10-hydroxycarbamazepine profile

10-Hydroxycarbamazepine (10-OH-CBZ) is a primary metabolite of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug widely used for the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and neuropathic pain. It is formed in the liver through the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. 10-OH-CBZ exhibits similar pharmacological activity to carbamazepine, but with a shorter half-life. It is also a substrate for the same metabolic pathways as carbamazepine, leading to potential drug interactions. 10-OH-CBZ has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in various conditions, including epilepsy, pain, and mood disorders. Research suggests that 10-OH-CBZ may have a role in the efficacy of carbamazepine in treating certain neurological disorders, but further research is needed to determine its exact contribution. The study of 10-OH-CBZ is important for understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, and for developing new therapeutic strategies for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.'

10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	114709
CHEMBL ID	1067
CHEBI ID	701
SCHEMBL ID	420263
SCHEMBL ID	12356854
MeSH ID	M0118860

Synonym
CHEMBL1067 ,
10-hydroxy-carbamazepine
chebi:701 ,
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine
licarbazepine
5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide, 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-
10-oh-carbazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine
gp-47779
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
29331-92-8
10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10-hydroxycarbazepine
gp 47779
C07493
FT-0666976
5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzazepine-11-carboxamide
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxylic acid amide
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
bdbm50330859
licarbazepine [inn]
(+-)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
xfx1a5kj3v ,
unii-xfx1a5kj3v
bia 2-005
AKOS016011140
FT-0672480
FT-0672482
FT-0672479
5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide,10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine
SCHEMBL420263
licarbazepine [who-dd]
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz(z)[b,f]azepin-5-carboxamide
SCHEMBL12356854
( inverted exclamation marka)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine, analytical standard
mfcd00871817
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
J-017477
10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5 carboxamide
racemic 10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
FT-0666977
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine-d4 (major)
HMS3676J19
AS-10186
HMS3412J19
Q6542996
AM10036
?10,11-hydroxy-10,11 dihydrocarbamezer
A876488
DTXSID50865484
AC-37004
SB46355
HY-108506
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine-with exact weight protocol
AB92454
CS-0029029
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbazepine-d4(major)
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" All adverse events were mild in severity, except for 1 case of somnolence of moderate severity, which occurred in a subject receiving 1200 mg BIA 2-093."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of BIA 2-093, a novel putative antiepileptic, in a rising multiple-dose study in young healthy humans. Almeida, L; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2004)	0.32
"To investigate the relationship between the serum concentration of the mono-hydroxy-derivative (MHD) of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and adverse effects (AEs) in epileptic patients on high-dose OXC therapy."	( Relationship between serum mono-hydroxy-carbazepine concentrations and adverse effects in patients with epilepsy on high-dose oxcarbazepine therapy. Bilo, L; Di Nocera, P; Fasiello, C; Italiano, D; Pisani, F; Ruosi, P; Striano, P; Striano, S, 2006)	0.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic study was repeated under steady-state conditions after 3 months of drug intake in 6 of these subjects."	( First dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and its 10-hydroxy metabolite. Dickinson, RG; Dunstan, PR; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD, 1989)	0.28
" The time-concentration curves showed a median Tmax of 8 h followed by a plateau until 24 h indicating saturable kinetic processes."	( Pharmacokinetics of 10-OH-carbazepine, the main metabolite of the antiepileptic oxcarbazepine, from serum and saliva concentrations. Jönsson, B; Klitgaard, NA; Kristensen, O; Sindrup, S, 1983)	0.27
"Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in broad use today have a number of pharmacokinetic liabilities, including a propensity for clinically meaningful drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate in comparison with other new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1996)	0.29
