| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine | cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite |
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid | food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite |
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.' | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes | environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite |
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor;
fundamental metabolite |
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore |
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound | ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore |
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound | |
hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid
hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid: an endocrine disruptor. hexadecafluorononanoic acid : Any derivative of nonanoic acid carrying sixteen fluoro substituents. | 2.5 | 2 | 0 | hexadecafluorononanoic acid | |
perfluorooctane
perfluorooctane: used in the treatment of giant retinal tears with proliferative vitreoretinopathy | 8.85 | 9 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon | |
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid. | 4.67 | 26 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorodecanoic acid
perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid. | 3.11 | 4 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorobutane
perfluorobutane: component of the echo contrast agent, BR14, which consists of perfluorobutane gas microbubbles. perflubutane : A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14. | 3.02 | 4 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
gas molecular entity | ultrasound contrast agent |
perflexane
perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. | 3.18 | 5 | 0 | fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon;
volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent;
radioopaque medium |
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid. | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | chromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom | Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient |
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom | |
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
fluorides
[no description available] | 3.12 | 1 | 0 | halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine | |
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | benzenes;
phenyl acetates | |
perfluorohexanoic acid
perfluorohexanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated hexanoic acid. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines. | 3.54 | 8 | 0 | perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid | |
perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid
perfluoroheptanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid. | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid
perfluorononanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is nonanoic acid in which all of the hydrogens in the alkyl chain are replaced by fluorines. | 2.61 | 2 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | persistent organic pollutant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic |
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines. | 6.26 | 43 | 0 | perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid | antilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant |
perfluoroundecanoic acid
perfluoroundecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated undecanoic acid. | 3.11 | 3 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic |
sulfluramid
sulfluramid: delayed-action insecticide against the cockroach Dyctyoptera; Blattelidae germanica. sulfluramid : A sulfonamide obtained by the formal condensation of perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid with ethylamine. | 3.17 | 5 | 0 | sulfonamide | acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic |
trifluoromethylsulfonamide
trifluoromethylsulfonamide: RN given refers to parent | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | | |
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen | micronutrient |
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis. | 4.54 | 23 | 0 | fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | acetate salt;
ammonium salt | buffer;
food acidity regulator |
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride | allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator |
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom | neurotoxin |
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | metalloid atom;
pnictogen | micronutrient |
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen | macronutrient |
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | | |
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | | |