the Benelux [NCT00554710]Phase 4129 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-05-31Completed
Role of Th1, Th2 and Monokine Responses as Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Renal Transplant Rejection - Impact of Different Immunosuppressive Protocols [NCT00150891]84 participants (Actual)Observational1998-01-31Completed
The Outcomes and Safety of Immunomodulators and Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia Egyptian Patients With Hemorrhage Comorbidity [NCT05861297]Phase 4467 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-05Recruiting
A Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Trial to Compare the Effect on Chronic Allograft Nephropathy Prevention of Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine as the Sole Immunosuppressive Therapy for Kidney Transplant Recipients [NCT00494741]Phase 4233 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
The Effect of Iguratimod on Active Lupus Nephritis, the IGeLU Study: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02936375]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-07Recruiting
Effect of Early Prescription of Immunosuppressants on First Three-year Course of Crohn's Disease [NCT00546546]Phase 4120 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
The Effect of the Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Combined With Azathioprine in Maintaining Remission of Patients With Crohn's Diseases After Surgery [NCT04160325]54 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-01Recruiting
An Open-Label, Multicenter, Efficacy and Safety Study to Evaluate Two Treatment Algorithms in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease [NCT01235689]Phase 3252 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-11Completed
Effectiveness of Thiopurine Dose Optimization by NUDT 15 R139C on Reducing Thiopurine-induced Leucopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease [NCT02929706]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-31Recruiting
A Randomized Multicenter Study for Isolated Skin Vasculitis [NCT02939573]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-01Recruiting
A Single Centre, Two Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of an Oral Azathioprine Suspension 10 mg/mL (Jayempi™) Versus Oral Azathioprine Tablet 50mg (Imurek®) in at Least 30 Healthy Adult Subjects Under Fasting Conditions [NCT03930264]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-11Completed
Azathioprine in the Prevention of Ileal Crohn's Disease Postoperative Recurrence: Systematic Versus Endoscopic-directed Treatment. A Multi-center, Randomized, Clinical Practice Evaluation Study. [NCT02247258]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow recruitment)
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Study to Assess the the Efficacy of Enteral Nutrition in Fill of the Treatment Blank Period of the Postoperative Maintain Remission Medication for Crohn's Disease (CD). [NCT01823042]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-10-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Open Label, Phase II Multicenter Study of Non-Myeloablative Autologous Transplantation With Auto-CD34+HPC Versus Currently Available Immunosuppressive/Immunomodulatory Therapy for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [NCT00230035]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Recommended by DSMB due to lack of accrual)
Phase II Trial of Zileuton Compared to Azathioprine/Prednisone for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT00262405]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Maintenance Therapy in ANCA Associated Systemic Vasculitis [NCT00307645]Phase 3160 participants Interventional2003-05-31Terminated
A Comparison of Oral Methylprednisolone Plus Azathioprine or Mycophenolate Mofetil for the Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid [NCT00431119]Phase 270 participants Interventional1997-10-31Completed
A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Parallel Arm, Dose Ranging Study of IMURAN in Subjects With Active Crohn's Disease Requiring Treatment With Prednisone: A Crohn's Disease Optimal Range Dose of IMURAN Study (ACORDIS) [NCT00098111]Phase 331 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Lack of recruitment)
A Randomized, Multicenter Study to Assess the Efficacy on Diseases Activity of Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium Versus Continuation of Azathioprine in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on Azathioprine Maintenance Therapy. [NCT00504244]Phase 312 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment)
Efficacy and Safety of Maintenance Neoral Compared to Bitherapy Neoral-Imurel or Neoral-CellCept in Renal Transplantation [NCT00461825]Phase 3207 participants Interventional1998-07-31Completed
A Multi-site Trial of Azathioprine Dosing in Crohn's Disease [NCT00113503]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Three-Arm, Phase IIIb Study Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Interferon Gamma-1b Alone, IFN-Gamma 1b With Azathioprine, and Azathioprine Alone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Receiving Prednisone [NCT00052039]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Study design changes were needed based on GIPF-001 results)
Prevention of Relapses in PR3-ANCA-associated Vasculitis, a Tailored Approach [NCT00128895]Phase 4131 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Terminated
OPRTUNTI: Offering Potential for Reproduction Through Transplantation of Uterus iN the Treatment of Infertility [NCT05646992]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
A Randomized Multicenter Trial Comparing Mycophenolate Mofetil and Azathioprine as Remission-maintaining Treatment for Proliferative Lupus Glomerulonephritis. The MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. [NCT00204022]Phase 3105 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
CHUSPAN SCS BP Treatment of Churg-Strauss Syndrome Without Poor-Prognosis Factors: a Prospective Randomized Study in 72 Patients. [NCT00399399]Phase 472 participants Interventional1996-07-31Active, not recruiting
Azathioprine Versus Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Parthenium Dermatitis [NCT00189397]0 participants Interventional2003-02-28Completed
A Prospective, Open-label, Controlled, Single Center Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety for Telitacicept in the Remission Maintenance Treatment of ANCA-associated Vasculitis [NCT05965284]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-09Recruiting
[NCT00268515]Phase 20 participants Interventional1998-04-30Completed
Monitoring of Azathioprine Metabolite Concentrations and Cytokine Levels in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder [NCT05896605]Phase 463 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-01Completed
Treatment of Necrotizing Vasculitides for Patients Older Than 65 Years Comparison of Two Strategies Combining Steroids With or Without Immunosuppressants [NCT00307671]Phase 4108 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Five-Year Single-Blind, Phase III Effectiveness Randomised Actively Controlled Clinical Trial in New Onset Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis: Oral Cyclophosphamide Versus High Dose Intravenous Cyclophosphamide Versus Intermediate Dose Intrav [NCT00336414]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to the study is withdrawn due to low and unexpected enrollment rate)
Efficacy and Safety of Infliximab as First-line Therapy in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: a Randomized, Controlled, Open-label Trial [NCT01752790]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to The study will be part of a European multicenter trial (Infliximab Top-down Study in Kids with Crohn's disease))
Phase 4, Open Label Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Comparison of 2 Immunomodulator Withdrawal Schemes for Infliximab Monotherapy in Active Pediatric Crohn's Disease After Immunomodulator Failure [NCT01802593]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Terminated(stopped due to lack of budget and failure to reach milestones)
Outcome of Muscle Function and Disease Activity in Patients With Recent Onset Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis - a 1-year Follow-up Register Study [NCT01813617]72 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2010-09-30Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind Trial in the Comparison of Cimzia Versus Cimzia Plus Azathioprine in the Change in Mean SES-CD (Simple Endoscopic Scores-Crohn's Disease) Scores in the Treatment of Active, Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease [NCT01817972]Phase 365 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study to Evaluate if Response to Infliximab or Adalimumab May be Regained With the Addition of an Immunomodulator [NCT02413047]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Terminated(stopped due to physician decision to stop study early due to low enrollment)
Once Daily Dosing to Improve Medication Adherence and Patient Satisfaction in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Study [NCT02426502]76 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Active, not recruiting
Randomised, Evaluator-Blinded, Multicentre, International, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial of Gusperimus Versus Conventional Therapy in Relapse of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's Granulomatosis) SPARROW Study - SPAnidin in Rel [NCT01446211]Phase 34 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Change of design consideration)
Efficacy of Oral Alitretinoin Versus Oral Azathioprine in Patients With Severe Chronic Non-hyperkeratotic Hand Eczema. A Randomized Prospective Open-label Trial With Blinded Outcome Assessment [NCT03026907]Phase 3116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-31Recruiting
Evaluation of the Clinical and Immunological Impact of Two Therapeutic Strategies (Increasing the Infliximab Dose or Introduction of Immunosuppressive Therapy) in Patients Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Loss of Response to Infliximab [NCT03370601]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-03Terminated(stopped due to Not enough recruitment Lack of funding CR)
A proSpective Randomized Controlled Trial comParing infliximAb-antimetabolites Combination Therapy to Anti-metabolites monotheRapy and Infliximab monothErapy in Crohn's Disease Patients in Sustained Steroid-free Remission on Combination Therapy [NCT02177071]Phase 4211 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-09Completed
The Efficacy of Leflunomide for the Maintenance Therapy of ANCA Associated Vasculitis [NCT04737343]114 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Recruiting
An International, Open Label, Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Rituximab With Azathioprine as Maintenance Therapy in Relapsing ANCA-associated Vasculitis [NCT01697267]Phase 3188 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide or Azathioprine Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis Patients After Expand Thymectomy [NCT01727193]Phase 3290 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Induction Therapy With Three Doses of Infliximab in Patients With Crohn Disease Aged 7-17 Years-multicenter Open Study. Efficacy and Safety of Two Regimens of Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Crohn Disease Aged 7-17 Years-multic [NCT01559142]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Active, not recruiting
Adalimumab on Preventing Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease [NCT01564823]Phase 386 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Observational Study of Visual Outcomes in Retinal Disease [NCT01613963]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2012-05-31Enrolling by invitation
Treatment of ANCA-Associated Vasculitides : Corticosteroids and Pulse Cyclophosphamide Followed by Maintenance Therapy With Methotrexate or Azathioprine: a Prospective Multicenter Randomized Trial [NCT00349674]Phase 3126 participants Interventional1999-01-31Active, not recruiting
TheRapeutic Effect of Different immunosuppressAnts on Non-Thymoma Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: a Real-world Study [NCT04182984]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2019-11-04Recruiting
A Prospective Randomised, Open-labeled, Trial Comparing Sirolimus-Containing Versus mTOR-Inhibitor-Free Immunosuppression in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma [NCT00355862]Phase 3525 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Immunosuppression in Biopsy-proven Virus Negative Myocarditis or Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy [NCT04654988]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-01Not yet recruiting
Clinical Study of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells on Treatment of Hormone-resistant or Hormone-dependent Ulcerative Colitis [NCT04882683]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
A Phase 3, Multi-Center, Multinational, Randomized, Double-Blind, Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab (HGS1006) in Combination With Azathioprine for the Maintenance of Remission in Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis [NCT01663623]Phase 3106 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-20Completed
Outcome of Use of Cytotoxic Drugs for Inflammatory Lung Diseases [NCT02356445]2,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2014-11-30Recruiting
Effectiveness of Rifaximin Combined With Thiopurine on Preventing Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence in Crohn's Disease Patients With Risk Factor for Recurrence: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03185611]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-18Recruiting
[NCT02998827]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-30Enrolling by invitation
Addition of Azathioprine to the Switch of Anti-TNF Drug in IBD Patients in Clinical Relapse With Undectectable Anti-TNF Trough Levels and Anti-drug Antibodies : a Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT03580876]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-23Recruiting
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Postoperative Recurrence of Crohn's Disease：a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04761952]236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-13Not yet recruiting
Conventional Step-Up Versus Infliximab Monotherapy in Patients With Active Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. A Randomized, Open Label, Prospective, Multicenter Study [NCT00984568]Phase 328 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to slow recruitment the study was stopped prematurely.)
A Multicenter Randomized, Open-label Study to Compare the Efficacy of Subcutaneous Infliximab Monotherapy With Subcutaneous Infliximab and Concomitant Immunosuppression in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease [NCT06059989]Phase 3158 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-25Recruiting
Combined Treatment of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases With Protein A Immunoadsorption, Dexamethasone Pulse Therapy and Rituximab [NCT00656656]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Multicenter, Open Label, Phase IIIb Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Subcutaneous Tocilizumab as Monotherapy and/or in Combination With Methotrexate or Other Non-Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Rheumatoid Ar [NCT01941095]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-20Completed
Azathioprine in Recurrent Implantation Failure [NCT03498703]Phase 264 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-25Completed
Thiopurine Induced Pancreatitis in IBD Patients [NCT02281799]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No Participants Enrolled)
A Randomised, Open-label Clinical Trial Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine for Induction of Remission in Treatment Naive Autoimmune Hepatitis [NCT02900443]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Active, not recruiting
The Therapy Effect of Azathioprine Initial or 14 Weeks After Combined With Infliximab on Crohn Disease：a Randomized, Open Label, Single-center Cohort Study [NCT03393247]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-06-01Recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety of Mycophenolate Mofetil in the Treatment of Lymphocytic Myocarditis in Comparison With Azathioprine [NCT05237323]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Recruiting
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Patients With Ileocaecal Crohn's Disease (XENIC): an Open-label, Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04921033]Phase 3256 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Recruiting
Prospective Randomised Marker-based Trial to Assess the Clinical Utility and Safety of Biomarker-guided Immunosuppression Withdrawal in Liver Transplantation [NCT02498977]Phase 4116 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Active, not recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Tocilizumab Versus Azathioprine in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: a Randomized, Controlled, Open-label, Phase 2 Trial [NCT03350633]Phase 2/Phase 3118 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-01Completed
MAINtenance of Remission With RITuximab Versus Azathioprine for Patients With Newly-diagnosed or Relapsing Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study: the MAINRITSEG Trial [NCT03164473]Phase 398 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-07Active, not recruiting
Reposition of Second Line Treatment in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia [NCT03229746]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-01Completed
Possible Role of Chloroquine in Conjunction to Prednisone to Induce a Complete Remission in the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: a Randomized Trial [NCT02463331]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Clinical Response Over Time (Study Extension)
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Corticosteriod-free Clinical Remission
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Corticosteroid-free Clinical Remission (Study Extension)
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Average Corticosteroid Use
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) Total Score at Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18 and 26 (Main Study)
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Clinical Remission (Main Study)
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Clinical Remission (Study Extension)
NCT00094458 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Clinical Response Over Time (Main Study)
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Time to Remission (BVAS=0) From the Visit 1 Baseline Visit in the Two Treatment Groups
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Disease Remission
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]The Duration of Complete Remission (BVAS=0, Off Glucocorticoids), the Time to Limited and/or Severe Flare After Remission in the Two Treatment Groups
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Have a BVAS/WG Score of 0 and Have Successfully Completed the Glucocorticoid Taper by 6 Months Post-randomization
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Selected Adverse Events Experienced by Participants Receiving Rituximab Versus Those Receiving Conventional Therapy
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]Time to Complete Remission (BVAS=0, Off Glucocorticoids) From the Visit 1 Baseline Visit in the Two Treatment Groups
NCT00104299 (8) [back to overview]The Duration of Remission (BVAS=0), the Time to Limited and/or Severe Flare After Remission in the Two Treatment Groups
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Glaucoma - Incident
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Hyperlipidemia - Incident
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Hypertension Diagnosis Requiring Treatment
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Elevation >= 10 mmHg Above Baseline
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Greater Than or Equal to 24 mm Hg
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Greater Than or Equal to 30 mm Hg
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure - IOP-lowering Surgery
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Macular Edema
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Mortality
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Uveitis Activity
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure (IOP) - Incident Use of IOP-lowering Medical Therapy (Percentage of Eyes With Uveitis That Were Not Being Treated With IOP-lowering Medical Therapy at Baseline and Underwent IOP Lowering Therapy During the 24 Month Follow-up.
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Cataract - Incident Cataract
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Change in Best-corrected Visual Acuity (Change in the Numbers of Letters Read From a Standard ETDRS Eye Chart) From Baseline to 24 Months in Eyes With Uveitis
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Change in Self-reported Vision-related Function as Measured by the National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ 25) Vision Targeted Composite Score From Baseline to 24 Months
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Change in SF-36 Mental Component Score From Baseline to 24 Months
NCT00132691 (17) [back to overview]Change in SF-36 Physical Component Score From Baseline to 24 Months
NCT00170846 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Safety Parameters
NCT00170846 (3) [back to overview]Renal Function Assessed by Measured GFR (mGFR)
NCT00170846 (3) [back to overview]Change in mGFR by Baseline Calculated Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault Formula)
NCT00267189 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Efficacy Failure (Biopsy Proven Acute Rejection [BPAR], Graft Loss or Death)
NCT00267189 (3) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Discontinuation of Study Medication
NCT00267189 (3) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Cockcroft-Gault Calculated Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) at 36 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) at 24 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Acute Rejection-free Survival at 12 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival at 12 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Acute Rejection Rate at 12 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival at 24 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival at 36 Months
NCT00321906 (8) [back to overview]Severity of Acute Rejection at 12 Months
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Number of Patients Showing Treatment Response
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 24-hour Urine Protein
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Change From Baseline in Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Domain and Component Scores
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Participants With Major Extra-renal Flare
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Participants With Sustained Doubling of Serum Creatinine
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Participants With End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Treatment Failure Free, by Time Interval
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Renal Flare Free, by Time Interval
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Not Receiving Rescue Therapy
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Deaths
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Creatinine
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Albumin
NCT00377637 (14) [back to overview]Induction Phase: Change in Renal British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Score
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Number of Patients in Need of Dialysis From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Left Ventricular Function (Diameter and Thickness Parameters) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Heart Transplant Subgroup
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Left Ventricular Function (Filling and Ejection Fraction Parameters) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Heart Transplant Subgroup
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Biopsy-proven Acute Rejection From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate (mGFR) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Mean Days of Hospitalization From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Lung Transplant Subgroup
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate (mGFR) From Baseline to Month 12
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Number of Patients Discontinued From the Study Due to Adverse Events From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Died and Number of Patients With Graft Loss From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)
NCT00377962 (12) [back to overview]Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Lung Transplant Subgroup
NCT00537316 (3) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants in Response at Weeks 8 and 16
NCT00537316 (3) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Mucosal Healing at Week 16
NCT00537316 (3) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants in Steroid-free Remission at Week 16
NCT00608894 (3) [back to overview]Incomplete Response, Treatment Failure, or a Case of Relapse at 6 Months
NCT00608894 (3) [back to overview]Biochemical Remission of (AIH) at Month 6.
NCT00608894 (3) [back to overview]Biochemical Remission by Month 3.
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts Less Than the Lower Limit of Normal (LLN) by Visit
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts <20 Cells/uL by Visit
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts <10 Cells Per Microliter (Cells/uL)
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Overall Response
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Mean Absolute Counts of Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 19 Positive (+) Cells Per Visit
NCT00626197 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Complete Renal Response (CRR)
NCT00656656 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients Achieving a Short- and Long-term Remission of Pemphigus
NCT00656656 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Experienced Side-effects of Treatment
NCT00741338 (2) [back to overview]Percent Reduction of Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Level From Baseline to the End of Treatment/Early Withdrawal
NCT00741338 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Immune Tolerance Induction
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved No Response at 24 Weeks and Continued in the Study
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved a Complete Response by Week 24 and Maintained the Complete Response Through Week 52
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Fulfilling the Proteinuria and Prednisone Criteria of a Partial Response
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Fulfilling the Proteinuria and Prednisone Criteria of a Complete Response
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Total BILAG-2004
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Patient Global Assessment
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Participants Who Were Anti-dsDNA Positive at Baseline and Negative at Week 104
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Negative Anti-dsDNA
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Patient Global Assessment Percent Change From Baseline
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Proportion of Vaccinated Participants With a Competent Immune Response
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - SF-36 Scores Percent Change From Baseline
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - SF-36 Scores
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Presence of Hypocomplementemia
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Lupus Disease Activity - Frequency of Flares
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Partial Response
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Complete Response
NCT00774852 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Complete or Partial Response
NCT00984568 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response at Week 4 and Steroid-Free Remission at Week 50
NCT00984568 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Response
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Number of Crohn's Disease-related Hospitalizations Due to Emergency
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to Clinical Remission
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to Crohn's Disease Flare
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to Crohn's Disease-related Hospitalization Due to Emergency
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to Crohn's Disease-related Hospitalization or Hospitalization Due to Adverse Event Relating to Study Medication
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to Steroid-free Remission
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Total Dose of Prednisone
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Total Length of Stay in Hospital for All-cause Hospitalizations
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in CDEIS at 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in CDAI Over Time
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Over Time
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Work Productivity Activity Index - Crohn's Disease (WPAI:CD)
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary Scores
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Total Length of Stay in Hospital for Crohn's Disease-related Hospitalizations
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Steroid-free Remission Over Time
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) Score
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ9)
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) Total Score
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Number of All-cause Hospitalizations After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Number of Crohn's Disease-related Hospitalizations After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Clinical Remission Over Time
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Number of Crohn's Disease-related Surgical Procedures After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Number of Major Crohn's Disease-related Surgeries After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Biologic Remission 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Deep Remission 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Complete Mucosal Healing 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Endoscopic Response 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing and CDEIS < 4 in Every Segment 48 Weeks After Randomization
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing and No Deep Ulcerations
NCT01235689 (31) [back to overview]Time to All-cause Hospitalization
NCT01663623 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Major Relapse During the Double-blind Phase of the Study
NCT01663623 (2) [back to overview]Time to First Relapse
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Combined Damage Assessment Score (Disease Related Damage Assessment)
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Severe Adverse Event Rate
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Physical Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Physical Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Physical Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Physical Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Physical Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Infection Rates
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Mental Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Mental Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Mental Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative GC Exposure
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Remission at 24 and 48 Months
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Relapse-free Survival
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Mental Composite
NCT01697267 (16) [back to overview]Health-related Quality of Life Using the SF-36 Mental Composite
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) Response
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Disease Activity Score Based on 28 Joint Count and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR) Remission at Week 24
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Corticosteroid Dose Reduction or Discontinuation
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in DAS28-ESR up to Week 52
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) Score up to Week 52
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SJC28 up to Week 52
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in TJC28 up to Week 52
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue Total Score
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]HAQ-DI Score
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Reasons (Categories) for Corticosteroid Dose Reduction or Discontinuation
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Anti-Tocilizumab Antibodies (ATA)
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Patient Assessment of Pain, Using VAS Score
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved DAS28-ESR Remission/Low Disease Activity (LDA) From Week 28 up to Week 52 Among Participants With Intensification of Methotrexate/Other Non-Biologic DMARDs in Combination With Tocilizumab Since Week 24
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Maintained DAS28-ESR Remission From Week 24 up to Week 52 Among Participants on Tocilizumab Monotherapy Since Week 24
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Received All Planned Study Medication (Compliance)
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Good, Moderate, or No Response According to European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Response Criteria
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]PGA, Using VAS Score
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor (sIL-6R) Levels
NCT01941095 (19) [back to overview]Tocilizumab Serum Levels
NCT02463331 (2) [back to overview]Histopathological Response to Therapy
NCT02463331 (2) [back to overview]Biochemical Response to Therapy
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to the Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Time 0 to Infinite Time (AUC[0-inf]) of GSK1070806
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Baseline and Change From Baseline in Serum Levels of Free, Total, and GSK1070806 Bound Interleukin 18 (IL-18) Over Time Post-transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Serum Interferon Gamma-induced Protein 10 (IP-10) and Serum Monokine Induced Gamma Interferon (Mig) Levels at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants in the First 7 Days With: Primary Non Function, Functional DGF, Intermediate Graft Function, Immediate Graft Function
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Event (AE) and Serious Adverse Event (SAE)
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Having Any Abnormal Clinical Chemistry Results of Potential Clinical Importance
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Serum Concentrations of GSK1070806
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Urine Volume at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of GSK1070806
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Having Infections
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Having Any Abnormality in Hematology Results of Potential Clinical Importance
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Dialysis During the First 7 Days Post Transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Dialysis Independent at Visits up to 12 Months Post-transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Dialysis Events in the First 30 Days Post-transplant
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Episodes of Biopsy-proven Acute Rejection
NCT02723786 (17) [back to overview]Number of Participants Having Any Abnormality of Potential Clinical Importance of Vital Signs Results
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (2/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (3/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (4/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (5/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Serum Chemistry (1/2)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Serum Chemistry (2/2)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (1/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (3/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (4/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (5/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Over 52 Weeks in Health-related Quality of Life as Measured by the Domains and Component Scores of the SF-36v2 and EQ-5D-5L VAS and Index
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change in the VDI From Baseline Over 52 Weeks, Including the Week 26 and Week 52 Time Points
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Glucocorticoid-induced Toxicity as Measured by Change From Baseline Over the First 26 Weeks in the GTI
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]In Subjects With Renal Disease and Albuminuria at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Percent Change in UACR From Baseline Over 52 Weeks
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]In Subjects With Renal Disease at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Change in eGFR From Baseline Over 52 Weeks
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]In Subjects With Renal Disease at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Percent Change in Urinary MCP-1:Creatinine Ratio From Baseline Over 52 Weeks
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Where a Relationship Between Avacopan/Placebo, Glucocorticoid Use, Cyclophosphamide, Rituximab, and Azathioprine or Mycophenolate Use to an AE Was Determined by the Investigator
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Subject Incidence of Treatment-emergent SAEs, AEs, and Withdrawals Due to AEs
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (2/5)
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving BVAS=0 During the Study
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Clinically Significant ECG Changes From Baseline
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With BVAS of 0 at Week 4, Regardless of Whether the Subjects Received Glucocorticoids During This Period of Time and Based on Assessment by the Blinded AC
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Achieving Disease Remission at Week 26
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Achieving Sustained Disease Remission at Week 52
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects and Time to Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving BVAS=0 at Any Time During the Treatment Period
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects and Time to Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving Remission at Week 26 in the Study
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Certain Safety Endpoints of Interest: Infections, Hepatic System Abnormalities, WBC Count Decreases, and Hypersensitivity
NCT02994927 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (1/5)
NCT03002038 (3) [back to overview]Annual Relapse Rate
NCT03002038 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT03002038 (3) [back to overview]Expanded Disability Status Scale
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue Total Scores at Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Duration of Morning Stiffness at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis With Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Disease Activity Index Total Score at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Week 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) Subscale Scores at Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) of Disease Activity Score by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Number of Tender Joints at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Number of Swollen Joints at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Low Disease Activity (DAS28 ESR Score <=3.2) and Remission (DAS28 ESR Score <2.6) at Weeks 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Clinical Disease Activity Index: Low Disease Activity (CDAI Score <=10.0) and Remission (CDAI Score <=2.8) Weeks 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States (MAThyS) Scale Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) Subscale Scores at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F) Total Scores at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Duration of Morning Stiffness at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis With Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Weeks 4 and 12
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Patient Global Assessment of Disease Activity Score by Visual Analog Scale at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Tender Joints at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Swelling Joints at Weeks 4, 12, and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States Scale Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03449758 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Physical Activity Questionnaire Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24
NCT03930264 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-∞
NCT03930264 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t
NCT03930264 (3) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT05263505 (1) [back to overview]Treatment Response

Percentage of Participants With Clinical Response Over Time (Study Extension)

Clinical response, defined as a >=100-point decrease in CDAI from Baseline. (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Weeks 34, 42, 50

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 34Week 42Week 50
Azathioprine + Placebo66.765.362.7
Infliximab + Azathioprine76.977.878.7
Infliximab + Placebo76.374.272.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Corticosteriod-free Clinical Remission

Corticosteroid-free clinical remission is defined as a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) less than (<) 150 in participants who have not received any dose of systemic corticosteroids (prednisone or equivalent) for greater than or equal to (>=) 3 weeks and have not received budesonide at a dose > 6 milligram per day (mg/day) for >= 3 weeks. The total CDAI score ranges from 0 - 600. The lower the CDAI score, the better (i.e., 0 is better and 600 is worse). (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine + Placebo30.0
Infliximab + Placebo44.4
Infliximab + Azathioprine56.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Corticosteroid-free Clinical Remission (Study Extension)

Corticosteroid-free clinical remission is defined as a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) < 150 who have not received any dose of systemic corticosteroids (prednisone or equivalent) for >= 3 weeks and have not received budesonide at a dose > 6 milligram per day (mg/day) for >= 3 weeks. The total CDAI score ranges from 0 - 600. The lower the CDAI score, the better (i.e., 0 is better and 600 is worse). (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Week 50

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine + Placebo54.7
Infliximab + Placebo60.8
Infliximab + Azathioprine72.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing

Complete absence of mucosal ulcerations in the colon and terminal ileum as assessed by video endoscopy. (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine + Placebo16.5
Infliximab + Placebo30.1
Infliximab + Azathioprine43.9

[back to top]

Average Corticosteroid Use

Average daily dose of systemic corticosteroid concomitant medications(prednisone or equivalent) (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18 and 26

,,
Interventionmilligram per day (Mean)
Week 2 (n=48, 50, 49)Week 6 (n=53, 52, 51)Week 10 (n=56, 56, 52)Week 18 (n=59, 57, 56)Week 26 (n=60, 60, 58)
Azathioprine + Placebo22.9218.5616.1913.4911.57
Infliximab + Azathioprine22.7518.2615.0111.649.35
Infliximab + Placebo21.2017.6815.6813.2310.96

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) Total Score at Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18 and 26 (Main Study)

Quality of life as measured by the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). The IBDQ is a 32- item questionnaire and the total IBDQ score can range from 32 (very poor) to 224 (perfect). (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18, 26

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 2 (n= 160, 160, 163)Week 6 (n= 162, 161, 165)Week 10 (n= 162, 161, 165)Week 18 (n= 162, 161, 165)Week 26 (n= 162, 161, 165)
Azathioprine + Placebo20.128.331.030.331.4
Infliximab + Azathioprine31.439.942.443.745.2
Infliximab + Placebo27.734.837.839.939.9

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Clinical Remission (Main Study)

Clinical remission is defined as a CDAI < 150, compared to baseline (Week 0) (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18 and 26

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 2Week 6Week 10Week 18Week 26
Azathioprine + Placebo17.627.634.133.531.8
Infliximab + Azathioprine36.752.159.860.460.4
Infliximab + Placebo32.549.147.349.747.9

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Clinical Remission (Study Extension)

Clinical remission is defined as a CDAI < 150, compared to baseline (Week 0) (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Weeks 34, 42 and 50

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 34Week 42Week 50
Azathioprine + Placebo61.358.754.7
Infliximab + Azathioprine69.473.174.1
Infliximab + Placebo66.072.266.0

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Clinical Response Over Time (Main Study)

Clinical response, defined as a >=100-point decrease in CDAI from Baseline. (NCT00094458)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 6, 10, 18, 26

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 2Week 6Week 10Week 18Week 26
Azathioprine + Placebo22.437.639.438.837.6
Infliximab + Azathioprine47.363.369.262.762.1
Infliximab + Placebo42.654.455.655.054.4

[back to top]

Time to Remission (BVAS=0) From the Visit 1 Baseline Visit in the Two Treatment Groups