" Because 10-hydroxycarbazepine is a chiral molecule, the objective of the study was to perform a stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of 10-hydroxycarbazepine in humans."	( Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of 10-hydroxycarbazepine after oral administration of oxcarbazepine to healthy Chinese subjects. Bialer, M; Perucca, E; Sintov, A; Volosov, A; Xiaodong, S; Yagen, B, 1999)	0.3
" The difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters found after administration of individual MHD enantiomers compared with the administration of MHD in a racemic form suggests the possibility of interaction between the two enantiomers."	( Comparative stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of 10-hydroxycarbazepine after oral administration of its individual enantiomers and the racemic mixture to dogs. Bialer, M; Volosov, A; Yagen, B, 2000)	0.31
" Median maximum plasma concentrations of the major metabolite (licarbazepine, (+/-)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5H-dibenz/b,f/azepine-5-carboxamide) were attained (t(max)) at 2 to 3 h postdose; thereafter, plasma concentrations declined with a mean apparent terminal half-life of 9 to 13 h following repeated dosing."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of BIA 2-093, a novel putative antiepileptic, in a rising multiple-dose study in young healthy humans. Almeida, L; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2004)	0.32
" The effects on dopamine and serotonin levels are therefore proposed as pharmacodynamic markers for the anticonvulsant activity of these compounds."	( Hippocampal dopamine and serotonin elevations as pharmacodynamic markers for the anticonvulsant efficacy of oxcarbazepine and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine. Clinckers, R; Ebinger, G; Meurs, A; Michotte, Y; Smolders, I, 2005)	0.53
" After multiple dosing, geometric mean (%CV) Cmax ss, Cmin ss, and AUCtau were 77."	( Pharmacokinetics of licarbazepine in healthy volunteers: single and multiple oral doses and effect of food. Appel-Dingemanse, S; Balez, S; Batard, Y; Gardin, A; Greig, G; Krebs-Brown, A; Souppart, C, 2008)	0.35
"Blood samples for the pharmacokinetic assessment were taken at pre-dose, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h post-dose at steady-state in 51 patients stabilised on chronic (beyond 1 year) treatment with ESL 400mg (n=7), 800mg (n=26) or 1200mg (n=18) once-daily."	( Pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate at steady-state in adults with partial-onset seizures. Almeida, L; Elger, C; Falcão, A; Halász, P; Perucca, E; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2011)	0.37
" The major compound in plasma was the active metabolite eslicarbazepine, which reached maximum concentrations (C(max)) 2h post-dose; thereafter, its plasma concentrations declined with a mean apparent half-life of 13, 14, and 20h in patients receiving ESL doses of 400, 800, and 1200mg once daily, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate at steady-state in adults with partial-onset seizures. Almeida, L; Elger, C; Falcão, A; Halász, P; Perucca, E; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2011)	0.37
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM."	( Drug interaction and pharmacokinetic modeling of oxcarbazepine in korean patients with epilepsy. Hong, SB; Huh, W; Joo, EY; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; Park, KJ; Seo, DW, )	0.13
" In population pharmacokinetic modeling, the apparent clearance of OHC was higher by 31."	( Drug interaction and pharmacokinetic modeling of oxcarbazepine in korean patients with epilepsy. Hong, SB; Huh, W; Joo, EY; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; Park, KJ; Seo, DW, )	0.13
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the apparent clearance of OHC increased with comedication with EIAEDs."	( Drug interaction and pharmacokinetic modeling of oxcarbazepine in korean patients with epilepsy. Hong, SB; Huh, W; Joo, EY; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; Park, KJ; Seo, DW, )	0.13
" This method is suitable for pharmacokinetic study in small animals."	( Evaluation of the Effects of Ketoconazole and Voriconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Oxcarbazepine and Its Main Metabolite MHD in Rats by UPLC-MS-MS. Cai, JP; Chen, M; Chen, X; Gu, E; Hu, G; Wang, L; Wang, S; Zheng, X; Zhou, H, 2016)	0.43
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the WinNonlin program."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and of the enantiomers of its 10-hydroxy metabolite in healthy volunteers. Alexandre Junior, V; Antunes, Nde J; Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Takayanagui, OM; Tozatto, E; Wichert-Ana, L, 2016)	0.43
" Sample blood levels of eslicarbazepine and (R)-licarbazepine were determined; pharmacokinetic parameters were derived for eslicarbazepine."	( A Pharmacokinetic Study Comparing Eslicarbazepine Acetate Administered Orally as a Crushed or Intact Tablet in Healthy Volunteers. Blum, D; Cheng, H; Kharidia, J; Schutz, R; Sunkaraneni, S, 2016)	0.43

