Sonic hedgehog protein

A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q15465]

Synonyms

SHH;
HHG-1;
Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains;
ShhNC

Research

Bioassay Publications (7)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	4 (57.14)	29.6817
2010's	3 (42.86)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Compounds (5)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
jervine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.5000	1	1
cyclopamine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6000	1	1
cur 61414	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1000	1	1
gdc 0449	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.8825	2	2
robotnikinin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	25.0000	1	1

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
robotnikinin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	3.1000	4	4

Drugs with Other Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
gdc 0449	Homo sapiens (human)	INH	0.0028	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 10 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
endopeptidase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain. [http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/about/glossary.htm#ENDOPEPTIDASE]
patched binding	molecular function	Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins. [GOC:ceb, PMID:11731473]
calcium ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a calcium ion (Ca2+). [GOC:ai]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
glycosaminoglycan binding	molecular function	Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
peptidase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0815332181]
zinc ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a zinc ion (Zn). [GOC:ai]
morphogen activity	molecular function	Acts as a trigger for a pattern specification process when present at a specific concentration within a gradient. [GOC:go_curators]
laminin-1 binding	molecular function	Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1. [GOC:go_curators]
cholesterol-protein transferase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + glycyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein] + H+ = [protein]-C-terminal glycyl cholesterol ester + N-terminal L-cysteinyl-[protein]. [PMID:8824192, RHEA:59504]

Located In

This protein is located in 12 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
Golgi membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. [GOC:mah]
extracellular region	cellular component	The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
extracellular space	cellular component	That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	cellular component	The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. [GOC:mah]
Golgi apparatus	cellular component	A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. [ISBN:0198506732]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
cell surface	cellular component	The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
membrane raft	cellular component	Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	cellular component	An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rph, PMID:21123617]