"Time to complete remission is defined as the number of days from baseline visit (Visit 1) to a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)[1] of 0.~[1] The BVAS/WG is a disease activity index designed to document new or worsening clinically active vasculitis consisting of items divided into 9 organ based systems. BVAS/WG scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more active disease" (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 18 months post-randomization

,
InterventionDays (Number)
25% Quartile (95%CI)50% Quartile (95%CI)75% Quartile (95%CI)
Control Group2943112
Rituximab3057119

[back to top]

Disease Remission

A Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG) score of 0 with prednisone taper successfully completed at six months. The BVAS/WG is a validated disease activity index. The BVAS/WG is designed to document new or worsening clinically active vasculitis and consists of a set of items divided into nine organ based systems. BVAS/WG scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more active disease. (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 6 months post-randomization

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Rituximab63
Control Group52

[back to top]

The Duration of Complete Remission (BVAS=0, Off Glucocorticoids), the Time to Limited and/or Severe Flare After Remission in the Two Treatment Groups

"Duration of complete remission is defined as a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)[1] of 0 and a completing taper of Prednisone to the first flare, BVAS/WG score of greater than 0, or an increase in Prednisone dosing.~[1] The BVAS/WG is a disease activity index designed to document new or worsening clinically active vasculitis consisting of items divided into 9 organ based systems. BVAS/WG scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more active disease" (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 18 months post-randomization

,
InterventionDays (Number)
25% Quartile (95%CI)50% Quartile (95%CI)75% Quartile (95%CI)
Control Group230NANA
Rituximab243NANA

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Have a BVAS/WG Score of 0 and Have Successfully Completed the Glucocorticoid Taper by 6 Months Post-randomization

"The 2-sided 95% CI of the percentage of participants who have a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)[1] of 0 and have successfully completed the glucocorticoid taper by 6 months post-randomization and the 2-sided 95% CI of the difference between two arms for assessing the superiority of rituximab to control~[1] The BVAS/WG is a disease activity index designed to document new or worsening clinically active vasculitis consisting of items divided into 9 organ based systems. BVAS/WG scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more active disease" (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 6 months post-randomization

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Rituximab62
Control Group51

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Experiencing Serious Adverse Events

Number of subjects according to originally received treatment that experienced a serious adverse event through 18 months post-randomization or prior to being censored from analyses due to crossover, switching to open-label treatment, or best medical judgment for censor. Events are categorized by coded system organ classes (SOC). Within each SOC, a participant was counted once if the participant reported one or more events coded to that SOC. (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: Randomization to censor at Crossover, Open-label or Best Medical Judgment (up to 18 months post-randomization)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
# Participants with at least one SAEBlood and Lymphatic System DisordersCardiac DisordersEye DisordersGastrointestinal DisordersGeneral Disorders and Administration SiteImmune System DisordersInfections and InfestationsInjury, Poisoning, and Procedural ComplicationsInvestigationsMetabolism and Nutrition DisordersMusculoskeletal and Connective Tissue DisordersNeoplasms Benign, Malignant, and UnspecifiedNervous System DisordersPregnancy, Puerperium, and Perinatal ConditionsPsychiatric DisordersRenal and Urinary DisordersRespiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal DisordersVascular Disorders
Control Group375211321200232001387
Rituximab424214521222221111481

[back to top]

Rate of Selected Adverse Events Experienced by Participants Receiving Rituximab Versus Those Receiving Conventional Therapy

The adverse event rate for the following events considered related to vasculitis: Death; Grade 2 or higher leukopenia or thrombocytopenia; Grade 3 or higher infections; Hemorrhagic cystitis (grade 2 or lower needs confirmation by cytoscopy); Malignancy; Venous thromboembolic event (deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism); Hospitalization resulting either from the disease or from a complication due to study treatment; Infusion reactions (within 24 hours of infusion) that result in the cessation of further infusions (including cytokine release allergic reaction); Cerebrovascular accident (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: Through common close-out (defined as 18 months after the last participant is enrolled in the trial)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
DeathGrade 2 or Higher LeukopeniaGrade 2 or Higher ThrombocytopeniaGrade 3 or Higher InfectionsHemorrhagic Cystitis (Grade 2 or Lower)MalignancyVenous Thromboembolic EventHospitalization Resulting from the DiseaseCerebrovascular Accident (CVA)Infusion Reactions Leading to Infusion Disc.
Control Group223116128710
Rituximab274182561611

[back to top]

Time to Complete Remission (BVAS=0, Off Glucocorticoids) From the Visit 1 Baseline Visit in the Two Treatment Groups

"Time to complete remission is defined as the number of days from baseline visit (Visit 1) to a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)[1] of 0 and completing taper of glucocorticoid by 6 months post-randomization.~[1] The BVAS/WG is a disease activity index designed to document new or worsening clinically active vasculitis consisting of items divided into 9 organ based systems. BVAS/WG scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more active disease" (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 18 months post-randomization

,
InterventionDays (Number)
25% Quartile (95%CI)50% Quartile (95%CI)75% Quartile (95%CI)
Control Group177183266
Rituximab176180189

[back to top]

The Duration of Remission (BVAS=0), the Time to Limited and/or Severe Flare After Remission in the Two Treatment Groups

Duration of remission is defined as a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG)[1] of 0 and a completing taper of glucocorticoid by 6 months post-randomization to the first flare, BVAS/WG score of greater than 0, or an increase in Prednisone dosing. (NCT00104299)
Timeframe: 18 months post-randomization

,
InterventionDays (Number)
25% Quartile (95%CI)50% Quartile (95%CI)75% Quartile (95%CI)
Control Group168NANA
Rituximab246NANA

[back to top]

Diabetes Mellitus

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant1.0
Systemic Therapy3.6

[back to top]

Glaucoma - Incident

Glaucoma was diagnosed by a glaucoma specialist through review of visual fields, clinical data, and fundus images. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant16.5
Systemic Therapy4.0

[back to top]

Hyperlipidemia - Incident

LDL greater than or equal to 160 mg/mL (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of participants at risk (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant9.8
Systemic Therapy11.0

[back to top]

Hypertension Diagnosis Requiring Treatment

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant4.6
Systemic Therapy10.5

[back to top]

Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Elevation >= 10 mmHg Above Baseline

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant51.8
Systemic Therapy15.5

[back to top]

Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Greater Than or Equal to 24 mm Hg

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant53.1
Systemic Therapy18.7

[back to top]

Intraocular Pressure - Incident IOP Greater Than or Equal to 30 mm Hg

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant32.8
Systemic Therapy6.3

[back to top]

Intraocular Pressure - IOP-lowering Surgery

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant26.2
Systemic Therapy3.7

[back to top]

Macular Edema

center point macular thickness >= 240 micrometers assessed on OCT (Stratus OCT-3 [Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA]) as graded by Central Reading Center (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant22
Systemic Therapy30

[back to top]

Mortality

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant1.6
Systemic Therapy0

[back to top]

Uveitis Activity

Uveitis activity was determined by clinician assessment at each study visit. The study ophthalmologist evaluated each eye as active, inactive/never had uveitis or cannot assess. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis (Number)
Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant12
Systemic Therapy29

[back to top]

Intraocular Pressure (IOP) - Incident Use of IOP-lowering Medical Therapy (Percentage of Eyes With Uveitis That Were Not Being Treated With IOP-lowering Medical Therapy at Baseline and Underwent IOP Lowering Therapy During the 24 Month Follow-up.

The percentage of subjects who used topical or systemic treatment for elevated IOP at any time during the 2 year follow-up and were not on IOP-lowering therapy at baseline is reported. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant61.1
Systemic Therapy20.1

[back to top]

Cataract - Incident Cataract

(NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionpercentage of eyes with uveitis at risk (Number)
Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant90.7
Systemic Therapy44.9

[back to top]

Change in Best-corrected Visual Acuity (Change in the Numbers of Letters Read From a Standard ETDRS Eye Chart) From Baseline to 24 Months in Eyes With Uveitis

Best-corrected visual acuity was measured as the number of letters read from standard logarithmic visual acuity charts by study-certified examiners who were masked to treatment. Visual acuity was measured at all study visits. The primary outcome was eye-specific change in visual acuity from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Positive change values indicate improved vision while negative change values indicate vision has gotten worse. A change of 7.5 letters is considered clinically meaningful. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionletters (Mean)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant6.0
Systemic Therapy3.2

[back to top] [back to top]

Change in SF-36 Mental Component Score From Baseline to 24 Months

Self-reported health related QoL was measured with the SF 36 survey. The mental component score for the SF 36 is a summary measure of mental health primarily based on the social functioning, role emotional, mental health and vitality domains. The score is scaled to a population norm with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores represent better outcomes. The mean change in scores between baseline and 24 months was calculated for each treatment group. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant2.55
Systemic Therapy-1.1

[back to top]

Change in SF-36 Physical Component Score From Baseline to 24 Months

Self-reported health related QoL was measured with the SF 36 survey. The physical component score for the SF 36 is a summary measure of physical health primarily based on the physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain and general health domains of the survey. The score is scaled to a population norm with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores represent better outcomes. The mean change in scores between baseline and 24 months was calculated for each treatment group. A 3 to 5 point difference is considered to be clinically meaningful. (NCT00132691)
Timeframe: 24 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Flucinolone Acetonide Implant1.15
Systemic Therapy-1.8

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Safety Parameters

The selected safety parameters (such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, anemia, malignancies ) were derived based on adverse events preferred terms defined in the analysis plan. (NCT00170846)
Timeframe: 24 months

,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Hypertension, YesHypertension, NoHyperlipidemia, YesHyperlipidemia, NoDiabetes mellitus, YesDiabetes mellitus, NoAnemia, YesAnemia, NoMalignancies, YesMalignancies, No
Group A: No RAD61176117411925987116
Group B : CNI Withdrawal1311418109612145829118
Group C: CNI Reduction9135111337137469811133

[back to top]

Renal Function Assessed by Measured GFR (mGFR)

The acceptable methods for GFR measurement were Chromium 51-Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (Cr-EDTA), Technetium 99-Diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (Tc-DTPA), Iohexol clearance Inuline clearance and Iothalamate clearance. The method should have been consistent for a given patient at every time point. (NCT00170846)
Timeframe: 24 months

InterventionmL/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
Group A: No RAD46.02
Group B : CNI Withdrawal48.00
Group C: CNI Reduction46.60

[back to top]

Change in mGFR by Baseline Calculated Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault Formula)

"Cockcroft-Gault formula (CrCl):~Creatinine Clearance [mL/min] = CrCl (males) = (140 - A) * W / (72 * C) (males), CrCl (females) = CrCl (males) * 0.85,~Where:~A is age [years]~W is body weight [kg]~C is the serum concentration of creatinine [mg/dL]" (NCT00170846)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 months

,,
InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Baseline CrCl(CG) ≤ 50 :(n= 32, 28, 32):- ChangeBaseline CrCl(CG) > 50 : (n=31, 29, 39):-Change
Group A: No RAD1.55-2.55
Group B : CNI Withdrawal-5.757.32
Group C: CNI Reduction0.82-0.24

[back to top]

Percentage of Patients With Efficacy Failure (Biopsy Proven Acute Rejection [BPAR], Graft Loss or Death)

The composite efficacy failure endpoint encompasses at least one of: biopsy proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death for the patient. BPAR was defined as a clinically suspected acute rejection confirmed by biopsy. Acute rejection episodes were recorded as Liver Allograft Rejection. The allograft was presumed to be lost if a patient had a liver retransplant or died. (NCT00267189)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
InterventionPercentage of patients (Number)
Composite efficacy failure (total)Biopsy proven acute rejectionGraft LossDeath
Group 1 (Everolimus)2.81.401.4
Group 2 (Control)1.41.400

[back to top]

Number of Patients With Discontinuation of Study Medication

(NCT00267189)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
Total # of discontinuation of study medicationAdverse EventPatient withdrew consentAbnormal laboratory value(s)Administrative problems
Group 1 (Everolimus)1814211
Group 2 (Control)10100

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline in Cockcroft-Gault Calculated Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)

"The primary variable was renal function assessed by calculated creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and was assessed at all visits.~CrCl[mL/min] = (140 - A) * W / (72 * C) * R. Where A is age at sample date [years], W is body weight at specific visit [kg], C is the serum concentration of creatinine [mg/dL], R = 1 if the patient is male and = 0.85 if female." (NCT00267189)
Timeframe: From baseline to 6 months

InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Group 1 (Everolimus)0.99
Group 2 (Control)2.26

[back to top]

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) at 36 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that had not experienced BOS by 36 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 36 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine76
Sirolimus72

[back to top]

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) at 24 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that had not experienced BOS by 24 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 24 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine81
Sirolimus78

[back to top]

Acute Rejection-free Survival at 12 Months

"Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that had not experienced acute rejection by 12 months. Acute rejection is defined as rejection at any of the following grades.~Grade A0 - None With/Without Grade A1 - Minimal Grade A2 - Mild Grade A3 - Moderate" (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 12 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine56
Sirolimus58

[back to top]

Overall Survival at 12 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that survived to (i.e., had not died by) 12 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 12 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine97
Sirolimus97

[back to top]

Acute Rejection Rate at 12 Months

Raw proportion of patients that experienced acute rejection at or before 12 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 12mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine48
Sirolimus39

[back to top]

Overall Survival at 24 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that survived to (i.e., had not died by) 24 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 24 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine89
Sirolimus94

[back to top]

Overall Survival at 36 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate of proportion of patients that survived to (i.e., had not died by) 36 months. (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 36 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine84
Sirolimus87

[back to top]

Severity of Acute Rejection at 12 Months

"Raw proportion of patients that experienced rejection at or above grade A2 by 12 months.~Grade A0 - None With/Without Grade A1 - Minimal Grade A2 - Mild Grade A3 - Moderate" (NCT00321906)
Timeframe: 12 mos

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Azathioprine24
Sirolimus18

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Number of Patients Showing Treatment Response

Treatment response was adjudicated by a blinded clinical endpoints committee (CEC) and defined as: a) Decrease in proteinuria, defined as a decrease in the urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCr) to <3 in subjects with baseline proteinuria ≥3 UPCr or a decrease in the UPCr by ≥50% in subjects with proteinuria <3 UPCr at Baseline, and b) Stabilization of serum creatinine or improvement. UPCr were derived from the 24 hour urine collection. Patients who did not show a treatment response at Week 24 or who withdrew earlier than Week 24 were considered non-responders. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ResponderNon-responder
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide9887
Mycophenolate Mofetil10481

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in 24-hour Urine Protein

24-hour urine protein was measured at Baseline and Week 24. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,
Interventionmg/day (Mean)
Baseline [n=180, 180]Week 24 [n= 150, 144]Change from Baseline to Week 24 [n= 146, 142]
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide4451.41831.6-2513.7
Mycophenolate Mofetil4208.91599.0-2510.6

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Change From Baseline in Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Domain and Component Scores

The SF-36 is a 36 item quality of life questionnaire. The short-form version has eleven questions that permit the participant to rate how they feel that particular day. The SF-36 consists of eight scaled scores and two component scores, which are the weighted sums of the questions in their section. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 score with the higher scores indicating better quality of life. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Physical Component Summary [n=139, 137]Mental Component Summary [n=139, 137]Bodily Pain Score [n=141, 137]General Health Score [n=139, 137]Mental Health Score [n=141, 137]Physical functioning Score [n=141, 137]Role-Emotional Score [n=141, 137]Role-Physical Score [n=141, 137]Social Function Score [n=141, 137]Vitality Score [n=141, 137]
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide6.45.716.811.59.89.318.434.018.211.6
Mycophenolate Mofetil5.26.713.49.19.311.623.428.617.714.2

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Participants With Major Extra-renal Flare

A major extra-renal flare is defined as a British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Score category A in one extrarenal organ or three organs with concurrent category B scores. BILAG indices provide a scoring system for the assessment of lupus disease activity in terms of the need for steroid treatment in 8 organs/systems. Eighty-six items were scored resulting in a classification of A (severe activity), B (moderate activity), C (mild activity), D (no current activity) and E (no activity ever observed) for each organ system. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Mycophenolate Mofetil7
Azathioprine6

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Participants With Sustained Doubling of Serum Creatinine

Sustained doubling of serum creatinine concentration is defined as the first serum creatinine value that is twice the mean of the lowest 2 values from screening to end of induction, as confirmed by a second serum creatinine value obtained at least 4 weeks after the initial doubling. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Mycophenolate Mofetil1
Azathioprine5

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Participants With End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Time to treatment failure, adjudicated by the Clinical Endpoints Committee (CEC), was defined as any 1 the following: death, ESRD, sustained doubling of serum creatinine, renal flare (proteinuric or nephritic), or requirement for rescue therapy to treat deterioration or exacerbation of Lupus nephritis. ESRD is defined as progression to chronic hemodialysis or renal transplant. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)0
Azathioprine (AZA)3

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Treatment Failure Free, by Time Interval

Treatment Failure was adjudicated by a clinical endpoints committee and was defined as the time to the earliest occurrence of any one of the following: death, end stage renal disease, sustained doubling of serum creatinine, renal flare, or a requirement for rescue therapy for exacerbation or deterioration of Lupus nephritis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated from the observed time to treatment failure for each patient. The data presented are the percentage of participants who were treatment-failure free at each time interval as estimated by Kaplan-Meier. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Start of Maintenance Phase to Month 3Month 3 to Month 6Month 6 to Month 9Month 9 to Month 12Month 12 to Month 15Month 15 to Month 18Month 18 to Month 21Month 21 to Month 24Month 24 to Month 27Month 27 to Month 30Month 30 to Month 33Month 33 to Month 36
Azathioprine97.289.386.283.077.574.170.768.367.165.963.458.6
Mycophenolate Mofetil98.293.789.986.086.084.984.983.982.882.881.781.7

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Renal Flare Free, by Time Interval

A proteinuric flare is defined as a doubling of the urine protein:creatinine ratio, and proteinuria ≥1 g/24 h in patients with urine protein ≤0.5 g/24 h at the end of the induction phase, or proteinuria ≥2 g/24 h if urine protein was >0.5 g/24 h at the end of the induction phase. A nephritic flare is defined as a 25% increase in serum creatinine accompanied by 1 or more of the following: (a) simultaneous doubling of the proteinuria reaching a minimum of 2 g/24 h (b) new/increased hematuria or (c) the appearance of cellular casts. All flares were adjudicated by a clinical endpoints committee. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Start of Maintenance Phase to Month 3Month 3 to Month 6Month 6 to Month 9Month 9 to Month 12Month 12 to Month 15Month 15 to Month 18Month 18 to Month 21Month 21 to Month 24Month 24 to Month 27Month 27 to Month 30Month 30 to Month 33Month 33 to Month 36
Azathioprine97.290.387.285.082.879.278.075.574.274.272.970.1
Mycophenolate Mofetil98.294.690.887.887.886.886.886.886.886.885.685.6

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Percentage of Participants Not Receiving Rescue Therapy

The primary efficacy parameter was the time to treatment failure, adjudicated by the Clinical Endpoints Committee (CEC), defined as any of the following: death, end stage renal disease, sustained doubling of serum creatinine, renal flare, or requirement for rescue therapy to treat deterioration or exacerbation of Lupus nephritis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated from the observed time to rescue treatment for each patient. The data presented are the percentage of participants who were rescue treatment free at each time interval as estimated by Kaplan-Meier. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Start of Maintenance Phase to Month 3Month 3 to Month 6Month 6 to Month 9Month 9 to Month 12Month 12 to Month 15Month 15 to Month 18Month 18 to Month 21Month 21 to Month 24Month 24 to Month 27Month 27 to Month 30Month 30 to Month 33Month 33 to Month 36
Azathioprine99.195.193.091.988.487.183.183.181.780.378.875.9
Mycophenolate Mofetil10098.297.294.294.294.293.191.990.890.890.890.8

[back to top]

Maintenance Phase: Events Contributing to the Primary Endpoint: Number of Deaths

Treatment Failure was adjudicated by a clinical endpoints committee (CEC) and was defined as the time to the earliest occurrence of any one of the following: death, end stage renal disease, sustained doubling of serum creatinine, renal flare, or a requirement for rescue therapy for exacerbation or deterioration of Lupus nephritis (LN). (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: From the start of the Maintenance Phase to Month 36

InterventionDeaths (Number)
Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)0
Azathioprine (AZA)1

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Number of Participants Achieving Complete Remission

Number of participants achieving complete remission as defined by return to normal serum creatinine, proteinuria ≤500 mg/24 hours and an inactive urinary sediment (absence of red blood cells, white blood cells or cellular or granular casts) after 24 weeks. (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Complete Remission - YesComplete Remission - No
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide15170
Mycophenolate Mofetil16169

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Creatinine

(NCT00377637)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,
Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Baseline [n= 184, 185]Week 24 [n= 155, 151]Change from Baseline to Week 24 [n= 154, 151]
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide92.783.5-5.1
Mycophenolate Mofetil108.677.6-18.9

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Serum Albumin

(NCT00377637)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Baseline [n=184, 185]Week 24 [n=155, 151]Change from Baseline to Week 24 [n=154, 151]
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide28.638.39.0
Mycophenolate Mofetil30.538.47.5

[back to top]

Induction Phase: Change in Renal British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Score

"BILAG indices provide a scoring system for the assessment of lupus disease activity in terms of the need for steroid treatment in 8 organs/systems. Eighty-six items were scored resulting in a classification of A (severe activity), B (moderate activity), C (mild activity), D (no current activity) and E (no activity ever observed) for each organ system. The BILAG individual system summaries were calculated by a program supplied by ADS-Limathon (Sheffield, UK).~The score at baseline was compared to the score at the 24 week endpoint for each treatment group, reported here for the renal system." (NCT00377637)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Shift from Baseline=A to 24 Week Endpoint=AShift from Baseline=A to 24 Week Endpoint=BShift from Baseline=A to 24 Week Endpoint=CShift from Baseline=A to 24 Week Endpoint=DShift from Baseline=B to 24 Week Endpoint=AShift from Baseline=B to 24 Week Endpoint=BShift from Baseline=B to 24 Week Endpoint=CShift from Baseline=B to 24 Week Endpoint=DShift from Baseline=C to 24 Week Endpoint=AShift from Baseline=C to 24 Week Endpoint=BShift from Baseline=C to 24 Week Endpoint=CShift from Baseline=C to 24 Week Endpoint=DShift from Baseline=D to 24 Week Endpoint=AShift from Baseline=D to 24 Week Endpoint=BShift from Baseline=D to 24 Week Endpoint=CShift from Baseline=D to 24 Week Endpoint=D
Intravenous Cyclophosphamide27.134.824.99.40.01.11.70.00.00.60.00.00.00.00.60.0
Mycophenolate Mofetil17.139.233.15.50.01.72.21.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0

[back to top]

Number of Patients in Need of Dialysis From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)

(NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Month 12 to end of study (Month 24)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Everolimus + CNI Reduction0
Control2

[back to top]

Change in Left Ventricular Function (Diameter and Thickness Parameters) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Heart Transplant Subgroup

Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography which was performed according to local routine practice. Echocardiography parameters were left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), interventricular septal wall thickness (IVSTd), and posterior wall thickness (PWTd). A positive change score indicates improved left ventricular function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

,
Interventioncm (Mean)
LVEDDLVESDIVSTdPWTd
Control-0.00.1-0.1-0.1
Everolimus + CNI Reduction-0.10.1-0.4-0.5

[back to top]

Change in Left Ventricular Function (Filling and Ejection Fraction Parameters) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Heart Transplant Subgroup

Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography which was performed according to local routine practice. Echocardiography parameters were filling fraction (FF) and ejection fraction (EF). A positive change score indicates improved left ventricular function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
EFFF
Control0.10
Everolimus + CNI Reduction-0.60

[back to top]

Number of Patients With Biopsy-proven Acute Rejection From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)

Biopsy-proved acute rejection was defined as a treated acute rejection confirmed by biopsy, graded locally according to the International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria. A treated acute rejection was defined as an acute rejection clinically suspected, whether biopsy-proven or not, which had been treated and confirmed by the investigator according to the response to therapy. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Month 12 to end of study (Month 24)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Everolimus + CNI Reduction6
Control5

[back to top]

Change in Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate (mGFR) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)

Renal function was assessed by determining the measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) using creatinine ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) clearance or an equivalent method. A positive change score indicates improved renal function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

,
InterventionmL/min (Mean)
Month 0Month 24Change
Control49.146.8-2.4
Everolimus + CNI Reduction49.352.53.2

[back to top]

Mean Days of Hospitalization From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)

(NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

InterventionDays (Mean)
Everolimus + CNI Reduction8.5
Control16.2

[back to top]

Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Lung Transplant Subgroup

Forced vital capacity (FVC) was measured by spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. FVC is the volume delivered during an expiration made as forcefully and completely as possible starting from full inspiration. A positive change score indicates improved lung function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

InterventionLiters (Mean)
Everolimus + CNI Reduction-0.2
Control-0.1

[back to top]

Change in Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate (mGFR) From Baseline to Month 12

Renal function was assessed by determining the measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) using creatinine ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) clearance or an equivalent method. A positive change score indicates improved renal function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 12

,
InterventionmL/min (Mean)
BaselineMonth 12Change from Baseline
Control48.047.5-0.5
Everolimus + CNI Reduction48.653.24.6

[back to top]

Change in Serum Creatinine From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24)

Renal function was assessed by determining serum creatinine using standard laboratory methods. A positive change score indicates improved renal function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

,
Interventionμmol/L (Mean)
Month 0Month 24Change
Control1291323
Everolimus + CNI Reduction1261260

[back to top]

Number of Patients Discontinued From the Study Due to Adverse Events From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)

(NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Month 12 to end of study (Month 24)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Total discontinued due to AE(s)Pulmonary embolismSkin problemsHypercholesterolemiaStrokeMuscular painDiarrheaEdema
Control00000000
Everolimus + CNI Reduction82111111

[back to top]

Number of Patients Who Died and Number of Patients With Graft Loss From Month 12 to End of Study (Month 24)

Number of patients not alive and number of patients with loss of their graft. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Month 12 to end of study (Month 24)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
DeathGraft Loss
Control00
Everolimus + CNI Reduction30

[back to top]

Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) From Baseline to End of Study (Month 24) in the Lung Transplant Subgroup

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was measured by spirometry conducted according to internationally accepted standards. FEV1 is the volume delivered in the first second of a forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver. A positive change score indicates improved lung function. (NCT00377962)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of study (Month 24)

InterventionLiters (Mean)
Everolimus + CNI Reduction-0.2
Control-0.1

[back to top]

Proportion of Participants in Response at Weeks 8 and 16

Response at Week 8 is defined as a decrease in the partial Mayo score of ≥1 point. Response at Week 16 is defined as a decrease in total Mayo score of ≥3 points and at least 30% lower than baseline Mayo score. The partial Mayo score consists of the following 3 sub-scores: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, and physician's global assessment. The total Mayo score consists of the following 4 sub-scores: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, findings of endoscopy (sigmoidoscopy), and physician's global assessment. (NCT00537316)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 and 16

,,
InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Week 8Week 16
Azathioprine (AZA)0.660.50
IFX/AZA0.860.77
Infliximab (IFX)0.880.69

[back to top]

Proportion of Participants With Mucosal Healing at Week 16

Mucosal healing was defined as a Mayo endoscopy score of 0 or 1. (NCT00537316)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Infliximab (IFX)0.55
Azathioprine (AZA)0.37
IFX/AZA0.63

[back to top]

Proportion of Participants in Steroid-free Remission at Week 16

Steroid-free remission is defined as a total Mayo score of 2 points or lower, with no individual sub-score exceeding 1 point, without the use of corticosteroids. The total Mayo score consists of the following 4 sub-scores: stool frequency, rectal bleeding, findings of endoscopy (sigmoidoscopy), and physician's global assessment. (NCT00537316)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Infliximab (IFX)0.22
Azathioprine (AZA)0.24
IFX/AZA0.40

[back to top]

Incomplete Response, Treatment Failure, or a Case of Relapse at 6 Months

Percents of patients in each treatment group classified as having an incomplete response (defined as some or no improvement during therapy), a treatment failure (defined as permanent discontinuation of the regimen originally randomized to), or a case of relapse (recurrence following achievement of remission) (NCT00608894)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Incomplete responseTreatment failureRelapse
Azathioprine110
LCP-Tacro400

[back to top]

Biochemical Remission of (AIH) at Month 6.

Percent of patients that achieve biochemical remission of (AIH) at Month 6 during treatment with LCP-Tacro + prednisone or azathioprine + prednisone. Biochemical remission is defined as ALT, total bilirubin and gamma globulin within normal limits. (NCT00608894)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LCP-Tacro3
Azathioprine4

[back to top]

Biochemical Remission by Month 3.