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The cases were categorized into OXC monotherapy (n = 78), OXC in combination with EIAED (n = 73), and OXC in combination with non-EIAED (n = 103)."	( Drug interaction and pharmacokinetic modeling of oxcarbazepine in korean patients with epilepsy. Hong, SB; Huh, W; Joo, EY; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Ko, JW; Lee, SY; Park, KJ; Seo, DW, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" After its oral administration to dogs, the absolute bioavailability was 78."	( Stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of the antiepileptic 10-hydroxycarbazepine in dogs. Bialer, M; Sintov, A; Volosov, A, 1999)	0.3
" The goal of the study was to compare the bioavailability after single doses and at steady state of the FMI versus CMF and CTF as well."	( Oxcarbazepine final market image tablet formulation bioequivalence study after single administration and at steady state in healthy subjects. D'Souza, J; Flesch, G; Hossain, M; Souppart, C; Tudor, D, 2002)	0.31
"Oxcarbazepine (trileptal) oral suspension has been reformulated and a study was performed to compare the bioavailability after single doses and at steady state of the current and former oral suspension versus the marketed film-coated tablets and to compare the bioavailability of the current and former oral suspension."	( Assessment of the bioequivalence of two oxcarbazepine oral suspensions versus a film-coated tablet in healthy subjects. Bonner, J; Camisasca, R; Denouel, J; Flesch, G; Tudor, D, 2003)	0.32
" This study was performed to characterize the disposition of the two enantiomers of MHD after oral and intravenous administration and to estimate the bioavailability of MHD after a single oral dose administration of OXC compared to a single intravenous administration of MHD."	( Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine. Czendlik, C; Flesch, G; Lloyd, P; Renard, D, 2011)	0.37
" Eslicarbazepine bioavailability was not significantly altered by crushing, indicating that ESL tablets can be administered intact or crushed."	( A Pharmacokinetic Study Comparing Eslicarbazepine Acetate Administered Orally as a Crushed or Intact Tablet in Healthy Volunteers. Blum, D; Cheng, H; Kharidia, J; Schutz, R; Sunkaraneni, S, 2016)	0.43
" Co-administration of verapamil resulted in a modest increase of the apparent bioavailability of oxcarbazepine by 12% (10-28), but did not affect parent or metabolite clearances."	( Population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and its metabolite 10-hydroxycarbazepine in healthy subjects. Alexandre Junior, V; Antunes, NJ; Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Takayanagui, OM; Tozatto, E; van Dijkman, SC; van Hasselt, JGC; Wichert-Ana, L, 2017)	0.46

