1-benzylpiperazine profile

1-Benzylpiperazine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C12H16N2. It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. 1-Benzylpiperazine is a precursor to several pharmaceutical drugs, including the antihistamine fexofenadine (Allegra) and the antidepressant trazodone (Desyrel). It is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis. 1-Benzylpiperazine is a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with a high affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor. It has been shown to have antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antipsychotic activity in animal studies. 1-Benzylpiperazine is also a substrate for the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. This suggests that 1-Benzylpiperazine may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.'

1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	75994
CHEMBL ID	113600
CHEBI ID	83537
SCHEMBL ID	83548
MeSH ID	M0049461

Synonym
dea no. 7493
3ug152zu0e ,
unii-3ug152zu0e
1-benzylpiperazine
4-benzylpiperazine
n-benzylpiperazine
nsc40889
2759-28-6
piperazine, 1-(phenylmethyl)-
nsc-40889
benzylpiperazine
piperazine, 1-benzyl-
1-(phenylmethyl)piperazine
STK298724
stratospheres(tm) pl-ppz (piperazine) resin, 50-100 mesh, extent of labeling: >5.0 mmol/g loading, 1 % cross-linked
ai3-52573
einecs 220-423-6
nsc 40889
1-benzylpiperazine, >=97.0% (gc)
AC-11628
iqxxepzfoottba-uhfffaoysa-
inchi=1/c11h16n2/c1-2-4-11(5-3-1)10-13-8-6-12-7-9-13/h1-5,12h,6-10h2
AKOS000264277
1-benzyl-piperazine
chebi:83537 ,
CHEMBL113600 ,
1-benzyl-piperazine, 10
bdbm50004308
1-(phenylmethyl)-piperazin;piperazine, 1-(phenylmethyl)-;piperazine, 1-benzyl-
A25584
860027-50-5
2759-17-3
FT-0689815
FT-0634469
LF-0548
SCHEMBL83548
j149.807j ,
1-benylpiperazine
4-benzyl-piperazine
benzyl piperazine
mono benzyl piperazine
n-benzyl-piperazine
1-benzyl piperazine
n-(phenylmethyl)piperazine
1-(benzyl)piperazine
1-(phenyl-methyl)piperazine
4-(phenylmethyl)piperazine
(phenylmethyl)piperazine
1-(phenylmethyl)-piperazine
n-phenylmethylpiperazine
1 -benzylpiperazine
4-benzylpiperzine
1-(benzyl)-piperazine
4-benzyl piperazine
n-benzyl piperazine
1-n-benzylpiperazine
1-phenylmethylpiperazine
n-benzylpiprazine
AM85333
W-107101
AC-28091
DTXSID0022197
VU0488792-1
1-benzylpiperazine dihcl
thiourea,n,n'-bis(2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-7-yl)-
BCP04193
n-benylpiperazine
piperazine,1-(phenylmethyl)-(9ci)
n-(phenylmethyl)piperaine
Q161585
SB36348
PD093542