Percent of patients who achieve biochemical remission by Month 3 during treatment with LCP-Tacro + prednisone or azathioprine + prednisone. Biochemical remission is defined as ALT, total bilirubin and gamma globulin within normal limits. (NCT00608894)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LCP-Tacro2
Azathioprine4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts Less Than the Lower Limit of Normal (LLN) by Visit

CD19 is a cell surface molecule which assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. It is a critical signal transduction molecule that regulates B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 15, Week 4, 16, 32, 48, and by infusion (pre and post infusion) on Day 1, 15, Week 16, 32

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
BaselineDay 15Week 4Week 16Week 32Week 48Day 1 Pre-infusionDay 1 Post-infusionDay 15 Pre-infusionDay 15 Post-infusionWeek 16 Pre-infusionWeek 16 Post-infusionWeek 32 Pre-infusionWeek 32 Post-infusion
OCR + SOC3510010010098.698.534.898.510010010010099.2100
OCR 1000 mg + SOC33.310010010010010032.8100100100100100100100
OCR 400 mg + SOC36.610010010097.397.236.697.110010010010098.4100
Placebo + SOC27.128.839.757.152.951.527.155.730.058.256.780.35088.3
Placebo-Euro Lupus (EL)23.126.940.7728778.323.159.3286870.895.285.795.5
Placebo-Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)29.5303948.935.637.829.5.532.652.448.872.530.884.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts <20 Cells/uL by Visit

CD19 is a cell surface molecule which assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. It is a critical signal transduction molecule that regulates B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. n = number of participants analyzed at the specified visit. 0 represents 0% of participants. (NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 15, Week 4, 16, 32, 48, and by infusion (pre and post infusion) on Day 1, 15, Week 16, 32

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
BaselineDay 15Week 4Week 16Week 32Week 48Day 1 Pre-infusionDay 1 Post-infusionDay 15 Pre-infusionDay 15 Post-infusionWeek 16 Pre-infusionWeek 16 Post-infusionWeek 32 Pre-infusionWeek 32 Post-infusion
OCR + SOC7.399.310098.696.594.97.289.199.310098.510097.6100
OCR 1000 mg + SOC398.510098.610098.5391.298.610098.5100100100
OCR 400 mg + SOC11.310010098.693.291.511.38710010098.510095.2100
Placebo + SOC7.17.610.311.413.217.67.122.97.417.910.4418.335
Placebo-Euro Lupus (EL)03.87.488.726.1025.94128.357.14.850
Placebo-Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)11.41012.213.315.613.311.420.99.321.411.632.510.326.3

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With CD19+ Absolute B Cell Counts <10 Cells Per Microliter (Cells/uL)

CD19 is a cell surface molecule which assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. It is a critical signal transduction molecule that regulates B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. 0 represents 0% of participants. (NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 15, Week 4, 16, 32, 48, and by infusion (pre and post infusion) on Day 1, 15, Week 16, 32

,,,,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
BaselineDay 15Week 4Week 16Week 32Week 48Day 1 Pre-infusionDay 1 Post-infusionDay 15 Pre-infusionDay 15 Post-infusionWeek 16 Pre-infusionWeek 16 Post-infusionWeek 32 Pre-infusionWeek 32 Post-infusion
OCR + SOC2.998.699.396.593.693.42.982.598.61009710094.4100
OCR 1000 mg + SOC1.597.110097.195.698.51.583.897.11009710095.2100
OCR 400 mg + SOC4.210098.595.891.888.74.281.21001009710093.7100
Placebo + SOC4.34.54.44.37.45.94.3104.47.54.511.53.315
Placebo-Euro Lupus (EL)00004.38.703.70009.5022.7
Placebo-Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)6.87.57.36.78.94.46.814711.9712.55.110.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Overall Response

Overall response rate (ORR) equals (=) CRR + PRR. CRR was defined as: 1. Normal serum creatinine (and with no more than a 25% increase from baseline) 2. Improvement in urinary protein:urinary creatinine ratio to ≤0.5. PRR was defined as at least 50 % reduction in proteinuria from Baseline, without more than 25% increase of serum creatinine at Week 48, compared with Baseline. If Baseline urine protein:urine creatinine ratio is >3, a urine protein:urine creatinine ratio of <3 needs to be achieved. (NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Week 48

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
OCR 400 mg + SOC66.7
OCR 1000 mg + SOC67.1
Placebo + SOC54.7

[back to top]

Mean Absolute Counts of Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 19 Positive (+) Cells Per Visit

CD19 is a cell surface molecule which assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes. It is a critical signal transduction molecule that regulates B lymphocyte development, activation, and differentiation. CD19+ cells were measured as cells per microliter (cells/uL). (NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 15, Week 4, 16, 32, 48, and by infusion (pre and post infusion) on Day 1, 15, Week 16, 32

,,,,,
InterventionCells/uL (Mean)
BaselineDay 15Week 4Week 16Week 32Week 48Day 1 Pre-infusionDay 1 Post-infusionDay 15 Pre-infusionDay 15 Post-infusionWeek 16 Pre-infusionWeek 16 Post-infusionWeek 32 Pre-infusionWeek 32 Post-infusion
OCR + SOC240.821.42.35.17.32408.420.92.313.60.9
OCR 1000 mg + SOC224.12.21.322.12.6222.85.72.10.92.10.820.7
OCR 400 mg + SOC256.31.91.42.67.811.7256.311.11.912.51.25.11
Placebo + SOC203.5262.7209.7125.9116.6110203.5103.1264.491.2127.852.712546.2
Placebo-Euro Lupus (EL)186.3163.3143.374.768.561.3186.3104.3164.565.876.330.972.227.6
Placebo-Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF)213.7327.4253.4154.3141.2134.9213.7102.4322.5106.3156.564.2153.456.9

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Achieved Complete Renal Response (CRR)

CRR was defined as: 1. Normal serum creatinine (and with no more than a 25 percent [%] increase from Baseline); 2. Improvement in urinary protein:urinary creatinine ratio to less than or equal to (≤) 0.5. PRR was defined as at least 50 percent (%) reduction in proteinuria from Baseline, without more than 25% increase of serum creatinine at Week 48, compared with Baseline. If Baseline urine protein:urine creatinine ratio was greater than (>) 3, a urine protein:urine creatinine ratio of less than (<) 3 needed to be achieved. (NCT00626197)
Timeframe: Week 48

,,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
CRRPRR
OCR 1000 mg + SOC31.535.6
OCR 400 mg + SOC42.724
Placebo + SOC34.720

[back to top]

Number of Patients Achieving a Short- and Long-term Remission of Pemphigus

Clinical remission was graded as partial remission on therapy, complete remission on therapy and complete remission off therapy, as described by Murell et al, J Am Acad Dermatol, 2008; 58:1043-6. (NCT00656656)
Timeframe: up to 43 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Immunoadsorption/Dexamethasone/Rituximab23

[back to top]

Number of Patients Who Experienced Side-effects of Treatment

Patients who experienced side-effects were counted. In addition, the nature and severity of side-effects were recorded. (NCT00656656)
Timeframe: up to 43 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Immunoadsorption/Dexamethasone/Rituximab2

[back to top]

Percent Reduction of Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Level From Baseline to the End of Treatment/Early Withdrawal

Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Levels: concentration of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) relative to creatinine in urine. A greater decrease in uGAG level indicates a greater response. (NCT00741338)
Timeframe: Baseline, end of treatment/early withdrawal (up to 24 weeks after start of full-dose laronidase therapy)

Interventionpercent change in uGAG level (Median)
Cohort 1-43.80
Cohort 2-72.50

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Achieved Immune Tolerance Induction

Immune tolerance induction success was defined as development of an anti-laronidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titer less than or equal to (<=) 1:3200 after 24 weeks of receiving full-dose (0.58 mg/kg) laronidase therapy. (NCT00741338)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after start of full-dose laronidase therapy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cohort 10
Cohort 21

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Achieved No Response at 24 Weeks and Continued in the Study

A participant who did not meet the criteria for either a complete response or a partial response at Week 24 was considered a non-responder. After Week 24, non-responders were terminated from the study and treated according to best clinical judgment unless the site investigator judged that the participant could benefit from continued participation. Non responders did not respond to treatment and lupus activity is moderate to severe. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 24 Non-Responder: Abatacept0
Week 24 Non-Responder: Placebo0

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Achieved a Complete Response by Week 24 and Maintained the Complete Response Through Week 52

Complete response definition: a serum creatinine <= 1.2 mg/dL or <=125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline visit, protein-to-creatinine ratio <0.5, and prednisone dose tapered to <=10 mg/day or prednisone dosing allowances in protocol. Participants had to meet all of the referenced criteria to be considered a complete responder (CR). Participants who discontinued treatment and/or terminated from the study were defined as response failures for all subsequent visits. CRs are those who successfully responded to treatment and had minimal activity of their lupus nephritis. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 24 Complete Response: Abatacept11
Week 24 Complete Response: Placebo13

[back to top]

Number of Participants Fulfilling the Proteinuria and Prednisone Criteria of a Partial Response

A partial proteinuria and prednisone response is defined as an improvement (reduction) of >=50% in the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio at either visit -1 or 0, and prednisone dose has been tapered to 10 mg/day. Subjects who discontinued treatment or terminated from the study in the first 24 weeks are defined as response failures for all subsequent visits. Partial responders are those who showed some response to treatment and low activity of their lupus nephritis. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept39
Placebo42

[back to top]

Number of Participants Fulfilling the Proteinuria and Prednisone Criteria of a Complete Response

A complete proteinuria and prednisone response is defined as urine protein-to-creatinine ratio <0.5 and prednisone dose tapered to <= 10mg/day. Subjects who discontinued treatment or terminated from the study in the first 24 weeks are defined as response failures for all subsequent visits. Complete responders are those who successfully responded to treatment and have minimal activity of their lupus nephritis. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept22
Placebo21

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Total BILAG-2004

BILAG-2004 has 5 categories of scoring.Category A:defined by severe disease activity requiring any of the following treatments: 1) systemic high dose oral glucocorticoids, 2) IV pulse glucocorticoids, 3) systemic immunomodulators, or 4)therapeutic high dose anticoagulation in the presence of high dose steroids or immunomodulators. Category B:defined by moderate disease activity requiring any of the following treatments:1) systemic low dose oral glucocorticoids, 2) intramuscular or intra-articular or soft tissue glucocorticoids injection,3) topical glucocorticoids, 4) topical immunomodulators,5) antimalarials or thalidomide or prasterone or acitretin, or 6) symptomatic therapy.Category C:defined by mild disease.Category D is defined by inactive disease, previously affected.Category E is defined as the system never being involved.The categories are converted to a numeric score (A=9, B=3, C=1, D=0, E=0) and treated as a continuous variable. Higher score= more severe disease activity. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 24 Complete Response: Abatacept1.8
Week 24 Complete Response: Placebo1.9
Week 24 Partial Response: Abatacept3.2
Week 24 Partial Response: Placebo3.5

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Patient Global Assessment

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment (PGA), SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~PGA is measured on a 100mm scale and assessed at Weeks 0, 12, 24, 52, and 104. Higher values indicate greater burden of disease." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Abatacept13.2
Placebo18.7

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Participants Who Were Anti-dsDNA Positive at Baseline and Negative at Week 104

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: reduction in anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~Participants with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have autoantibodies (e.g., self against self) to double-stranded DNA. Double-stranded DNA is one of multiple diagnostic tests for SLE and levels may be associated with disease activity. One measure used to assess disease activity is the number of participants who were anti-dsDNA positive at baseline but negative at Week 104. Going from positive to negative is indicative of lowered lupus activity." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept3
Placebo3

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Negative Anti-dsDNA

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: reduction in anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~Participants with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may have autoantibodies (e.g., self against self) to double-stranded DNA. Double-stranded DNA is one of multiple diagnostic tests for SLE and levels may be associated with disease activity. This measure was the number of participants who had negative anti-dsDNA at Week 104. Having a negative score is indicative of low lupus disease activity." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept7
Placebo10

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Patient Global Assessment Percent Change From Baseline

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment (PGA), SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~PGA is measured on a 100mm scale and assessed at Weeks 0, 12, 24, 52, and 104. Higher values indicate greater burden of disease." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Abatacept26
Placebo-35.2

[back to top]

Proportion of Vaccinated Participants With a Competent Immune Response

"Among participants who are vaccinated, the number of who have a competent immune response at Week 52 as defined as having met both of the following criteria:~Pneumococcal vaccination response - absolute value >= 0.35 ug/mL and, when measured 4-6 weeks after vaccination, a >=2-fold increase from baseline in serotype-specific antibody titer for at least 50% of the serotypes tested.~Tetanus toxoid vaccination response - absolute value >=0.015 IU/mL and, when measured 4-6 weeks after vaccination, a 2-fold increase from baseline in antigen-specific antibody titer~Competent immune response is indicative of low disease activity." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 52

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pneumococcal VaccinesTetanus Toxoid Vaccines
Week 24 Complete Response: Abatacept6750
Week 24 Complete Response: Placebo100100

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - SF-36 Scores Percent Change From Baseline

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~The SF-36 is a quality of life assessment that was performed at Weeks 9, 24, 36, 52, and 104. Eight scale scores are derived from responses to the 36 items of the SF-36 questionnaire which were combined to produce the Physical Component Score and the Mental Component Score. The Physical Component Score is based on the Physical Functioning Scale (10 items), the Role-Physical Scale (4 items), the Bodily Pain Scale (2 items), and the General Health Scale (5 items). The Mental Component Score is based upon the Vitality Scale (4 items), the Social Functioning Scale (2 items), the Role-Emotional Scale (3 items) and the Mental Health Scale (5 items). Each component score is transformed into a 0-100 scale, with higher numbers indicating greater quality of life." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Percent Change From Baseline on Physical ComponentPercent Change from Baseline Mental Component Scor
Abatacept32.139.6
Placebo28.237.1

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - SF-36 Scores

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~The SF-36 is a quality of life assessment that was performed at Weeks 9, 24, 36, 52, and 104. Eight scale scores are derived from responses to the 36 items of the SF-36 questionnaire which were combined to produce the Physical Component Score and the Mental Component Score. The Physical Component Score is based on the Physical Functioning Scale (10 items), the Role-Physical Scale (4 items), the Bodily Pain Scale (2 items), and the General Health Scale (5 items). The Mental Component Score is based upon the Vitality Scale (4 items), the Social Functioning Scale (2 items), the Role-Emotional Scale (3 items) and the Mental Health Scale (5 items). Each component score is transformed into a 0-100 scale, with higher numbers indicating greater quality of life." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

,
InterventionScore (Mean)
Week 104 Physical Component ScoreWeek 104 Mental Component Score
Abatacept49.350.9
Placebo45.349.2

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Presence of Hypocomplementemia

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~Participants were categorized as having hypocomplementemia if their serum complement test results (C3, and C4) were below the normal range at the site. Below normal complement test results are indicative of active lupus erythematosus." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 104

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
C3 HypocomplementemiaC4 Hypocomplementemia
Abatacept1211
Placebo118

[back to top]

Lupus Disease Activity - Frequency of Flares

"Lupus disease activity was assessed by 7 different measures: anti-dsDNA, negative anti-dsDNA, resolution of hypocomplementemia (C3, C4), frequency of flares, patient global assessment, SF36 total scores, and BILAG-2004 scores.~Flares can be renal or non-renal. A renal flare is defined as two successive evaluations at least 1 week apart as proteinuria >1 gm/24h for participants who attain a complete response at Week 12 and for all other participants either 1) Increasing serum creatinine and persistent proteinuria, or 2) Worsening proteinuria. A non-renal flare is defined as any new post-baseline BILAG A in a non-renal organ system using BILAG-2004. This outcome measures the number of participants with the presence of renal and non-renal flares from Week 24 through Week 52 by response status. Having flares is indicative of more lupus disease activity." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 52

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants with a Renal FlareParticipants with at least 1 Non-renal Flare
Week 24 Complete Response: Abatacept01
Week 24 Complete Response: Placebo21
Week 24 No Response: Abatacept11
Week 24 No Response: Placebo00
Week 24 Partial Response: Abatacept10
Week 24 Partial Response: Placebo31

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Partial Response

Outcome measure description: Partial response definition: a serum creatinine <= 1.2 mg/dL or <= to 125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline visit, and improvement (reduction) >= to 50% in the urine protein to creatinine ratio at either screening or baseline visit, and prednisone dose has been tapered to 10 mg/day or according to protocol dosing allowances in protocol. Participants who discontinued treatment and/or terminated from the study in the first 24 weeks were defined as complete response failures for all subsequent visits. Partial responders are those who showed some response to treatment and low activity of their lupus nephritis. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept39
Placebo40

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Complete Response

Complete response definition: a serum creatinine <= 1.2 mg/dL or <=125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline visit, protein-to-creatinine ratio <0.5, and prednisone dose tapered to <=10 mg/day or prednisone dosing allowances in protocol. Participants had to meet all of the referenced criteria to be considered a complete responder (CR). Participants who discontinued treatment and/or terminated from the study in the first 24 weeks were defined as CR failures for all subsequent visits. CRs are those who successfully responded to treatment and have minimal activity of their lupus nephritis. (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Abatacept22
Placebo21

[back to top]

Number of Participants With a Complete or Partial Response

"Complete response: a serum creatinine <= 1.2 mg/dL or <=125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline visit, protein-to-creatinine ratio <0.5, and prednisone dose tapered to <=10 mg/day or prednisone dosing allowances in protocol. Participants had to meet all of the referenced criteria to be considered a complete responder.~Partial response: a serum creatinine <= 1.2 mg/dL or <= to 125% of the higher value at either screening or baseline visit, and improvement >= to 50% in the urine protein to creatinine ratio at either screening or baseline visit, and prednisone dose has been tapered to 10 mg/day or according to protocol dosing allowances in protocol.~Participants who discontinued treatment and/or terminated from the study were defined as response failures for all subsequent visits. CRs successfully responded to treatment and have minimal activity of their lupus nephritis. Partial responders showed some response to treatment and low activity of their lupus nephritis." (NCT00774852)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 24 Complete Response: Abatacept12
Week 24 Complete Response: Placebo14
Week 24 Partial Response: Abatacept13
Week 24 Partial Response: Placebo13

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Response at Week 4 and Steroid-Free Remission at Week 50

Response at Week 4 was defined as a minimum decrease from baseline in Mayo score of 3 points and 30%. Steroid-free remission at Week 50 was defined as a total Mayo score (including endoscopic assessment) of 2 points or lower and no individual subscore exceeding 1. The Mayo score consists of the following 4 subscores: stool frequency; rectal bleeding; endoscopy results; physician's global assessment. Each subscore is rated on a scale from 0 (best) to 3 (worst). The total Mayo score is calculated as the sum of the 4 subscores and ranges from 0 (best) to 12 (worst). (NCT00984568)
Timeframe: Week 50

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Top-Hold5
Step-Up5

[back to top]

Number of Participants Achieving Treatment Response

"Response was defined as a minimum decrease from baseline in total Mayo score of 3 points and 30% up to and including 4 weeks after the start of treatment. The Mayo score consists of the following 4 subscores: stool frequency; rectal bleeding; endoscopy results; physician's global assessment. Each subscore~is rated on a scale from 0 (best) to 3 (worst). The total Mayo score is calculated as the sum of the 4 subscores and ranges from 0 (best) to 12 (worst)." (NCT00984568)
Timeframe: Up to Week 4

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Top-Hold10
Step-Up10

[back to top] [back to top]

Time to Clinical Remission

Clinical remission was defined as CDAI < 150. CDAI is a tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. The score includes the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being as well as the presence of complications, use of antidiarrheals, presence of abdominal mass, hematocrit and weight. CDAI scores generally range from 0 to 600 where higher scores indicate more severe disease. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventiondays (Median)
Clinically Driven Management78
Tight Control Management43

[back to top]

Time to Crohn's Disease Flare

Time to Crohn's disease flare, where flare is defined as an increase in CDAI ≥ 70 points compared to Week 8 or Early Randomization CDAI, and a CDAI > 220. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization to 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventiondays (Median)
Clinically Driven ManagementNA
Tight Control ManagementNA

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Time to Steroid-free Remission

Steroid-free remission was defined as CDAI < 150 and discontinuation from steroids for at least 8 weeks. CDAI is a tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. The score includes the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being as well as the presence of complications, use of antidiarrheals, presence of abdominal mass, hematocrit and weight. CDAI generally ranges from 0 to 600 where higher scores indicate more severe disease. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventiondays (Median)
Clinically Driven Management162
Tight Control Management159

[back to top]

Total Dose of Prednisone

The total dose of prednisone each participant received during both the run-in phase and post-randomization treatment phase. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Baseline through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionmg (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management1505.7
Tight Control Management1369.8

[back to top]

Total Length of Stay in Hospital for All-cause Hospitalizations

(NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventiondays (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management40.2
Tight Control Management50.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in CDEIS at 48 Weeks After Randomization

CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon (ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid loop, and rectum). The score ranges from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management-6.4
Tight Control Management-7.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in CDAI Over Time

The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a research tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. Participants were asked to record the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being on a daily basis. In addition to the diary data, the investigator assessed the following for the calculation of CDAI: presence of complications (arthritis/arthralgia, iritis/uveitis, erythema nodosum/pyoderma gangrenosum/aphthous stomatitis, anal fissure/fistula/abscess, other fistula, and fever), the use of antidiarrheal medicines, presence of an abdominal mass, hematocrit, and body weight. The CDAI is the sum of the products of each item multiplied by a weighting factor and generally ranges from 0 up to 600, where remission of Crohn's disease is defined as CDAI < 150, and severe disease is defined as CDAI > 450. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 and 8 weeks during the prednisone run-in, and 2, 6, 11, 14, 18, 23, 26, 30, 35, 38, 42, and 48 weeks after Randomization.

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 4 of Prednisone Run-inWeek 8 of Prednisone Run-in2 Weeks After Randomization6 Weeks After Randomization11 Weeks After Randomization14 Weeks After Randomization18 Weeks After Randomization23 Weeks After Randomization26 Weeks After Randomization30 Weeks After Randomization35 Weeks After Randomization38 Weeks After Randomization42 Weeks After Randomization48 Weeks After Randomization
Clinically Driven Management-78.3-64.2-80.2-93.1-103.5-71.1-69.9-143.3-71.8-47.9-140.4-60.8-76.8-146.2
Tight Control Management-90.9-105.5-110.1-130.8-141.0-101.2-112.0-154.1-135.7-143.8-166.4-132.8-107.4-175.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Over Time

High sensitivity C-reactive protein was analyzed by a central laboratory. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks during the prednisone run-in, and 11, 23, 35, and 48 weeks after Randomization.

,
Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Week 8 of Prednisone Run-in11 Weeks After Randomization23 Weeks After Randomization35 Weeks After Randomization48 Weeks After Randomization
Clinically Driven Management-10.3-14.6-15.1-11.0-12.3
Tight Control Management-9.2-15.9-14.7-14.0-13.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Work Productivity Activity Index - Crohn's Disease (WPAI:CD)

"The WPAI:CD questionnaire was used to assess impairments in both paid work and unpaid work due to symptoms of Crohn's Disease. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 6 questions.~Work time missed was defined as the percentage of time absent from work due to Crohn's disease in the past week.~Impairment while working is the participant's assessment of the degree to which Crohn's disease affected productivity while working in the past 7 days.~Total work productivity impairment takes into account both hours missed due to Crohn's disease symptoms and the patient's assessment of the degree to which Crohn's disease affected their productivity while working.~Total activity impairment is the percent impairment of non-work related activities due to Crohn's disease.~WPAI outcomes are expressed as impairment percentages, with higher numbers indicating greater impairment and less productivity. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

,
Interventionpercent impairment (Mean)
Work time missedImpairment while workingOverall work impairmentActivity impairment
Clinically Driven Management-12.8-17.5-21.7-19.2
Tight Control Management-17.6-25.8-29.2-27.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary Scores

"The Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), Version 2 is a self-administered instrument that measures the impact of disease on overall quality of life and consists of 36 questions in eight domains (physical function, pain, general and mental health, vitality, social function, physical and emotional health).~The physical component summary (PCS) score summarizes the subscales physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and general health. The mental component summary (MCS) score summarizes the subscales vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. Each score ranges from 0 to 100 where higher scores indicate a better quality of life. A positive change from Baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Physical Component Summary ScoreMental Component Summary Score
Clinically Driven Management6.35.8
Tight Control Management9.29.3

[back to top] [back to top]

Percentage of Participants in Steroid-free Remission Over Time

"Steroid-free remission was defined as CDAI < 150 and discontinuation from steroids for at least 8 weeks. CDAI is a tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. The score includes the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being as well as the presence of complications, use of antidiarrheals, presence of abdominal mass, hematocrit and weight. CDAI generally ranges from 0 to 600 where higher scores indicate more severe disease.~Participants with missing data at each time point were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 11, 14, 18, 23, 26, 30, 35, 38, 42, and 48 weeks after Randomization.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
11 Weeks After Randomization14 Weeks After Randomization18 Weeks After Randomization23 Weeks After Randomization26 Weeks After Randomization30 Weeks After Randomization35 Weeks After Randomization38 Weeks After Randomization42 Weeks After Randomization48 Weeks After Randomization
Clinically Driven Management23.84.13.345.12.50.842.64.14.139.3
Tight Control Management39.34.97.463.118.921.359.09.07.459.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) Score

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale is a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). The FACIT-Fatigue score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from Baseline score indicates an improvement.~." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management7.6
Tight Control Management13.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ9)

The PHQ-9 is a 9-item questionnaire for assessing the severity of depression. Each question is answered on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total score ranges from 0 to 27, where higher scores indicate more severe depression. A negative change from Baseline score indicates improvement. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management-3.6
Tight Control Management-5.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Quality of Life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) Total Score

The IBDQ measures the effects of inflammatory bowel disease on daily function and quality of life. The IBDQ consists of 32 questions which address symptoms as a result of Crohn's disease, feeling in general, and mood. Each question is answered on a scale from 1 (all of the time) to 7 ( none of the time); the total score ranges from 7 (worst) to 224 (best). A positive change from baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clinically Driven Management31.2
Tight Control Management41.9

[back to top]

Number of All-cause Hospitalizations After Randomization

Hospitalization was defined as a visit to hospital/clinic resulting in admission and overnight stay in hospital/clinic. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionhospitalizations (Number)
Clinically Driven Management37
Tight Control Management25

[back to top] [back to top]

Percentage of Participants in Clinical Remission Over Time

"Clinical remission was defined as CDAI < 150. CDAI is a tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. The score includes the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being as well as the presence of complications, use of antidiarrheals, presence of abdominal mass, hematocrit and weight. CDAI generally ranges from 0 to 600 where higher scores indicate more severe disease.~Participants with missing data at each time point were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 and 8 weeks during the prednisone run-in, and 2, 6, 11, 14, 18, 23, 26, 30, 35, 38, 42, and 48 weeks after Randomization.

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 4 of Prednisone Run-inWeek 8 of Prednisone Run-in2 Weeks After Randomization6 Weeks After Randomization11 Weeks After Randomization14 Weeks After Randomization18 Weeks After Randomization23 Weeks After Randomization26 Weeks After Randomization30 Weeks After Randomization35 Weeks After Randomization38 Weeks After Randomization42 Weeks After Randomization48 Weeks After Randomization
Clinically Driven Management24.614.823.832.841.88.29.050.84.13.345.14.14.143.4
Tight Control Management30.322.141.047.562.36.68.265.620.523.059.89.07.459.8

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Percentage of Participants in Biologic Remission 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Biologic remission was defined as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) < 5 mg/L, fecal Calprotectin < 250 μg/g, and CDEIS < 4 at 48 weeks after randomization.~CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing values 48 weeks after Randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management15.6
Tight Control Management29.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants in Deep Remission 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Deep remission was defined as CDAI < 150, discontinuation from steroids for at least 8 weeks, absence of draining fistula, CDEIS < 4 and no deep ulcerations.~CDAI is a tool used to quantify the symptoms of patients with Crohn's disease. The score includes the frequency of stools, abdominal pain and general well-being as well as the presence of complications, use of antidiarrheals, presence of abdominal mass, hematocrit and weight. CDAI generally ranges from 0 to 600 where higher scores indicate more severe disease.~CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing data 48 weeks after randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management23.0
Tight Control Management36.9

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Complete Mucosal Healing 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Complete mucosal healing was defined as CDEIS = 0. CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing values 48 weeks after randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management16.4
Tight Control Management18.0

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Endoscopic Response 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Endoscopic response was defined as a decrease CDEIS > 5 points. CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing values 48 weeks after Randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management40.2
Tight Control Management50.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Percentage of participants with mucosal healing (defined as a CDEIS < 4) at 48 weeks after randomization (48 weeks after the 1st Key visit). The ileocolonoscopies were evaluated by the site.~CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing values 48 weeks after Randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management30.3
Tight Control Management45.9

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing and CDEIS < 4 in Every Segment 48 Weeks After Randomization

"Percentage of participants with mucosal healing (defined as CDEIS < 4) and CDEIS < 4 in every segment on ileocolonoscopy at 48 weeks after randomization. The ileocolonoscopies were evaluated by the site.~CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon. The range of the score is from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing values 48 weeks after randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management23.8
Tight Control Management29.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Mucosal Healing and No Deep Ulcerations

"Percentage of participants with mucosal healing (defined as Crohn's disease endoscopy Index of severity [CDEIS] < 4) and no deep ulcerations on ileocolonoscopy (defined as the absence of all deep ulcerations in all segments explored in CDEIS) at 48 weeks after randomization (48 weeks after the 1st Key visit). The ileocolonoscopies were evaluated by the site.~CDEIS is an index for determining the severity of Crohn's disease. The CDEIS considers deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated surface, and the presence of ulcerated/non-ulcerated stenosis evaluated in 5 pre-defined segments of the colon (ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid loop, and rectum). The score ranges from 0 to 44 where higher scores indicate more severe endoscopic activity.~Participants with missing data 48 weeks after Randomization were counted as non-responders." (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clinically Driven Management30.3
Tight Control Management45.9

[back to top]

Time to All-cause Hospitalization

Hospitalization was defined as a visit to hospital/clinic resulting in admission and overnight stay in hospital/clinic. (NCT01235689)
Timeframe: From Randomization through 48 weeks after Randomization

Interventiondays (Median)
Clinically Driven ManagementNA
Tight Control ManagementNA

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Major Relapse During the Double-blind Phase of the Study

Data for number of participants with major relapse [defined as experiencing at least 1 major Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) item] during the double-bind phase of the study was reported. Analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazard model. (NCT01663623)
Timeframe: Approximately up to 4 years

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Placebo0
Belimumab 10 mg/kg1

[back to top]

Time to First Relapse

Time to relapse is defined as the number of days from Day 0 until the participant experienced a relapse (relapse date - treatment start date +1). Only post-baseline relapses were considered in these analyses. Only relapses occurring up to and including the last visit date in the double-blind treatment period were considered in these analyses. Intent-to-treat population comprised of all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study agent (belimumab or placebo). NA indicates that the data was not available as the Number of events is too low to estimate the value. Median and Inter-quartile range were presented and were based on Kaplan Meier estimates. (NCT01663623)
Timeframe: Approximately up to 4 years

InterventionDays (Median)
PlaceboNA
Belimumab 10 mg/kgNA

[back to top] [back to top]

Severe Adverse Event Rate

Severe adverse event (SAE) rate (NCT01697267)
Timeframe: Up to 48 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rituximab Maintenance37
Azathioprine Maintenance48

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top] [back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Infection Rates

Infection (treated with intravenous or oral antibiotics) rates (NCT01697267)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Rituximab Maintenance54
Azathioprine Maintenance62