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" for 10 days) on the steady-state plasma concentrations of Oxcarbazepine (OXC), its active metabolite 10, 11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-carbazepine (MHD) and the corresponding diol (DHD) were studied in a randomized, double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial in 6 epileptic patients stabilized on a fixed dosage of OXC."	( Effects of the antidepressant drug viloxazine on oxcarbazepine and its hydroxylated metabolites in patients with epilepsy. Artesi, C; Di Perri, R; Fazio, A; Oteri, G; Perucca, E; Pisani, F; Xiao, B, 1994)	0.29
" The usually administered dosage of OCBZ is approximately 50% higher than that of CBZ."	( Oxcarbazepine: clinical development program. Schwabe, S, 1994)	0.29
" A patient was only considered twice if his comedication or OCBZ dosage had been changed."	( Fluctuations of 10-hydroxy-carbazepine during the day in epileptic patients. May, TW; Rambeck, B; Sälke-Kellermann, A, 1996)	0.29
" The authors conclude that it is unnecessary to adjust the oxcarbazepine dosage when performing single-volume plasma exchanges or even multiple exchanges during an extended period."	( Removal of 10-hydroxycarbazepine by plasmapheresis. Balslev, T; Christensen, J; Dam, M; Heinsvig, EM; Poulsen, JH; Villadsen, J, 2001)	0.31
" It is also recommended to avoid saliva collection within 8 hours after OXC dosing to allow complete absorption and transformation of the parent drug."	( Feasibility and limitations of oxcarbazepine monitoring using salivary monohydroxycarbamazepine (MHD). Baumann, RJ; DeGrauw, TJ; Fakhoury, TA; Grim, SA; Miles, MV; Ryan, MA; Strawsburg, RH; Tang, PH, 2004)	0.32
" Within each of 4 dosage groups of 8 healthy male adult subjects, 2 subjects were randomized to receive placebo, and the remaining 6 subjects were randomized to receive BIA 2-093 (200 mg bid, 400 mg qd, 800 mg qd, and 1200 mg qd) for 8 days."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of BIA 2-093, a novel putative antiepileptic, in a rising multiple-dose study in young healthy humans. Almeida, L; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2004)	0.32
" In case of breakthrough seizures or increased seizure frequency, dosage adjustment of both drugs may be required."	( Drug monitoring of lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine combination during pregnancy. de Haan, GJ; Edelbroek, P; Lindhout, D; Sander, JW; Wegner, I, 2010)	0.36
"0μg/mL, and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(0-24)) were 132."	( Pharmacokinetics of eslicarbazepine acetate at steady-state in adults with partial-onset seizures. Almeida, L; Elger, C; Falcão, A; Halász, P; Perucca, E; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2011)	0.37
" The smaller peak-to-trough fluctuation of eslicarbazepine in CSF (a measure of sustained delivery to the brain) than in plasma supports once-daily dosing of ESL."	( Steady-state plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate and oxcarbazepine in healthy volunteers. Almeida, L; Falcão, A; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2013)	0.39
" The MHD plasma concentration was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and then standardized through dosage and body weight."	( Comparison of oxcarbazepine efficacy and MHD concentrations relative to age and BMI: Associations among ABCB1, ABCC2, UGT2B7, and SCN2A polymorphisms. Chen, X; Fang, S; Gong, Z; Ma, H; Qian, L; Wei, J; Xu, Z; Yan, Y; Yang, X; Zeng, S, 2019)	0.51

Role	Description
sodium channel blocker	An agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes.
anticonvulsant	A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
drug allergen	Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
carboxamide	An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
dibenzoazepine
ureas
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Carbamazepine Metabolism Pathway	7	18

