Compounds > modafinil
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modafinil

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Description

Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4236
CHEMBL ID1373
CHEBI ID77585
CHEBI ID31859
SCHEMBL ID34488
MeSH IDM0140282

Synonyms (147)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0714
AC-1382
HMS3393P17
BRD-A16332958-001-02-4
cn-801
provigil
modasomil
modavigil
crl-40476
aft-801
attenace
sparlon
modiodal
alertec
2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide
BSPBIO_002270
modafinil
modafinil, >=98% (hplc)
MLS000759427
modafinilum [latin]
smr000058957
2-((diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)acetamide
DB00745
modafinil (jan/usp/inn)
provigil (tn)
68693-11-8
D01832
NCGC00095176-03
NCGC00095176-01
NCGC00095176-02
2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl)acetamide
modafinil [usan:inn]
modafinilo [spanish]
dea no. 1680
acetamide, 2-((diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)-
(+-)-modafinil
crl 40476
cep 1538
SPECTRUM2_001712
SPBIO_001724
SPECTRUM1505361
NCGC00095176-04
NCGC00095176-05
HMS2051P17
HMS2093D15
L001269
2-(diphenyl-methanesulfinyl)-acetamide
bdbm50156055
modafinil civ
modaphonil
CHEMBL1373 ,
crc-40476
cep-1538
nsc-759110
thn-102 component modafinil
chebi:77585 ,
nsc-751178
dep-1538
thn102 component modafinil
HMS1922F12
2-benzhydrylsulfinylacetamide
2-(diphenylmethyl)sulfinylethanamide
2-(diphenylmethyl)sulfinylacetamide
A836219
modalert
nsc751178
AKOS004118314
NCGC00095176-06
HMS3264I03
nsc 751178
modafinilum
modafinil [usan:usp:inn:ban]
r3uk8x3u3d ,
modafinilo
hsdb 7585
unii-r3uk8x3u3d
nsc 759110
pharmakon1600-01504283
MLS001424049
pharmakon1600-01505361
nsc759110
nsc758711
dtxcid103329
dtxsid0023329 ,
cas-68693-11-8
tox21_111470
nsc751850
CCG-39511
moderateafinil
AM20060710
modafinil civ [usp-rs]
modafinil [vandf]
modafinil [jan]
modafinil [mart.]
modafinil [ep monograph]
112111-49-6
modafinil [usp monograph]
modafinil [mi]
modafinil [inn]
(+/-)-modafinil
modafinil [who-dd]
modafinil [usan]
modafinil [orange book]
modafinil [hsdb]
HY-15201A
gtpl7555
2-[di(phenyl)methylsulfinyl]acetamide
NC00224
SCHEMBL34488
NCGC00095176-08
tox21_111470_1
YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
(-)benzhydrylsulphinylacetamide
F2173-0797
grl 40476
cn 801
unii-152jrg3t0u
AB00639993_03
AB00639993_04
2-(diphenylmethane)sulfinylacetamide
SR-01000759419-4
sr-01000759419
SR-01000759419-3
modafinil for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
modafinil, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
modafinil 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
SBI-0206841.P001
HMS3713C12
HB0860
Q410441
AS-17039
BCP28422
alertec pound>> modavigil pound>> modiodal pound>> provigil pound>> modalert pound>> crl-40476
BRD-A16332958-001-04-0
r modafinil
modafinil- bio-x
BM164601
modafinil civ (usp-rs)
modafinil (usan:usp:inn:ban)
(rs)-2-(diphenylmethylsulfinyl)acetamide
modafinil (mart.)
modafinil (ep monograph)
chebi:31859
modafinil (usp monograph)
rac-2-((diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl)acetamide
n06ba07
modafinilum (latin)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Modafinil is an eugeroic drug that has been examined to maintain or recover wakefulness, alertness, and cognitive performance when sleep deprived. It is a wakefulness promoter used to treat sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Modafinil is a wake promoting compound with high potential for cognitive enhancement. "( Heterocyclic Analogues of Modafinil as Novel, Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
Aher, NY; Bakulev, V; Beryozkina, T; Dragačević, V; Gonzalez, EP; Ilić, M; Kalaba, P; Langer, T; Leban, JJ; Lindner, W; Lubec, G; Miklosi, AG; Radoman, B; Roller, A; Saroja, SR; Sitte, HH; Urban, E; Wackerlig, J; Wieder, M; Zehl, M, 2017)		2.2
"Modafinil is an eugeroic drug that has been examined to maintain or recover wakefulness, alertness, and cognitive performance when sleep deprived. "( A State-of-the-Art Review on the Use of Modafinil as A Performance-enhancing Drug in the Context of Military Operationality.
Lacroix, E; Pattyn, N; Van Cutsem, J; Van Puyvelde, M, 2022)		2.43
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug that shows potential in improving attention and memory in humans and animals."( Modafinil rescues repeated morphine-induced synaptic and behavioural impairments via activation of D1R-ERK-CREB pathway in medial prefrontal cortex.
Deji, C; Gao, K; Lai, J; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Qiao, X; Wang, Y; Xu, M; Yin, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Armodafinil is a wake-promoting agent against sleep deprivation related disorders."( Application of armodafinil-loaded microneedle patches against the negative influence induced by sleep deprivation.
Du, L; Jin, Y; Li, Q; Ou, G; Wang, L; Yu, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L; Zhu, S; Zhuang, X, 2021)		1.52
"Armodafinil is a psychostimulant that might help cancer-related fatigue in patients with HGG."( Efficacy of Treatment With Armodafinil for Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With High-grade Glioma: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Brown, PD; Cerhan, JL; Jaeckle, KA; Kizilbash, SH; Kohli, S; Le-Rademacher, J; Liu, H; Loprinzi, CL; McMurray, RP; Mehta, MP; Porter, AB; Sloan, J; Villano, JL, 2022)		1.57
"Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant that promotes wakefulness and is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and several other conditions. "( Modafinil-induced ventricular arrhythmia: A case report.
Karagöz, A; Kültürsay, B; Mutlu, D, 2022)		3.61
"Modafinil (MOD) is a wakefulness promoter used to treat sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. "( Modafinil acquires reinforcing effects when combined with citalopram.
Juárez, J; Yepez, JE, 2022)		3.61
"Modafinil is a stimulant drug used for narcolepsy and some other sleep disorders."( Could Modafinil Be an Option in the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions Due to Antidepressant Use in Women? Two Case Reports.
Yilbaş, B, 2022)		1.92
"Modafinil is a common treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy. "( Pitolisant-supported bridging during drug holidays to deal with tolerance to modafinil in patients with narcolepsy.
Apel, D; Ellwardt, E; Fleischer, V; Groppa, S; Kallweit, U; Lang, C; Winter, Y, 2023)		2.58
"Modafinil is a drug with stimulanteffect on the central nervous system by binding to norepinephrineand dopamine transporters and consequently increasing synapticnorepinephrine and dopamine levels."( [Use of Modafinil in Co-existing Major Depression and ErectileDysfunction: A Case Report].
Karaş, H; Kaşer, M, 2019)		1.67
"Modafinil is a nonamphetamine nootropic drug with an increasingly therapeutic interest due to its different sites of action and behavioral effects in comparison to cocaine or amphetamine. "( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects.
Dinis-Oliveira, RJ; Sousa, A, 2020)		2.24
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant drug approved by the FDA primarily for the treatment of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep apnea. "( Modulating the immune response with the wake-promoting drug modafinil: A potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory disorders.
Zager, A, 2020)		2.24
"Modafinil (MOD) is a dopamine (DA) reuptake blocker prescribed to treat sleep disorders; however, in recent years it has been used for the treatment of ADHD with positive results."( Modafinil reduces choice impulsivity while increasing motor activity in preadolescent rats treated prenatally with alcohol.
Heyer-Osorno, R; Juárez, J, 2020)		2.72
"Modafinil is a non-amphetamine stimulant that is prescribed for narcolepsy-associated sleepiness as well as reported off-licence uses among university students looking to improve wakefulness and focus. "( Hyponatraemia and cerebral oedema due to a modafinil overdose.
Kaminskaite, V; Kandasamy, RO; May, F, 2020)		2.26
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent that is known to be used off-label as a cognitive enhancer and for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)."( Modafinil-induced psychosis in a patient with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Flavell, J, 2021)		3.51
"Modafinil is a highly cost-effective treatment for post-stroke fatigue, offering significant productivity gains and potential cost-savings to society from the widespread use of modafinil treatment in the Australian population of working-age stroke-survivors."( Exploring the Economic Benefits of Modafinil for Post-Stroke Fatigue in Australia: A Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation.
Bajorek, B; Bivard, A; Gao, L; Garcia-Esperon, C; Holliday, E; Levi, C; Lillicrap, T; Parsons, M; Spratt, N, 2020)		2.28
"Modafinil was shown to be an effective and safe treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with IH without long sleep time."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study.
Inoue, Y; Tabata, T; Tsukimori, N, 2021)		2.37
"Modafinil is a potent eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting) drug that is prescribed to treat narcolepsy and has a low incidence of abuse. "( Mesencephalic dopamine neurons are essential for modafinil-induced arousal.
Dong, H; Huang, ZL; Lazarus, M; Li, L; Qu, WM; Shen, Y; Yang, YF, 2021)		2.32
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent and has been reported to be effective in improving attention in patients with attentional disturbance. "( Modafinil enhances alerting-related brain activity in attention networks.
Fukayama, H; Funayama, T; Ikeda, Y; Okubo, Y; Suzuki, H; Tateno, A, 2017)		3.34
"Modafinil is a cognitive enhancer whose effect in healthy volunteers is well-described, but whose effects on the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia appear to be inconsistent."( Modafinil and cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia and healthy volunteers: the effects of test battery in a randomised controlled trial.
Bamford, C; Collier, T; Drake, RJ; Emsley, R; Kalpakidou, A; Kapur, S; Lees, J; Lewis, SW; Michalopoulou, PG; Pandina, G; Preston, S; Wykes, T, 2017)		2.62
"Modafinil is a wake promoting drug approved for clinical use and also has cognitive enhancing properties. "( R-Modafinil exerts weak effects on spatial memory acquisition and dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity.