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Cumulative GC Exposure

Cumulative glucocorticoid (GC) exposure during the trial. The trial had a common close out date when the final patient reached month 36 in the trial. Patients were followed until month 48 or the common close out date, whichever happened sooner. Therefore, follow up varied between 36 and 48 months. Cumulative glucocorticoid exposure is presented as a dose in mg for during the treatment period (up to month 24) and across the whole trial (until month 48 or common close out when the final patient reached month 36). (NCT01697267)
Timeframe: Up to 48 months

,
Interventionmg (Mean)
Overall (randomisation to end of trial)Maintenance treatment period (randomisation to month 24)
Azathioprine Maintenance47802426
Rituximab Maintenance37172184

[back to top]

Number of Participants in Remission at 24 and 48 Months

Proportion of patients who maintain remission at 24 and 48 months (NCT01697267)
Timeframe: 24 and 48 months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Month 24Month 48
Azathioprine Maintenance7044
Rituximab Maintenance7354

[back to top]

Relapse-free Survival

The primary efficacy outcome measure of the trial is relapse-free survival, where a relapse is either major or minor. The primary analysis will be a Cox regression model adjusted for the stratification factors (ANCA type, relapse severity and prednisone induction regimen) for the difference in the distribution of relapse-free survival between the rituximab arm and the azathioprine (control) arm (two-sided at α-level of 5%). (NCT01697267)
Timeframe: Any patients who have not relapsed at up to a maximum of 4 years will be censored.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Total number of patients with a relapseTotal number of patients with a relapse during treatmentTotal number of patients with a relapse post treatment
Azathioprine Maintenance603228
Rituximab Maintenance381325

[back to top] [back to top] [back to top]

Number of Participants With American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) Response

ACR20 response was defined as >/=20% improvement from baseline in both TJC28 and SJC28 as well as in 3 out of 5 additional parameters: Separate patient and physician's global assessment of disease activity on VAS (0 mm=no disease activity to 100 mm=maximum disease activity, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS), patient's assessment of pain on VAS (0 mm=no pain to 100 mm=unbearable pain, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) (20 questions, 8 components: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities, 0=without any difficulty to 3=unable to do), and acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr, for a total possible score of 0 to 10). (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab19192391316913101110121315

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Disease Activity Score Based on 28 Joint Count and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR) Remission at Week 24

DAS28-ESR score is a measure of participant's disease activity calculated using tender joint count in 28 joints (TJC28), swollen joint count in 28 joints (SJC28), patient global assessment of disease activity (PGA) (general health [GH]) using visual analog scale (VAS): 0 millimeter (mm)=no disease activity to 100 mm=maximum disease activity, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS, and acute phase response (ESR in millimeters per hour [mm/hr]). The score is calculated using the following formula: DAS28-ESR = [0.56 multiplied by (*) square root (√) of TJC28] plus (+) [0.28*√SJC28]+[0.70*the natural logarithm (ln) ESR]+[0.014*GH]. DAS28-ESR score varies from 0 to 10, where higher scores represent greater disease activity. DAS28-ESR score of less than (<) 2.6 represents DAS28-ESR remission. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab40

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Corticosteroid Dose Reduction or Discontinuation

(NCT01941095)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Tocilizumab48.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in DAS28-ESR up to Week 52

DAS28-ESR score is a measure of participant's disease activity calculated using TJC28, SJC28, PGA using VAS 0 mm=no disease activity to 100 mm=maximum disease activity, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS, and acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr) for a total possible score of 0 to 10. The score is calculated using the following formula: DAS28-ESR = [0.56 * √TJC28 + [0.28*√SJC28]+[0.70*ln ESR]+[0.014*GH]. DAS28-ESR score varies from 0 to 10, where higher scores represent greater disease activity. A negative change from baseline indicates an improvement. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Change at Week 2Change at Week 4Change at Week 8Change at Week 12Change at Week 16Change at Week 20Change at Week 24Change at Week 28Change at Week 32Change at Week 36Change at Week 40Change at Week 44Change at Week 48Change at Week 52
Tocilizumab-0.99-1.70-2.20-2.56-2.59-2.93-3.14-3.22-3.34-3.32-3.40-3.45-3.42-3.40

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) Score up to Week 52

SDAI is an index for measuring disease activity. SDAI is the numerical sum of five outcome parameters: TJC28 and SJC28, PGA and physician global assessment of disease activity assessed on VAS (0 centimeter [cm]-10 cm); 0 cm= no disease activity and 10 cm= worst disease activity, and CRP (in milligrams per deciliter [mg/dL]). SDAI total score ranges from 0 to 86, with higher scores indicating increased (or severe) disease activity. SDAI score 3.4 to 11 = low disease activity, >11 to 26 = moderate disease activity, and >26 = high (or severe) disease activity. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Change at Week 2Change at Week 4Change at Week 8Change at Week 12Change at Week 16Change at Week 20Change at Week 24Change at Week 28Change at Week 32Change at Week 36Change at Week 40Change at Week 44Change at Week 48Change at Week 52
Tocilizumab-3.41-6.54-8.72-11.07-13.47-13.88-14.08-15.37-16.09-15.61-14.86-16.31-16.47-17.35

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in SJC28 up to Week 52

28 joints were assessed for swelling and joints were classified as swollen/not swollen giving a total possible swollen joint count score of 0 to 28. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionswollen joints (Mean)
Change at Week 2Change at Week 4Change at Week 8Change at Week 12Change at Week 16Change at Week 20Change at Week 24Change at Week 28Change at Week 32Change at Week 36Change at Week 40Change at Week 44Change at Week 48Change at Week 52
Tocilizumab-1.82-3.08-4.71-5.24-5.79-6.06-6.60-6.65-6.73-6.76-6.91-6.82-6.63-6.98

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in TJC28 up to Week 52

28 joints were assessed for tenderness and joints were classified as tender/not tender giving a total possible tender joint count score of 0 to 28. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventiontender joints (Mean)
Change at Week 2Change at Week 4Change at Week 8Change at Week 12Change at Week 16Change at Week 20Change at Week 24Change at Week 28Change at Week 32Change at Week 36Change at Week 40Change at Week 44Change at Week 48Change at Week 52
Tocilizumab-1.30-3.26-4.97-5.82-6.39-7.03-7.72-7.91-8.38-8.28-8.22-8.63-8.26-8.75

[back to top]

Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue Total Score

FACIT-Fatigue total score is sum of FACIT-General subscale score and FACIT-Fatigue (additional concerns) subscale score. FACT-General consists of 27 questions grouped in 4 domains of general health-related quality of life: physical well-being, social/family well-being, emotional well-being, and functional well-being; each item ranges from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). FACT-General score ranges between 0-108. FACIT-Fatigue subscale is a 13-item questionnaire that evaluates self-reported fatigue and its impact upon daily activities. Each item ranges from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much). For all items, except for the 2 negatively stated ones, the code was reversed and a new score was calculated as 4 minus the participant's response. The sum of all responses resulted in the FACIT-Fatigue subscale score for a total possible score of 0 (worse score) to 52 (better score). FACIT-Fatigue total score (FACT-G plus FACT-F subscale scores) ranges from 0 (better score) to 160 (worse score). (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab89.6891.83100.38103.16106.39110.17112.60114.21114.85117.01116.50116.59119.67119.83121.82

[back to top]

HAQ-DI Score

"The Stanford HAQ-DI is a patient-reported questionnaire specific for rheumatoid arthritis. It consists of 20 questions referring to 8 component sets: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities. Responses in each component set were scored from 0 (without any difficulty) to 3 (unable to do). The highest score recorded for any question in a category determines the score for the category, unless aids, devices, or help from another person was required. The HAQ-DI score was calculated as the sum of the category scores divided by the number of categories scored, giving a possible range of scores from 0 to 3. Scores of 0 to 1 are generally considered to represent mild to moderate difficulty, 1 to 2 as moderate to severe disability, and 2 to 3 as severe to very severe disability." (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab1.311.221.090.910.820.720.680.660.660.590.630.600.590.560.54

[back to top]

Number of Participants by Reasons (Categories) for Corticosteroid Dose Reduction or Discontinuation

Reasons for corticosteroid dose reduction included: Safety Reasons (including elevated liver function test results, respiratory infections, infections and infestations, gastrointestinal disorders etc.); Other Reasons (disease remission, improvement etc.); and Unknown Reasons (including no reason). Number of participants by reasons (Safety, Other, Unknown) for corticosteroid dose reduction or discontinuation were reported. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52

Interventionparticipants (Number)
SafetyOtherUnknown
Tocilizumab6102

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Anti-Tocilizumab Antibodies (ATA)

All samples were tested using a screening assay and, if positive, by a confirmation assay to determine specificity and a neutralizing assay to test for the ability to inhibit the activity of tocilizumab. Number of participants with a positive assay result for screening assay (ATA - Screen), confirmatory assay (ATA - Confirmatory), and neutralizing assay (ATA - Neutralizing) was reported separately. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, and 8 weeks after Week 52 dose (Week 60)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1: ATA - ScreenWeek 1: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 1: ATA - NeutralizingWeek 12: ATA - ScreenWeek 12: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 12: ATA - NeutralizingWeek 24: ATA - ScreenWeek 24: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 24: ATA - NeutralizingWeek 36: ATA - ScreenWeek 36: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 36: ATA - NeutralizingWeek 52: ATA - ScreenWeek 52: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 52: ATA - NeutralizingWeek 60: ATA - ScreenWeek 60: ATA - ConfirmatoryWeek 60: ATA - Neutralizing
Tocilizumab740300311200200110

[back to top]

Patient Assessment of Pain, Using VAS Score

"The participant's level of pain was assessed on a 0 to 100 mm horizontal VAS. The extreme left end of the line = 0 mm, and was described as no pain and the extreme right end = 100 mm, and was described as unbearable pain. Higher values correspond to worst state of participant (higher level of pain)." (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionmm (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab46.4052.0449.8742.7237.2134.2431.0029.5729.6325.5026.7827.5026.8823.6123.98

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved DAS28-ESR Remission/Low Disease Activity (LDA) From Week 28 up to Week 52 Among Participants With Intensification of Methotrexate/Other Non-Biologic DMARDs in Combination With Tocilizumab Since Week 24

DAS28-ESR score is a measure of participant's disease activity calculated using TJC28, SJC28, PGA using VAS 0 mm=no disease activity to 100 mm=maximum disease activity, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS, and acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr) for a total possible score of 0 to 10. The score is calculated using the following formula: DAS28-ESR = [0.56 * √TJC28 + [0.28*√SJC28]+[0.70*ln ESR]+[0.014*GH]. DAS28-ESR score varies from 0 to 10, where higher scores represent greater disease activity. DAS28-ESR score <2.6 represents DAS28-ESR remission. DAS28-ESR score greater than or equal to (>/=) 2.6 and <3.2 represents LDA. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Weeks 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 28: RemissionWeek 32: RemissionWeek 36: RemissionWeek 40: RemissionWeek 44: RemissionWeek 48: RemissionWeek 52: RemissionWeek 28: LDAWeek 32: LDAWeek 36: LDAWeek 40: LDAWeek 44: LDAWeek 48: LDAWeek 52: LDA
Tocilizumab5.18.14.19.56.98.567.61.46.86.86.94.29

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Maintained DAS28-ESR Remission From Week 24 up to Week 52 Among Participants on Tocilizumab Monotherapy Since Week 24

DAS28-ESR score is a measure of participant's disease activity calculated using TJC28, SJC28, PGA using VAS 0 mm=no disease activity to 100 mm=maximum disease activity, displayed on the 100 mm horizontal VAS, and acute phase response (ESR in mm/hr) for a total possible score of 0 to 10. The score is calculated using the following formula: DAS28-ESR = [0.56 * √TJC28 + [0.28*√SJC28]+[0.70*ln ESR]+[0.014*GH]. DAS28-ESR score varies from 0 to 10, where higher scores represent greater disease activity. DAS28-ESR score <2.6 represents DAS28-ESR remission. The percentage reported for Week 24 is based on confirmation on switching to SC tocilizumab monotherapy. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Weeks 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab38.734.236.536.536.535.235.738.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Received All Planned Study Medication (Compliance)

Compliance (in terms of percentage of participants who received all planned study medication) was assessed on the basis of participant diary cards and return records. (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab6697.910010098.997.698.8100100100100100100100100

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Good, Moderate, or No Response According to European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Response Criteria

Response to treatment was determined using EULAR criteria based upon DAS28 absolute scores at the assessment visit and the DAS28 reduction from the baseline visit. Participants with a score lesser than or equal to () 1.2 points were assessed as having a 'good' response. Participants with a score >3.2 with reduction of >1.2 points, or a score 0.6 to 5.1 with reduction of >0.6 to NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 2: Good responseWeek 2: Moderate responseWeek 2: No responseWeek 4: Good responseWeek 4: Moderate responseWeek 4: No responseWeek 8: Good responseWeek 8: Moderate responseWeek 8: No responseWeek 12: Good responseWeek 12: Moderate responseWeek 12: No responseWeek 16: Good responseWeek 16: Moderate responseWeek 16: No responseWeek 20: Good responseWeek 20: Moderate responseWeek 20: No responseWeek 24: Good responseWeek 24: Moderate responseWeek 24: No responseWeek 28: Good responseWeek 28: Moderate responseWeek 28: No responseWeek 32: Good responseWeek 32: Moderate responseWeek 32: No responseWeek 36: Good responseWeek 36: Moderate responseWeek 36: No responseWeek 40: Good responseWeek 40: Moderate responseWeek 40: No responseWeek 44: Good responseWeek 44: Moderate responseWeek 44: No responseWeek 48: Good responseWeek 48: Moderate responseWeek 48: No responseWeek 52: Good responseWeek 52: Moderate responseWeek 52: No response
Tocilizumab9.444.845.89.538.951.610.823.665.69.220.770.15.915.378.86.126.867.16.221.272.66.311.482.3018.981.11.314.983.85.417.6772.813.983.35.711.482.99460

[back to top]

PGA, Using VAS Score

"PGA was assessed on a 0 to 100 mm horizontal VAS. The extreme left end of the line = 0 mm, and was described as no disease activity (symptom-free and no arthritis symptoms) and the extreme right end = 100 mm, and was described as maximum disease activity (maximum arthritis disease activity). Higher values correspond to worst state of participant (high disease activity)." (NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52

Interventionmm (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24Week 28Week 32Week 36Week 40Week 44Week 48Week 52
Tocilizumab28.2627.5728.3632.2828.7324.4028.1532.6326.0227.0830.7930.5025.7923.8623.08

[back to top]

Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor (sIL-6R) Levels

(NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, and 8 weeks after Week 52 dose (Week 60)

Interventionnanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
Week 1Week 12Week 24Week 36Week 52Week 60
Tocilizumab39450553.43572.03570.78537.7342850

[back to top]

Tocilizumab Serum Levels

(NCT01941095)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 1), Weeks 12, 24, 36, 52, and 8 weeks after Week 52 dose (Week 60)

Interventionmicrogrms per milliliter (mcg/mL) (Mean)
Week 1Week 12Week 24Week 36Week 52Week 60
Tocilizumab0.3841.9844.6747.9045.376.46

[back to top]

Histopathological Response to Therapy

Histopathological response is achieved when there is minimal or no inflammation in hepatic tissue, as assessed by liver biopsy. (NCT02463331)
Timeframe: liver biopsy was was performed to evaluate histopathological response after 18 months of biochemical response

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Chloroquine Plus Prednisone4
Azathioprine Plus Prednisone10

[back to top]

Biochemical Response to Therapy

The biochemical response is defined when there is normalization of hepatic enzymes, mainly AST and ALT. (NCT02463331)
Timeframe: six months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Chloroquine Plus Prednisone14
Azathioprine Plus Prednisone21

[back to top]

Area Under the Plasma Concentration Time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to the Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Time 0 to Infinite Time (AUC[0-inf]) of GSK1070806

Blood samples were collected to evaluate PK of GSK1070806 at Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion. Log-transformed geometric mean and 95% confidence interval have been presented. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion

InterventionLog (Hour*nanograms per milliliter) (Geometric Mean)
AUC (0-t), n=7AUC (0-inf), n=6
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV26131338.241032450.7

[back to top]

Baseline and Change From Baseline in Serum Levels of Free, Total, and GSK1070806 Bound Interleukin 18 (IL-18) Over Time Post-transplant

IL-18 is itself rapidly secreted from intracellular stores following inflammasome mediated-activation. The appearance of IL-18 marks the initiation of the inflammatory response leading to further injury. Blood samples were collected at indicated time points to assess serum levels of free, total, and GSK1070806 bound IL-18. Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment value. Change from Baseline was post Baseline value minus Baseline value. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, Day 1, Day 2, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months post reperfusion

InterventionPicograms per milliliter (Mean)
Serum Free IL-18, Baseline (pre-operative), n=5Serum Free IL-18, Day 0, 0.75 hour, n=5Serum Free IL-18, Day 0, 4-8 hour, n=5Serum Free IL-18, Day 1, n=5Serum Free IL-18, Day 2, n=4Serum Free IL-18, Day 30, n=4Serum Free IL-18, Day 90, n=2Serum Bound IL-18, Baseline (pre-operative), n=5Serum Bound IL-18, Day 0, 0.75 hour, n=5Serum Bound IL-18, Day 0, 4-8 hour, n=5Serum Bound IL-18, Day 1, n=5Serum Bound IL-18, Day 2, n=4Serum Bound IL-18, Day 30, n=4Serum Bound IL-18, Day 90, n=2Serum Total IL-18, Baseline (pre-operative), n=7Serum Total IL-18, Day 0, 0.75 hour, n=6Serum Total IL-18, Day 0, 4-8 hour, n=6Serum Total IL-18, Day 1, n=6Serum Total IL-18, Day 2, n=5Serum Total IL-18, Day 30, n=6Serum Total IL-18, Day 90, n=7Serum Total IL-18, 6 months, n=7Serum Total IL-18, 12 months, n=6
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV26.840-22.620-22.540-23.890-5.263-27.925-2.25021.156362.084314.864472.204485.740617.543946.020130.6857572.3333576.3667636.5667660.66001175.50001423.54291303.71431091.0833

[back to top]

Serum Interferon Gamma-induced Protein 10 (IP-10) and Serum Monokine Induced Gamma Interferon (Mig) Levels at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant

The interferon-gamma -inducible chemokine IP10 and the interferon-gamma -inducible chemokine Mig have been identified as an early predictive marker of antibody-mediated kidney graft rejection. Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment value. Change from Baseline was calculated as post Baseline value minus Baseline value. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, Day 1, Day 2, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months post reperfusion

InterventionPicograms per milliliter (Mean)
IP-10, Baseline, n=7IP-10, Day 0, 0.75 hour, n=6IP-10, Day 0, 4-8 hour, n=6IP-10, Day 1, n=6IP-10, Day 2, n=5IP-10, Day 30, n=6IP-10, Day 90, n=7IP-10, 6 months, n=7IP-10, 12 months, n=5Mig, Baseline, n=7Mig, Day 0, 0.75 hour, n=6Mig, Day 0, 4-8 hour, n=6Mig, Day 1, n=6Mig, Day 2, n=5Mig, Day 30, n=6Mig, Day 90, n=7Mig, 6 months, n=7Mig, 12 months, n=5
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV518.83817-48.36607-262.30099-214.27224-91.07498-215.96831221.97286145.05039241.29317175.76865-14.02145-49.28436-67.61716-133.99600-159.17646-78.69081-43.68148-30.52711

[back to top]

Number of Participants in the First 7 Days With: Primary Non Function, Functional DGF, Intermediate Graft Function, Immediate Graft Function

Number of participants in the first 7 days with primary non function, functional DGF, intermediate graft function and immediate graft function were evaluated to access graft function in DCD renal transplant recipients treated with GSK1070806. The AP Population is defined as participants in the 'All Subjects' Population who have been declared to have DGF or have reached 7 days. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to Day 7

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Primary Non Function3 day Functional DGF7 day Functional DGF3 day Intermediate Graft Function7 day Intermediate Graft Function3 day Immediate Graft Function7 day Immediate Graft Function
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV1350110

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Adverse Event (AE) and Serious Adverse Event (SAE)

AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Any untoward event resulting in death, life threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect or any other situation according to medical or scientific judgment were categorized as SAE. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any AEAny SAE
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV76

[back to top]

Number of Participants Having Any Abnormal Clinical Chemistry Results of Potential Clinical Importance

Blood samples were collected to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters. Number of participants with abnormal chemistry results of potential clinical importance (high or low) in any of these parameters at any time post Baseline visit have been presented. PCI (high or low) was considered if albumin (low<30), calcium (low<2, high>2.75), creatinine (high: CHB>44.2 increase), glucose (low<3, high>9), magnesium (low<0.5, high>1.23), phosphorus (low<0.8, high>1.6), potassium (low<3, high>5.5), sodium (low: 130, high>150), Total carbon dioxide (CO2) (low:18, high>32), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (high>=2*upper limit of normal [ULN]), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (high: >=2*ULN), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (high:>=2*ULN), Total bilirubin (high: >2*ULN), Total bilirubin+ALT (high: 1.5*ULN total bilirubin with >=2*ULN ALT). (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Albumin, LowCalcium, LowGlucose, HighPotassium, LowPotassium, HighTotal Bilirubin, HighSodium, LowALT, HighALP, HighAST, High
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV6751312111

[back to top]

Serum Concentrations of GSK1070806

Serial blood samples were collected to evaluate PK of GSK1070806 at Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion. PK Population included participants in the 'All Subjects' Population for whom a serum PK sample is obtained and analyzed for GSK1070806. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion

InterventionNanograms per milliliter (Mean)
Pre-operative, n=70.75 hours, n=64-8 hours, n=624 hours, n=6168 hours, n=5Day 30, n=6Day 90, n=76 months, n=712 months, n=6
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV0.058783.360033.350933.328260.017366.75047.01083.419.2

[back to top]

Serum Creatinine at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant

Blood samples were collected to measure serum creatinine at the indicated timepoints to assess graft function in DCD renal transplant recipients treated with GSK1070806. Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment value. Change from Baseline was post Baseline value minus Baseline value. NA indicates data is not available as standard deviation could not be calculated due to n=1. The AP Population is defined as participants having Baseline and at least one post-Baseline assessment. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 12 months

InterventionMicromoles per liter (Mean)
Screening, n=7Day 0, n=7Day 1, n=7Day 2, n=7Day 3, n=7Day 4, n=7Day 5, n=6Day 6, n=6Day 7, n=6Day 8, n=5Day 9, n=3Day 10, n=3Day 11, n=3Day 12, n=2Day 13, n=2Day 14, n=2Day 15, n=2Day 16, n=2Day 17, n=2Day 18, n=2Day 19, n=2Day 20, n=2Day 21, n=1Day 22, n=1Day 23, n=1Day 24, n=1Day 25, n=1Day 26, n=1Day 27, n=1Day 28, n=1Day 30, n=7Day 90, n=76 months, n=712 months, n=6
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV679.0-39.3-44.7-99.0-36.7-104.6-57.2-75.7-43.5-150.8-24.0-53.0-97.0110.038.04.0-51.0-61.5-107.5-145.0-173.5-183.5-117.0-91.0-95.0-115.0-152.0-155.0-175.0-191.0-478.3-489.9-467.4-490.5

[back to top]

Urine Volume at Baseline and Change From Baseline Over Time Post Transplant

Urine volume at Baseline and over time post transplant was measured to assess graft function in DCD renal transplant recipients treated with GSK1070806. Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment value. Change from Baseline was post Baseline value minus Baseline value. All Subjects Population comprised of participants who received the dose of study medication. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Baseline (Pre-operative) and up to Day 28

InterventionLiter (Mean)
Baseline (Pre-operative), n=5Day 0, n=4Day 1, n=5Day 2, n=5Day 3, n=5Day 4, n=5Day 5, n=4Day 6, n=4Day 7, n=4Day 8, n=3Day 9, n=2Day 10, n=2Day 11, n=2Day 12, n=1Day 13, n=1Day 14, n=1Day 15, n=1Day 16, n=1Day 17, n=1Day 18, n=1Day 19, n=1Day 20, n=1Day 21, n=1Day 22, n=1Day 23, n=1Day 24, n=1Day 25, n=1Day 26, n=1Day 27, n=1Day 28, n=1
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV0.6700-0.51500.58621.28200.88401.14800.82701.11681.29851.20901.21350.85850.49851.40001.69001.18001.55001.85001.50001.90001.60001.25000.75001.05001.15001.45002.05002.00001.55001.4600

[back to top]

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of GSK1070806

Serial blood samples were collected to evaluate PK of GSK1070806 at Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion. Log-transformed geometric mean and 95% confidence interval have been presented. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Pre-operative, 0.75 hours, 4-8 hours, 24 hours, 168 hours, Day 30, Day 90, 6 months and 12 months after kidney reperfusion

InterventionLog (nanograms per milliliter) (Geometric Mean)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV36315.1

[back to top]

Number of Participants Having Infections

Number of participants having infections were summarized. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV5

[back to top]

Number of Participants Having Any Abnormality in Hematology Results of Potential Clinical Importance

Blood samples were collected to evaluate hematology parameters. Number of participants with abnormality in any hematology parameter results of potential clinical importance (high or low) observed at any time post Baseline are presented. PCI (high or low) was considered if hematocrit (high:>0.54;low:change from baseline [CFB] 0.075 decrease), hemoglobin (high:180; low: CFB 25 decrease), lymphocytes (low: 0.8), neutrophil count (low: 1.5), platelet count (low: 100; high: 550), White blood cells (low: 3; high:20). (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Lymphocytes, LowHematocrit, HighWhite Blood Cells, HighWhite Blood Cells, LowPlatelet Count, LowTotal neutrophils, Low
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV711111

[back to top]

Number of Participants Requiring Dialysis During the First 7 Days Post Transplant

The requirement of dialysis (except as needed for hyperkalaemia during the first 24 hours [hrs]) were used to assess the frequency of delayed graft function (DGF) in donation after circulatory death (DCD) renal transplant recipients treated with GSK1070806. The 'Analysis Population' (AP) is defined as participants in the 'All Subjects' Population who have been declared to have DGF or have reached 7 days. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to Day 7

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV4

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Are Dialysis Independent at Visits up to 12 Months Post-transplant

Number of participants who are dialysis independent at visits up to 12 months post transplant was evaluated to assess the effect of GSK1070806 on dialysis dependency and graft survival. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV2

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Dialysis Events in the First 30 Days Post-transplant

Number of participants with dialysis events in the first 30 days post transplant was evaluated to assess the effect of GSK1070806 on dialysis dependency and graft survival. The AP Population is defined as participants having Baseline and at least one post-Baseline assessment. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV5

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Episodes of Biopsy-proven Acute Rejection

Number of participants with episodes of biopsy-proven acute rejection were evaluated to assess the effect of GSK1070806 on acute rejection risk, and rejection/Pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers. (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV1

[back to top]

Number of Participants Having Any Abnormality of Potential Clinical Importance of Vital Signs Results

Vital signs parameters included analysis of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and body temperature. Number of participants with any abnormality of potential clinical importance (high or low) in any of these vitals signs at any time post Baseline visit have been presented. PCI (high or low) was considered if SBP (low: <85, high:>160), DBP (low: <45, high>100), HR (low: <40, high: >110) and temperature (low: <35.5, high: >37.5). (NCT02723786)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SBP, HighSBP, LowDBP, HighDBP, LowHR, HighTemperature, HighTemperature, Low
GSK1070806 3 mg/kg IV5121112

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (2/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Intervention10^9 cells/L (Mean)
Eosinophils (Week 26)Eosinophils (Week 52)Basophils (Week 26)Basophils (Week 52)Monocytes (Week 26)Monocytes (Week 52)Platelets (Week 26)Platelets (Week 52)
Avacopan Group0.070.07-0.00-0.01-0.04-0.01-77.1-73.8
Prednisone Group0.070.05-0.01-0.010.010.01-73.9-75.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (3/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Intervention10^12 cells/L (Mean)
Erythrocytes (Week 26)Erythrocytes (Week 52)
Avacopan Group0.2520.279
Prednisone Group0.2260.244

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (4/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Hemoglobin (Week 26)Hemoglobin (Week 52)
Avacopan Group1.101.27
Prednisone Group1.071.20

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (5/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionpercentage of red blood cells (Mean)
Hematocrit (Week 26)Hematocrit (Week 52)
Avacopan Group2.73.2
Prednisone Group2.63.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Serum Chemistry (1/2)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
InterventionU/L (Mean)
Lactate Dehydrogenase (Week 26)Lactate Dehydrogenase (Week 52)Alkaline Phosphatase (Week 26)Alkaline Phosphatase (Week 52)Creatine Kinase (Week 26)Creatine Kinase (Week 52)Alanine Aminotransferase (Week 26)Alanine Aminotransferase (Week 52)Aspartate Aminotransferase (Week 26)Aspartate Aminotransferase (Week 52)
Avacopan Group-6.1-10.7-3.9-4.076.876.3-6.1-7.22.52.0
Prednisone Group2.3-8.6-0.60.847.657.6-6.8-8.21.90.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Serum Chemistry (2/2)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Creatinine (Week 26)Creatinine (Week 52)Urea Nitrogen (Week 26)Urea Nitrogen (Week 52)Protein (Week 26)Protein (Week 52)Cholesterol (Week 26)Cholesterol (Week 52)LDL Cholesterol (Week 26)LDL Cholesterol (Week 52)Bilirubin (Week 26)Bilirubin (Week 52)
Avacopan Group-0.195-0.244-11.0-11.92202507.49.312.011.90.0780.057
Prednisone Group-0.105-0.200-9.4-7.85016019.013.822.721.70.0650.053

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (1/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Systolic Blood Pressure (Week 26)Systolic Blood Pressure (Week 52)Diastolic Blood Pressure (Week 26)Diastolic Blood Pressure (Week 52)
Avacopan Group-2.6-1.00.51.4
Prednisone Group-2.5-2.42.71.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (3/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventiondegree Celsius (Mean)
Temperature (Week 26)Temperature (Week 52)
Avacopan Group-0.11-0.11
Prednisone Group-0.030.04

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (4/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionkilogram(s) (Mean)
Weight (Week 26)Weight (Week 52)
Avacopan Group1.932.59
Prednisone Group3.333.27

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (5/5)