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This study explores the relationship between plasma BZP level and adverse effects experienced by users."	( Toxicity from the recreational use of 1-benzylpiperazine. Gee, P; Gilbert, M; Graham, P; Moore, G; Paterson, S; Richardson, S, 2008)	0.62
" The legal status of these 'party pills' conveys mixed messages to young people and whilst being seen as potentially safe and of good quality, this often leads to higher than 'recommended' doses being used."	( "They're legal so they're safe, right?" What did the legal status of BZP-party pills mean to young people in New Zealand? Butler, R; Sheridan, J, 2010)	0.36
" The use of these party pills has been associated with adverse health effects."	( Patterns of benzylpiperazine/trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine party pill use and adverse effects in a population sample in New Zealand. Girling, M; Sweetsur, P; Wilkins, C, 2008)	0.35
" Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of having experienced adverse side effects from party pills."	( Patterns of benzylpiperazine/trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine party pill use and adverse effects in a population sample in New Zealand. Girling, M; Sweetsur, P; Wilkins, C, 2008)	0.35
" Being female, using cannabis and other drugs concurrently with BZP/TFMPP party pills, taking large quantities of party pills in a single session and taking 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) recovery pills at the same time as party pills were independent predictors of having experienced an adverse problem from party pills."	( Patterns of benzylpiperazine/trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine party pill use and adverse effects in a population sample in New Zealand. Girling, M; Sweetsur, P; Wilkins, C, 2008)	0.35
" Taking 5-HTP 'recovery' pills with party pills may increase the risk of adverse effects as both substances increase users' levels of serotonin."	( Patterns of benzylpiperazine/trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine party pill use and adverse effects in a population sample in New Zealand. Girling, M; Sweetsur, P; Wilkins, C, 2008)	0.35
" Many people (ab)use BZP-based party pills usually without any significant toxic effects."	( Nephrotoxicity of recreational party drugs. Berney-Meyer, L; Putt, T; Schollum, J; Walker, R, 2012)	0.38
"Lack of quality control in party pill manufacture may have led to the toxic effects reported by users unaware of the true content and release of drug from pills."	( Pharmaceutical quality of "party pills" raises additional safety concerns in the use of illicit recreational drugs. Antia, U; Fredatovich, JD; Na, Y; Neale, PT; Roberts, AF; Russell, B; Thrimawithana, TR; Young, SA; Zhou, H, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this work was to evaluate the toxic effects of BZP, MeOPP and MDBP using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model for acute toxicity, development, reproduction and behavior testing."	( Piperazine designer drugs elicit toxicity in the alternative in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans. Arbo, MD; Ávila, DS; Bastos, ML; Carmo, H; Cestonaro, LV; Eifler-Lima, V; Garcia, I; Garcia, SC; Göethel, G; Peruzzi, CP; Souto, C, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The objective of this study was to determine the clinical effects of party pills containing benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) when taken alone and in combination with alcohol."	( Randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of the 'party pills' BZP/TFMPP alone and in combination with alcohol. Aldington, S; Beasley, R; Caldwell, B; Dickson, S; Lucas, N; McDowall, J; Robinson, G; Thompson, I; Weatherall, M; Williams, G, 2010)	0.36
" The purpose of this study is to further investigate the subjective and physiological responses following an oral dose of BZP combined with TFMPP in males."	( Determining the subjective and physiological effects of BZP combined with TFMPP in human males. Jan, RK; Jensen, MA; Kydd, RR; Lee, H; Lin, JC; Russell, BR, 2011)	0.37

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The time-course excretion profiles of BZP, p-OH-BZP, and m-OH-BZP in the rats were investigated after a single intraperitoneal dosing of 5 mg/kg BZP, by using an optimized analytical procedure that combines solid-phase extraction and LC-ESI MS determination."	( Metabolism and the urinary excretion profile of the recently scheduled designer drug N-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) in the rat. Inoue, H; Kamata, T; Katagi, M; Kishi, T; Miki, A; Nakajima, K; Shima, N; Tsuchihashi, H; Tsutsumi, H, )	0.13
" Users from both Islands commonly exceeded the dosage of BZP/TFMPP recommended by STANZ suggesting the STANZ code of conduct was largely ineffective."	( Differences in harm from legal BZP/TFMPP party pills between North Island and South Island users in New Zealand: a case of effective industry self-regulation? Sweetsur, P; Wilkins, C, 2010)	0.36

Role	Description
xenobiotic	A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
psychotropic drug	A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
serotonergic agonist	An agent that has an affinity for serotonin receptors and is able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. Serotonin agonists are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine disorders.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
N-alkylpiperazine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	10.0000	0.0002	0.6677	10.0000	AID4755; AID5225
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	10.0000	0.0001	0.6017	10.0000	AID5225
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	10.0000	0.0002	0.5909	10.0000	AID5225
Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0002	1.1979	8.8000	AID503719
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	50.0000	0.2200	1.8225	4.0800	AID1799387; AID503695
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
luteolysis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell homeostasis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytokine production	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
axonal fasciculation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
heart development	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of sound	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to UV	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to wounding	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucose	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of macroautophagy	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein processing	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampus development	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein catabolic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
erythrocyte differentiation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet formation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of B cell proliferation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cobalt ion	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiol	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to tumor necrosis factor	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hydrogen peroxide	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell homeostasis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amino acid	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cell fate commitment	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell cycle	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
striated muscle cell differentiation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoid	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
anterior neural tube closure	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
pyroptosis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
leukocyte apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to staurosporine	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
execution phase of apoptosis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of pyroptosis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
keratinocyte differentiation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron differentiation	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protease binding	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
aspartic-type endopeptidase activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
death receptor binding	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase A2 activator activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme activator activity	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
death-inducing signaling complex	Caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID5225	Binding affinity against 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptor in rat using [3H]ketanserin as radioligand	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Ketanserin analogues: structure-affinity relationships for 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C serotonin receptor binding.
AID204444	Binding affinity towards sigma receptor in guinea pig brain membranes using [3H]DTG as radioligand	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 34, Issue:12	Novel 1-phenylpiperazine and 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives as high-affinity sigma ligands.
AID503695	Activation of N-terminal His6-tagged recombinant procaspase-3 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as hydrolysis of acetyl-DEVD-p-nitroanilide after 2 hrs by SDS-PAGE	2006	Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 2, Issue:10	Small-molecule activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 as a personalized anticancer strategy.
AID4755	Binding affinity against 5-hydroxytryptamine 1C receptor in rat using [3H]mesulergine as radioligand	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 35, Issue:26	Ketanserin analogues: structure-affinity relationships for 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C serotonin receptor binding.
AID503719	Activation of procaspase-3-mediated human HL60 cell death after 72 hrs by MTS/PMS assay	2006	Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 2, Issue:10	Small-molecule activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 as a personalized anticancer strategy.
AID1799387	Procaspase-3 Activation Assay from Article 10.1038/nchembio814: \\Small-molecule activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 as a personalized anticancer strategy.\\	2006	Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 2, Issue:10	Small-molecule activation of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 as a personalized anticancer strategy.
AID493017	Wombat Data for BeliefDocking	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 34, Issue:12	Novel 1-phenylpiperazine and 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives as high-affinity sigma ligands.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3 (3.66)	18.7374
1990's	3 (3.66)	18.2507
2000's	29 (35.37)	29.6817
2010's	44 (53.66)	24.3611
2020's	3 (3.66)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	7 (7.61%)	5.53%
Reviews	13 (14.13%)	6.00%
Case Studies	7 (7.61%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	65 (70.65%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
carbamates [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino-acid anion
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.1	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.02	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine 1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	piperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	7.68	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	5.61	9	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
caffeine [no description available]	3.56	2	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	3.12	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	3.12	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	14.93	29	5	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
piperazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.12	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	5.12	3	3	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.12	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.9	4	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.12	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
piperidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	3.12	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	3.12	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	10.05	7	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
1-methoxynaphthalene 1-methoxynaphthalene: structure in first source. methoxynaphthalene : Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.	2.11	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.17	1	0
iodine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
lenperone lenperone: antipsychotic of the butyrophenone class; like other major tranquilizers, it has some alpha-adrenergic blocking action & is antiemetic; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search BUTYROPHENONES (76-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
etoposide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action	3.12	1	0
egyt 475 [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.21	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
4-phenylpiperidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
mdl 11939 alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	primary amine
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
kampirone 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
1-piperonylpiperazine 1-piperonylpiperazine: coadministration of above cpd attenuates neurotoxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.58	2	0
1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine: increases serotonin & decreases 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration in rat brain 6 hours after administration; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	3.12	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: a designer drug; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	3.12	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.44	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.07	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine: a potent ligand for sigma receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	piperidines
4-(4,5-diphenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride: used to derivatize methamphetamines; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
tropylium tropylium: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	monocyclic arene
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.12	1	0
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	3.12	1	0	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	1.94	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.99	4	0
mephedrone mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.	4.1	4	0	amphetamines; aromatic ketone; secondary amino compound	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methylone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone [no description available]	3.17	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.13	1	0	guanosines	biomarker

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.03	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.31	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.17	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.17	1	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	3.47	1	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	7.1	23	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	7.1	23	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.13	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.13	3	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.87	4	0
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	2.04	1	0
Dissociation [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.44	2	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	10.05	3	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.05	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.05	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.98	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.44	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.07	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.02	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	1.96	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.13	1	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	3.82	2	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	3.44	1	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.44	1	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.99	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.99	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.02	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.03	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.03	1	0

1-benzylpiperazine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (72)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (4)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (56)

Molecular Functions (13)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (7)

Research

Studies (82)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 43.89

Study Types