Aher, NY; Aher, YD; Aradska, J; Daba Feyissa, D; Dragacevic, V; Hoeger, H; Ilic, M; Kalaba, P; Korz, V; Langer, T; Lubec, G; Saber Marouf, B; Shanmugasundaram, B; Sitte, HH, 2017)		2.62
"Modafinil (MOD) is a wakefulness-inducing compound prescribed for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness as a consequence of sleep disturbances such as shift work sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or narcolepsy. "( An Overview of the Clinical Uses, Pharmacology, and Safety of Modafinil.
Barbosa Rocha, N; Barciela Veras, A; Budde, H; Machado, S; Murillo-Rodríguez, E, 2018)		2.16
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant drug prescribed for treatment of narcolepsy. "( Prenatal exposure to modafinil alters behavioural response to methamphetamine in adult male mice.
Amchova, P; Machalova, A; Pistovcakova, J; Ruda-Kucerova, J; Sulcova, A, 2018)		2.24
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant drug prescribed mainly for treatment of narcolepsy but is used as a "smart drug" by wide populations to increase wakefulness, concentration and overall mental performance. "( Prenatal exposure to modafinil alters locomotor behaviour and leucocyte phagocytosis in mice.
Amchova, P; Machalova, A; Pistovcakova, J; Ruda-Kucerova, J; Sulcova, A, 2018)		2.24
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant that has been shown to enhance cognitive and physical performance. "( Effect of acute modafinil ingestion on cognitive and physical performance following mental exertion.
Cooper, G; Hewitt, A; Martin, K; McDonald, W; Rattray, B, 2019)		2.3
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting drug with FDA approval for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and sleep apnea. "( Modafinil alone and in combination with low dose amphetamine does not establish conditioned place preference in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Baker, LE; Prisinzano, TE; Quisenberry, AJ, 2013)		3.28
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting drug with FDA approval for the treatment of sleep-related disorders that has recently been investigated as a potential agonist replacement therapy for psychostimulant dependence. "( Combined effects of modafinil and d-amphetamine in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate d-amphetamine.
Baker, LE; Prisinzano, T; Quisenberry, AJ, 2013)		2.16
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug and has been approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. "( Differential effects of modafinil on memory in naïve and memory-impaired rats.
Busato, SB; D'avila Portal, BC; Garcia, VA; Piazza, FC; Schröder, N; Souza de Freitas, B, 2013)		2.14
"Modafinil is a promising compound in this respect."( Effect of modafinil on cognitive functions in alcohol dependent patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Dom, G; Goudriaan, AE; Joos, L; Sabbe, BG; Schmaal, L; van den Brink, W, 2013)		1.51
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug licensed to treat residual sleepiness in CPAP-treated OSA."( Modafinil improves daytime sleepiness in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea not using standard treatments: a randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial.
Chang, CL; Chapman, JL; Grunstein, RR; Kempler, L; Marshall, NS; Sivam, S; Williams, SC; Wong, KK; Yee, BJ, 2014)		2.57
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent approved by the FDA ameliorating excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in three disorders: narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder and obstructive sleep apnea. "( Efficacy of modafinil on fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dong, Y; Han, X; Hou, L; Huang, C; Sheng, P; Wang, X; Yu, M, 2013)		2.21
"Modafinil is an effective augmentation strategy for acute depressive episodes, including for symptoms of fatigue, in both unipolar and bipolar disorders."( Modafinil augmentation therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Costafreda, SG; Fu, CH; Goss, AJ; Kaser, M; Sahakian, BJ, 2013)		3.28
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting compound approved for the treatment of sleeping disorders."( Modafinil improves methamphetamine-induced object recognition deficits and restores prefrontal cortex ERK signaling in mice.
Bisagno, V; Cadet, JL; García-Rill, E; González, B; Raineri, M; Urbano, FJ, 2014)		2.57
"Armodafinil is a medication used to treat excessive sleepiness in individuals with shift work disorder (SWD). "( The effects of armodafinil on objective sleepiness and performance in a shift work disorder sample unselected for objective sleepiness.
Drake, CL; Howard, R; Roth, T, 2014)		1.46
"Modafinil is an effective and safe medication in the treatment of IH."( Modafinil in the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Benes, H; Bitterlich, M; Mayer, G; Rodenbeck, A; Young, P, 2015)		2.58
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting compound that is also been prescribed off-label to treat METH dependence."( Differential effects of environment-induced changes in body temperature on modafinil's actions against methamphetamine-induced striatal toxicity in mice.
Bisagno, V; Cadet, JL; García-Rill, E; Ghanem, CI; González, B; Gutiérrez, ML; Muñiz, JA; Raineri, M; Rivero-Echeto, C; Urbano, FJ, 2015)		1.37
"Armodafinil is a drug known to promote wakefulness, which is related to modafinil, a compound that improves fatigue in some cancer patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents."( A phase 3 trial of armodafinil for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue for patients with multiple myeloma.
Andreu-Vieyra, C; Berenson, JR; Charu, V; Chen, CS; Nassir, Y; Sanani, S; Schlutz, M; Shamasunder, HK; Swift, RA; Vescio, R; Woliver, TB; Yellin, O, 2015)		1.29
"Modafinil is a medication licensed for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Modafinil increases the latency of response in the Hayling Sentence Completion Test in healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial.
Lewis, CR; Mohamed, AD, 2014)		3.29
"Modafinil, is a wake-promoting drug approved by Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) for narcolepsy and sleep-apnoe syndrome. "( Effects of modafinil on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsive epilepsy.
Aydin, D; Ekici, F; Ozsoy, S, 2015)		2.25
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant drug, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy associated excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep disorder related to shift work, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. "( Fixed drug eruptions with modafinil.
Ghoshal, L; Sinha, M, )		1.87
"Modafinil is a promising medication with increased cocaine abstinence and reduced craving in some previous studies."( Modafinil in the treatment of crack-cocaine dependence in the Netherlands: Results of an open-label randomised controlled feasibility trial.
Blanken, P; Hendriks, V; Nuijten, M; van den Brink, W, 2015)		2.58
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent that provides wide ranges of neurological effects. "( Antidepressant-like effect of modafinil in mice: Evidence for the involvement of the dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Farhoudi, M; Mahmoudi, J; Sabermarouf, B; Sadigh-Eteghad, S; Talebi, M, 2015)		2.15
"Modafinil is a well-tolerated psychostimulant drug with low addictive potential that is used to treat patients with narcolepsy and other excessive sleepiness. "( Evaluation of the Effect of Modafinil on Cognitive Functions in Patients with Idiopathic Hypersomnia with P300.
Aydin, T; Güzel, Hİ; Karakaya, F; Kayaalp, D; Mayda, H; Yaman, M, 2015)		2.15
"Modafinil is a drug developed and used for the treatment of excessive lethargy. "( Effects of modafinil on attention performance, short-term memory and executive function in university students: a randomized trial.
Fernández, A; Lips, W; Madrid, E; Mascayano, F; Norambuena, J; Painel, A, 2015)		2.25
"Modafinil is a medication approved for narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder. "( A double blind, placebo controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence without co-morbid alcohol dependence.
Dackis, C; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Pettinati, HM; Spratt, K; Wierzbicki, MR, 2015)		2.12
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug with FDA approval for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness that has been prescribed for ADHD and recently assessed as a potential treatment for psychostimulant dependence. "( Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus functions of modafinil in rats.
Baker, LE; Quisenberry, AJ, 2015)		2.1
"Modafinil is an FDA-approved eugeroic that directly increases cortical catecholamine levels, indirectly upregulates cerebral serotonin, glutamate, orexin, and histamine levels, and indirectly decreases cerebral gamma-amino-butrytic acid levels. "( Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review.
Battleday, RM; Brem, AK, 2015)		3.3
"Modafinil is an approved drug for the treatment of narcolepsy and have a strong market presence in many countries. "( Cyclodextrin based ternary system of modafinil: Effect of trimethyl chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone as complexing agents.
Agrawal, YK; Patel, P; Sarvaiya, J, 2016)		2.15
"Modafinil is a candidate compound for the treatment of cocaine addiction that binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT) in healthy humans, as observed by positron emission tomography (PET). "( Dopamine Transporter Correlates and Occupancy by Modafinil in Cocaine-Dependent Patients: A Controlled Study With High-Resolution PET and [(11)C]-PE2I.
Artiges, E; Bordas, N; Dubois, A; Dubol, M; Karila, L; Leroy, C; Mabondo, A; Marill, C; Martinot, JL; Reynaud, M; Trichard, C, 2016)		2.13
"Modafinil is a synthetic molecule used for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( A Critical Review of Properties of Modafinil and Analytical, Bioanalytical Methods for its Determination.
Ramachandra, B, 2016)		2.15
"Modafinil is a non-amphetaminic wake-promoting compound used as therapy against sleepiness and narcolepsy. "( Impact of Astroglial Connexins on Modafinil Pharmacological Properties.
Charvériat, M; Chauveau, F; Dauvilliers, Y; Duchêne, A; Giaume, C; Jeanson, T; Lagarde, D; Lin, JS; Liu, X; Mouthon, F; Perier, M; Picoli, C; Piérard, C; Thomasson, J; Zhao, Y, 2016)		2.16
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent with established benefits in other disease models."( Modafinil In Debilitating fatigue After Stroke (MIDAS): study protocol for a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Attia, J; Bivard, A; Krishnamurthy, V; Levi, CR; Lillicrap, T; Nilsson, M; Parsons, MW, 2016)		2.6
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug and has been widely used for daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. "( Disharmony between wake- and respiration-promoting activities: effects of modafinil on ventilatory control in rodents.
Fukushi, I; Hasebe, Y; Okada, Y; Pokorski, M; Takeda, K; Tatsumi, K; Terada, J, 2016)		2.11
"Modafinil (MOD) is a waking-promoting compound that is used for the treatment of sleep disorders such as sleepiness and narcolepsy. "( Molecular Insights of CREB and MAP-K Phosphorylation by Modafinil in Wake-Related Brain Areas.