BMI=Body Mass Index (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionkilogram(s)/ square meter (Mean)
BMI (Week 26)BMI (Week 52)
Avacopan Group0.670.94
Prednisone Group1.131.12

[back to top] [back to top]

Change in the VDI From Baseline Over 52 Weeks, Including the Week 26 and Week 52 Time Points

VDI=Vasculitis Damage Index; The VDI is comprised of 64 items of damage, grouped into 11 organ-based systems or categorizations. Damage is defined as the presence of non-healing scars and does not give any indication of current disease activity. Damage is also defined as having been present or currently present for at least 3 months. Completion of the form provides a numerical score, which ranges from 0 (best health) to 64 (worst health). (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 26Week 52
Avacopan Group1.061.17
Prednisone Group0.971.15

[back to top]

Glucocorticoid-induced Toxicity as Measured by Change From Baseline Over the First 26 Weeks in the GTI

"GTI-CWS=Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index Cumulative Worsening Score;~GTI-AIS=Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index Aggregate Improvement Score;~The Glucocorticoid Toxicity Index (GTI) was developed to score glucocorticoid toxicity. The GTI includes: the Cumulative Worsening Score (CWS) that captures cumulative toxicity, both permanent and transient, over the course of time (serves as a cumulative record of toxicity); and the Aggregate Improvement Score that captures both improvement and worsening of toxicity over time (serves as a record of both improving and worsening toxicity). Both scores range from 0 (best health) to 100 (worst health)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 13 and 26

,
InterventionGlucocorticoid Toxicity Index (Least Squares Mean)
GTI-CWS (Week 13)GTI-CWS (Week 26)GTI-AIS (Week 13)GTI-AIS (Week 26)
Avacopan Group25.739.79.911.2
Prednisone Group36.656.623.223.4

[back to top]

In Subjects With Renal Disease and Albuminuria at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Percent Change in UACR From Baseline Over 52 Weeks

"BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score~UACR=Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, 26 and 52

,
InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Week 4Week 26Week 52
Avacopan Group-40-63-74
Prednisone Group0-70-77

[back to top]

In Subjects With Renal Disease at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Change in eGFR From Baseline Over 52 Weeks

"Change from baseline in kidney function, as measured by eGFR (based on the MDRD equation), was measured in subjects with renal disease based on the BVAS renal component.~eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate~BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score~MDRD=Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
InterventionChange in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2) (Least Squares Mean)
Week 26Week 52
Avacopan Group5.87.3
Prednisone Group2.94.1

[back to top]

In Subjects With Renal Disease at Baseline (Based in the BVAS Renal Component), the Percent Change in Urinary MCP-1:Creatinine Ratio From Baseline Over 52 Weeks

"BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score~MCP-1=monocyte chemoattractant protein-1" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
InterventionPercentage change (Least Squares Mean)
Week 26Week 52
Avacopan Group-67-73
Prednisone Group-64-71

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Where a Relationship Between Avacopan/Placebo, Glucocorticoid Use, Cyclophosphamide, Rituximab, and Azathioprine or Mycophenolate Use to an AE Was Determined by the Investigator

AE=Adverse Event (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: From day 1 throughout the study period (day 421/week 60)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Relationship of avacopan/placebo to an AERelationship of glucocorticoid use to an AERelationship of cyclophosphamide IV use to an AERelationship of oral cyclophosphamide use to an AERelationship of rituximab use to an AERelationship of azathioprine use to an AERelationship of mycophenolate use to an AE
Avacopan Group10010731850286
Prednisone Group10313130461359

[back to top]

Subject Incidence of Treatment-emergent SAEs, AEs, and Withdrawals Due to AEs

"AEs=Adverse events~SAEs=Serious adverse events~TEAE=Treatment-emergent adverse event" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: From day 1 throughout the study period (day 421/week 60)

,
InterventionNumber (Number)
Number of subjects with at least one TEAENumber of TEAEsNumber of subjects with SAEsNumber of SAEsSubjects with TEAE leading to discontinuation
Avacopan Group16417797011627
Prednisone Group16121397416628

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Vital Signs (2/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Interventionbeats/min (Mean)
Pulse Rate (Week 26)Pulse Rate (Week 52)
Avacopan Group0.9-0.3
Prednisone Group2.2-1.3

[back to top]

Number of Subjects Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving BVAS=0 During the Study

"BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score;~A relapse was defined as occurrence of at least one major item in the BVAS, or three or more minor items in the BVAS, or one or two minor items in the BVAS recorded at two consecutive visits, after:~having achieved remission at Week 26 (BVAS=0 and no glucocorticoids for ANCA-associated vasculitis within 4 weeks) or~having achieved BVAS=0 at any time during the treatment period~The BVAS form is divided into 9 organ-based systems, with each section including symptoms/signs that are typical of that particular organ involvement in systemic vasculitis. The clinician only scores features believed to be due to active vasculitis. Completion of the form provides a numerical score, which ranges from 0 (best health) to 63 (worst health)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: From day 1 throughout the study period (day 421/week 60)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prednisone Group33
Avacopan Group16

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Clinically Significant ECG Changes From Baseline

"Clinical significance was assessed by the individual reading of the ECGs~ECG=Electrocardiogram" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: From day 1 throughout the study period (day 421/week 60)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prednisone Group8
Avacopan Group12

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With BVAS of 0 at Week 4, Regardless of Whether the Subjects Received Glucocorticoids During This Period of Time and Based on Assessment by the Blinded AC

"AC=Adjudication Committee; BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score;~The BVAS form is divided into 9 organ-based systems, with each section including symptoms/signs that are typical of that particular organ involvement in systemic vasculitis. The clinician only scores features believed to be due to active vasculitis. Completion of the form provides a numerical score, which ranges from 0 (best health) to 63 (worst health)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Prednisone Group68.9
Avacopan Group62.7

[back to top]

Percentage of Subjects Achieving Disease Remission at Week 26

"Disease remission at Week 26 was defined as:~Achieving a BVAS of 0 as determined by the Adjudication Committee;~No administration of glucocorticoids given for ANCA-associated vasculitis within 4 weeks prior to Week 26;~No BVAS >0 during the 4 weeks prior to Week 26 (if collected for an unscheduled assessment)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Prednisone Group70.1
Avacopan Group72.3

[back to top]

Percentage of Subjects Achieving Sustained Disease Remission at Week 52

"Sustained remission at Week 52 was defined as:~Disease remission at Week 26 as defined above;~Disease remission at Week 52 defined as a BVAS of 0 at Week 52 as determined by the Adjudication Committee and no administration of glucocorticoids for treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis within 4 weeks prior to Week 52;~No disease relapse between Week 26 and Week 52 as determined by the Adjudication Committee." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Prednisone Group54.9
Avacopan Group65.7

[back to top]

Percentage of Subjects and Time to Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving BVAS=0 at Any Time During the Treatment Period

"The median time to relapse was not estimable because of small number of relapsed subjects.~A relapse was defined as occurrence of at least one major item in the BVAS, or three or more minor items in the BVAS, or one or two minor items in the BVAS recorded at two consecutive visits, after:~having achieved remission at Week 26 (BVAS=0 and no glucocorticoids for ANCA-associated vasculitis within 4 weeks) or~having achieved BVAS=0 at any time during the treatment period~The Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) form is divided into 9 organ-based systems, with each section including symptoms/signs that are typical of that particular organ involvement in systemic vasculitis. The clinician only scores features believed to be due to active vasculitis. Completion of the form provides a numerical score, which ranges from 0 (best health) to 63 (worst health)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Prednisone Group21.0
Avacopan Group10.1

[back to top]

Percentage of Subjects and Time to Experiencing a Relapse After Previously Achieving Remission at Week 26 in the Study

"The median time to relapse was not estimable because of small number of relapsed subjects.~A relapse was defined as occurrence of at least one major item in the BVAS, or three or more minor items in the BVAS, or one or two minor items in the BVAS recorded at two consecutive visits, after:~having achieved remission at Week 26 (BVAS=0 and no glucocorticoids for ANCA-associated vasculitis within 4 weeks) or~having achieved BVAS=0 at any time during the treatment period~ANCA=anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody; BVAS=Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score; The BVAS form is divided into 9 organ-based systems, with each section including symptoms/signs that are typical of that particular organ involvement in systemic vasculitis. The clinician only scores features believed to be due to active vasculitis. Completion of the form provides a numerical score, which ranges from 0 (best health) to 63 (worst health)." (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Prednisone Group12.2
Avacopan Group7.5

[back to top]

Certain Safety Endpoints of Interest: Infections, Hepatic System Abnormalities, WBC Count Decreases, and Hypersensitivity

"WBC=White Blood Cell~TEAE=Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event" (NCT02994927)
Timeframe: From day 1 throughout the study period (day 421/week 60)

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any Treatment-Emergent InfectionAny Serious Treatment-Emergent InfectionAny Severe Treatment-Emergent InfectionAny Treatment-Emergent Infection Leading to Study WithdrawalAny Treatment-Emergent Life-threatening InfectionAny Treatment-Emergent Infection Leading to DeathAny TEAE Associated with Hepatic AbnormalitiesAny TEAE Associated with Low WBC CountsAny TEAE Associated with hypersensitivity
Avacopan Group1132212411223168
Prednisone Group1242510522193970

[back to top]

Change From Baseline and Shifts From Baseline in All Safety Laboratory Parameters - Hematology (1/5)

(NCT02994927)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and 52

,
Intervention10^3 cells/μL (Mean)
Leukocytes (Week 26)Leukocytes (Week 52)Neutrophils (Week 26)Neutrophils (Week 52)Lymphocytes (Week 26)Lymphocytes (Week 52)
Avacopan Group-5.94-5.62-5.24-4.95-0.84-0.82
Prednisone Group-5.69-5.54-5.10-4.89-0.62-0.67

[back to top]

Annual Relapse Rate

annual relapse rate will be measured in the baseline (according to patients' history in the last year) and after 12 months of intervention. (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

,
InterventionNumber of relapses (Mean)
BaselineOutcome
Azathioprine10.51
Rituximab1.300.21

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

adverse drug reactions will be observed closely and reported during the intervention. We will compare the number of adverse drug reactions in two groups. Also, adverse drug reactions will be described by details in each group. (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Azathioprine3
Rituximab4

[back to top]

Expanded Disability Status Scale

"expanded disability status scale will be measured in the baseline and after 12 months of intervention.~Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) is a measure of disability for patients. The score ranges from 0-10, with 0 showing normal neurological exam and 10 showing death due to the disabling disease. Thus, higher scores represent more profound levels of disability." (NCT03002038)
Timeframe: one year

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineOutcome
Azathioprine2.401.95
Rituximab3.552.56

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue Total Scores at Weeks 4, 12 and 24

FACIT-F was a 13-item questionnaire that assess fatigue in participants under chronic illness therapy. Participants scored each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranged from 0 to 4 (0 = not at all; 1 = a little bit; 2 = somewhat; 3 = quite a bit; 4 = very much). The scores of each item were reversed during score calculations, so that higher score values indicated more favorable conditions. Total score was the sum of score from each item and resulted in a score range from 0 to 52, with higher score indicated better participant health status (lower level of fatigue). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-4.8-6.4-7.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

ESR was a laboratory test to provide non-specific measure of inflammation in the body. The test assessed the rate at which red blood cells fell in a test tube and was measured in mm/h. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionmm/h (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-18.1-19.5-22.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Duration of Morning Stiffness at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Duration of morning stiffness was defined as the time elapsed (in minutes) between the time of usual awakening (even if not in the morning) and the time the participant was able to resume normal activities without stiffness. At each specified time point, duration of morning stiffness was reported by the participant during the visit. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-39.9-47.9-52.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis With Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

DAS28-ESR was a composite score that included 4 variables: TJC (based on 28 joints); SJC (based on 28 joints); participant's global assessment of health activity using 100 mm VAS: range 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable); marker of inflammation assessed by ESR in mm/h. DAS28-ESR total score ranged from 0-10, higher score indicated more disease activity. The DAS28-ESR score provided a number indicating the current disease activity of the RA. A DAS28-ESR score above 5.1 indicated high disease activity, DAS28-ESR score <= 3.2 indicated LDA, > 3.2 to <=5.1 implied moderate disease activity and DAS28-ESR score below 2.6 indicated disease remission. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-1.8-2.3-2.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Clinical Disease Activity Index Total Score at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

CDAI was a composite index constructed to measure clinical remission in RA that does not include a laboratory test, and is a numerical summation of 4 components: SJC (28 joints), TJC (28 joints), participant's global disease activity (in cm), and physician's global assessment of disease (in cm). CDAI total score ranges from 0 to 76 with a lower score indicating less disease activity. A CDAI score of <=2.8 represents clinical remission and a score of <=10.0 represents LDA. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-9.8-12.2-14.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Week 24

RAID was a participant reported outcome measure used to evaluate the impact of RA on participant's quality of life which comprised 7 domains: • pain, • function, • fatigue, • physical and psychological well-being, • sleep disturbance, and • coping. Each domain was a single question scored on a 0 to 10 continuous NRS. The values for each of these domains were weighed by participant assessment of relative importance and combined in a single value. Total RAID score range was 0 (not affected, very good) to 10 (most affected), where higher value indicated worse status. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Sarilumab-2.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) Subscale Scores at Weeks 4, 12 and 24

HADS questionnaire measures the presence and severity of anxiety and depression in both hospital and community settings. The questionnaire comprised of 14 items divided into 2 subscales: 7 items for anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and 7 items for depression subscale (HADS-D). Each item was scored on a 0 to 3 rating scale. The anxiety and depression subscales each ranged from 0 to 21 (0-7: normal, 8-10: borderline abnormal and 11-21: abnormal), where higher scores indicated greater severity of anxiety/depression. The subscales were independent for each result of depression and anxiety. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
HADS-A: Week 4HADS-A: Week 12HADS-A: Week 24HADS-D: Week 4HADS-D: Week 12HADS-D: Week 24
Sarilumab-1.0-2.1-1.9-0.4-1.2-1.7

[back to top]

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

IPAQ was a 27-item self-reported questionnaire designed to measure physical activity of participant. The score was reported in metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes per week. MET minutes represented the amount of energy expended to carry out physical activity. For IPAQ total score, the minimum value is zero and there is no maximum. Higher scores mean better levels of physical activity. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

InterventionMET minutes per week (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab1759.91881.12061.02089.5

[back to top]

Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

HAQ-DI was a participant-oriented questionnaire developed specifically to assess the extent of a RA participant's functional ability. It consisted of at least 2 or 3 questions per category, participant reported assessment of ability to perform tasks in 8 categories of daily living activities: dress/groom; arise; eat; walk; reach; grip; hygiene; and common activities over past week (at each specified visit) rated on a 4-point scale where 0 = no difficulty; 1 = some difficulty; 2 = much difficulty; 3 = unable to do. Overall score was computed as the sum of category scores and divided by the number of categories answered, and ranged from 0 to 3, where 0 = no disability and 3 = completely disabled, higher score indicated more disability. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab1.31.10.80.8

[back to top]

Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

RAID was a participant reported outcome measure used to evaluate the impact of RA on participant's quality of life which comprised 7 domains: • pain, • function, • fatigue, • physical and psychological well-being, • sleep disturbances, and • coping. Each domain was a single question scored on a 0 to 10 continuous NRS. The values for each of these domains were weighed by participant assessment of relative importance and combined in a single value. Total RAID score range was 0 (not affected, very good) to 10 (most affected), where higher value indicated worse status. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab4.63.93.3

[back to top]

Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) of Disease Activity Score by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

PtGA of disease activity was measured using a 100 millimeters (mm) horizontal VAS ranged from 0=no pain to 100=maximum pain imaginable, where higher score indicated more disease activity. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionmm (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab61.144.136.634.6

[back to top]

Number of Tender Joints at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Number of joints with tenderness are reported. Joints which were assessed included 28 joints (which included shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and 2 joints in each finger and thumb). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionjoints (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab7.34.73.52.5

[back to top]

Number of Swollen Joints at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Number of joints with swelling are reported. Joints which were assessed included 28 joints (which included shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and 2 joints in each finger and thumb). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionjoints (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab6.32.51.91.6

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug and did not necessarily had a causal relationship with the study treatment. SAE: Any untoward medical occurrence that resulted in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening, required initial or prolonged in-patient hospitalization, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect, or considered as medically important event. TEAEs were defined as AEs that occurred in the time from the first injection of study drug up to 39.7 weeks. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of study (up to 39.7 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SAETEAEAE leading to death
Sarilumab10760

[back to top]

Number of Participants Achieving Low Disease Activity (DAS28 ESR Score <=3.2) and Remission (DAS28 ESR Score <2.6) at Weeks 12, and 24

DAS28-ESR was a composite score that included 4 variables: TJC (based on 28 joints); SJC (based on 28 joints); participant's global assessment of health activity using 100 mm VAS: range 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable) marker of inflammation assessed by ESR in mm/h. DAS28-ESR total score ranged from 0-10, higher score indicated more disease activity. The DAS28-ESR score provided a number indicating the current disease activity of the RA. A DAS28-ESR score above 5.1 indicated high disease activity, DAS28-ESR score <= 3.2 indicated LDA, > 3.2 to <=5.1 implied moderate disease activity and DAS28-ESR score below 2.6 indicated disease remission. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Weeks 12 and 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LDA: Week 12LDA: Week 24Remission: Week 12Remission: Week 24
Sarilumab1244045

[back to top]

Number of Participants Achieving Clinical Disease Activity Index: Low Disease Activity (CDAI Score <=10.0) and Remission (CDAI Score <=2.8) Weeks 12, and 24

CDAI was a composite index constructed to measure clinical remission in RA that does not included a laboratory test, and is a numerical summation of 4 components: SJC (28 joints), TJC (28 joints), participant's global disease activity (in cm), and physician's global assessment (in cm). Total score ranged from 0 to 76 with a lower score indicated less disease activity. A CDAI score of <=2.8 represents clinical remission and a score of <=10.0 represents LDA. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Weeks 12 and 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
LDA: Week 12LDA: Week 24Remission: Week 12Remission: Week 24
Sarilumab29291820

[back to top]

Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States (MAThyS) Scale Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

MAThyS was a multi-dimensional self-administered questionnaire comprised of five dimensions (emotional reactivity, cognition speed, psychomotor function, motivation and sensory perception) divided into 20 items relating to individual states as perceived by participants for the preceding week (at each specified Week). Each item was measured on a visual analog scale (VAS; in centimeters [cm]) ranged from 0 (inhibition of the state evaluated by the item) to 10 (excitation for the evaluated state). Total MAThyS score was sum of the 20 items and that might vary from score range 0 to 200 with lower scores indicated general inhibition and higher scores indicated general excitation. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventioncm (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab88.489.694.890.9

[back to top]

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) Subscale Scores at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

HADS questionnaire measures the presence and severity of anxiety and depression in both hospital and community settings. The questionnaire comprised of 14 items divided into 2 subscales: 7 items for anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and 7 items for depression subscale (HADS-D). Each item was scored on a 0 to 3 rating scale. The anxiety and depression subscales each ranged from 0 to 21 (0-7: normal, 8-10: borderline abnormal and 11-21: abnormal), where higher scores indicated greater severity of anxiety/depression. The subscales were independent for each result of depression and anxiety. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
HADS-A: BaselineHADS-A: Week 4HADS-A: Week 12HADS-A: Week 24HADS-D: BaselineHADS-D: Week 4HADS-D: Week 12HADS-D: Week 24
Sarilumab8.17.26.16.67.06.65.75.5

[back to top]

Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F) Total Scores at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

FACIT-F was a 13-item questionnaire that assess fatigue in participants under chronic illness therapy. Participants scored each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranged from 0 to 4 (0 = not at all; 1 = a little bit; 2 = somewhat; 3 = quite a bit; 4 = very much). The scores of each item were reversed during score calculations, so that higher score values indicated more favorable conditions. Total score was the sum of score from each item and resulted in a score range from 0 to 52, with higher score indicated better participant health status (lower level of fatigue). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab25.521.018.817.9

[back to top]

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

ESR was a laboratory test to provide non-specific measure of inflammation in the body. The test assessed the rate at which red blood cells fell in a test tube and was measured in millimeter per hour (mm/h). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionmm/h (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab28.810.59.28.4

[back to top]

Duration of Morning Stiffness at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Duration of morning stiffness was defined as the time elapsed (in minutes) between the time of usual awakening (even if not in the morning) and the time the participant was able to resume normal activities without stiffness. At each specified time point, duration of morning stiffness was reported by the participant during the visit. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionminutes (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab72.334.728.921.3

[back to top]

Disease Activity Score-28 for Rheumatoid Arthritis With Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR) at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

DAS28-ESR was a composite score that included 4 variables: tender joint count (TJC) (based on 28 joints); swollen joint count (SJC) (based on 28 joints); participant's global assessment of health activity using 100 mm VAS: range 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable); marker of inflammation assessed by ESR in mm/h. DAS28-ESR total score ranged from 0-10, higher score indicated more disease activity. The DAS28-ESR score provided a number indicating the current disease activity of the RA. A DAS28-ESR score above 5.1 indicated high disease activity, DAS28-ESR score less than or equal to (<=) 3.2 indicated low disease activity (LDA), greater than (>) 3.2 to <=5.1 implied moderate disease activity and DAS28-ESR score below 2.6 indicated disease remission. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab5.03.12.62.3

[back to top]

Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) Total Score at Baseline, Weeks 4, 12, and 24

CDAI was a composite index constructed to measure clinical remission in RA that does not include a laboratory test, and is a numerical summation of 4 components: SJC (28 joints), TJC (28 joints), participant's global disease activity (in cm), and physician's global assessment of disease (in cm). CDAI total score ranges from 0 to 76 with a lower score indicating less disease activity. A CDAI score of <=2.8 represents clinical remission and a score of <=10.0 represents LDA. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab22.512.69.98.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24

HAQ-DI was a participant-oriented questionnaire developed specifically to assess the extent of a RA participant's functional ability. It consisted of at least 2 or 3 questions per category, participant reported assessment of ability to perform tasks in 8 categories of daily living activities: dress/groom; arise; eat; walk; reach; grip; hygiene; and common activities over past week (at each specified visit) rated on a 4-point scale where 0 = no difficulty; 1 = some difficulty; 2 = much difficulty; 3 = unable to do. Overall score was computed as the sum of category scores and divided by the number of categories answered, and ranged from 0 to 3, where 0 = no disability and 3 = completely disabled, higher score indicated more disability. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-0.2-0.4-0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Rheumatoid Arthritis Impact of Disease Total Score at Weeks 4 and 12

RAID was a participant reported outcome measure used to evaluate the impact of RA on participant's quality of life which comprised 7 domains: • pain, • function, • fatigue, • physical and psychological wellbeing, • sleep disturbance, and • coping. Each domain was a single question scored on a 0 to 10 continuous NRS. The values for each of these domains were weighed by participant assessment of relative importance and combined in a single value. Total RAID score range was 0 (not affected, very good) to 10 (most affected), where higher value indicated worse status. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4 and 12

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Week 4Week 12
Sarilumab-1.2-1.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Patient Global Assessment of Disease Activity Score by Visual Analog Scale at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

PtGA of disease activity was measured using a 100 mm horizontal VAS ranged from 0=no pain to 100=maximum pain imaginable, where higher score indicated more disease activity. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionmm (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-17.2-24.3-26.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Number of Tender Joints at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Number of joints with tenderness are reported. Joints which were assessed included 28 joints (which included shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and 2 joints in each finger and thumb). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionjoints (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-2.5-3.7-4.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Number of Swelling Joints at Weeks 4, 12, and 24

Number of joints with swelling are reported. Joints which were assessed included 28 joints (which included shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees and 2 joints in each finger and thumb). (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventionjoints (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-3.9-4.1-4.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Multidimensional Assessment of Thymic States Scale Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24

MAThyS was a multi-dimensional self-administered questionnaire comprised of five dimensions (emotional reactivity, cognition speed, psychomotor function, motivation and sensory perception) divided into 20 items relating to individual states as perceived by participants for the preceding week (at each specified Week). Each item was measured on a VAS (in cm) ranging from 0 (inhibition of the state evaluated by the item) to 10 (excitation for the evaluated state). Total MAThyS score was sum of the 20 items and that might vary from score range 0 to 200 with lower scores indicated general inhibition and higher scores indicated general excitation. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

Interventioncm (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab-0.22.9-1.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in International Physical Activity Questionnaire Total Score at Weeks 4, 12 and 24

IPAQ was a 27-item self-reported questionnaire designed to measure physical activity of participant. The score was reported in MET minutes per week. MET minutes represented the amount of energy expended to carry out physical activity. For IPAQ total score, the minimum value is zero and there is no maximum. Higher scores mean better levels of physical activity. (NCT03449758)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 12 and 24

InterventionMET minutes per week (Mean)
Week 4Week 12Week 24
Sarilumab175.6533.4382.0

[back to top]

AUC0-∞

Area under to curve from time=0 hours to infinity (NCT03930264)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Interventionh.ng/mL (Mean)
Imurek17.71
Jayempi™18.96

[back to top]

AUC0-t

Area under the curve time=0 hours to t hours (NCT03930264)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Interventionh.ng/mL (Mean)
Imurek17.10
Jayempi™18.17

[back to top]

Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

The maximum (peak) plasma concentration assesses the rate of drug absorption (NCT03930264)
Timeframe: 18 hours

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Imurek15.49
Jayempi™17.35

[back to top]

Treatment Response

Treatment response of ocular inflammation based on conjunctival injection measured by ophthalmologic exam of the palpebral conjunctiva. Each eye is divided into quadrants and each quadrant is scored from 0 (white and quite) to 3 (severe). The score will be the sum of all 4 quadrants for a total score of 0-12 for each eye. A clinically meaningful response will be defined as a ≥30% reduction in the total score for both eyes. (NCT05263505)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baricitinib1
Antiproliferative0