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	10.0000	0.0003	0.7693	10.0000	AID537763
P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.1560	2.9352	6.1000	AID1064727
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
neural crest cell migration	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
heart morphogenesis	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell differentiation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contraction	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorylation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic morphogenesis	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell division	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to temperature stimulus	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ruffle assembly	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
tissue homeostasis	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potential	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ATP	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fluid shear stress	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell activation	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to pain	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injury	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chemotaxis	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of touch	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transport	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
relaxation of cardiac muscle	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to zinc ion	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ATP	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathway	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of microglial cell migration	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
GTPase activator activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
purinergic nucleotide receptor activity	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly ATP-gated monoatomic cation channel activity	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated calcium channel activity	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleoplasm	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membrane	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell junction	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
terminal bouton	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell body	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	P2X purinoceptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (23)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1220820	Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose measured for 72 hrs post-dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220822	Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose measured for 72 hrs post-dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID196513	t max for anticonvulsant activity was tested in rats intraperitoneally	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14	Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220824	Total plasma clearance in human at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220860	n-Octanol/aqueous buffer partition coefficient, log P of the compound at pH 7.4	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220828	Total plasma clearance in human at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220826	Total plasma clearance in human at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1064727	Antagonist activity at human P2X4 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced cytosolic calcium influx preincubated for 30 mins followed by ATP addition by Fluo-4 AM dye-based fluorescence assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3	Carbamazepine derivatives with P2X4 receptor-blocking activity.
AID1220859	Drug level in human plasma treated with [14C]oxcarbazepine at 400 mg, po	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID537763	Displacement of [3H]LSD from human cloned 5HT2B receptor expressed in CHO cells by liquid scintillation counting	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21	Development, validation, and use of quantitative structure-activity relationship models of 5-hydroxytryptamine (2B) receptor ligands to identify novel receptor binders and putative valvulopathic compounds among common drugs.
AID1064724	Antagonist activity at human P2X4 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced cytosolic calcium influx at 100 uM preincubated for 30 mins followed by ATP addition by Fluo-4 AM dye-based fluorescence assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3	Carbamazepine derivatives with P2X4 receptor-blocking activity.
AID1220831	Renal clearance in human at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220832	Renal clearance in human at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220814	AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220823	Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose measured for 72 hrs post-dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220830	Renal clearance in human at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220818	AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID195317	Compound was tested for anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in rat	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14	Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID226935	Protective index value of the compound, given by intraperitoneally (TD50/ED50)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14	Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220856	AUC in human at at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by non-enantiospecific assay based high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220816	AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6	Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID190110	Compound was tested intraperitoneally for anticonvulsant activity by rotarod test	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14	Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID176347	Compound was tested intraperitoneally for anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in rat by MES test	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14	Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9 (8.74)	18.7374
1990's	24 (23.30)	18.2507
2000's	35 (33.98)	29.6817
2010's	30 (29.13)	24.3611
2020's	5 (4.85)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	20 (18.87%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (1.89%)	6.00%
Case Studies	8 (7.55%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	76 (71.70%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.09	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.17	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.49	2	2	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	11.38	94	16	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.74	3	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.77	2	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.79	3	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.09	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.74	9	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.81	2	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.76	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	pyrroloindole
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.09	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	3.37	1	1	aromatic ether
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.47	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.98	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.49	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.06	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.17	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
diethylamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.05	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.47	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	1.98	1	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine [no description available]	2.52	2	0
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.06	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.09	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	1.98	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	10.78	81	17	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
6-fluoromelatonin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.98	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
adrenoglomerulotropin adrenoglomerulotropin: aldosterone stimulating hormone found in extracts of pineal gland; structure	2.05	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.13	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5h-dibenzazepine-5-carboxamide 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzazepine-5-carboxamide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.28	4	1	dibenzoazepine
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	6.57	13	4	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	1.98	1	0
1-(5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)ethan-1-one [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	4.04	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.01	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	4.04	4	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.03	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	4.56	5	1	dibenzooxazepine
pnu 96415e [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperazines
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.17	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.13	1	0	glycoside

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	5.36	7	2
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	10.36	7	2
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	2.05	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.05	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	8.06	25	4
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1	10.06	25	4
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	3.63	9	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	4.87	4	2
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	4.87	4	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.93	4	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.02	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	2.03	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	3.37	1	1
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	0	3.37	1	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	2	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	0	4.05	3	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	3.35	1	1
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	3.35	1	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	3.43	1	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	1	6.4	2	2

10-hydroxycarbamazepine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (64)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (72)

Molecular Functions (16)

Ceullar Components (15)

Bioassays (23)

Research

Studies (103)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 19.05

Study Types

10-hydroxycarbamazepine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (64)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (72)

Molecular Functions (16)

Ceullar Components (15)

Bioassays (23)

Research

Studies (103)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 19.05

Study Types

Related Drugs (61)

Related Conditions (29)