Farret-Ramos, AA; Jimenez-Moreno, R; Murillo-Rodriguez, E; Trujillo-Paredes, N; Valle-Ayala, A, 2018)		2.17
"Modafinil is a low-potency inhibitor of dopamine transporters (DAT) approved clinically to promote wakefulness. "( Oral modafinil facilitates intracranial self-stimulation in rats: comparison with methylphenidate.
Lazenka, MF; Negus, SS, 2017)		2.41
"Modafinil is a unique drug and has potential for many interactions with anaesthetic agents; these are discussed in this report."( Day case general anaesthesia in a patient with narcolepsy.
Doyle, A; Wilkinson, D, 2008)		1.07
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting compound with low abuse potential used in the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors are essential for the arousal effect of modafinil.
Huang, ZL; Matsumoto, N; Qu, WM; Urade, Y; Xu, XH, 2008)		2.02
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent that is pharmacologically different from other stimulants. "( Approved and investigational uses of modafinil : an evidence-based review.
Kumar, R, 2008)		2.06
"Modafinil is a novel stimulant approved for treating improving wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift-work sleep disorder."( Adjunctive use of modafinil in bipolar patients: just another stimulant or not?
Reddy, R; Shelton, RC, 2008)		1.4
"Modafinil appears to be a safe, effective treatment for PBC-related fatigue."( Modafinil in the treatment of debilitating fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis: a clinical experience.
de Jongh, M; Ian Gan, S; Kaplan, MM, 2009)		2.52
"Modafinil is a stimulant with a selective site of action in the brain that is better tolerated than traditional stimulants, such as methylphenidate."( Modafinil for the treatment of fatigue in lung cancer: a pilot study.
Booden, D; Dhillan, R; Fife, K; Forbes, K; Spathis, A; Vrotsou, K, 2009)		2.52
"Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant with minimal toxicity and a low propensity for abuse."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue.
Bird, HM; Cooper, MR; Steinberg, M, 2009)		1.38
"Modafinil is a centrally acting agent that is structurally and pharmacologically different from stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate."( A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial of modafinil in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.
Akhondzadeh, S; Ghoreishi, A; Kahbazi, M; Kamalipour, A; Mohammadi, MR; Rahiminejad, F, 2009)		1.32
"Modafinil is a relatively new central nervous system stimulant that has none of the drawbacks of dextroamphetamine, but has not been evaluated for the treatment of motion sickness."( Modafinil as a potential motion sickness countermeasure.
Hoyt, RE; Lawson, BD; McClellan, MA; McGee, HA; Strompolis, ML, 2009)		2.52
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant approved for treating excessive sleepiness in adults; off-label uses (e.g., treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, ADHD and age-related dementias) are currently being explored. "( Age-dependent effects of modafinil on acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in rats.
McFadden, SL; Morgan, RE; Zulas, AL, 2010)		2.11
"Modafinil (Provigil) is a wake-promoting drug approved for patients with narcolepsy or other causes of excessive daytime sleepiness. "( Unsuccessful suicide attempt of a 15 year old adolescent with ingestion of 5000 mg modafinil.
Neuman, G; Pillar, G; Shehadeh, N, 2009)		2.02
"Armodafinil is a wake-promoting agent approved in 2007 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of excessive sleepiness arising from narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; even after optimal treatment for the underlying obstruction) and shift-work disorder (SWD)."( Armodafinil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Bogan, RK, 2010)		1.64
"Armodafinil is a useful therapy for the treatment of excessive sleepiness arising from a number of clinical conditions. "( Armodafinil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Bogan, RK, 2010)		1.8
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant drug used widely for the treatment of narcolepsy, which also has additional positive effects on cognition. "( The psychostimulant modafinil facilitates water maze performance and augments synaptic potentiation in dentate gyrus.
Barlow, S; González Reyes, RE; Lyons, DG; O'Mara, SM; Tsanov, M, )		1.9
"Modafinil (Provigil) is a wake-promoting drug characterized by cognitive enhancing abilities. "( Modafinil effects on reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in a rat model of relapse.
Reichel, CM; See, RE, 2010)		3.25
"Modafinil is a non-amphetamine wakefulness-promoting agent used for the treatment of various sleep disorders characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. "( A retrospective review of supratherapeutic modafinil exposures.
Cantrell, FL; Carstairs, SD; Clark, RF; Hoffman, J; Urquhart, A, 2010)		2.07
"Modafinil is a reasonable therapeutic option in this patient population, although larger, long-term, randomized controlled studies are necessary to further elucidate the appropriate dose of modafinil, its effects on MS-related fatigue, and adverse effects associated with its use."( Modafinil for the treatment of multiple sclerosis-related fatigue.
Brown, JN; Howard, CA; Kemp, DW, 2010)		2.52
"Modafinil is a drug used to treat hypersomnolence of narcolepsy. "( Modanifil activates the histaminergic system through the orexinergic neurons.
Ishizuka, T; Murotani, T; Yamatodani, A, 2010)		1.8
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent whose effects on cognitive performance have begun to be addressed at both preclinical and clinical level. "( Effect of modafinil on learning performance and neocortical long-term potentiation in rats.
Burgos, H; Castillo, A; Cofré, C; Constandil, L; Flores, O; Gatica, A; Hernández, A; Laurido, C; Morgan, C; Puentes, G, 2010)		2.21
"Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant used to promote wakefulness, and it is being evaluated clinically as an agonist medication for treating stimulant abuse. "( Behavioral evaluation of modafinil and the abuse-related effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.
Lozama, A; Mello, NK; Negus, SS; Newman, JL; Prisinzano, TE, 2010)		2.11
"Armodafinil is a wakefulness-promoting medication. "( The long-term tolerability and efficacy of armodafinil in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy: an open-label extension study.
Black, JE; Harsh, JR; Hull, SG; Tiller, J; Yang, R, 2010)		1.34
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug that has been shown to improve emotion discrimination in healthy individuals and attention and executive function in schizophrenia."( Effects of modafinil on emotional processing in first episode psychosis.
Barnett, JH; Cheng, F; Cherukuru, S; Fielding, M; Jones, PB; Lennox, BR; Murray, GK; Sahakian, BJ; Scoriels, L, 2011)		1.48
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug that has been shown to improve attention, memory and executive function in the healthy population and in patients with schizophrenia."( Effects of modafinil on cognitive functions in first episode psychosis.
Barnett, JH; Jones, PB; Sahakian, BJ; Scoriels, L; Soma, PK, 2012)		1.49
"Modafinil is a mild psychostimulant with pro-cognitive and antidepressant effects. "( The atypical stimulant and nootropic modafinil interacts with the dopamine transporter in a different manner than classical cocaine-like inhibitors.
Reith, ME; Schmitt, KC, 2011)		2.08
"Modafinil (MOD) is a wake-promoting drug with pro-cognitive properties. "( Modulation of fronto-cortical activity by modafinil: a functional imaging and fos study in the rat.
Bentivoglio, M; Bifone, A; Colavito, V; Fiorini, S; Gozzi, A; Montanari, D; Seke Etet, PF; Tambalo, S; Zucconi, GG, 2012)		2.09
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant used to treat excessive sleepiness. "( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		2.1
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug used for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness due to narcolepsy as well as excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea and shift work disorder. "( Action of modafinil through histaminergic and orexinergic neurons.
Ishizuka, T; Murotani, T; Yamatodani, A, 2012)		2.22
"Modafinil is a non-amphetaminic psychostimulant used therapeutically for sleep and psychiatric disorders. "( Individual differences are critical in determining modafinil-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization with methamphetamine in mice.
Abrahao, KP; Moreira, KD; Oliveira, MG; Quadros, IM; Soeiro, Ada C, 2012)		2.07
"Modafinil is a central nervous system wake promoting agent used for the treatment of excessive daytime sleeping. "( Modafinil effects on cognition and emotion in schizophrenia and its neurochemical modulation in the brain.
Jones, PB; Sahakian, BJ; Scoriels, L, 2013)		3.28
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent that is considered to have limited interaction with the dopaminergic system."( Agitation and psychosis associated with dementia with lewy bodies exacerbated by modafinil use.
Apostolova, LG; Marrocos, R; Ngo, M; Paholpak, P; Porter, V; Prado, E; Ringman, JM, 2012)		1.33
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug effective at enhancing alertness and attention with a variety of approved and off-label applications. "( Interactions between modafinil and cocaine during the induction of conditioned place preference and locomotor sensitization in mice: implications for addiction.
Anagnostaras, SG; Cai, DJ; Sage, JR; Shuman, T, 2012)		2.14
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent with possible beneficial effects for the management of addiction and in psychiatric conditions, but also with abuse potential of its own. "( Modafinil disrupts prepulse inhibition in mice: strain differences and involvement of dopaminergic and serotonergic activation.
Kwek, P; van den Buuse, M, 2013)		3.28
"Modafinil is a novel stimulant that is effective in the treatment of narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. "( Discriminative-stimulus effects of modafinil in cocaine-trained humans.
Hays, LR; Kelly, TH; Rush, CR; Wooten, AF, 2002)		2.03
"Modafinil is a unique wake-promoting agent that is chemically distinct from traditional stimulants. "( Modafinil in treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Results of an open-label study.
Maida, EM; Rupp, M; Schwarz, S; Zifko, UA; Zipko, HT, 2002)		3.2
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting substance whose profile differs from that of the classical psychostimulants. "( Comparison of the effects of modafinil and sleep deprivation on sleep and cortical EEG spectra in mice.
Borbély, AA; Kopp, C; Magistretti, P; Petit, JM; Tobler, I, 2002)		2.05
"Modafinil is a unique wake-promoting agent for oral administration. "( Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil.
Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P, 2003)		2.04
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent that affects hypothalamic structures involved in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of vigilance. "( Distinctive effects of modafinil and d-amphetamine on the homeostatic and circadian modulation of the human waking EEG.
Bourdon, L; Buguet, A; Canini, F; Chapotot, F; Pigeau, R, 2003)		2.07
"Modafinil is a novel stimulant approved by the FDA for use in the management of excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. "( Chiral analysis of d- and l-modafinil in human serum: application to human pharmacokinetic studies.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Malcolm, RJ; Markowitz, JS, 2003)		2.06
"Modafinil is a selective wakefulness-promoting agent with beneficial effects in narcolepsy and conditions of sleep deprivation. "( Modafinil affects mood, but not cognitive function, in healthy young volunteers.
File, SE; Plaha, KK; Randall, DC; Shneerson, JM, 2003)		3.2
"Modafinil is a novel compound that is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Modafinil and cocaine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled drug interaction study.
Cornish, JW; Dackis, CA; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Poole, S; Rowan, A; Samaha, FF; White, L; Yu, E, 2003)		3.2
"Modafinil is a first-line wake-promoting medication and a useful therapeutic alternative to psychostimulant medications for excessive daytime sleepiness."( Initiating treatment with modafinil for control of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients switching from methylphenidate: an open-label safety study assessing three strategies.
Hayduk, R; Kovacevic-Ristanovic, R; Schwartz, JR; Thorpy, MJ, 2003)		2.06
"Modafinil is an alerting agent approved for the treatment of narcolepsy in adults. "( Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children.
Gozal, D; Ivanenko, A; Tauman, R, 2003)		3.2
"Modafinil is a novel agent that has been shown to improve wakefulness and lessen fatigue in a variety of conditions."( Adjunct modafinil for the short-term treatment of fatigue and sleepiness in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
DeBattista, C; Doghramji, K; Fieve, RR; Menza, MA; Rosenthal, MH, 2003)		1.47
"Modafinil is a wakeness-promoting drug, which is effective in the treatment of narcolepsy; its effects on learning processes are however little studied. "( Enhancement of learning processes following an acute modafinil injection in mice.
Béracochéa, D; Celerier, A; Peres, M; Pierard, C, 2003)		2.01
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( A prospective trial of modafinil as an adjunctive treatment of major depression.
DeBattista, C; Ghebremichael, R; Lembke, A; Poirier, J; Solvason, HB, 2004)		2.08
"Modafinil is a selective wakefulness-promoting agent that has been shown to enhance cognitive performance under conditions of sleep deprivation but which has equivocal effects in normal young volunteers. "( The cognitive-enhancing properties of modafinil are limited in non-sleep-deprived middle-aged volunteers.
File, SE; Fleck, NL; Randall, DC; Shneerson, JM, 2004)		2.04
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting drug approved for patients with excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy."( Modafinil improves recovery after general anesthesia.
Dunn, JB; Goldberg, ME; Hojat, M; Khaleghi, B; Larijani, GE; Marr, AT, 2004)		2.49
"Modafinil is a novel vigilance-enhancing agent. "( Motor excitability and motor behaviour after modafinil ingestion--a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial.
Allstadt-Schmitz, J; Liepert, J; Weiller, C, 2004)		2.03
"Modafinil (M) is a psychostimulant developed to treat narcolepsy, with "arousal" properties attributed to an increased release of dopamine in the CNS."( Effects of acute modafinil ingestion on exercise time to exhaustion.
Bell, DG; Jacobs, I, 2004)		1.38
"Modafinil is a well-tolerated psychostimulant drug with low addictive potential that is used to treat patients with narcolepsy or attention deficit disorders and to enhance vigilance in sleep-deprived military personal. "( Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans.
Bublak, P; Müller, U; Regenthal, R; Steffenhagen, N, 2004)		2.16
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent that the FDA has approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy."( Modafinil for the treatment of pain-associated fatigue: review and case report.
Cole, B; Cutler, RB; Fishbain, DA; Lewis, J; Rosomoff, HL; Steele-Rosomoff, R, 2004)		2.49
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Modafinil facilitates performance on a delayed nonmatching to position swim task in rats.
Harsh, JR; McCoy, JG; Stewart, KL; Ward, CP; York, KM, 2004)		3.21
"Modafinil is an agent that is frequently used in the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Modafinil: preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing surveillance--a review of abuse liability issues.
LaRowe, S; Malcolm, R; Myrick, H; Taylor, B, )		3.02
"Modafinil is a relatively new alertness-enhancing compound of interest to the military aviation community. "( Modafinil's effects on simulator performance and mood in pilots during 37 h without sleep.
Brown, DL; Caldwell, JA; Caldwell, JL; Smith, JK, 2004)		3.21
"Modafinil is a glutamate-enhancing agent that blunts cocaine euphoria under controlled conditions, and the current study assessed whether modafinil would improve clinical outcome in cocaine-dependent patients receiving standardized psychosocial treatment."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence.
Dackis, CA; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Pettinati, HM, 2005)		1.31
"Modafinil (Provigil) is a new wake-promoting drug that is being used for the management of excessive sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. "( Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography.
Kong, SB; Schwertner, HA, 2005)		2.11
"Modafinil is a novel non-addicting psychostimulant approved for treatment of narcolepsy."( Modafinil in sports: ethical considerations.
Kaufman, KR, 2005)		2.49
"Modafinil is a novel wakefulness-promoting agent that has been shown to improve cognitive performance and promote wakefulness among shift workers."( Modafinil, sleep deprivation, and cognitive function in military and medical settings.
Westcott, KJ, 2005)		2.49
"Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting drug which is likely to activate some wakefulness-promoting and/or inhibit sleep-promoting neurones in the brain. "( Does modafinil activate the locus coeruleus in man? Comparison of modafinil and clonidine on arousal and autonomic functions in human volunteers.
Bradshaw, CM; Freeman, C; Hou, RH; Langley, RW; Szabadi, E, 2005)		2.29
"Modafinil (Provigil is a wake-promoting agent that is pharmacologically distinct from CNS stimulants, such as amfetamine, dexamfetamine and methylphenidate. "( Modafinil : a review of its use in excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome and shift work sleep disorder.
Keating, GM; Raffin, MJ, 2005)		3.21
"Modafinil thus appears to be an appropriate augmentation to antidepressant treatment, leading to a remission rate of 43%."( Modafinil augmentation in depressed patients with partial response to antidepressants: a pilot study on self-reported symptoms covered by the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL-92).
Bech, P; Brødsgaard, M; Olsen, LR; Rasmussen, NA; Schrøder, P; Undén, M, 2005)		2.49
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent approved for use in narcolepsy, but it is often used to treat a variety of somnolent conditions."( Modafinil for daytime somnolence in Parkinson's disease: double blind, placebo controlled parallel trial.
Atassi, F; Fayle, R; Jankovic, J; Ondo, WG, 2005)		2.49
"Modafinil (Provigil) is a novel wakefulness-promoting agent that has been shown to have greater efficacy than placebo in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. "( A review of the use of modafinil for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Turner, D, 2006)		2.09
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent that has U.S. "( A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action.
Ballon, JS; Feifel, D, 2006)		2.09
"Modafinil is a promising drug with a large potential for many uses in psychiatry and general medicine. "( A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action.
Ballon, JS; Feifel, D, 2006)		2.09
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent that can alleviate fatigue in depressed patients."( Absence of mood switch with and tolerance to modafinil: a replication study from a large private practice.
Nasr, S; Steiner, K; Wendt, B, 2006)		1.31
"Modafinil is a well-tolerated medication for excessive sleepiness, attention-deficit disorder, cocaine dependence and as an adjunct to antidepressants with low propensity for abuse. "( Modafinil inhibits rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons through D2-like receptors.
Haas, HL; Klyuch, BP; Korotkova, TM; Lin, JS; Ponomarenko, AA; Sergeeva, OA, 2007)		3.23
"Modafinil (MOD) is a wakefulness-promoting drug that improves the alertness levels in narcolepsy; however, the molecular mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. "( Modafinil enhances extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and increases wakefulness in rats.
Drucker-Colín, R; Haro, R; Millán-Aldaco, D; Murillo-Rodríguez, E; Palomero-Rivero, M, 2007)		3.23
"Modafinil is a mild psychostimulant used for the treatment of sleep and arousal-related disorders, and has been considered a pharmacotherapy for cocaine and amphetamine dependence; however, modafinil's mechanism of action is largely unclear. "( Modafinil evokes striatal [(3)H]dopamine release and alters the subjective properties of stimulants.
Dopheide, MM; Miller, DK; Morgan, RE; Rodvelt, KR; Schachtman, TR, 2007)		3.23
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting drug used for the treatment of narcolepsy, the mechanism of action of which remains unclear. "( Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats.
Ishizuka, T; Murakami, M; Yamatodani, A, 2008)		2.04
"Modafinil is a wake-promoting agent shown to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness (hypersomnolence) associated with shift work sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, or narcolepsy. "( Evaluation of the safety of modafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Arora, S; Dayno, JM; Erman, MK; Hirshkowitz, M; Roth, T; Schwartz, JR, 2007)		2.08
"Armodafinil is a wake-promoting agent developed by Cephalon that was approved in mid-2007 for the treatment of excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work disorder. "( Armodafinil: a new treatment for excessive sleepiness.
Lankford, DA, 2008)		1.79
"Armodafinil is a unique psychostimulant recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Enantioselective HPLC resolution of synthetic intermediates of armodafinil and related substances.
Kumar Talluri, MV; Nageswara Rao, R; Shinde, DD, 2008)		1.31
"Modafinil is a well-known psychoactive drug used to treat narcolepsy, hypoglycemia, cerebral ischemia and Parkinson's disease. "( Modafinil modulates GABA-activated currents in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
Huang, Q; Tang, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2008)		3.23
"Modafinil is a central putative alpha-1 postsynaptic agonist with vigilance-promoting properties. "( Modafinil: a double-blind multicentric study.
Besset, A; Billiard, M; Goldenberg, F; Laffont, F; Lubin, S; Montplaisir, J; Weill, JS, 1994)		3.17
"Modafinil is a new drug used in the treatment of narcolepsy. "( The stimulant effect of modafinil on wakefulness is not associated with an increase in anxiety in mice. A comparison with dexamphetamine.
Costentin, J; Panissaud, C; Simon, P, 1994)		2.04
"Modafinil (CRL 40476) is a vigilance-promoting, putative central alpha 1-adrenergic agonist with a pharmacological profile quite different from that of amphetamine."( Treatment of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome: double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical, psychometric and electroencephalographic mapping studies with modafinil.
Anderer, P; Frey, R; Grünberger, J; Mader, R; Saletu, B; Saletu, M, 1993)		1.2
"Modafinil, that is an effective treatment of hypersomnia, did not alleviate the symptoms of fibrositis in the short term."( Fibrositis syndrome and narcolepsy.
Bernard, PM; Disdier, P; Genton, P; Milandre, C; Millet, Y, 1993)		1.01
"Modafinil is a pharmacologically and clinically promising compound for the treatment of pathological daytime somnolence."( Randomized trial of modafinil for the treatment of pathological somnolence in narcolepsy. US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group.
, 1998)		1.34
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent being developed for treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. "( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of modafinil and methylphenidate given alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers.
Grebow, PE; King, SP; Laughton, WB; McCormick, GC; Wong, YN, 1998)		2.03
"Modafinil is a psychostimulant compound that is just now becoming available in many countries for treatment of narcoleptic and hypersomnic patients. "( Interaction of modafinil and clomipramine as comedication in a narcoleptic patient.
Griese, EU; Grözinger, M; Härtter, S; Hiemke, C; Röschke, J, )		1.93
"Modafinil is an alerting substance which has been used successfully to treat narcolepsy. "( Effect of modafinil on plasma melatonin, cortisol and growth hormone rhythms, rectal temperature and performance in healthy subjects during a 36 h sleep deprivation.
Bastuji, H; Boissy, I; Brun, J; Chamba, G; Claustrat, B; Girard, P; Khalfallah, Y; Sassolas, G, 1998)		2.15
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting compound for which the mechanism and sites of action are unknown. "( Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine.
Contreras, PC; Dennis, SA; Engber, TM; Jones, BE; Miller, MS, 1998)		1.97
"Modafinil is an effective treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy and shows continued efficacy with up to 9 weeks of daily use."( Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy: US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group.
, 2000)		1.35
"Modafinil is a newly discovered waking substance now being used in the treatment of hypersomnia and narcolepsy. "( Effects of amphetamine and modafinil on the sleep/wake cycle during experimental hypersomnia induced by sleep deprivation in the cat.
Frydman, A; Gervasoni, D; Hou, Y; Jouvet, M; Lin, JS; Rambert, F; Vanni-Mercier, G, 2000)		2.05
"Modafinil is a unique wake-promoting agent. "( An evaluation of the abuse potential of modafinil using methylphenidate as a reference.
Jasinski, DR, 2000)		2.02
"Modafinil is a novel psychostimulant that has shown efficacy in, and was recently marketed for, treating excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy."( Modafinil augmentation of antidepressant treatment in depression.
Castellanos, A; Kaufman, KR; Menza, MA, 2000)		2.47
"Modafinil appears to be a drug with promise as an augmenter of antidepressants, especially in patients with residual tiredness or fatigue. "( Modafinil augmentation of antidepressant treatment in depression.
Castellanos, A; Kaufman, KR; Menza, MA, 2000)		3.19
"Modafinil is a novel wake-promoting agent with a mechanism of action that differs markedly from that of amphetamine and amphetamine-like stimulants."( Evaluation of the abuse liability of modafinil and other drugs for excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.
Jasinski, DR; Kovacević-Ristanović, R, )		1.13
"Modafinil is a promising countermeasure for sleep loss in normals; however, additional studies aimed at reducing side effects are needed before it should be used in aviators."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study.
Caldwell, JA; Caldwell, JL; Hall, KK; Smythe, NK, 2000)		1.99
"Modafinil is a novel medication recently approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. "( Problems associated with switch to modafinil - a novel alerting agent in narcolepsy.
Aftab, FA; Guilleminault, C; Karadeniz, D; Leger, D; Philip, P, 2000)		2.03
"Modafinil is an increasingly popular wake-promoting drug used for the treatment of narcolepsy, but its precise mechanism of action is unknown. "( Hypothalamic arousal regions are activated during modafinil-induced wakefulness.
Chemelli, RM; Estabrooke, IV; McCarthy, MT; Miller, MS; Saper, CB; Scammell, TE; Yanagisawa, M, 2000)		2
"Modafinil is a drug that promotes wakefulness and, as such, is used to treat hypersomnia and narcolepsy. "( Study of the addictive potential of modafinil in naive and cocaine-experienced rats.
Bruins-Slot, L; Darnaudéry, M; Deroche-Gamonet, V; Le Moal, M; Piat, F; Piazza, PV, 2002)		2.03
"Modafinil is a recently developed drug which increases wakefulness in several animal species and in man, an effect involving, at least in part, central adrenoceptors. "( Effect of modafinil on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat. A comparison with methadone.
Chariot, J; Nagain, C; Rozé, C; Vaille, C, 1991)		2.13
"2. Modafinil (CRL 40476) is a putative central alpha-1 adrenergic agonist."( On the treatment of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with an alpha-adrenergic agonist modafinil: double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological studies.
Frey, R; Grünberger, J; Mader, R; Saletu, B; Saletu, M; Zatschek, I, 1990)		1.01
"Modafinil (CRL 40476) is a recently developed central alpha adrenergic agonist with vigilance-promoting properties. "( Differential effects of a new central adrenergic agonist--modafinil--and D-amphetamine on sleep and early morning behaviour in young healthy volunteers.
Anderer, P; Barbanoj, MJ; Frey, R; Grünberger, J; Krupka, M; Saletu, B, 1989)		1.96
"Modafinil (CRL 40476) is a new central alpha-adrenergic agonist with vigilance-promoting properties. "( Differential effects of the new central adrenergic agonist modafinil and d-amphetamine on sleep and early morning behaviour in elderlies.
Anderer, P; Barbanoj, MJ; Frey, R; Grünberger, J; Krupka, M; Saletu, B, 1989)		1.96

Effects

Modafinil has a wakening effect at the dose of 6 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys and induces quasicontinuous wakefulness for 4 total days and nights with daily administration of 22.5mg/kg. The drug has a number of neurochemical actions in the brain, which may be related to primary effects on catecholaminergic systems.

Modafinil (MOD) it has to be considered as a wake-inducing drug to treat sleep disorders such as excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy, shift-work disorder, and obstructive/sleep apnea syndrome. ModafInil has shown neuroprotective properties against METH harmful effects in animal models.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Modafinil in low doses has a unique physiologic profile compared with stimulant drugs: it enhances the efficiency of prefrontal cortical cognitive information processing, while dampening reactivity to threatening stimuli in the amygdala, a brain region implicated in anxiety."( Modulatory effects of modafinil on neural circuits regulating emotion and cognition.
Apud, JA; Arrillaga-Romany, IC; Blasi, G; Callicott, JH; Goldberg, TE; Mattay, VS; Rasetti, R; Sambataro, F; Skjei, K; Stankevich, B; Weinberger, DR, 2010)		1.4
"Modafinil has an excellent benefit/risk ratio in idiopathic hypersomnia, with or without long sleep time, similar to its effect on narcolepsy/cataplexy."( Benefit and risk of modafinil in idiopathic hypersomnia vs. narcolepsy with cataplexy.
Arnulf, I; Dauvilliers, Y; Drouot, X; Franco, P; Golmard, JL; Lavault, S; Lecendreux, M; Leu-Semenescu, S, 2011)		2.14
"Modafinil has a low abuse potential and is well tolerated."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients treated previously with psychostimulants.
Feldman, NT; Fry, JM; Harsh, J; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		1.35
"Modafinil has a modest, yet significant effect on EDS in children and appears to be safe and well tolerated."( Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children.
Gozal, D; Ivanenko, A; Tauman, R, 2003)		3.2
"Modafinil has a safer side-effect profile and as a result, interest in this drug for the management of EDS in other disorders, as well as narcolepsy, has increased considerably."( Pharmacotherapy for excessive daytime sleepiness.
Banerjee, D; Grunstein, RR; Vitiello, MV, 2004)		1.04
"Modafinil has a novel mechanism of action and may have antidepressant properties."( A retrospective chart review of the effects of modafinil on depression as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy.
Price, CS; Taylor, FB, 2005)		1.31
"Modafinil has a novel mechanism and is theorized to work in a localized manner, utilizing hypocretin, histamine, epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate."( A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action.
Ballon, JS; Feifel, D, 2006)		1.37
"Modafinil has a number of neurochemical actions in the brain, which may be related to primary effects on catecholaminergic systems."( Modafinil: a review of neurochemical actions and effects on cognition.
Carter, CS; Minzenberg, MJ, 2008)		2.51
"Modafinil has a wakening effect at the dose of 6 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys and induces quasicontinuous wakefulness for 4 total days and nights with daily administration of 22.5 mg/kg, with no behavioral disorders."( Electroencephalographic effects of modafinil, an alpha-1-adrenergic psychostimulant, on the sleep of rhesus monkeys.
Lagarde, D; Milhaud, C, 1990)		1.28
"Modafinil has been proven to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects on numerous neurological disorders. "( Modafinil attenuates the neuroinflammatory response after experimental traumatic brain injury.
Bozkurt, I; Cingirt, M; Gulbahar, O; Guvenc, Y; Kepoglu, U; Ozcerezci, T; Ozturk, Y; Senturk, S; Yaman, ME, 2023)		3.8
"Modafinil has the ability to induce the activity of CYP3A4 and consequently decrease the bioavailability of hydrocortisone."( [Adrenal crisis associated with modafinil use].
Aquinos, BM; Canteros, TM; de Miguel, V; Fainstein-Day, P; García Arabehety, J; Scibona, P, 2021)		1.63
"Modafinil has been proposed as a potentially effective clinical treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive control deficits. "( Effects of modafinil on electroencephalographic microstates in healthy adults.