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		3.2160C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.1350amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.01104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9410hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4620ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.4920monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4520acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9410ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		5.711106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		6.57144acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		1.9410aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.4360amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		4.0910fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		5.4551carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.0510amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		3.1150amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.6730catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		1.9510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
choline
[no description available]		7.9340cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		5.1562halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.4820coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.360monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.3720trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-nitropropane
2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).		2.0410secondary nitroalkanecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
xenobiotic
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0510aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.4260aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.44203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.4420catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.7490amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		9.7223glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		2.8840aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.05102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.0410dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		4.4451sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.3820aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.7430chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		5.69112alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.6432alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.8481carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0410
histamine
[no description available]		6.14101aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.9440benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.420imidazole
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		1.9510hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7530cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.1450acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		3.7530N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0710acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		7.0410metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		8.09170pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.47110pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		3.2160pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.420aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.1110phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0510benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		2.0110aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		12.03151purine
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.87100monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		1.9810azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.4220methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.79100hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		1.9610benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		3.37112-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.0310pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.4110divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.7821alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		7.4820amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		4.2250primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		3.0410pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9410methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.0510aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		3.0750pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		11.19659uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		9.24383isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.7330xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.0310prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.4420
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4420oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.4420aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.4420
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.2841aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.4420bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		7.0110chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		1.9610
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		3.260alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.4420isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.3920aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.420benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		9.9570ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4620oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		2.0510phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.4420benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.0340aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.4420guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.44201,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.72150imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.4420aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.4420aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.3820indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.4420lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.4420
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0310
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.4420
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.0310
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.420monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		4.86100acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.5370aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		6.8210acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		10.02120monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		3.1450acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.0740acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.4420nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.4420catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.4420benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.2750aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.86100phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		5.79611,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.8530organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.7630secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.460triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		5.2790adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.6120acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		4.0640diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		3.5580dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4420guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.1950N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		7.25181dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		5.111301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		10.53120carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.7590dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.4820barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.6680dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		9.3760acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.0840nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0310N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		3.7921aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		5.1860anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		4.7871pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.0710enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		10.8702benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.1550benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		6.96131ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.4420monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.4320alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		4.5170amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.620benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0310benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.851001-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.5220ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.7630benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.4720benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.9640pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		1.9810carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.0740propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.8730carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.6780(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.4720biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.8930piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.8830diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.460secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.4420N-acylindole
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4720quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.7230imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.7530organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bu 224
BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker		2.0510quinolines
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.94110amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.9740aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.95110azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		7330methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		5.09130purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.93110aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.0840benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		5.17140dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.8730monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.0410organic molecular entity
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.0740carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		7.58142N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.7630carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.9640quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.2650carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		2.0110carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.2650organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.0640ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.4420aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.4520aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		15.7723719aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.2750benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.25501,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		23.631407aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		5.0880benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.4720monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.6180monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		11.34210organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		5.33170monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.8660isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.66801,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.0810diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		3.1450cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.9840aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.4420quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		4.2650lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		13.05232aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.9540cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		3.4470cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		6.94211aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.1550benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.78902-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4520amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.9740monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		4.5370monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		7.14161aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.2750tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.7690dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		9.2501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.5470clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.4720sulfonamide
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.85301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.95110conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		3.1650chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4720carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.8530carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.0310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		4.9670piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		13.53763substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.7530carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.5980acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.96110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.7930primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.7230alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.66801,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		5.42110benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.4720aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		7.03141amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.8630dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.7430N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		6.6461pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.6580monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		4.2650dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.0710oxazolidinone
dimetridazole
Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.		2.0410C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.81100ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0310organic cation
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		16.57487piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.6580monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.95110organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		6200branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.1550benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.5670aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.2350aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.2650dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.620pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.460aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.620oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.7430benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.5420phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.4420indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.4420trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.74301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone
eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.		3.3711aromatic ketone;
piperidines
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.8940
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etazolate
Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.		3.0510ethyl ester;
hydrazone;
pyrazolopyridine		alpha-secretase activator;
antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		5.2390aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.7490dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.620imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		4.4601,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.4160monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.08402-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.79211,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.86100carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		11.31111dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.41104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		5.03120aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.620benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		4.140monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7530resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.9640anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.0740piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.2850benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.4160aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0810difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.93110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		9.89110aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.9240aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.460N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.86100ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.05103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8730benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		8.32450nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		5.03120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.86100fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.9640diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		5.35170(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.4420formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.460carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.4420carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		13.37411chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.84100gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.7690aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.6630
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.6780aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.3260N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.7790sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.5470aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		3.1550piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.01120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.6830
granisetron
[no description available]		3.5620aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.0340methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.7190azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.0840acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		5.13140aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		5.4280haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.7530bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.4820phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.3820barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		1.9510phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.9840thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.7390azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.7150benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		4.140benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		19.531908aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		7.89310one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.6780hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.94190monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.83100primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		7.31131benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
batyl alcohol
batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.		1.9910alkylglycerol
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.98120ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.93110dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.86100bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.6680indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.4420
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		16.13864aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7430benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.3920organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		5.04120carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.4260azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.03103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		4.0840benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		12.04340carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4420secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		5.72160catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8730alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.0840benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.2650piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.4420
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.7430indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.4260cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.9840aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		12.87223dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.7690benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.0840amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		5.971cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.4420furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.0310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		5.09130benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.41601,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.85100benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.7430benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		14.35724(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.8830nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.4420indoles
lobenzarit
lobenzarit: prevents autoimmune kidney disease in hybrid mice; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0610aminobenzoic acid
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.7630aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.8530fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		4.8960N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.9460monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.460benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.5920benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		6.0481biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0310cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		1.9910aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.95110anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.4620organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.5470aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.620primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		14.92322nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.4260diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.0740aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.89110aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		4.2650adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.75301,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8730ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.3960imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.0840piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		4.2650organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		19.5929824amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.3860aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.85100guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		3.5920benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		9.2350ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.8830aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		5.2131aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.7430ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.5820benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.4520benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.4160beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.6680benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.2550organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.6780aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		14.527610C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		4.0940aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.5570aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.3160dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		3.2960dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.2650imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.8530amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.5720bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.95110dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0840benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		4.7250diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		11.28341dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.4420N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0510naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.7530benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.8730monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8730monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.9840acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		3.4920maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.4420beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.0410aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.0740methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		4.140tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		1.9910benzoic acids;
guanidines
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.66801,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.2310heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		5.04120aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.4720benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		4.4770quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.7890cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		4.3760organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		5.7861benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.4420benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		14.78378C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4520aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		4.2550(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.7890aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.851002-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5470C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.76301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.4470C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		4.3760nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.07401,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.6880isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.9540catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.4160fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.7790organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.4420nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.4620alkylbenzene
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.76903-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.74302,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		12.5161aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.4160carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.2750ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.66801,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.7430benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.86301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.4720amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.7530benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		1.9610benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.1550aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.5670acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		4.7571phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		8.57162aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.03101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.3820phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		5.0470phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.2750aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.5570benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.7430dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.9840aromatic amine
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0510imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.4420aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.54701,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.6680aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.6950barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		12.46122oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.5670piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.86100N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.4620acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.6290acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4520diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.8940aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		11.02220barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		3.5220phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		5.2290aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.2650primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4420guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		11.9390pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.4420dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.7430benzamides
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		3.4470pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.7490indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.88100aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		3.4820N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.9940organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.821pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.0710aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.5820benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.6430inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		1.9810potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		1.9610aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4820acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.620pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.86100isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.5470aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.84100aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.94110pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0710diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		5.13140benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.1550dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		6.08120benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.2460benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		10.34343benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		6.1291N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.8830pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0310benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.3720phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		11.35121phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.2650aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.4920xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.4420oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.7130phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		4.5370phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		11.86201naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.620pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.4820aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.8100aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.5920benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.09401-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.92120aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.4420quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.7690benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.941101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.2310tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.9840butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4720phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.620benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.4420imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		4.3630N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5920organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.7390pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simfibrate
simfibrate: structure		1.9910organic molecular entity
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.8730pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.5470ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.4420imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
imatinib
[no description available]		4.140aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		3.4820pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.8730dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.830quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.07101,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.7530N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4720aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.0410sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.7530pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.9740pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.4260sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		8.76211isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.3820pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.9740substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.7430primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		5.38141pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		18.2824719
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.2360pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.1150isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		4.6612-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8730alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.1650benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.5570sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.3920naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.4420naphthyridine derivative
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.9840N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		2.4520organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.4720benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.8530benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.2750imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.2650furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		5.1780phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.75100diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		3.1250benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.4420phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		12.76424phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.0310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.26501,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.2550phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		11.71200aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.66140monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		3.7930aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.8730imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		4.0340N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2650benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.5470N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		6210N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.8760aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.4820monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.4420pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.0640aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.8730amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0710triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.6780monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.5470pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.8530triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.4520benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		4.2730polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.6580N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0710aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4720organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.5820amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0710phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.5470oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		9.01271aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.8430
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.0640dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		5.04120chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.4620acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.7630piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.4620carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.6780cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.0840gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.7630aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.4420aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.7790carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.6120nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.4160imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9640aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.87301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4720monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.8530corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		10.5990mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		6.2511111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		25.52,03627711beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.924016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		1.9510ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.91110alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.9240beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.3860imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
6-methylthiopurine
6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		12.61608thiopurine
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.0840glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		6.9610pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		12.63481pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		4.680nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.4720benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.87401,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		8.33704-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		6.871212-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.59201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.9240ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		10.041303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		1.9910corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		6.1618211beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.4520barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		17.1820329non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		27.443,16245511-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		4.638017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.6830fluorinated steroid
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.673011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.873017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
n-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene
N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene: structure		1.9610
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene
Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.		1.96102-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.89402-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		5.7690N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.460penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		3.0850organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.4820phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		9.790pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4420N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.6830organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		2.4420aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.73902-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.6530nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.0510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.4420
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		1.9510guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.78100chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.4420cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.4420organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		4.9121alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		11.17260C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.4820aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.0240amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		1.9410pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		4.2450acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		5.2590carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.4720glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.649017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		8.0850bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9810ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.5570aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		3.0750pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.7930benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		1.99103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.8840adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		3.0850azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		3.3470uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		2.2110pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.6180kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.8840pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.5220monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.5580amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4.9570ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene
p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.		1.9610
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		3.1210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.8630amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.8630quaternary ammonium salt
monomethylhydrazine
Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.		1.9410
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.0710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.3520adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		4.851101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		4.2150penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.3920organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.7230organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.7530benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.4680amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.4620dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		1.9810methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.821quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.0410anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.6930nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.733017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.7530lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.6790aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.9410amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.914020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		14.121044alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
etimizol
Etimizol: A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.		1.9510
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.7430
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.7430aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.1650penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.9940antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0310diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.4620chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.94011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		3.276017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		4.08404-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		7.191721,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		4.2350aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.442017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		1.9810antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		5.08140beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		7.72154mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		12.61370beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9910nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		210C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9510amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		3.155020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.4520organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.7330L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		3.155017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.3520organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.9440erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		6.5181arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		5.0213011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		5.374111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4620diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.8630primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.7530chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		2.0410primary nitroalkane
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		3.4820pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.4620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		22.51,0101646-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
musk ambrette (artificial)
musk ambrette (artificial): widely used fragrance implicated in contact photosensitivity; structure		1.9610C-nitro compound
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.1550organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
1-phenylazo-2-naphthylamine
[no description available]		1.9610
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.6320organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710pyrrolidines
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.0440penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		4.2650glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.1510penicillanic acids
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.0510monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.0510naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		4.0840phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.4820mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
2-nitroanisole
2-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 2-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one of the hydrogens ortho to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.04102-nitroanisolescarcinogenic agent
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		1.9610naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine: A material used in the manufacture of azo dyes that is toxic to skin and carcinogenic in several species.		1.9610biphenyls;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound
4-biphenylamine
4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9610aminobiphenylcarcinogenic agent
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0410xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.4620phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9610biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
synephrine
[no description available]		2.7430ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		1.9510benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		2.37205-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
o-aminoazotoluene
o-Aminoazotoluene: An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.		1.9610
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0410nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		1.9510trinitrobenzeneexplosive
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0410nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
methylenebis(chloroaniline)
Methylenebis(chloroaniline): Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.. 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) : A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.		1.9610chloroanilinemetabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		9.56421pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.6930aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.8730benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.4620bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4620primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.4620bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.6680pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		1.9610mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0410polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.7430peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.9640bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		4.4970biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
oxyphenisatin acetate
Oxyphenisatin Acetate: A laxative that undergoes enterohepatic circulation. It may cause jaundice.		1.9510benzoate ester;
phenols
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.7530barbituratesanticonvulsant
ambenonium chloride
Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		2.3520organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotransmitter agent
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.7430chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.7830aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.3670aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2-tolidine
2-tolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610biphenyls
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410C-nitro compound;
thiazoles
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.4420organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.7430anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4620hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
yellow ob
[no description available]		1.9610
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.6880quinolines
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		1.9510isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.0710benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		3.0450benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.7730hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.7430benzoate ester
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.4720methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.4420purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.9640hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.5620penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		3.7930dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5620acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		2.0510triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		5.1411121-hydroxy steroid
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		4.0431catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.3720amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.5520azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.3520acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.6430cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		12.69502isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.02101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.891101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.5920diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4620steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.7430xanthenes
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.0240phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		5.29100azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.3820corticosteroid hormone
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0610
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,7-diacetylaminofluorene
2,7-diacetylaminofluorene: has been found to induce leukemia in animals; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE/AA (80-82), FLUORENES (75-79)		1.9610
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4120organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		7.7230pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		4.2250mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.5270N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.6830benzenes;
sulfonamide
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		7.39131purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		3.7820organic molecular entity
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8730benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		3.7530aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.3920ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.7630hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		11.9239211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4420
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		4.517020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.382017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.54401-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		3.3711calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.4720cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		5.470bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.9740isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.7630phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.0310dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		1.9910thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0410ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8730ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		6.72102furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.45203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
psilocybin
Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		1.9510organic phosphate;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
prodrug;
serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		9.578017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9710
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.4420hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.4420organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.8830diarylmethane
2,7-fluorenediamine
2,7-fluorenediamine: peroxidase reagent for blood smears; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.0410gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.3820organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		5.46120C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
furothiazole
furothiazole: carcinogen for mouse, rat, dog, hamster; structure		2.0410aromatic amide
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.0410dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.8730amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		2.0510iodophenol
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.8530carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.4420
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.3770dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.8330arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.9840isothiocyanateinsecticide
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
formestane
[no description available]		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.0510bis(azo) compound
lactulose
[no description available]		3.8730glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		3.36020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		2.0110organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
5-nitroacenaphthene
[no description available]		2.0410nitronaphthalene
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
n-hydroxy-1-naphthylamine
N-hydroxy-1-naphthylamine: carcinogen		1.9610N-substituted amine
1-aminoanthracene
[no description available]		1.9610anthracenamine
2-anthramine
2-anthramine: structure		1.9610anthracenamine
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		14.394311acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
6-methyluracil
6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.		2.3720pyrimidonemetabolite
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		1.9710
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0710morpholines
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		3.0610aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		6.97131cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		1.991017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		1.9510N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.853017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.0410
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		2.110organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420monoterpenoid
4,4'-methylene bis(2-methylaniline)
4,4'-methylene bis(2-methylaniline): structure		1.9610diarylmethane
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.9640
n-nitrosobutylurea
N-nitrosobutylurea: structure		2.3720
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
2-cyclohexen-1-one
2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.		1.9810cyclohexenone
9-aminophenanthrene
[no description available]		1.9610phenanthrenamine
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.5820pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.940pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.9640hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4420steroid ester
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.3760ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.0410methylpyridines
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.4720benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.87100glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		7.0310enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.0240alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.4720aliphatic nitrile
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		4.0840monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810aromatic ketone
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.0310androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.8940organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810quaternary ammonium ion
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.3360benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.6730methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.0840aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.6580benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.412011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		3.4920acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.4202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		7.84192corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.9840pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ethamsylate
Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.		1.9810organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.4520N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
n-methylamino-2-nitro-4-n',n'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminobenzene
N-methylamino-2-nitro-4-N',N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminobenzene: structure		2.0410C-nitro compound
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		5.38100dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.7330organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.4260dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.7301,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene
[no description available]		1.9610
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n-hydroxy-n-(2-fluorenyl)benzamide
N-hydroxy-N-(2-fluorenyl)benzamide: structure given in first source		1.9610
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.68302-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		10.37190antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine
Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.		1.9510nitrosamine;
primary alcohol		carcinogenic agent
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		1.9710
4-acetylaminobiphenyl
[no description available]		1.9610biphenyls
2-acetamidophenanthrene
[no description available]		1.9610
dimethylnitramine
[no description available]		2.0410
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		8.55190organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		3.437011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		3.3811
n-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl
N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl: structure. N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl : A hydroxamic acid that is biphenyl-4-amine bearing N-hydroxy and N-acetyl substituents.		1.9610hydroxamic acid
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.7930penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
1-methyl-5-chloro-4-nitroimidazole
[no description available]		1.9910
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		8.2660diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4720isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		4.2450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5920acridines
imidocarb
Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.		2.110ureasantiprotozoal drug
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
octylmethoxycinnamate
octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage		1.9610cinnamate ester
1-nitropyrene
[no description available]		2.0410nitroarenecarcinogenic agent
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		8.27171beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.4720dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		10.7761azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene
Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.		1.96102-acetamidofluorenescarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
3-acetylaminofluorene
3-acetylaminofluorene: non-carcinogenic structural isomer of carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide		1.9610
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.4720amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		2.0410alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.730
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.9640
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4420
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		2.3520elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		1.9810metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		1.9810elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		1.9810cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		7.4420iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		7.9140copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.99130manganese group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		1.9510chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.8921f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		13.957413copper group element atom;
elemental gold
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.6430monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.6690pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9410magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		1.9510D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		5.0570delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.0410N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		3.9640barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
monoethylglycinexylidide
monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		3.3711amino acid amidedrug metabolite
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		1.9710inorganic sodium salt
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		3.4620inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		8.7120inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.3520diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		1.9410diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.3520
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		11.64752
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.693017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		3.11501,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.6930S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		3.4720benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		6.9610
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9810
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.7430benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.4160selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		13.1475116-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.2850monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.4720monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.7430bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.3660beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		8.74153organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.7330glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.1350acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.4820C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		8.2720217beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610epoxide
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.7430carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		4.140
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
iodine
[no description available]		2.0110halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		13.3151aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.8730nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.9640organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		4.4411,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		5.971indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.4780benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.0410chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		5.4120011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
chloroprene
Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.		1.9710chloroolefin
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.974011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		11.64614bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.7530phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.9540C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.4420organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		1.9410
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
prospidium
Prospidium: An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.		3.7721
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.65100
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.4720
fanft
FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.		2.6630
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		2.0410morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.5920chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.2450beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
frentizole
frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6530
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		3.0610
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		7.65171penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.6680timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7630tryptamines
oxisuran
oxisuran: proposed antineoplastic & immunosuppressive agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PYRIDINES (75-86)		1.9610
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
emepronium
Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.		3.0510diarylmethane
N-fluorenylacetamide
[no description available]		1.9610fluorenes
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8730cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		4.1140catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.5620carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		3.0610
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		4.4260amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.27160azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		4.4260pyrroline
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.4270amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		5.02120taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		5.22150beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.5570catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0510phenanthrenes
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.0840ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		7.082301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0940alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
anft
ANFT: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
carbidopa
[no description available]		3.1550catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.5670aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		5.3170L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		4.4260aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.360
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		11.941225-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		4.0831organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		5.26901,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.9640cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		9.89141pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0210chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9640acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dihydropyridinegeroprotector
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.5620anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.0840aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.0840aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
octyl dimethyl 4-aminobenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9610
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.4720acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.2450anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		681conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.4260penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.7790aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		6.7171alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.0740cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.7630indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4420
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.4720one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		10.5851diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.0710ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4720nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.0410
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.5620diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0310acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.4160cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.4420benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.4820benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		4.2750
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4720fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.2550monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		1.9510aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.5470
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		6.86112delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4720aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		4.0940naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.7530aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.7430
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.11130delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.4720benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.9940dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		4.0340
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		6.311113-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8530N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.9740carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4720hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.2550aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.6680dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.5670imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.26503-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.7330aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		8.74257N-acyl-amino acid
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
difloxacin
difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin
sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source		2.0510quinolines
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.7530naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		10.1631biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.41603-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.4620imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0710
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.2650aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
phellodendrine
phellodendrine: structure given in first source; isolated from Phellodendron amurense, used in Japanese herbal medicines; exerts antinephritic effects		1.9810
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4620quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.4520adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.37306-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.9640fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		5.451101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		2.0710stilbenoid
orbifloxacin
orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)		2.0510quinolines
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		4.5840methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.460phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.7530tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.5620pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.6880aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.3530organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.5620benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.5620alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.5570aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		5.54120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		2.0810duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		5.150carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.7690biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.23101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.4920guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.6120oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.47206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		4.2850biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.8100adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
furans
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.04101,4-benzoquinones
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		1.9610aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4420hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.4820hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.4420hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550aromatic ketone
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		3.1550hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.4360
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		3.1550
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.7430methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
sertraline hydrochloride
sertraline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of sertraline and hydrogen chloride. A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.0840acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.0940aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		1.9510D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.46202-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		3.150
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0410pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.4220organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.0940carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		4.1440acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
allicin
[no description available]		2.0510botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.1710methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.1510N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.0310xanthene dyefluorochrome
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.9640hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.4420hydrochloridedrug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.4420catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.7130glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420aromatic ether
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.4420purine nucleoside
betamethasone sodium phosphate
betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.		1.9910organic sodium salt;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.7330benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.8940cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
tribuzone
tribuzone: antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search PHENYLBUTAZONE/AA (75-85); Index Medicus search PYRAZOLES (75-80), PHENYLBUTAZONE/AA (81-85)		1.9510benzenes
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		1.9610
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.8630benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.8730organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
salazodin
salazodin: structure		2.3720
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.4420beta-carbolines
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.3920
nafagrel
nafagrel: structure given in first source		2.3920
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.8730piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.4260benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.9640fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.964017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.0510guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.5201,2,3-triazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.9640hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.4420hydrochloridegeroprotector
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.4520benzoate ester;
phenols
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.44702-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.7790dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.9640hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nilverm
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.4420
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.26501,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
traxanox
traxanox: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0610pyridochromene
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.0510carbazoles
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.4620dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4720artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fluindione
fluindione: structure		2.0610cyclic ketone;
indanones
n-hydroxy-2-naphthylamine
[no description available]		1.9610
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
6-methylthioguanine
[no description available]		2.08102-aminopurines;
thiopurine		human xenobiotic metabolite
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.4720cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
romazarit
[no description available]		2.0210
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.140aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.8530razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.7430succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9640hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
betamipron
[no description available]		2.4720organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
ciamexon
[no description available]		3.0710
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		4.0640amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.0710acetamides
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		1.9610
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.4120phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.4420
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.4420
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.4420
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid: thiopurine methyltransferase inhibitor		1.9810trihydroxybenzoic acid
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.8530hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.0510
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.2310indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.7890aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.9740organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.94110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.4420
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		6.03813-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.0410
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.4420carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.4220iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		3.5620peptide
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.9640
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.44202-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		3.8130amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetoxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl
[no description available]		1.9610
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.4420hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mci 9038
[no description available]		4.0820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		340amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.44203-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.1710
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
7-iodo-n-2-acetylaminofluorene
[no description available]		1.9610
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.4420
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
2-chloromandelic acid
2-chloromandelic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.4420
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.		1.9610nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
phosphorodiamide		alkylating agent;
metabolite
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.3620
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
jjc 323
JJC 323: structure given in first source		2.3820
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
leukogen
[no description available]		1.9910
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.442021-hydroxy steroid
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.3520cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		12.697615imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0310aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4220beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.7630amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		6.34150primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.4420
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.0710
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.0510ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.0410xanthene dyefluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		2.0710
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		2.0510
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4420
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist		210
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
n-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene
N-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.0510aminoquinoline
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.8630alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.4420hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.4420hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		6.44110hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.4420germacranolide
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.37202-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil
5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil: metabolite of caffeine		210formamidopyrimidinemouse metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.6120benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.4420guanidines;
pyrazines
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.6630
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.4420indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.44202-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.4420
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
sm 1213
amiprilose: immunopotentiator		3.0810
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
san 58035
[no description available]		2.4420
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		6.1180methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.4720bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.9260aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
mk 912
[no description available]		2.0510
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.4420diarylmethane
sk&f 86466
benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		2.0510benzazepine
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
iguratimod
iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent		9.6211organic molecular entity
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
w 7
[no description available]		2.0510
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420morpholines
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
methotrexate
[no description available]		25.581,08180dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
methyldeoxyspergualin
15-deoxymethylspergualin: act on the proliferation & differentiation of T cells which respond to growth factors, such as IL-2		2.3920
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.4420
l 640035
L 640035: inhibits human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen & prostaglandin endoperoxide analog of U44069		2.6630
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.4420quinolines
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		2.0510
cloturin
Cloturin: structure given in first source		1.9710
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.89305-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4720penicillanic acids
l 636499
[no description available]		1.9610
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.8730biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.620amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.4420phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		210amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.4420
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.4420piperidines
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		4.97601,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.05102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
aspartame
[no description available]		2.0710carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.3520D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.8740amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.6120secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.9640
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.861009-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		4.140azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		4.0940amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
vatalanib
[no description available]		3.5520monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
damvar
damvar: structure		2.3920
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8730aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.620dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.4820tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.0810morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		5.09130methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4720biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib
[no description available]		3.1210imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.4110chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.96402,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		4.0940amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		2.8940
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine monophosphate
5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure in first source		2.1710
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		7.3682dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.8830
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.7530biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.8940amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.4420
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.4420
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.99120
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.7430piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.4420indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.620aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1210hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		4.7450divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		2.0410azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
pongidae
[no description available]		2.4420
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		4.6280corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.4420thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.4420isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.9740acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.8830indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.4360furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		4.0940benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.4720
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.3930aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.3820alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		13.6696011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		3.1550organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
melengestrol acetate
Melengestrol Acetate: A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.		1.9510corticosteroid hormone
mitopodozide
mitopodozide: an ethylhydrazide derivative of podophyllic acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;		3.3511lignan
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.6430
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		4.1401-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		4.255017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4620penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		3.4920
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.4620isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.9740acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		9.62332
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.140amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.881001,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.0510
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		2.0210
carboplatin
[no description available]		1.9810
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate: causes cyotoxicity		8.61134
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		7.3720
arabinose
[no description available]		1.9510L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		3.89130peptide
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		6.25180D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.8630heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.743011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
puromycin
[no description available]		8.2260puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		4.0740coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.9940
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.4420deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
iduronate
Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.		1.9710idopyranuronic acid;
L-iduronic acid
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.86100cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.4160alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.55701-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.2550beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.2760cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.4620
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.5570L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		10.1931acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.28502,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.7330
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.6120piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4420hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		4.2550L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		3.1650aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.4320penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8830acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.3920tripeptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.47201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.4620hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.4420
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.5920tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.4620amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4420alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
acarbose
[no description available]		2.9640amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		7.95161retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.6730icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.110butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.4420resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		4.5780retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4520octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		22.9528128macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.7530dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.5920dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4420butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		25.229591782-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.7330alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.5170
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.4420carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		5.6251epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.16140macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.0410formycinantineoplastic agent
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.7530
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		4.15203alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.940olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0510
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		11.1951retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0510N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine
[no description available]		3.87302'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
teniposide
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.1310cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.4520purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.4320cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		10.691520actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		3.0610tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		5.35190carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		14.18293L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		5.1250nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.7930flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
laninamivir
laninamivir: an antiviral agent		2.2110acetamides
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.3920
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		4.0540one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.4520organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.4620triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.7430
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		4.2940diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		3.930
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		5.290isomethyleugenol
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9510triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		1.9610stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.4420chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
4-dimethylaminostilbene
4-dimethylaminostilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9610
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		1.9510penicillinate anion
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.8230vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.4420benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.4420organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.0410amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
bucillamine
[no description available]		420organic molecular entity
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.372011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.7530oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.4520
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
fludarabine
[no description available]		4.7350purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		5.41110pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0110
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7330
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.4420diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4420
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.4420
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		3.8230
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.7530chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.0740ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		24.921,37977aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.420pyrimidone
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.4420
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.4420
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		8.76164
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.4620sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.44204-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
phenylthiazolylthiourea
Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.		2.0510