Active In

This protein is active in 1 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
extracellular space	cellular component	That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 155 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis	biological process	The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. [GOC:dph]
vasculogenesis	biological process	The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. [PMID:8999798]
metanephros development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. [GOC:bf, ISBN:0192800752]
branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. [GOC:dph, PMID:16916378]
cell fate specification	biological process	The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate. [GOC:go_curators]
neural crest cell migration	biological process	The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0878932437]
heart looping	biological process	The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation. [GOC:dph, PMID:12094232]
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. [GOC:dph]
osteoblast development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone. [GOC:dph]
lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. [GOC:add, PMID:16551251, PMID:16551264]
determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm	biological process	The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves. [GOC:mtg_heart]
protein import into nucleus	biological process	The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
endocytosis	biological process	A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363, Wikipedia:Endocytosis]
smoothened signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15057936, PMID:15205520]
cell-cell signaling	biological process	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
pattern specification process	biological process	Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, ISBN:0521436125]
ectoderm development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
neuroblast proliferation	biological process	The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sart]
axon guidance	biological process	The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. [ISBN:0878932437]
central nervous system development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
ventral midline development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. [GOC:bf, GOC:go_curators, PMID:12075342]
hindgut morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. [GOC:jid]
heart development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
blood coagulation	biological process	The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers. [PMID:30700128]
androgen metabolic process	biological process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics. [ISBN:0198506732]
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
embryonic pattern specification	biological process	The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. [GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0521436125]
polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis	biological process	Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis. [GOC:go_curators]
dorsal/ventral pattern formation	biological process	The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
negative regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
oligodendrocyte development	biological process	The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]
striated muscle tissue development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. [CL:0000737, GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_muscle]
skeletal muscle cell proliferation	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. [CL:0000188, GOC:ef, GOC:mtg_muscle]
intein-mediated protein splicing	biological process	The removal of an internal amino acid sequence (an intein) from a protein during protein maturation; the excision of inteins is precise and the N- and C-terminal exteins are joined by a normal peptide bond. Protein splicing involves 4 nucleophilic displacements by the 3 conserved splice junction residues. [GOC:ma, http://www.neb.com/neb/inteins.html]
protein autoprocessing	biological process	Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein. [GOC:ai, PMID:9335337]
spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning	biological process	The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
spinal cord motor neuron differentiation	biological process	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:11262869]
thalamus development	biological process	The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning	biological process	The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:11262869]
cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:15157725]
positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation	biological process	The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, PMID:15157725]
telencephalon regionalization	biological process	The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mgi_curators]
regulation of proteolysis	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
lung development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0002048]
embryonic limb morphogenesis	biological process	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172]
negative regulation of cell migration	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
male genitalia development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:ems, ISBN:0140512888]
prostate gland development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. [PMID:11839751]
thyroid gland development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone. [GOC:dgh]
forebrain development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
midbrain development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain]
hindbrain development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain]
pancreas development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones. [GOC:cvs]
hair follicle morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. [GOC:ln]
negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. [GOC:mah]
T cell differentiation in thymus	biological process	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
negative regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:mah, GOC:txnOH]
embryonic forelimb morphogenesis	biological process	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. [ISBN:0198612001]
embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis	biological process	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal. [ISBN:0198612001]
trunk neural crest cell migration	biological process	The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo. [GOC:bf, GOC:mat, GOC:PARL, PMID:2387238]
T cell proliferation	biological process	The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. [GOC:jl]
regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
negative regulation of T cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. [GOC:jl]
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. [GOC:cjm, GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu, PMID:10333884, PMID:15355794]
regulation of odontogenesis	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. [GOC:jl]
embryonic digit morphogenesis	biological process	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. [GOC:bf, GOC:jl, UBERON:0002544]
camera-type eye development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
negative regulation of apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment	biological process	The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells. [ISBN:0781735149]
positive thymic T cell selection	biological process	The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12414722]
negative thymic T cell selection	biological process	The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens. [ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12414722]
intermediate filament organization	biological process	Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. [GOC:ai]
myoblast differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. [CL:0000056, GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_muscle]
negative regulation of cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
alpha-beta T cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex. [CL:0000789, GOC:ai]
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]
negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation. [GOC:ai]
cell development	biological process	The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place. [GOC:go_curators]
thymus development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. [GOC:go_curators]
embryonic foregut morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase. [GOC:jid, GOC:rc]
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development	biological process	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. [GOC:go_curators]
animal organ formation	biological process	The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
neuron fate commitment	biological process	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. [GOC:dph]
embryonic skeletal system development	biological process	The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:dsf, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:16049113]
positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
smooth muscle tissue development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]
branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
inner ear development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:sr]
formation of anatomical boundary	biological process	The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [GO_REF:0000021]
stem cell development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. [CL:0000034, GOC:isa_complete]
positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. [CL:0000737, GOC:ai]
positive regulation of cell division	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. [GOC:ai]
Bergmann glial cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GOC:dph, PMID:10375501]
roof of mouth development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0721662544]
canonical Wnt signaling pathway	biological process	A type of Wnt signaling pathway in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell results in the by propagation of the molecular signals via beta-catenin, and end with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. [PMID:11532397, PMID:19619488]
limb bud formation	biological process	The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph]
regulation of glial cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
lung epithelium development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
trachea morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. [GOC:dph]
branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized. [GOC:dph]
bud outgrowth involved in lung branching	biological process	The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
right lung development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
left lung development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
lung lobe morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung. [GOC:dph]
lung-associated mesenchyme development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_lung]
primary prostatic bud elongation	biological process	The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
prostate epithelial cord elongation	biological process	The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length. [GOC:dph, PMID:18977204]
salivary gland cavitation	biological process	The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland. [GOC:dph]
epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland. [GOC:dph, PMID:17336109]
regulation of prostatic bud formation	biological process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth. [GOC:dph]
epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. [GOC:dph]
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	biological process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. [GOC:dph]
regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. [GOC:dph, PMID:12221011]
mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development	biological process	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development. [PMID:12221011]
artery development	biological process	The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed. [GOC:dph, GOC:sdb_2009, GOC:tb]
mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. [GOC:dph]
somite development	biological process	The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. [GOC:dph]
positive regulation of sclerotome development	biological process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph]
cellular response to lithium ion	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus. [GOC:mah]
dopaminergic neuron differentiation	biological process	The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine. [GOC:rph]
stem cell proliferation	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
regulation of stem cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
metanephric mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in metanephros development	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a metanephric mesenchymal cell population. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
metanephric collecting duct development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10]
negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
establishment of epithelial cell polarity	biological process	The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
negative regulation of cholesterol efflux	biological process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, GOC:yaf]
mesenchymal cell apoptotic process	biological process	Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. [CL:0000134, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:yaf, PMID:18231833]
apoptotic signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
self proteolysis	biological process	The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds. [GOC:yaf, PMID:18676612, PMID:19144634]
skeletal muscle fiber differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. [GOC:dos]
regulation of protein localization to nucleus	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. [GOC:TermGenie]
negative regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:15522889]
tracheoesophageal septum formation	biological process	The process that gives rise to the tracheoesophageal septum. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. [GO_REF:0000081, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:9731532]
negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:obol, GOC:yaf]
positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, GOC:obol, GOC:yaf]
negative regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
positive regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation. [GOC:obol]
positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development. [GOC:obol]
negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis, GOC:obol]
oligodendrocyte differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. [GOC:vp, PMID:15139015]
regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]