Barnes, SA; Bergman, J; Breiger, M; Carlezon, WA; Der-Avakian, A; Iturra-Mena, AM; Kangas, BD; Linton, SR; Murphy, M; Pizzagalli, DA; Risbrough, VB; Schroder, HS, 2022)		2.55
"Modafinil has proven to be effective in the treatment of residual symptoms of unipolar and bipolar depression such as fatigue, excessive sleepiness and some cognitive impairment."( The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders.
Cubała, WJ; Urban, AE, 2020)		1.28
"Modafinil has significant anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects."( Modafinil ameliorated pancreatic injury and inflammation through upregulating SNIP1.
Huang, B; Jiang, X; Li, S; Lu, Y; Qiao, Z; Qin, A; Wu, J, 2020)		2.72
"Modafinil has been reported to benefit a subgroup of patients suffering severe fatigue while undergoing chemotherapy. "( Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil for fatigue in patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy.
Abdi, E; Bonaventura, A; Craft, P; de Souza, P; Hill, A; Hovey, E; Lloyd, A; Marx, G; Michele, A; Parente, P; Rapke, T, 2014)		2.08
"Armodafinil has been studied as adjunctive therapy for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. "( Evaluation of the potential for a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and ziprasidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2014)		1.35
"Modafinil has been known to increase glutamate levels in rat brain models."( High resolution mapping of modafinil induced changes in glutamate level in rat brain.
Cai, K; Detre, JA; Epperson, N; Hariharan, H; Haris, M; Nanga, RP; Nath, K; Reddy, R; Singh, A; Verma, G, 2014)		1.42
"Modafinil probably has similar effects on sleepiness (KSS) (MD -0.90, 95% CI -1.45 to -0.35; one trial, 183 participants, moderate quality evidence) and alertness in the psychomotor vigilance test in the same patient group."( Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.
Costa, G; Driscoll, TR; Isotalo, LK; Liira, J; Ruotsalainen, JH; Sallinen, M; Verbeek, JH, 2014)		1.12
"Modafinil has shown neuroprotective properties against METH harmful effects in animal models."( Differential effects of environment-induced changes in body temperature on modafinil's actions against methamphetamine-induced striatal toxicity in mice.
Bisagno, V; Cadet, JL; García-Rill, E; Ghanem, CI; González, B; Gutiérrez, ML; Muñiz, JA; Raineri, M; Rivero-Echeto, C; Urbano, FJ, 2015)		1.37
"Modafinil (MOD) it has to be considered as a wake-inducing drug to treat sleep disorders such as excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy, shift-work disorder, and obstructive/sleep apnea syndrome. "( Intrahypothalamic Administration of Modafinil Increases Expression of MAP-Kinase in Hypothalamus and Pons in Rats.
Aquino-Hernandez, PR; Arankowsky-Sandoval, G; Arias-Carrion, O; Jimenez-Moreno, R; Manjarrez-Martin, D; Mijangos-Moreno, S; Murillo-Rodriguez, E; Pacheco-Pantoja, E; Poot-Ake, A; Sarro-Ramirez, A, 2015)		2.13
"Modafinil has reduced cocaine subjective effects and cocaine self-administration in human laboratory trials and has reduced cocaine use in cocaine dependent patients in some clinical trials."( A double blind, placebo controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence without co-morbid alcohol dependence.
Dackis, C; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Pettinati, HM; Spratt, K; Wierzbicki, MR, 2015)		1.4
"Modafinil has very low water solubility."( Cyclodextrin based ternary system of modafinil: Effect of trimethyl chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone as complexing agents.
Agrawal, YK; Patel, P; Sarvaiya, J, 2016)		1.43
"Modafinil has been shown to promote wakefulness and some studies suggest the drug can improve cognitive function. "( Modafinil and memory: effects of modafinil on Morris water maze learning and Pavlovian fear conditioning.
Anagnostaras, SG; Shuman, T; Wood, SC, 2009)		3.24
"Armodafinil has been shown to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness (ES) associated with treated obstructive sleep apnoea, shift work disorder or narcolepsy."( Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2009)		1.63
"Modafinil has anecdotal response to neurological fatigue, but such an effect may depend on the type and location of cerebral impairment."( Effect of modafinil on subjective fatigue in multiple sclerosis and stroke patients.
Annoni, JM; Bassetti, C; Brioschi, A; Gramigna, S; Ruffieux, C; Schluep, M; Staub, F; Werth, E, 2009)		2.2
"Modafinil in low doses has a unique physiologic profile compared with stimulant drugs: it enhances the efficiency of prefrontal cortical cognitive information processing, while dampening reactivity to threatening stimuli in the amygdala, a brain region implicated in anxiety."( Modulatory effects of modafinil on neural circuits regulating emotion and cognition.
Apud, JA; Arrillaga-Romany, IC; Blasi, G; Callicott, JH; Goldberg, TE; Mattay, VS; Rasetti, R; Sambataro, F; Skjei, K; Stankevich, B; Weinberger, DR, 2010)		1.4
"Modafinil has been shown to improve cognitive performance in neuropsychiatric patients and healthy volunteers."( Effect of modafinil on learning and task-related brain activity in methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals.
Ghahremani, DG; Hellemann, G; London, ED; Monterosso, J; Poldrack, RA; Tabibnia, G, 2011)		1.49
"Modafinil has been proposed as a treatment for clozapine-induced sedation and metabolic abnormalities."( Effects of modafinil on weight, glucose and lipid metabolism in clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia.
Borba, CP; Cather, C; Copeland, PM; Fan, X; Freudenreich, O; Goff, DC; Henderson, DC; Macklin, E; Wang, X, 2011)		1.48
"Modafinil has an excellent benefit/risk ratio in idiopathic hypersomnia, with or without long sleep time, similar to its effect on narcolepsy/cataplexy."( Benefit and risk of modafinil in idiopathic hypersomnia vs. narcolepsy with cataplexy.
Arnulf, I; Dauvilliers, Y; Drouot, X; Franco, P; Golmard, JL; Lavault, S; Lecendreux, M; Leu-Semenescu, S, 2011)		2.14
"Modafinil has been used as a psychostimulant for the treatment of narcolepsy. "( Modafinil inhibits K(Ca)3.1 currents and muscle contraction via a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
Choi, S; Joo, KY; Jung, JC; Kim, JA; Kim, MY; Oh, S; Park, S; Suh, SH, 2012)		3.26
"Modafinil has been shown to ameliorate these symptoms, but its use in patients with seizures has been limited because of safety concerns."( Use of modafinil in patients with epilepsy.
Artsy, E; Dworetzky, BA; Hurwitz, S; Lee, JW; McCarthy, DC; Pavlova, MK, 2012)		1.56
"(±)-Modafinil has piqued interest as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and stimulant dependence. "( R-modafinil (armodafinil): a unique dopamine uptake inhibitor and potential medication for psychostimulant abuse.
Cao, J; Katz, JL; Kopajtic, T; Loland, CJ; Mazier, S; Mereu, M; Newman, AH; Okunola, OM; Prisinzano, TE; Shi, L; Tanda, G, 2012)		1.66
"Modafinil has been shown to modify behavioural and cognitive functions and to effect several brain receptors. "( Modafinil improves performance in the multiple T-Maze and modifies GluR1, GluR2, D2 and NR1 receptor complex levels in the C57BL/6J mouse.
Höger, H; Khan, D; Lubec, G; Russo-Schlaff, N; Sase, S; Sialana, F, 2012)		3.26
"Armodafinil has shown promise as a cognitive enhancer in other patient populations."( Impact of armodafinil on cognition in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind crossover pilot study.
Brown, A; Bruce, J; Hancock, L; Henkelman, E; Lynch, S; Roberg, B, 2012)		1.32
"Modafinil has been successfully used to treat narcolepsy, a central disorder causing excess daytime sleepiness."( Reduction in excess daytime sleepiness by modafinil in patients with myotonic dystrophy.
Crosby, J; Hilton-Jones, D; Stradling, J; Talbot, K, 2003)		1.3
"Modafinil has become a standard therapy for improving daytime wakefulness in narcolepsy patients and may be a useful therapeutic alternative to psychostimulants used to improve waking function in other medical conditions. "( Efficacy and safety of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients treated previously with psychostimulants.
Feldman, NT; Fry, JM; Harsh, J; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		2.07
"Modafinil has a modest, yet significant effect on EDS in children and appears to be safe and well tolerated."( Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children.
Gozal, D; Ivanenko, A; Tauman, R, 2003)		3.2
"Modafinil has been shown to be effective in some studies, and amantadine is an alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate modafinil."( Management of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Zifko, UA, 2004)		1.04
"Modafinil has improved executive function in other models of excessive sleepiness."( Effects of modafinil on wakefulness and executive function in patients with narcolepsy experiencing late-day sleepiness.
Hughes, RJ; Nelson, MT; Schwartz, ER; Schwartz, JR, )		1.24
"Modafinil has a safer side-effect profile and as a result, interest in this drug for the management of EDS in other disorders, as well as narcolepsy, has increased considerably."( Pharmacotherapy for excessive daytime sleepiness.
Banerjee, D; Grunstein, RR; Vitiello, MV, 2004)		1.04
"Modafinil also has the potential for interactions with other drugs metabolised via cytochrome P450 enzyme pathways."( Modafinil: new indications for wake promotion.
Schwartz, JR, 2005)		2.49
"Modafinil has a novel mechanism of action and may have antidepressant properties."( A retrospective chart review of the effects of modafinil on depression as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy.
Price, CS; Taylor, FB, 2005)		1.31
"Modafinil has recently been approved for the treatment of shift work sleep disorder, making it potentially available for shift-working emergency physicians. "( Cognitive performance following modafinil versus placebo in sleep-deprived emergency physicians: a double-blind randomized crossover study.
Gill, M; Godenick, KL; Haerich, P; Tucker, JA; Westcott, K, 2006)		2.06
"Modafinil has a novel mechanism and is theorized to work in a localized manner, utilizing hypocretin, histamine, epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate."( A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action.