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
4-acetylaminostilbene
4-acetylaminostilbene: RN given refers to non-specified isomer		1.9610
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine)
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.4420N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.4720diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		4.2550N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		5.932aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.2750diarylmethane
6-thioxanthine
6-thioxanthine: gpt/6-TXenzyme/prodrug pair is a promising alternative to the thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir combination in the gene therapy of cancer		2.4320
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.420nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
4-aminostilbene
4-aminostilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		6.331111,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.9740diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		5.9180monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.9740capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.3820
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.0740acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		3.4720
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4720isoquinolines
tg 003
TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		17.86215152-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.9640hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4620thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.8130dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		7.09151cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4720purine nucleoside
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.5470
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.4420organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.4420citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		7.11170stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		1.9410
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.4160pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
eskazine
[no description available]		2.4420
3-(n,n-dimethylsulfonamido)-4-methyl-nitrobenzene
BRL-50481 : A C-nitro compound that is benzene substituted by N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl, methyl and nitro groups at positions 1, 2 and 5, respectively. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor selective for the PDE7 subtype (Ki = 180 nM).		2.0510C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.53 (3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.984011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510artemisinin derivative
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.7930carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.2650C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		2.0410thioureas
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.4260
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8830tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8730aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.6120beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		2.2110
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.4420iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
tetomilast
[no description available]		3.1210
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		4.2841alkali metal atom
6-thiouric acid
6-thiouric acid: structure		4.9791oxopurine
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.95105-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		3.0650amino alcohol
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0710
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.9740steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.4520
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.2850beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		4.7790cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioinosinic acid
[no description available]		2.8840purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
thiopurine
6-thioguanylic acid
[no description available]		13.4710316organic molecule
6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		5.2131
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.4420
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.4420naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		4.13401,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
methyl prednisolonate
methyl prednisolonate: RN from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer		3.5920
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxychlorosene
[no description available]		3.0610
cactinomycin
cactinomycin: a mixture of dactinomycin, actinomycin C2, and actinomycin C3		2.3420
olivomycins
Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.		2.6330
thymic factor, circulating
thymalin: see also thymarin		1.9710
quinagolide
quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4420
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.44201,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0750
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.4420aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.4420
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
nefurthiazole
nefurthiazole: structure		2.3920C-nitro compound;
furans
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.4420
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.4420
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.4420quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9710
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.4420
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		2.3520
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.4420indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.4420tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.140triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.4420dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.881002-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		4.2630
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.0310organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.4420alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		1.9610ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		5.8270sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		7.73307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		11.629016biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.78110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.4420trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		8.07146D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		4.7471
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4720carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		3.0610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		3.3511epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.4420hydroxycoumarin
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		2.0410acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
alprostadil
[no description available]		5.33131prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		4.4360hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		440D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		4.8642prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2
11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.		3.5611thromboxanehuman metabolite
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9710prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		12.14281antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.9840oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		13.9980511beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		4.0940
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.2750dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.7890aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.9640maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.1550maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.9640fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.8730carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.27502-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.7430carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.4420harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
toxiferine
Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.		1.9510alkaloid
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.3520alpha-humulene
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.44207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.7430alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4420alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.7330flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.46203-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4720quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.4420catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.7430organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.9740amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.8430cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420maleate saltantidepressant
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		6.5181enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		10.01120retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		4.4851
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
olopatadine hydrochloride
Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.		2.1510dibenzooxazepine
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.7430organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.6930cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.8730N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.7430hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
15(s)-15-methylprostaglandin e1
15(S)-15-methylprostaglandin E1: stable deriv of PGE1; RN given refers to (11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9610prostanoid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		5.4382thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.4420fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
codeine
[no description available]		4.2550morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		5.35170homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.1550hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4720antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.4420
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		5.2890acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		3.83017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		1.9810N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0710morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.2850pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.460carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		1.961021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.9640morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.6780morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.8730morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.4820phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		18.4515039antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		4.4160cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.0120
4,4'-diaminostilbene
[no description available]		1.9610
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4420macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.7430monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.6780morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
su 9516
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.4420benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		6.777011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.5920heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.5920organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.7430carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.4420
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.4520cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
enisoprost
[no description available]		1.9810
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4520isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.0410cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ml 10302
2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.8530organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8830phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.4420
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0310
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.2550acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.4420
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510chalcones
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.7530
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.4160(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ag 538
AG 538: an IGF-1 receptor kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.4420
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.4420
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4420catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.4420
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.4420
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.7430olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.8730monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0410guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		1.9410carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.4420benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
bw b70c
BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid;
organofluorine compound;
ureas		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.4160dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.7530ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.0210alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.0110boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		1.9410alkaline earth metal atom
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3520boron group element atom
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		4.1650boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.6680cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.59206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.2650morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		4.5470cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5470dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		4.0740benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.5470azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.7790dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.7630chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		4.1140styrenes
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		7.28123dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.9140
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.5720
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		4.2730butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		11.2261cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.3470monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.9640hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		5.6351dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		4.0840amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.84303-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.25501,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.4160cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9510
batridene
batridene: N1 same as SY #1; MF unknown		2.3820
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		1.9410triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
arglabin
arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.		3.1210epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4420dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4420hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		5.021201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.0310benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.4420
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.25501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.4160beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.0710
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.4420naphthalenes
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.4420
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.3520ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.4420
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.4620biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.4720acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.830chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0410
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		3.3711
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		3.3811(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
maxacalcitol
maxacalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0310organic molecular entity
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.4420
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.4420maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		2.3520amidobenzoic acid
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
mg 624
triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source		2.0510
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.4420
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4120carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
azanidazole
[no description available]		6.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		7.0810cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.3720
thermozymocidin
thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog		3.1310alpha-amino fatty acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sphingoid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
everolimus
[no description available]		15.476320cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.0710
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.4420
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		1.9910
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
cyclosporin h
cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val		1.9710
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.0510
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.4420benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4520carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.8430cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.2650ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin
[no description available]		1.9410
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.4420aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.4420
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen: structure in first source. psora 4 : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a 4-phenylbutoxy group at position 5. It is a potent inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (EC50 = 3 nM).		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzenes;
psoralens		geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
potassium channel blocker
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		3.1550
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.4420
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		5.22150imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.4420quinolines
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.4620nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.4420
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		4.0240
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		4.0931gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.9540cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.2650
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.7630roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.4420
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.4720
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.4420purine nucleoside
tubulazole
tubulazole: synthetic microtubule inhibitor; RN given refers to (cis(+-))-isomer; structure given in first source. (S,S)-tubulozole : An ethyl [4-({[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)phenyl]carbamate in which both stereocentres have S-configuration.. tubulozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,4R)- and (2S,4S)-tubulozole. A synthetic anticancer drug that interferes with the structure and function of microtubules in both interphase and mitotic cells.		2.3820ethyl [4-({[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl}sulfanyl)phenyl]carbamate
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.4720artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.6120macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		4.9560diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.9210penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		1.9810phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4220biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.4620
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.6201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
furaltadon monohydrochloride, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0410
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.4420
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8530
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ro 8-4304
[no description available]		2.0510
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		4.5540
vidofludimus
vidofludimus: a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.3911
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.7930organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		10.3193aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.0810aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.4420
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.4420
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.9740
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0510
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		6.6681N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
imidocarb dipropionate
[no description available]		2.110
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.4420
masitinib
[no description available]		2.11101,3-thiazoles;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		4.1140aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		4.9321
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.0510
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
sotrastaurin
sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.		2.110indoles;
maleimides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.4420
7-aminoactinomycin d
7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry		210
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
chetomin
[no description available]		2.0210
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0710
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		4.2650homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		3.0810D-ribose;
ribopyranose
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.4420
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		5.8471nystatins
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.4420hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.4420
apremilast
[no description available]		3.6320aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		3.1710
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
trametinib
[no description available]		2.3110acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		8.23264
palmitoylcarnitine
Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).		210O-palmitoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.452021-hydroxy steroid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.4420peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.4420benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
adtn
[no description available]		2.4420
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
2-hydroxyapomorphine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.4420
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.4420hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.4420
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
du 24565
[no description available]		2.4420
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.		2.0510hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.4420
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.4420organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.96101-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.3820
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.11501,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.0640
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.6530
podophyllin
Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.		6.692
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.4420
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
rifamycins
[no description available]		3.0610
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		3.65100
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		1.9510
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
win 62577
[no description available]		2.4420
spergualin
spergualin: from bacillus isolated from soil sample collected at Ohira-san		3.1310N-acyl-amino acid
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9710organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
macitentan
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
ring assembly;
sulfamides		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
orphan drug
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9740
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0210
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		5.3770
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.6730polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
gem91
GEM91: a 25-mer antisense oligonucleotide phosphorothioate used as a therapeutic agents for AIDS; may block the translation of gag mRNA& disrupt the secondary structure of RNA		3.1410
thymalfasin
Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.		1.9610polypeptide
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.8740
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.2260peptide hormone
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		1.9410
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.1410
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.6120heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
diapep 277
DiaPep 277: a 24-mer laboratory-made peptide derived from Hsp60(437-460)		3.1710
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		6.99118
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		2.6630glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.3520glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.4420
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		3.8121
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.67301,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.482021-hydroxy steroid
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		8.0550organic molecular entity
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.4520organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		1.9710
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.462021-hydroxy steroid
prednylidene
prednylidene: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer		2.211021-hydroxy steroid
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.0510
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
chitosan
[no description available]		7.1510
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		10.7661organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.74303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.4820potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		3.1710inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.7330bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.4420
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.7430organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.7230
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.7630organic sodium salt
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		1.9710
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9410
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		4.4851organic molecular entity
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.1510
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		3.7830
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		210organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		4.750
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
incb-018424
[no description available]		2.2110nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		5.1570
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		9.93120
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.1250
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
an2728
crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.		5.8530aromatic ether;
benzoxaborole;
nitrile		antipsoriatic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
siponimod
siponimod: S1P receptor modulator		3.710
oclacitinib
[no description available]		7.920
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		3.411
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.2110isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		3.1710
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		1.9510
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9910polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9410
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		6.6491ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.9740carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		10.83372
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.7430
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.4970
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		6.85180
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		12.82270monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.6930hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		5.15140benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		4.0240aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		9.9891C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.27501,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.1550heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.7630benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		12.4605benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		7.730hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.8930sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.4620
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
teriflunomide
[no description available]		4.0130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.44202-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.1550
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.9640
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8930
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination
Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		3.1510
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		4.8840
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.4620aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		7.02132
6-hydroxyprednisolone
[no description available]		1.9910
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
thymic factor, circulating
Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.		3.2160
rome
Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.		1.99102-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-olEC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.6530
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0110
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9510
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.1310
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.3720
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		210
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		4.75100
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		1.9510
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.0110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		28.082,092469
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		2.3820
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.8910
technetium tc 99m medronate
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.		1.9710
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.3520
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		3.66100
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.1110
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		1.9810
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		4.11402-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		8.713612-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		5.51925-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		7.89403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		8.150purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		10.2131guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.5120guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		7.38104guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		4.45702-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		7.6730guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		7.4220nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.0750inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		7.9140inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		7.7730inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		6.64290folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
neopterin
[no description available]		3.2360
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.43230cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		10.41180benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		6.04150dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		5.45110purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		9.354642-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.0840L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.8730piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.4260benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.44202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.4720pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.4420triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4720N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		14.571379nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		4.4570nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		4.0940tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.8730formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.4520
guanosine 5'-monophosphorothioate
guanosine 5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source		2.0510
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
alanosine
[no description available]		2.4520
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.0510benzenetriol
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		8.3353citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		4.3150L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.5470
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.4420organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.4420
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		1.9410
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		4.9840
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		2.3820nitroso compoundalkylating agent
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.4420guanosinesbiomarker
inosine pranobex
Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.		3.9840
amg531
[no description available]		4.6340
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		1.9610
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
defibrotide
defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION		2.0110
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
flm 5011
[no description available]		3.3511
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		6.3160
eye
[no description available]		4.3360
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		10.54230
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9810
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		1.9610
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		2.0710
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.520
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.4120
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		08.4780
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.23832
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		011.97633
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02274040
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		12474040
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		012.53712
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		012.53712
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		019.7222342
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		019.7222342
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		012.64448
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		019.5148784
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		121.5148784
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6930
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		032.251,494308
Johne Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		129.251,494308
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		014.021717
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		014.021717
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		013.321058
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		013.321058
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		08.95531
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		08.95531
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		03.3620
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		03.3620
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		06.28141
Itching
[description not available]		08.33241
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		06.28141
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		08.33241
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		021.8828096
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		123.8828096
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		015.6817013
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		015.6817013
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		017.5734415
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		07.62350
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		119.5734415
Devic Disease
[description not available]		014.931006
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		116.931006
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		06.62201
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		010.51682
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		06.62201
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		010.51682
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		08.51342
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		022.7980062
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		08.51342
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		124.7980062
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		015.9621819
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		017.14554
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		015.9621819
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		04.550
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		011.59326
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		08.85301
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		04.550
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		011.59326
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		110.85301
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		010.12524
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		017.121343
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		016.1824213
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		017.121343
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		011.6665
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		118.1824213
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		024.456119
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.4110
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		08.13221
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		010.6514
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		06.91161
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		010.6514
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
[description not available]		024.5813057
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.		121.5813057
Bunyaviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.		02.4110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		09.61563
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		03.89110
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
A tick-borne infection with SEVERE FEVER WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME BUNYAVIRUS of the genus Phlebovirus. It is associated with fever, THROMBOCYTOPENIA; LEUKOCYTOPENIA, and multiorgan dysfunction. It is found in parts of Asia including China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam and can be transmitted from infected domestic animals and humans.		02.4110
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		03.89110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		019.44218
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		05.3980
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		017.1339711
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		015.1116718
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		013.711074
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		08.42460
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		017.1339711
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		015.1116718
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		013.711074
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		08.42460
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		022.883865
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		022.883865
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		012.331365
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.93230
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		019.3234760
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		012.331365
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.93230
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		016.7122715
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		121.445430
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		011.76847
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		014.493621
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		08.59223
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		013.59223
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		113.76847
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		121.493621
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		05.1591
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		05.1591
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		012.72915
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		012.72915
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		06.59270
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		06.59270
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		06.9101
Recrudescence
[description not available]		023.74717125
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		017.8956
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		012.8956
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		013.37151
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		08.37151
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		031.283,38053
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		016.672004
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		133.283,38053
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		09.7470
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		09.7470
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		021.8462085
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada)
[description not available]		06.26182
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		021.8462085
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.99704
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)		06.26182
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		03.1130
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		09.76511
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		04.5220
Anasarca
[description not available]		07.32411
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.32411
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		09.76511
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		04.5220
Uveitis, Sympathetic
[description not available]		05.44150
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic
Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.		05.44150
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		07.24161
Vasculitis, Retinal
[description not available]		09193
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		04.89130
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		05.15111
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		04.89130
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		04.5790
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		05.15111
Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.		09193
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.850
Dysphagia
[description not available]		03.9120
IgG4 Related Systemic Disease
[description not available]		05.51120
Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease
A spectrum of systemic autoimmune diseases in which IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4 plays a pathophysiologic role. It can affect multiple organs in highly variable presentations, characterized by inflammatory lesions composed of IgG4-positive PLASMA CELLS, further infiltrated by T helper cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) when linked to progressive FIBROSIS and eventual organ damage.		010.51120
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.9120
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.99260
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		016.97772
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		06.23131
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		012.541255
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		09.14293
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		04.28190
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		014.321137
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		011.97772
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		06.23131
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		012.541255
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		011.69446
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		09.14293
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		116.321137
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		09.91272
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		09.91272
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		09.16422
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		010.2180
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		09.16422
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		010.7190
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		03.2350
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		012.871655
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		012.871655
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		027.532,7191
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		027.532,7191
Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.7330
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		06.5292
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		07.45201
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		06.67121
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		19.45201
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		06.67121
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		06.5292
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		07.0862
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		05.771
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		05.771
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		07.0862
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid
[description not available]		05.45240
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		014.02654
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.		05.45240
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		116.02654
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		016.3819617
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		016.3819617
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		07.12331
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6230
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		07.12331
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		03.6230
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		04.3270
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		04.3270
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		06.02260
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		113.02260
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		05.91240
Granulomas
[description not available]		013.87351
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		03.9850
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		08.87351
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		03.3520
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		03.3520
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		015.628310
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		015.628310
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		07.65141
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		07.65141
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		05.1980
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		06.25250
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		05.1980
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
[description not available]		04.69110
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.		04.69110
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		06.53340
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		06.53340
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		08.4561
Carditis
[description not available]		021.398924
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		021.398924
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		04.4480
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans
[description not available]		03.3310
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		05.23110
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8340
Achondroplasia
An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)		03.3310
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		05.23110
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.4110
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.3310
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		010.67772
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		010.67772
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		019.622347
Breathlessness
[description not available]		06.91250
Rheumatism
[description not available]		014.1655
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		06.91250
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		014.1655
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		05.95230
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		05.95230
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		08.89505
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		08.89505
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7680
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		012.27350
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		06.36180
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		09.4593
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.9440
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		04.4580
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.5120
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.5120
Benign Chronic Pemphigus
[description not available]		02.7220
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		08.08211
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.5320
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		04.1860
Emesis
[description not available]		07.33232
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.4110
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		08.08211
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.5320
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		16.1860
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		07.33232
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		09.17322
Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis associated with autoimmune diseases.		010.2840
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		04.2360
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		04.2360
Panuveitis
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.		04.9580
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		013.7710916
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		013.7710916
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.610
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		04.47220
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
[description not available]		04.03110
Hepatitis E
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.		09.03110
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		09.55534
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		09.55534
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		018.5424419
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.2190
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		120.5424419
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		04.2190
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.84110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.29192
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		015.3912527
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		07.04220
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		04.470
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.29192
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		020.3912527
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		012.04220
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		04.470
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.84110
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		016.2463
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		011.2463
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		017.1642639
Berger Disease
[description not available]		012.51489
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		017.1642639
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		114.51489
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		07.5374
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		07.5374
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		012.561233
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		012.561233
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		011.35563
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		07.99560
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.0240
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		013.44618
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		013.44618
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		03.0240
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1550
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		016.4620244
Joint Pain
[description not available]		05.25111
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		05.25111
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.6930
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.6930
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.6620
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		08.47291
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		02.6620
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		08.47291
AIRE Deficiency
[description not available]		05.18100
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		09.86270
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		09.86270
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		010.42262
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		07.67460
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		016.532131
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		07.67460
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia
[description not available]		04.3370
Castleman Disease
Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.		04.3370
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		05.94250
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		05.94250
Dry Eye
[description not available]		03.730
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		03.730
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		07.7230
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		07.7230
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		03.6730
EBV Infections
[description not available]		07.3430
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		07.14341
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		07.14341
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		03.6730
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		07.3430
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		011.661152
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		05.13180
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		011.661152
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		05.13180
Bleeding
[description not available]		07.96570
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		013.481053
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		012.96570
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		06.95280
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		115.481053
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		04.6330
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.5210
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		09.6330
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.63777
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		013.63777
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		05.4551
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		05.4551
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.		02.8730
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		06.69140
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		08.3220
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		06.69140
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		03.3220
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		09.32296
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		09.32296
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		02.9640
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		02.9640
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		012.89321
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		19.89321
Autoimmune Urticaria
[description not available]		03.6420
Hives
[description not available]		08.96200
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		110.96200
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		011.55210
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		05.94150
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		04.75110
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		06.12160
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		05.94150
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		04.75110
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		05.84160
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		05.84160
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		04.5990
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		04.5990
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		03.0340
Bleb
[description not available]		05.41100
Vulvitis
Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.		07.5820
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		04.4480
Shingles
[description not available]		013.2252
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		018.6731036
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		013.2252
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		018.6731036
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		03.3970
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		03.3970
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		018.3823952
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		018.3823952
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.8930
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		06.41410
Granulomatosis, Lymphomatoid
[description not available]		04.1960
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.8930
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		06.41410
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		010.24274
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		010.24274
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.6630
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		07.6630
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		09.3182
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		09.3182
Day Blindness
[description not available]		05.49240
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		03.6990
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		05.92140
Pouch Ileitis
[description not available]		03.8940
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		021.03702104
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		026.03702104
Pouchitis
Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).		03.8940
Dermatoses
[description not available]		033.692,7994
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		028.692,7994
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.2660
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		011.84484
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		011.84484
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		04.22180
Cheilitis Granulomatosa
[description not available]		02.8530
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		06.16210
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		06.16210
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		012.31581
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		05.89240
Angiitis
[description not available]		016.4812312
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		09.6454
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		05.89240
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		118.4812312
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		03.2860
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.21111
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		03.8940
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		08.2860
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		028.092,7112
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.2110
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		08.38162
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		02.2110
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		012.57312
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		07.4190
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		012.98192
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		07.98192
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		06.78231
Abnormalities, Skin
[description not available]		02.2510
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.2510
Skin Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.		02.2510
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		02.2110
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.3820
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.3620
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.3820
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.3620
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.9850
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		03.9850
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		011.84385
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.22130
Microscopic Colitis
[description not available]		09.4140
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		05.89110
Collagenous Colitis
[description not available]		04.150
Lymphocytic Colitis
[description not available]		03.7130
Colitis, Microscopic
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.		04.4140
Colitis, Collagenous
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.		04.150
Colitis, Lymphocytic
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).		03.7130
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		03.7330
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.8220
Anti-PIT-1 Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7730
Hemorrhage, Vitreous
[description not available]		02.2510
Ocular Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.6920
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.		02.2510
Microscopic Polyangiitis
A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.		115.13210
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		04.5290
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.2510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		017.1424929
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		04.3340
Supraglottitis
Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS and supraglottic structures including the PHARYNX; UVULA; base of tongue; and aryepiglottic folds. It is usually caused by HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE in children but often by different organisms in adults.		07.6320
Choroid Diseases
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.		04.9581
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.7130
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		05.1470
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.8230
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		011.83482
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		113.83482
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic
[description not available]		03.360
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Myositis, Inclusion Body
Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)		03.360
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic
A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.		02.2510
Bone Marrow Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		08.77362
Deficiency, IgA
[description not available]		02.9140
Bone Marrow Failure Disorders
Inherited or acquired diseases characterized by insufficient and/or dysplastic blood cells.		02.2510
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		08.77362
Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Choroiditis
Inflammation of the choroid.		010.83220
Lymphangiomyomatosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Cyst
[description not available]		04.6261
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).		02.2510
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		07.62410
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		09.9890
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		04.9890
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		04.74100
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		04.74100
Acropachy, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.4320
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		06.7581
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		07.14111
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		016.82749
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		19.14111
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		04.4890
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		03.8340
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.87421
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		03.8340
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		013.87421
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		07.91170
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		05.65130
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.81320
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		07.81320
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.97170
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		05.97170
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		06.1231
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		04.150
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		06.06150
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		06.06150
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		010.56449
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		08.07301
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		08.07301
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.9430
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.2510
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		07.4920
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.71100
Pyrexia
[description not available]		07.23680
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		06.61100
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.71100
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		07.23680
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		04.08150
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		06.61100
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.9430
Ocular Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.7130
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		010.77857
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.		02.7130
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.1250
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		03.1250
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		06.54180
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		06.67211
Adenomatous Polyps
Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.85120
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.85120
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		02.5820
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		02.5820
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.5920
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		011.02101
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.7430
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.7430
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
[description not available]		03.8340
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.2510
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.2510
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		04.74110
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		04.74110
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		06.83141
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.		011.83141
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.2170
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		05.2170
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		02.9740
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		02.9740
Histiocytosis
General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.		02.9940
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.2260
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		09.2260
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		03.3460
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		02.2510
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		03.3460
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		03.7940
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		04.5190
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.5190
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.7930
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.2960
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.7930
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		04.2960
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		06.78340
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.18200
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.86230
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.3110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.78340
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.18200
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.86230
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		013.94293
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		08.08261
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		08.94293
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		08.08261
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.3110
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.3110
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		03.6730
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		06.56181
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		06.56181
Central Nervous System Lupus
[description not available]		06.07100
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		07.27170
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		04.5330
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.35180
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		010.97288
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		07.27170
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		07.35180
Macrophage Activation Syndrome
A serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES. It is seen predominantly in children with systemic onset JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.		04.1510
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		04.9890
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		010.2463
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		04.9890
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		08.51201
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.3110
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
A nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, DIARRHEA, and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY. It was first reported by Cronkhite and Canada in 1955.		03.0540
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		09.52356
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		02.2510
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		02.2510
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.5151
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.5151
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		010.99483
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		010.99483
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		05.81160
Asialia
[description not available]		02.420
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.		02.4420
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		05.81160
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		07.420
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		06.62201
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		011.98162
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		06.98162
Diverticula
[description not available]		03.5830
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		012.931025
Pott Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		02.3110
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		03.6130
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
[description not available]		02.7330
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		013.244313
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		013.244313
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.4320
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.4320
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.3110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.3110
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		07.37191
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		07.37191
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		09.0550
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.7930
Infection
[description not available]		025.3119781
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		025.3119781
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		02.7830
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		02.7830
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		04.02140
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		012.639312
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		115.71303
Black Fever
[description not available]		03.2150
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		03.2150
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		03.2460
Marijuana Use
Medicinal or recreational utilization of MARIJUANA.		03.3310
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		05.2890
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.0290
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.3310
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		05.2890
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.0290
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		05.65191
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		05.65191
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		04.84130
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		04.91140
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		09.84130
Exanthem
[description not available]		026.142,7190
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		026.142,7190
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.8991
Blood Clot
[description not available]		010.04553
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		010.04553
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		04.1560
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		04.1560
Hemangioma, Capillary
A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.		02.3110
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.730
Pleural Effusion, Malignant
Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.		02.3110
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Orbital
[description not available]		03.75100
Orbital Pseudotumor
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).		03.75100
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		011.33915
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		08.33271
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease
[description not available]		03.2310
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.		03.2310
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		010.19561
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		010.19561
Hereditary Autoinflammation Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.5220
Ph 1 Chromosome
[description not available]		02.4420
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		03.89110
Diathesis
[description not available]		07.61151
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		04.11160
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		011.48839
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.11160
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		03.2260
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		011.48839
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		03.84110
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		08.19243
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.3920
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		05.3751
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		010.3751
Icterus
[description not available]		09.68292
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		09.68292
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		08.21222
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		08.21222
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		04.02140
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		04.02140
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		010.64180
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		02.1510
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		010.64180
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.1510
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		011.5289
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		011.5289
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		04.4280
Episcleritis
[description not available]		08.01191
Choroid Neoplasms
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).		02.1510
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		04.4280
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		013.01191
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		04.9380
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		04.9380
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		07.33230
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		010.19205
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		07.51113
Epulides
[description not available]		03.4270
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		03.4270
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		010.14433
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		010.14433
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.9240
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		07.9240
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1510
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		02.7130
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		02.7130
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		06.4230
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		06.4230
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		04.9891
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		04.9891
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		03.67100
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.4620
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		06.4331
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		06.6281
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		06.4331
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		06.6281
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.2660
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.2660
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		03.2660
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		03.2660
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.		03.0610
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.2110
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.2110
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		04.9591
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.3870
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3870
ATLL
[description not available]		03.6830
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		03.6830
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1510
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed
[description not available]		06.35270
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1510
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.46410
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		011.03831
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		19.46410
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		011.03831
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.07718
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.2760
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.2760
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.1510
Angiomyxoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		010.09100
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.5420
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.1510
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.1510
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		04.5151
Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid
A tumor of medium-to-large veins, composed of plump-to-spindled endothelial cells that bulge into vascular spaces in a tombstone-like fashion. These tumors are thought to have borderline aggression, where one-third develop local recurrences, but only rarely metastasize. It is unclear whether the epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is truly neoplastic or an exuberant tissue reaction, nor is it clear if this is equivalent to Kimura's disease (see ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA). (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.4420
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		07.03191
Acute Yellow Atrophy
[description not available]		02.1510
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.03191
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4480
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)		04.4480
Acne
[description not available]		05.7881
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		05.7881
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		07.21221
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		011.38823
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		07.21221
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		011.38823
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.1510
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		06.19150
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		06.19150
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		06.18330
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		06.18330
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		05.71191
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		05.71191
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		03.2660
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.9940
Pellagra
A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).		03.940
CADASILM
A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.		02.1710
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.1710
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1710
CADASIL
A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)		02.1710
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.49160
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.8330
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.8330
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		011.28200
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		011.5452
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		011.5452
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		09.82342
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		09.82342
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		05.94142
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		04.5960
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		04.5960
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		02.7930
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.1710
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		04.150
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		04.81120
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		04.81120
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		04.150
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.7530
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		011.86470
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		06.86470
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.1710
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		04.6290
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		08.18281
Myelopathy
[description not available]		09.71110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		08.18281
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		04.71110
Amyloidosis, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1710
Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Genetic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Amyloidosis, Familial
Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.		02.1710
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.5180
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.5180
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		05.68190
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		05.68190
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		08.19162
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		04.8171
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		04.98150
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		03.8540
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Proctocolitis
Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.		02.1710
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		03.320
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		05.87160
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		03.0850
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		010.73315
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		04.0150
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		010.73315
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		04.0150
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.7530
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.7530
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.5263
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		05.5263
Varices
[description not available]		02.4220
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.4220
Cogan Syndrome
A condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial KERATITIS, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis.		03.0340
Merkel Cell Cancer
[description not available]		02.9740
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell
A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)		02.9740
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		05.1160
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.77291
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		07.77291
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		010.1160
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.1710
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.6630
Co-infection
[description not available]		04.4340
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		02.8940
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.1710
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.1710
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		03.5830
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		04.2870
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.2110
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		02.2110
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		03.6230
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		03.6230
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.4520
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		04.16170
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.5350
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		04.16170
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.5350
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		012.38141
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		04.4141
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		05.23200
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		05.23200
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		04.4141
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		09.27251
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.27251
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		04.3270
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		010.24262
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		010.24262
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		09.17372
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.86120
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		09.17372
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.0650
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		04.9280
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.7130
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.0650
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		03.4720
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		04.4850
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		05.9391
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		05.9391
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		012.84568
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		012.84568
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		05.72112
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		05.72112
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		09.71193
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		09.71193
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.5890
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		08.5890
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		03.4520
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		04.7870
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		03.0750
Verruca
[description not available]		04.8681
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		03.0750
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		09.8681
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		03.4520
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		07.34242
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		07.04210
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		012.04210
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.520
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.4620
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.4620
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.520
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.2110
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		02.5520
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.7730
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		03.2360
Nevoxanthoendothelioma
[description not available]		02.2510
Sclera Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		010.03285
Candida Infection
[description not available]		07.07182
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.07182
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		04.66110
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.420
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.		02.2110
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		04.2160
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		02.2110
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		04.66110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.5220
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		012.261078
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		03.8240
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		012.261078
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		03.8240
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.5220
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		05.27200
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		06.9101
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.2110
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.2110
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.5320
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.2110
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		03.0140
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.5320
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.4320
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		03.0140
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.2110
E coli Infections
[description not available]		07.53290
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		07.53290
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		05.5182
Nail Diseases
Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.		04.0350
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.7130
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.7130
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.9640
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.9640
Epiretinal Membrane
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)		02.5520
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.2110
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.4520
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		08.9323
Grippe
[description not available]		08.53144
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		08.53144
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		02.6730
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		02.6730
Pink Eye
[description not available]		04.6100
Corneal Perforation
A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.		02.2110
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		04.6100
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.9840
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.2110
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		02.2110
Acalculous Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.		02.520
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.9740
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		02.7230
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		03.5890
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		02.4620
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		08.5890
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.8740
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		07.8740
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.8640
Back Ache
[description not available]		02.9240
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		02.9240
Anemia Neonatorum
[description not available]		03.4811
Anemia, Neonatal
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.		03.4811
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		06.06111
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5990
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		08.5990
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		06.28360
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		06.38290
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		06.28360
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		06.38290
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.3260
Psychoses
[description not available]		04.4851
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.4851
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		012.09131
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.09131
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		09.22320
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		04.4650
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		09.22320
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		011.7349
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		011.7349
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		012.042711
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		014.19305
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		012.042711
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		03.2560
Granulomatosis, Orofacial
A condition characterized by persistent or recurrent labial enlargement, ORAL ULCER, and other orofacial manifestations in the absence of identifiable CROHN DISEASE; or SARCOIDOSIS. Among experts there is disagreement on whether orofacial granulomatosis is a distinct clinical disorder or an initial presentation of Crohn disease.		02.5120
Systemic Vasculitis
A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.		05.4851
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7730
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		04.3670
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		04.3670
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.4320
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.4320
Phlebitis, Sagittal Sinus, Septic
[description not available]		02.520
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0810
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0810
Isospora Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Aphthae
[description not available]		05.38141
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		05.38141
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		04.11160
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		018.1613628
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		120.1613628
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.		04.4780
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		03.67100
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS.		07.5120
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		03.67100
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		03.8740
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		03.8740
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		07.79204
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		07.79204
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		010.27233
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		010.27233
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		03.8540
Gestational Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.9840
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		012.839123
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		012.839123
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.3120
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		012.42468
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		02.4320
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		02.4320
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.0810
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		08.01201
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		08.01201
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.9840
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.9840
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		02.4720
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		05.2790
Rectovaginal Fistula
An abnormal anatomical passage between the RECTUM and the VAGINA.		03.470
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.360
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		05.2790
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.360
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		02.4720
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.4420
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.110
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.110
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9790
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		04.9790
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		03.72100
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		07.41112
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		07.41112
Choked Disk
[description not available]		06.02101
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		06.02101
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		08.79260
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).		02.5120
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		04.77120
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		011.39527
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		011.39527
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.4320
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		07.4320
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		04.4890
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.		02.4320
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		0310
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.7130
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4820
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		06.87261
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		06.87261
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.110
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.110
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		03.8240
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		02.0810
Molar, Fourth
[description not available]		02.110
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		03.840
P carinii Infection
[description not available]		05.0631
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.		05.0631
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.1350
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.68190
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.1350
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.68190
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		02.7230
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple
A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.		02.0810
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		02.7230
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		04.1460
Hidradenitis
The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions.		02.520
Liposclerotic Mesenteritis
[description not available]		04.2360
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.110
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.110
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		04140
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		04140
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		09213
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		09213
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		03.3670
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3520
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		03.3520
Legionellosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.		02.110
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		03.150
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		014.378718
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.78110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		02.110
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.590
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		03.78110
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.110
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		03.6730
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		04.4451
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.940
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		04.4451
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.110
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		07.63320
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		07.63320
Cancer of Sigmoid
[description not available]		02.110
Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial
A form of ACTINOMYCOSIS characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.		03.0110
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		04.84130
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		04.95150
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		04.95150
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		03.690
Pars Planitis
Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.		02.110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		05.23200
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		03.5480
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		05.23200
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		08.02203
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		06.0661
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		011.0661
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		08.42198
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		08.42198
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.1110
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.1110
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		06.1271
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		011.1271
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		010.59241
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		010.59241
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		04.3241
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		09.46303
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		04.3241
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		09.46303
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Multifocal Choroiditis
A multifocal uveitis syndrome involving the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM and capillary layer of the CHOROID. It is characterized by chronic UVEITIS and multiple CHOROID lesions referred to as white dots, blurry vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, blind spots, and eye discomfort.		02.110
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		07.04101
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		07.04101
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.6630
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.110
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.6630
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.110
46, XX Disorders of Sex Development
Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.		07.47160
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.3920
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		04.1360
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		04.1360
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.6730
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.75110
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.1110
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.75110
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.1110
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		09.61202
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland
[description not available]		02.110
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.62180
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.2460
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.2460
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.630
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Stem Neoplasms
Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.		02.1110
BOOP
[description not available]		04.63100
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		02.420
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		05.5561
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		05.5561
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1110
Aortic Valve Disease 1
[description not available]		02.110
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		03.1250
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		06.07111
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		05.74211
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		03.0850
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease
Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.		02.110
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		03.0850
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		06.07111
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		05.74211
Bechterew Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Spondylarthropathies
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.		02.4520
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		02.1110
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.940
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.940
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		03.3420
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		03.3420
Corridor Disease
[description not available]		02.110
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		06.85151
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		06.85151
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.83151
Digestive System Fistula
An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).		02.4420
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		06.83151
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		03.0950
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		04.8781
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		04.8781
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.1110
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.1110
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.2360
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.		02.4920
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		05.52100
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		05.52100
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.5930
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		02.1110
Bulbar Palsy
[description not available]		02.5320
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		15.5930
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.34151
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.34151
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.3920
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.3920
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.1110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.1110
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.1110
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.1110
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		02.9140
Molluscum Contagiosum
A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.7230
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		02.6630
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		03.9950
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.9950
Metastase
[description not available]		05.43250
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.0650
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.43250
Infections, Spirochaetales
[description not available]		02.1310
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		02.4320
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.7571
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.7571
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.6630
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		02.4920
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		05.5561
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		02.4620
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		04.11160
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		02.4620
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.9140
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4820
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		07.4820
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		03.3360
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.730
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.730
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		05.15180
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.15180
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
[description not available]		04.92140
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.4820
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.4820
Acquired Gerstmann Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4220
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.1310
Ache
[description not available]		09.05265
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		014.05265
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.4420
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.67100
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.4420
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.67100
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		02.1110
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		07.26222
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		05.95261
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		05.95261
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		012.26222
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.1110
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		02.1110
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		02.1110
Deficiency, Factor 13
[description not available]		02.1310
Factor XIII Deficiency
A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.		02.1310
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		03.76110
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.0950
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		03.3120
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		03.3120
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		07.1310
Severe Dengue
A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.		02.1310
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.1310
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Cold Panniculitis
[description not available]		02.7530
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		05.23120
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.1310
Lentigines
[description not available]		02.1310
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.1310
Fetal Distress
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.		02.1310
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.6330
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.6330
Aortitis
Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.		03.1550
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		03.8740
HPV Infection
[description not available]		03.2960
Cancer of Penis
[description not available]		02.1310
Penile Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.		02.1310
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		03.8740
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		03.2960
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		08.78323
Acneiform Eruptions
Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)		02.1310
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.7330
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.2770
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.7330
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
[description not available]		02.4420
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.1310
Granuloma, Plasma Cell
A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.		02.4420
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.1310
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		03.0750
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		02.9140
HIGM2 Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		03.1550
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.1310
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.1310
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.4520
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1310
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.8891
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.7730
Odontalgia
[description not available]		02.1310
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		02.1310
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.7730
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.1250
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		03.2360
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		03.2360
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		05.43150
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		010.43150
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		02.9340
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		03.630
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.8940
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.8940
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		03.6730
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8540
Embryopathies
[description not available]		04.9790
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.1310
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.1310
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.4920
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.4920
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		07.64420
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		07.64420
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.9840
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.9950
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.2260
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.9950
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.2260
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.730
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.730
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.0750
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		03.0750
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		05.7781
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		07.73122
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		07.73122
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		02.1310
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		02.1310
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.2860
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		02.1510
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		07.1510
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		07.63221
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		06.68131
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		04.480
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.63221
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		06.68131
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		04.480
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		03.0610
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		04.9260
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.1310
Stenosis, Pulmonary Artery
Narrowing of the PULMONARY ARTERIES.		02.1510
Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.1510
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.7730
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		05.13180
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		17.13180
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.7730
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4620
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		02.1510
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.1510
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.420
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.420
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.3920
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.0510
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.0410
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		04.6100
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		04.6100
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.0410
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		05.881
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2990
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		05.2990
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.4320
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.9610
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		03.3820
ARPKD
[description not available]		02.9610
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive
A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.		02.9610
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		05.24121
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		02.0410
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.7230
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.4420
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.		02.7230
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		02.4220
Palsy
[description not available]		02.6830
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.6830
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		02.0410
Rubeola
[description not available]		02.6530
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		02.6530
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa
[description not available]		03.1250
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.		03.1250
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		03.5830
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		03.5830
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		02.0410
Pus
[description not available]		05.0452
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0410
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		02.0410
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		02.0410
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.420
Eczema Herpeticum
[description not available]		03.3820
Fisher Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Hyper IgD Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. Because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and MEVALONIC ACID accumulates. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash.		02.0510
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		04.4750
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		04.4750
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.0510
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.0510
Mikulicz Disease
[description not available]		02.7430
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		09.45255
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		09.45255
MODS
[description not available]		04.5590
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		04.5590
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		03.3620
Fibrillary Chorea
[description not available]		02.0410
Biological Clock Disturbances
[description not available]		02.0410
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0410
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		02.0410
Aura
[description not available]		03.67100
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		02.0410
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.67100
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.3820
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.0510
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.0510
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0410
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.0410
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		02.4620
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		02.0510
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		03.5930
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		04.67110
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		05.91170
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland
[description not available]		03.5830
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.1250
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.3920
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		03.1250
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		03.0650
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.0650
Familial Felty Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9850
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.7130
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.76110
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		013.66401
Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome
A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include EOSINOPHILIA, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn WD, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)		02.0510
Eczema, Dyshidrotic
A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.7130
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		04.1460
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		04.1460
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4120
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		08.26272
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.4120
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		08.26272
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.3920
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		04.7950
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		04.7950
Erythema Infectiosum
Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with RUBELLA.		02.0510
Facial Hemiatrophy
A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes.		02.420
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6930
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.0510
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.0510
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		05.1960
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		05.1960
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		09.2770
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		09.17272
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis
[description not available]		03.3320
Porokeratosis
A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.		03.3320
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		02.0510
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		02.0510
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.2360
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.9474
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		07.9474
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		02.4420
Alogia
[description not available]		02.4420
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.420
Listeria Cerebritis
[description not available]		03.3570
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.4420
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		04.0250
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		03.3520
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.0510
Gingival Hypertrophy
Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.		02.940
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.6160
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.7430
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.0610
Xanthoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.0610
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		04.4650
Erythroderma, Sezary
[description not available]		03.3520
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		03.5930
Sezary Syndrome
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).		03.3520
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.4280
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.4280
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.4620
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.3920
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.3920
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		018.87429122
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.3320
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		03.8240
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.0510
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.0510
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.0510
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		02.8940
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		02.0510
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		07.8940
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		03.0750
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		03.0750
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		03.66100
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.6630
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		06.85142
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		06.85142
Schnitzler Syndrome
An extremely rare condition manifested as monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN M dysproteinemia without features of lymphoproliferative disease, but with chronic urticaria, fever of unknown origin, disabling bone pain, hyperostosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.		03.3820
Adult-Onset Still Disease
[description not available]		06.7381
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset
Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.		06.7381
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		08.05222
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		08.05222
Cyst, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.4520
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.7430
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.7430
Isochromosomes
Metacentric chromosomes produced during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS when the CENTROMERE splits transversely instead of longitudinally. The chromosomes produced by this abnormal division are one chromosome having the two long arms of the original chromosome, but no short arms, and the other chromosome consisting of the two short arms and no long arms. Each of these isochromosomes constitutes a simultaneous duplication and deletion.		02.0510
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		05.99100
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.9610
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		08.8174
Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular
Sarcoma of FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS most often found in the lymph nodes. This rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults.		02.0510
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		02.0710
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral
[description not available]		04.1230
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral
A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.		04.1230
Angiomatosis, Bacillary
A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.		02.4220
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.1860
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.4220
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		03.5930
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.9710
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		03.5930
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.9710
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.9140
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.9140
Xerophthalmia
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.		02.4320
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		06.7291
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		06.7291
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		07.39201
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		07.39201
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.9140
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.9140
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		04.74120
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.420
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		02.940
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.6230
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.6230
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4720
Histiocytosis, Sinus
Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.		02.4720
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		04.92140
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.4120
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.4120
Retinocochleocerebral Vasculopathy
[description not available]		02.7530
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.0510
Asystole
[description not available]		05.72112
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		05.72112
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.8240
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.8240
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		02.0610
Anastomotic Leak
Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.		02.0610
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		07.31161
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		04.1360
Hematocele
Hemorrhage into a canal or cavity of the body, such as the space covered by the serous membrane (tunica vaginalis) around the TESTIS leading to testicular hematocele or scrotal hematocele.		02.0610
Acute Retinal Necrosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Eye Infections, Viral
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.		02.0610
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Nose
[description not available]		02.6730
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.8940
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.0610
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.0610
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		07.75155
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		02.730
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.5990
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		02.730
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		07.0610
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.0610
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		04.0831
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		04.0831
Pulmonary Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. Veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the VASCULAR INTIMA and VASCULAR MEDIA; THROMBOSIS; or a combination of both.		02.0610
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.4520
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.0610
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.4520
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		010.4518
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.0610
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		010.4518
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.0610
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		02.4420
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.		02.4320
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.0610
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.4120
Encephalitis, Limbic
[description not available]		02.4620
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		02.0610
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.0610
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.4120
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		02.940
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		04.6260
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		04.6260
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.7230
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		04.3241
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3241
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.6730
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.0610
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0710
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.0710
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.0710
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.0710
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.0710
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		03.0850
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0610
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.0610
Endothelioma, Vascular
[description not available]		02.4120
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		08.6230
Hemangioendothelioma
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)		07.4120
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		08.6230
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell
Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).		02.730
Parasitic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		03.1350
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.0610
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.0610
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		06.78132
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		011.78132
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		0450
Cancer of ILEUM
[description not available]		04.3340
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
[description not available]		0310
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell
A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.		0310
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.91130
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.4420
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		03.91130
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		03.3670
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		03.8240
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		03.8240
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.9910
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.9790
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.3720
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		02.0710
Deficiency, Factor 5
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.5130
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.5130
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9850
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.		03.9850
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.3340
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.3340
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		04.2970
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		04.2970
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.4120
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		02.0710
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.6530
Respiratory Tract Fistula
An abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs.		02.0810
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.0810
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		06.34390
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.6830
Amentia
[description not available]		02.4120
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.6830
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.4120
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.2460
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		03.2460
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9910
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.9910
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		04.2770
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.4220
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		03.3570
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		02.0710
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		02.0710
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		09.01140
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		04.01140
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		03.8140
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.4320
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.0710
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0810
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.0810
Acoustic Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.4520
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.		02.0710
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		03.2160
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		05.6100
Bordetella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.		02.0710
Intestinal Lymphangiectasis
[description not available]		02.0710
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.4420
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.4420
Erysipeloid
An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis.		02.0710
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		02.0810
Beryllium Disease
Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.		07.0810
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.		02.0810
Contagious Pustular Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.110
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.110
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.3320
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi
[description not available]		02.3920
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.8540
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.821
48,XXYY Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		03.821
Klinefelter Syndrome
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).		02.0110
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.8540
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset
[description not available]		02.0110
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		04.2641
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		04.2570
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.9210
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.9210
Livedo Reticularis And Cerebrovascular Accidents
[description not available]		02.0110
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex
[description not available]		02.0110
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.3820
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.0110
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.0110
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		03.8140
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4550
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.7571
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.7571
Congenital Epulides
[description not available]		02.9210
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		0450
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		03.7921
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		03.7921
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		07.0110
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		06.29143
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		03.74110
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		03.74110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.4980
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.4980
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		03.150
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		05.7781
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		03.0850
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		05.7781
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		03.0850
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		03.5890
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic
[description not available]		02.0110
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		04.4890
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.9240
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.7781
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		04.590
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.9140
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		04.590
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		02.9140
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.0110
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		03.2160
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		03.2160
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.0110
Anterior Compartment Syndrome
Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive PHYSICAL EXERTION.		02.0110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		014.647130
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		03.0550
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		014.647130
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		02.4120
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		03.2260
Infarct of the Spleen
[description not available]		02.4220
Splenic Rupture
Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.		02.0110
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		012131
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		07.46217
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		07.46217
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		05.0552
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		07.96191
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		05.480
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		07.96191
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		05.480
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		03.411
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0110
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.0110
Cyclitis, Chronic
[description not available]		03.6130
Uveitis, Intermediate
Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.		03.6130
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		07.96361
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		04.2180
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		03.260
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		04.2180
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.3720
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		03.4680
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		03.4680
Fibroadenoma
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4120
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		02.0110
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.3820
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		02.0110
Hyperamylasemia
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.		02.0110
Ear Deformities, Acquired
Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.		03.2920
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		02.4220
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0110
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		02.4220
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
POEMS Syndrome
A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)		02.0110
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		02.8840
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		04.66110
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		02.0110
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		02.0110
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.		02.3520
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.8740
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		05.53171
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		06.12121
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		06.44200
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		06.44200
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.65100
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.65100
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.6530
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.6530
Anemia, Splenic
[description not available]		03.4580
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		06.33151
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		01.9410
Amelia
[description not available]		01.9410
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8510
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		08.17222
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		02.8510
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		08.17222
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.8740
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.8740
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0110
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.0110
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.0210
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.0110
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		04.7470
Neoplasms, Vascular
[description not available]		02.0110
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative
A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.		03.9850
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.6132
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
[description not available]		02.9310
Keratitis, Herpetic
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)		02.9310
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.0110
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		02.0110
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.0110
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		02.0110
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9140
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.0210
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		07.4120
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		02.4120
Cancer of Jejunum
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemic Infiltration
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.		02.0210
Deficiency, IgG
[description not available]		03.7921
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		010.171510
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		010.171510
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		04.5490
Esophageal Perforation
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.		02.0110
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive
[description not available]		02.0210
Neuroaspergillosis
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)		02.0210
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.		02.0210
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.7200
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		05.7200
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.9591
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		04.9591
Thrombocythemia
[description not available]		02.8840
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		02.3720
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.4320
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.4320
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.0210
Choledocholithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0210
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.0210
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		07.59218
Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic
[description not available]		02.3720
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.0210
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		07.59218
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.0210
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		02.0210
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		09.4396
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.4396
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.8340
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic
A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.		03.8340
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.3820
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.3820
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Skin Diseases, Viral
Skin diseases caused by viruses.		02.9310
Palatal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.		03.5930
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		02.730
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		02.730
Activated Protein C Resistance
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.		02.0210
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.0210
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.0210
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.0210
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.0210
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		02.0210
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		02.0210
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.0210
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.9410
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		02.9310
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.0210
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.61102
Caroli Disease
Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). It consists of 2 types: simple Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation (ectasia) alone; and complex Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation with extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types of Caroli disease.		02.0210
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		03.411
Acquired Neuromyotonia
[description not available]		02.4120
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.		02.940
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.0650
Monosomy
The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.		02.4120
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.6830
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.9950
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.9950
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		04.89140
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		04.89140
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		02.6930
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		02.6930
Amnionitis
[description not available]		07.0210
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		07.0210
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.6730
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.6730
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		03.9950
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic
[description not available]		02.4220
Adie Pupil
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		03.9950
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		02.6830
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		04.4790
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		04.0631
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.2920
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.3820
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.9410
Thalassemias
[description not available]		03.5730
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		03.5730
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		05.7110
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		05.7110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		09.97598
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		09.97598
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.2160
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0750
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		06.86161
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		06.86161
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		06.4361
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		06.4361
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		02.0310
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.0310
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.0310
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		07.58191
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		07.58191
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.6630
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.420
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.420
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		07.24171
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.		02.0310
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		03.2920
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		02.0310
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.7130
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0310
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.7940
Foot Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.		02.9410
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		02.9410
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.0310
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.4220
Great Pox
[description not available]		04.3630
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		04.3630
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.3920
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.3920
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.0310
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.0310
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6530
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.8140
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.6530
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		02.0310
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.6930
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0310
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0310
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.6930
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		02.6630
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		02.6630
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.0310
Immunoblastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		06.3491
Rheumatoid Nodule
Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.		05.0252
Peliosis Hepatis
A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.		08.3770
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		02.9140
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		02.9140
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		03.6230
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		05.6571
Spinal Curvatures
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).		02.0410
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		05.6571
Arthropathies
[description not available]		06.7991
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		06.7991
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0410
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0410
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.6930
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0410
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0410
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.4120
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6730
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		02.0410
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.4120
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.6730
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		02.8940
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.0410
Buckley Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Job Syndrome
Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.		02.0410
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.3820
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.3820
Urethral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.		02.0410
Urinary Fistula
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.		02.6730
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.0410
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		02.4120
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		02.4120
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.0410
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.0410
Kraurosis Vulvae
[description not available]		02.0410
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Atrophy and shriveling of the SKIN of the VULVA that is characterized by the whitish LICHEN SCLEROSUS appearance, inflammation, and PRURITUS.		02.0410
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		010.69773
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		010.69773
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		01.9410
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		01.9410
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		01.9410
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.6430
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.6330
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		02.3520
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		02.3520
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		01.9410
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		01.9410
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		02.6430
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.6330
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		010.04100
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.3520
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		02.3820
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.9260
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		04.9260
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.3720
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Aortic Arch Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		06.6883
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.6883
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.2160
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.2160
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		05.75150
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.2920
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.67100
Genital Herpes
[description not available]		02.3620
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.		02.3620
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.3720
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		03.2720
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		03.2720
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.8640
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.3820
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.8640
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		06.52111
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		06.52111
Atypical Lipoma
[description not available]		03.2920
Lipoma
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.		03.2920
Furrow Keratitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		01.9610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		05.7342
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.7940
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		04.3980
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.6630
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0531
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		04.0531
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		03.82120
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		01.9610
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		01.9610
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.8640
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		02.3620
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.8640
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.3620
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.8640
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.4680
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.4680
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		04.7570
Colonic Diverticulitis
[description not available]		04.1920
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9610
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		07.43161
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		19.43161
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
[description not available]		02.6630
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
A disorder characterized by proliferation of arborizing small vessels, prominent immunoblastic proliferations and amorphous acidophilic interstitial material. Clinical manifestations include fever, sweats, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy and frequently hepatosplenomegaly.		02.6630
Acantholysis
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.		03.2720
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		013.0783
Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9610
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		08.0783
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9610
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		04.66110
Granuloma Gangraenescens
[description not available]		04.2570
Granuloma, Lethal Midline
A condition that is characterized by inflammation, ulceration, and perforation of the nose and the PALATE with progressive destruction of midline facial structures. This syndrome can be manifested in several diseases including the nasal type of EXTRANODAL NK-T-CELL LYMPHOMA and GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS.		04.2570
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		04.66110
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.		08.7940
Dysgammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.		02.3720
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		01.9610
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.3470
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.3470
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.5630
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		07.8840
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.8840
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		01.9610
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		01.9610
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		03.4580
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		02.3820
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		02.3820
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		01.9610
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.3720
Stomatitis, Herpetic
Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.		02.3720
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.01280
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		02.6530
As If Personality
[description not available]		01.9610
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		06.92330
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		06.92330
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		02.3720
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		02.3720
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		05.2690
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		05.2690
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		05.1641
Malassezia furfur Infection
[description not available]		02.3820
Tinea Versicolor
A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).		02.3820
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		03.2720
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		04.2570
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		07.35103
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		07.35103
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		02.8740
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		02.8740
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		03.7940
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.0550
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.6730
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.6730
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		02.3720
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		02.3520
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		01.9610
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		06.26141
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.6630
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		01.9610
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		06.12121
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		06.12121
Subsepsis Allergica
[description not available]		03.9650
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.5930
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		01.9810
Fasciculation
Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)		01.9810
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.0650
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.0650
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		03.3711
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		01.9810
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		01.9810
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.5730
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		02.3620
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		01.9810
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		03.5730
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.6530
Blast Phase
[description not available]		01.9810
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		01.9810
Exostoses
Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component.		01.9810
Bone Hypertrophy
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		01.9810
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		01.9810
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		01.9810
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		03.2260
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		01.9810
Infarct
[description not available]		03.260
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		01.9810
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.3820
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.6530
AIDS Nephropathy
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.		01.9810
Brain Dead
[description not available]		04.1260
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		01.9810
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.8740
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8740
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		01.9810
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		01.9810
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		02.3620
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		03.0750
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		04.2841
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.8940
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		04.0531
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		04.0531
Cholangioma
[description not available]		05.1841
Adenoma, Bile Duct
A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.		05.1841
Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.		01.9810
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		02.3620
Delayed Puberty
[description not available]		01.9810
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		02.3620
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.2820
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.2820
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		03.0850
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		02.6530
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.6730
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.0550
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.		02.6630
Cancer of the Vulva
[description not available]		03.3470
Vulvar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.		03.3470
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		01.9910
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		06.9910
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.6830
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		01.9910
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.8740
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		07.8740
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.6730
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.6830
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		02.3820
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		02.3820
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.3370
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		02.6530
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.910
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.910
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.0650
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.3720
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		03.0550
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		03.0550
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated
[description not available]		03.7721
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)		03.7721
ARSA Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9910
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.		01.9910
Amazon Black Fever
[description not available]		02.6730
Hepatitis D
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.6730
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		01.9910
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		01.9910
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		01.9910
Sexually Transmitted Disease, Viral
[description not available]		01.9910
Genital Warts
[description not available]		03.0650
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		03.0650
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		01.9910
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		01.9910
Dupre Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.9110
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.9110
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		03.7821
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.0450
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		03.0450
AIDS Wasting Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
HIV Wasting Syndrome
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).		01.9910
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		01.9910
Desmoid
[description not available]		02.9110
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9110
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		05.5161
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		03.3811
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		05.5161
Megacolon, Toxic
An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.		01.9910
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		01.9910
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		01.9910
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3720
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.3720
Acariasis
[description not available]		02.3720
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.9110
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.9110
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		03.3811
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		03.3811
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.9110
Mouth Breathing
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.		01.9910
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.3720
Bowen Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		01.9910
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		01.9910
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.6730
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		02.6730
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		01.9910
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		01.9910
Cold Sore
[description not available]		01.9910
Herpes Labialis
Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9910
Leukemia, Smoldering
[description not available]		02.9110
Cancer of the Ureter
[description not available]		02.9110
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.		02.9110
Ureteral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.		02.9110
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		04.4451
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		04.4451
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		03.5930
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		0210
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		0210
Clubbed Fingers
[description not available]		02.3920
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		0210
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		0210
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		0210
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.0550
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.3120
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.3120
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		0210
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		0210
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		03.2920
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		0210
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial
[description not available]		0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		0210
Mucinoses
Mucoid states characterized by the elevated deposition and accumulation of mucin (mucopolysaccharides) in dermal tissue. The fibroblasts are responsible for the production of acid mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in the ground substance of the connective tissue system. When fibroblasts produce abnormally large quantities of mucopolysaccharides as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin, they accumulate in large amounts in the dermis.		0210
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		0210
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		0210
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.3920
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.3920
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.3920
Entropion
The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3720
Postcommissurotomy Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
A nonspecific hypersensitivity reaction caused by TRAUMA to the PERICARDIUM, often following PERICARDIOTOMY. It is characterized by PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; high titers of anti-heart antibodies; low-grade FEVER; LETHARGY; loss of APPETITE; or ABDOMINAL PAIN.		0210
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		0210
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		0210
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		0210
Carcinoma, Large Cell
A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Cystadenoma, Serous
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)		0210
Phlegmon
[description not available]		03.2920
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		03.2920
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		0210
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		0210
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary
[description not available]		0210
Brown-Sequard Disease
[description not available]		0210
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		02.3720
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Benedict Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A
[description not available]		0210
Meningitis, Meningococcal
A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)		0210
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		0210
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		0210
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.3920
Lichen Planus, Oral
Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)		02.9210
Pleurisy, Tuberculous
[description not available]		0210
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		0210
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		03.3120
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		03.3120
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		0210
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		0210
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		0210
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		0210
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		02.0110
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome
[description not available]		05.7781
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.		05.7781
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.0110
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.0110
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		02.0110
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		02.0110
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		03.2720
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		03.2720
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles
[description not available]		02.8640
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		01.9510
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		01.9510
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		01.9510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		03.5630
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.5630
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.8640
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.8640
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		04.5960
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		04.5960
Arthus Phenomenon
[description not available]		02.3520
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		02.3520
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		02.8640
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		02.6430
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		02.8640
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		05.6441
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.6530
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.6530
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9510
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		04.66110
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.2540
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		04.2540
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		02.8710
Canine Distemper
[description not available]		01.9510
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		01.9510
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		02.8710
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		02.8710
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		01.9510
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		03.2820
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		03.2820
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		03.5730
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.8710
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.5730
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.8710
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.8740
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.8740
Preleukemia
Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.		01.9510
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		06.8151
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		06.8151
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.3520
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.3520
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		02.6430
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		01.9510
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		01.9510
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		03.5630
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		03.5630
Abortion, Missed
The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.		01.9510
Acrodermatitis
Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.		01.9510
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		01.9510
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		01.9510
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		01.9510
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		01.9510
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		03.2720
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		03.2720
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.8640
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.8640
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		02.3520
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		05.0470
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		05.0470
Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		01.9510
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.3520
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		01.9510
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.3520
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		05.1670
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		03.260
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		03.260
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		01.9510
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		01.9510
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.3520
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		01.9510
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		04.1160
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		01.9510
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		01.9510
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		02.3520
Infections, Rickettsia
[description not available]		01.9510
Rift Valley Fever
An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.		01.9510
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		02.3520
Serum Sickness
Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.		04.65110
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		06.1942
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		18.1942
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		02.3520
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		04.1260
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		04.1260
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.2541
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		01.9510
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.8640
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		07.8640
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9510
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		01.9510
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.6430
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9510
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.8910
Aschoff Bodies
[description not available]		02.8910
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.8910
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.3820
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		03.7840
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		03.7840
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		01.9810
Angiomatosis
A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.		01.9810
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		04.8481
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9810
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		01.9810
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.6530
Gardner Syndrome
A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.		01.9710
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		02.6530
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		03.2920
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		01.9710
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		01.9710
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		01.9810
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		01.9710
Franklin Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		01.9710
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9710
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		01.9710
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		01.9710
Embolus
[description not available]		01.9710
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		01.9710
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		01.9710
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		01.9710
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.3620
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.3620
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		01.9710
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		01.9710
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		01.9710
Acute Infectious Thyroiditis
[description not available]		01.9710
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3720
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.3720
Auditory Cortex Disorder
[description not available]		01.9710
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.8810
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.3620
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		01.9710
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.3620
Infections, Taenia
[description not available]		02.3620
Taeniasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.		02.3620
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.3620
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		01.9710
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
HTLV-I Infections
Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.		01.9710
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		01.9710
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9710
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		07.8740
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		07.3620
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.		13.9710
Leukemoid Reaction
A peripheral blood picture resembling that of leukemia or indistinguishable from it on the basis of morphologic appearance alone. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
Pneumoretroperitoneum
[description not available]		01.9710
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		01.9610
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		01.9610
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.3720
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		01.9710
Benign Hyperglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenstru00F6m
[description not available]		02.3620
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.3720
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		01.9710
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		01.9710
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		01.9710
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		01.9710
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		01.9610
Crigler Najjar Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		01.9610
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		04.2711
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		04.2711
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Impotence
[description not available]		02.3620
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.3620
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		01.9710
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9710
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9610
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9610
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		01.9610
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		02.8810
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		02.8810
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		02.8810
Lymphangioleiomyoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Bartonella henselae Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Cat-Scratch Disease
A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.		01.9610
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		04.9531
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		01.9610
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		01.9610
Absence of Brain, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9410
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		01.9410
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		01.9410
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9410
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		01.9410
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9410
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		01.9410
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9410
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.3520
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9410
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.3520
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		01.9410
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		02.8640
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		02.8640
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.3520
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.3520
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3520
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		02.3520
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		02.3520
Schwartzman Phenomenon
[description not available]		01.9410
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9410
Focal Infection
An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.		01.9510
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.8640
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.8640
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		02.3520
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		03.2720
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		03.2720
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		01.9410
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		01.9410
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.8610
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		01.9510
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.3520
Epiphyses, Slipped
A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.		02.3520
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.6430
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		01.9410
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		01.9410
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		01.9410
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		01.9410
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		01.9510
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		01.9510
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3520
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		01.9410
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.3520
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.3520
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		01.9410
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		01.9410
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.6330
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9510
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		01.9510
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		01.9510
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		01.9510
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3520
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		02.3520
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		01.9410
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		01.9410
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		01.9410
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		01.9410
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.6330
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.6330
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		03.7321
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.8610
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.8610
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Basosquamous
A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		01.9510
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.3520
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3520
Endarteritis
Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.		02.6430
Intertrigo
A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.		01.9510
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3520
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.3520
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		01.9410
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Oral Manifestations
Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.		01.9410
Cutis Laxa
A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.3520
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		05.1641
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		01.9510
Candidiasis, Cutaneous
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Pyrosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		01.9510
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		01.9510
Pityriasis
A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9410
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9410
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		01.9410
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		01.9410
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9410
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		02.8610
Acquired Meningocele
[description not available]		01.9410
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		01.9410
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		01.9410
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.3520
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.		01.9410
Adipocere
[description not available]		01.9410
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9410
Sarcoma 37
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9410
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		01.9410
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		01.9410
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9410
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		01.9410
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		01.9410
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		01.9410
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		01.9410
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9410
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		01.9410
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		01.9410
Diverticulum, Meckel
[description not available]		01.9410
Anemia, Leukoerythroblastic
[description not available]		02.3520
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		01.9410
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		01.9410
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		01.9410
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.3520
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III
[description not available]		01.9410
Dysautonomia, Familial
An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)		01.9410
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		01.9410
Acquired Nasal Deformities
[description not available]		01.9410
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		01.9410
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		01.9410
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9410
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9410
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		01.9410
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		01.9410
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		01.9410
Hemorrhage, Retrobulbar
[description not available]		02.1510
AL Amyloidosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis
A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.		02.0710