Ballon, JS; Feifel, D, 2006)		1.37
"Modafinil has been used to treat fatigue associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."( Modafinil: is it ready for prime time?
Prommer, E, )		2.3
"Modafinil has been reported to reduce cocaine use in a clinical sample of infrequent users (2 days/week), but the effects of modafinil on cocaine self-administration in the laboratory have not been studied. "( Smoked cocaine self-administration is decreased by modafinil.
Foltin, RW; Haney, M; Hart, CL; Rubin, E; Vosburg, SK, 2008)		2.04
"Modafinil has a number of neurochemical actions in the brain, which may be related to primary effects on catecholaminergic systems."( Modafinil: a review of neurochemical actions and effects on cognition.
Carter, CS; Minzenberg, MJ, 2008)		2.51
"Modafinil has been found to increase arousal levels in animals and decrease excessive daytime sleepiness in humans."( Modafinil decreases hypersomnolence in the English bulldog, a natural animal model of sleep-disordered breathing.
Hendricks, JC; Pack, AI; Panckeri, KA; Schotland, HM, 1996)		2.46
"Modafinil has been reported to produce a concentration-related induction of CYP3A4/5 activity in vitro in primary cultures of human hepatocytes."( Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		2.16
"Modafinil has been reported to produce a concentration-related suppression of CYP2C9 activity in vitro in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. "( Effect of modafinil at steady state on the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of warfarin in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		2.16
"Modafinil has a wakening effect at the dose of 6 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys and induces quasicontinuous wakefulness for 4 total days and nights with daily administration of 22.5 mg/kg, with no behavioral disorders."( Electroencephalographic effects of modafinil, an alpha-1-adrenergic psychostimulant, on the sleep of rhesus monkeys.
Lagarde, D; Milhaud, C, 1990)		1.28

Actions

Modafinil was found to inhibit K(Ca)3.1 currents in a concentration-dependent manner. The half-maximal inhibition (IC(50) for the current inhibition was 6.8 ± 0.7 nM. ModafInil may increase wakefulness through activation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Armodafinil did not increase nocturic events or significantly increase adverse effects versus placebo."( Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Armodafinil Treatment of Daytime Sleepiness Associated With Treated Nocturia.
Krystal, AD; Preud'homme, XA, 2017)		1.26
"Modafinil is used because of its wakefulness-promoting properties for treatment of diseases associated with extreme sleepiness (i.e., narcolepsy). "( Modafinil in Forensic and Clinical Toxicology-Case Reports, Analytics and Literature.
Andresen-Streichert, H; Radünz, L; Reuter, H, 2018)		3.37
"Modafinil was found to increase the number of moral decisions and had no effect on brain activity associated with dilemma processing."( Moral decision making under modafinil: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover fMRI study.
Bellebaum, C; Ghio, M; Kuchinke, L; Ngo, T; Roser, P, 2019)		1.53
"Modafinil, known to increase the release of catecholamines, is a potent wake-promoting agent, and has shown some abilities to desynchronize EEG,but its receptor mechanisms by which modafinil induces desynchoronization remain to be elucidated."( Roles of adrenergic α1 and dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the mediation of the desynchronization effects of modafinil in a mouse EEG synchronization model.
Chen, CR; Huang, ZL; Liu, YY; Qu, WM; Urade, Y; Yang, SR, 2013)		1.32
"Modafinil plays a role in vasorelaxation and blocking KCa3.1 channel with a result of elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels."( Modafinil improves monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model.
Cho, MS; Hong, YM; Kim, KC; Lee, H; Suh, SH, 2016)		2.6
"Modafinil had lower potency and efficacy than cocaine in stimulating NAS DA."( The unique psychostimulant profile of (±)-modafinil: investigation of behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice.
Chun, LE; Katz, JL; Mereu, M; Newman, AH; Prisinzano, TE; Tanda, G, 2017)		1.44
"Modafinil promotes attention, concentration and maintains wakefulness in a patient with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorders."( Does Modafinil improve the level of consciousness for people with a prolonged disorder of consciousness? a retrospective pilot study.
Dhamapurkar, SK; Rose, A; Shiel, A; Watson, P; Wilson, BA, 2017)		1.69
"Modafinil did not cause a clinically significant increase of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure."( Modafinil for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis.
Han, C; Jun, TY; Lee, SJ; Masand, PS; Pae, CU; Patkar, AA; Wang, SM, 2017)		2.62
"Modafinil was found to inhibit K(Ca)3.1 currents in a concentration-dependent manner, and the half-maximal inhibition (IC(50)) of modafinil for the current inhibition was 6.8 ± 0.7 nM."( Modafinil inhibits K(Ca)3.1 currents and muscle contraction via a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
Choi, S; Joo, KY; Jung, JC; Kim, JA; Kim, MY; Oh, S; Park, S; Suh, SH, 2012)		2.54
"R-modafinil displays an in vitro profile different from cocaine. "( R-modafinil (armodafinil): a unique dopamine uptake inhibitor and potential medication for psychostimulant abuse.
Cao, J; Katz, JL; Kopajtic, T; Loland, CJ; Mazier, S; Mereu, M; Newman, AH; Okunola, OM; Prisinzano, TE; Shi, L; Tanda, G, 2012)		1.82
"Modafinil may increase wakefulness through activation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, possibly through interaction with the hypocretin/orexin system."( What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications.
Boutrel, B; Koob, GF, 2004)		1.04
"Modafinil may activate noradrenergic neurones in the LC involved in arousal and pupillary control, without affecting extracoerulear noradrenergic neurones involved in cardiovascular and salivary regulation."( Does modafinil activate the locus coeruleus in man? Comparison of modafinil and clonidine on arousal and autonomic functions in human volunteers.
Bradshaw, CM; Freeman, C; Hou, RH; Langley, RW; Szabadi, E, 2005)		1.56
"Modafinil promotes wakefulness and is reported to enhance cognition."( Modafinil modulates anterior cingulate function in chronic schizophrenia.
Green, RD; Hunter, MD; Spence, SA; Wilkinson, ID, 2005)		2.49
"Oral modafinil promotes wakefulness in patients with OSA/HS and SWSD."( Modafinil : a review of its use in excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome and shift work sleep disorder.
Keating, GM; Raffin, MJ, 2005)		2.23
"Modafinil did not activate the TA1 receptor in TA1-HEK cells, but it augmented a monoamine transporter-dependent enhancement of phenethylamine activation of TA1 in TA1-DAT and TA1-NET cells, but not in TA1-SERT cells."( Modafinil occupies dopamine and norepinephrine transporters in vivo and modulates the transporters and trace amine activity in vitro.
Bonab, AA; Fischman, AJ; Jassen, A; Johnson, R; Lin, Z; Livni, E; Lynch, L; Madras, BK; Miller, GM; Panas, H; Spencer, TJ; Xie, Z, 2006)		2.5
"Thus modafinil may increase excitatory glutamatergic transmission in these regions, altering the balance between glutamate and GABA transmission."( The antinarcoleptic drug modafinil increases glutamate release in thalamic areas and hippocampus.
Antonelli, T; Ferraro, L; Fuxe, K; O'Connor, WT; Rambert, F; Tanganelli, S, 1997)		1.06
"Modafinil caused an increase in self-reported levels of alertness in 7 of 8 narcoleptic subjects, but there was no significant difference between mean pretreatment and post-treatment activation levels as determined by fMRI for either normal or narcoleptic syndrome subjects given modafinil."( Functional magnetic resonance imaging neuroactivation studies in normal subjects and subjects with the narcoleptic syndrome. Actions of modafinil.
Brammer, M; Bullmore, E; Ellis, CM; Lemmens, G; Monk, C; Parkes, JD; Simmons, A; Williams, SC, 1999)		1.23
"Modafinil did not produce reinforcing or rewarding effects and did not modify the effects of cocaine."( Study of the addictive potential of modafinil in naive and cocaine-experienced rats.
Bruins-Slot, L; Darnaudéry, M; Deroche-Gamonet, V; Le Moal, M; Piat, F; Piazza, PV, 2002)		2.03
"Modafinil-induced increase in nocturnal activity was prevented by the centrally acting alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin."( Awakening properties of modafinil: effect on nocturnal activity in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) after acute and repeated administration.
Duteil, J; Hermant, JF; Rambert, FA, 1991)		1.31
"The modafinil-induced increase in locomotor activity in mice was prevented by the centrally acting alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, and by reserpine but not by the mixed dopamine D-1/D-2 antagonist, haloperidol, the dopamine D-2 antagonist, sulpiride, the peripherally acting alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine, the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, or by the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine."( Central alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in relation to the behaviour stimulating effect of modafinil; studies with experimental animals.
Assous, E; Duteil, J; Gombert, R; Hermant, JF; Pessonnier, J; Rambert, FA, 1990)		0.98

Treatment

Modafinil is a common treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy. Treatment, given after the onset of symptoms, resulted in an improvement of EAE symptoms and motor impairment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Modafinil is a common treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy. "( Pitolisant-supported bridging during drug holidays to deal with tolerance to modafinil in patients with narcolepsy.
Apel, D; Ellwardt, E; Fleischer, V; Groppa, S; Kallweit, U; Lang, C; Winter, Y, 2023)		2.58
"Modafinil treatment, given after the onset of symptoms, resulted in an improvement of EAE symptoms and motor impairment, which was correlated with reduced cellular infiltrate and a decreased percentage of T helper (Th) 1 cells in the CNS."( Therapeutic treatment with Modafinil decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.
Andersen, ML; Brandão, WN; Palermo-Neto, J; Peron, JP; Zager, A, 2019)		1.53
"Modafinil-treated mice shared none of these effects and showed increased H3ac enrichment and mRNA expression at Adra1b."( Repeated methamphetamine and modafinil induce differential cognitive effects and specific histone acetylation and DNA methylation profiles in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex.
Bernardi, A; Bisagno, V; Cadet, JL; García-Rill, E; Gomez, N; González, B; Jayanthi, S; Sosa, MH; Torres, OV; Urbano, FJ, 2018)		1.49
"Modafinil-treated rats were more active than control rats, with greater activity during the later time-periods-similar to that previously reported following intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg modafinil."( Oral dosing of rodents using a palatable tablet.
Bowman, E; Brown, VJ; Bundgaard, C; Dhawan, SS; Tait, DS; Xia, S, 2018)		1.2
"Modafinil post-treatment, in neurorestorative context (5 days post-lesion) led to increased striatal dopamine (DA) concentrations of MPTP-treated mice."( Modafinil alleviates levodopa-induced excessive nighttime sleepiness and restores monoaminergic systems in a nocturnal animal model of Parkinson's disease.
Ando, R; Choudhury, ME; Kannou, M; Kubo, M; Kyaw, WT; Nagai, M; Nishikawa, N; Nomoto, M; Tanaka, J; Yamanishi, Y, 2018)		2.64
"Modafinil pretreatment slightly increased the discrimination of low d-amphetamine doses in animals trained to discriminate 0.3 mg/kg d-amphetamine."( Combined effects of modafinil and d-amphetamine in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate d-amphetamine.
Baker, LE; Prisinzano, T; Quisenberry, AJ, 2013)		1.43
"Modafinil treatment was associated with significantly higher BART scores (p=0.01), which were comparable to scores in healthy persons."( Preliminary evidence for normalization of risk taking by modafinil in chronic cocaine users.
Bessette, AJ; Canavan, SV; Forselius, EL; Morgan, PT, 2014)		1.37
"Modafinil treatment in schizophrenia augments middle-frequency cortical oscillatory power associated with rule selection, and may subserve diverse subcomponent processes in proactive cognitive control."( Modafinil effects on middle-frequency oscillatory power during rule selection in schizophrenia.
Carter, CS; Cheng, Y; Minzenberg, MJ; Yoon, JH, 2014)		2.57
"Modafinil treated subjects were more likely to report very low levels of cocaine craving intensity and duration on the Brief Substance Craving Scale (OR=2.04, p=.03 and OR 1.06, p=.03 respectively)."( A double blind, placebo controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence without co-morbid alcohol dependence.
Dackis, C; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Pettinati, HM; Spratt, K; Wierzbicki, MR, 2015)		1.4
"Modafinil treatment was associated with a higher mean percentage (52% vs. "( Modafinil and sleep architecture in an inpatient-outpatient treatment study of cocaine dependence.
Angarita, GA; Bessette, A; Canavan, S; Easton, C; Forselius, E; Hodges, S; Malison, RT; McKee, S; Mohsenin, V; Morgan, PT; Oberleitner, L; Pittman, B, 2016)		3.32
"Modafinil treatment modestly increased the mean IELT at the end of 1 month (24.82 ± 16.10 seconds vs 49.82 ± 31.46 seconds, P = .0001)."( On-demand Modafinil Improves Ejaculation Time and Patient-reported Outcomes in Men With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation.
Kiremit, MC; Serefoglu, EC; Tuken, M, 2016)		1.56
"Modafinil-treated participants also reported greater increases in negative affect and withdrawal symptoms, vs."( A placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for nicotine dependence.
Berrettini, W; Dackis, C; Gariti, P; Heitjan, DF; Leone, F; Lerman, C; Perkins, KA; Pinto, A; Schnoll, RA; Siegel, S; Wileyto, EP, 2008)		1.36
"Modafinil treatment reduced lane deviation but had less effect on speed deviation, off-road incidents and reaction time to a concurrent task. "( Effects of modafinil on simulator driving and self-assessment of driving following sleep deprivation.
Broadbear, JH; Gurtman, CG; Redman, JR, 2008)		2.18
"Modafinil treatment led to decreased latency and increased average speed, but not to changes in pathlength and number of correct decisions in the MTM."( Modafinil improves performance in the multiple T-Maze and modifies GluR1, GluR2, D2 and NR1 receptor complex levels in the C57BL/6J mouse.
Höger, H; Khan, D; Lubec, G; Russo-Schlaff, N; Sase, S; Sialana, F, 2012)		2.54
"Armodafinil treatment led to a significant reduction in fatigue in sarcoidosis patients. "( Armodafinil for sarcoidosis-associated fatigue: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Baughman, RP; Lower, EE; Malhotra, A; Surdulescu, V, 2013)		1.83
"Modafinil treatment may be considered for EDS in PD patients, in whom otherwise treatable causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) are absent."( Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial.
Brandauer, E; Frauscher, B; Glatzl, S; Högl, B; Poewe, W; Saletu, M; Seppi, K; Ulmer, H; Wenning, G, 2002)		2.48
"Modafinil treatment was also associated with significantly reduced fatigue and significantly improved vigor and cognition as assessed by the POMS (each P<0.001) from weeks 1 through 6."( Effect of modafinil on fatigue, mood, and health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy.
Becker, PM; Feldman, NT; Hughes, RJ; Schwartz, JR, 2004)		1.45
"Modafinil-treated patients provided significantly more BE-negative urine samples (p=0.03) over the 8-week trial when compared to placebos, and were more likely to achieve a protracted period (> or =3 weeks) of cocaine abstinence (p=0.05)."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for cocaine dependence.
Dackis, CA; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Pettinati, HM, 2005)		1.31
"Modafinil treatment resulted in a significant weight loss in this patient, possibly due to reducing clozapine-associated fatigue. "( Modafinil-associated weight loss in a clozapine-treated schizoaffective disorder patient.
Daley, TB; Henderson, DC; Koul, P; Louie, PM; Namey, L; Nguyen, DD, )		3.02
"Modafinil treatment was associated with a greater rate (CGI-Improvement [CGI-I] score < or = 3, 7/10 vs. "( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of modafinil for negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Marder, SR; Peloian, JH; Pierre, JM; Wirshing, DA; Wirshing, WC, 2007)		2.03
"In modafinil-treated patients, clinically significant increases in diastolic or systolic blood pressure were infrequent (n = 9 and n = 1, respectively, < 1% of patients)."( Evaluation of the safety of modafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Arora, S; Dayno, JM; Erman, MK; Hirshkowitz, M; Roth, T; Schwartz, JR, 2007)		1.15
"Modafinil-treated participants had a milder withdrawal syndrome as measured by the Amphetamine Cessation Symptom Assessment and less sleep disturbance in comparison to mirtazapine."( Symptoms and sleep patterns during inpatient treatment of methamphetamine withdrawal: a comparison of mirtazapine and modafinil with treatment as usual.
McGregor, C; Mitchell, A; Srisurapanont, M; White, JM; Wickes, W, 2008)		1.28
"In modafinil-treated rats, the sleep pattern on the post-injection day is similar to that of controls, while that of amphetamine-treated rats is modified."( Awakening properties of modafinil without paradoxical sleep rebound: comparative study with amphetamine in the rat.
Jouvet, M; Sallanon-Moulin, M; Touret, M, 1995)		1.11
"Modafinil treatment dose-dependently (10-100 mg/kg) counteracted the hemitransection-induced disappearance of nigral TH-immunoreactive nerve cell body profiles and neostriatal TH-immunoreactive nerve terminal profiles."( The vigilance-promoting drug modafinil counteracts the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and of dopamine stores in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in the male rat after a partial transection of the dopamine pathway.
Agnati, LF; Altamimi, U; Andbjer, B; Finnman, UB; Fuxe, K; Goldstein, M; Janson, AM; Rosén, L; Ueki, A, 1993)		1.3
"Modafinil treatment did not significantly modify the brain cortex content of any of the amino acids tested."( Paradoxical sleep deprivation increases the content of glutamate and glutamine in rat cerebral cortex.
Bettendorff, L; Margineanu, I; Sallanon-Moulin, M; Schoffeniels, E; Touret, M; Wins, P, 1996)		1.02
"Modafinil treatment dose-dependently reduced the loss of specific [3H]-mazindol binding."( Antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective effects of modafinil in the mptp-treated common marmoset.
Chancharme, L; Jenner, P; Moachon, G; Pearce, RK; Smith, LA; Tel, B; Zeng, BY, 2000)		1.28
"The modafinil treatment group had a marked decrease in maximum observed plasma concentrations and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve for triazolam relative to placebo, with a much smaller decrease in these parameters for ethinyl estradiol. "( Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		1.28
"Modafinil- and placebo-treated patients improved continously over the 6-week period."( On the treatment of the alcoholic organic brain syndrome with an alpha-adrenergic agonist modafinil: double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological studies.
Frey, R; Grünberger, J; Mader, R; Saletu, B; Saletu, M; Zatschek, I, 1990)		1.22
"Rats treated with Modafinil after the trauma had a statistically significant higher Garcia Test Score (P<0.001) and presented with increased evidence of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect (P<0.05, P=0.005). "( Modafinil attenuates the neuroinflammatory response after experimental traumatic brain injury.
Bozkurt, I; Cingirt, M; Gulbahar, O; Guvenc, Y; Kepoglu, U; Ozcerezci, T; Ozturk, Y; Senturk, S; Yaman, ME, 2023)		2.69
"Pre-treatment with modafinil prevented sensorimotor neuropathy by raising latencies, MNCV and excitation, reducing TRPA1, TNF-α and IL-1β levels."( The protective effect of modafinil on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats: A possible role for TRPA1 receptors.
Abdollahi, A; Amirkhanloo, F; Dehpour, AR; Karimi, G; Roohbakhsh, A; Yousefi-Manesh, H, 2020)		1.18
"Treatment with modafinil was successful, as confirmed by polysomnography, leading to partial recovery of the patient's consciousness and communication ability."( Disordered Consciousness or Disordered Wakefulness? The Importance of Prolonged Polysomnography for the Diagnosis, Drug Therapy, and Rehabilitation of an Unresponsive Patient With Brain Injury.
Arrigoni, F; Avantaggiato, P; Clementi, E; Formica, F; Giordano, F; Molteni, E; Pozzi, M; Strazzer, S, 2017)		0.79
"Treatment with modafinil was initiated at age seven years six months due to persistent hypersomnia and narcoleptic symptoms."( Prader-Willi syndrome, excessive daytime sleepiness, and narcoleptic symptoms: a case report.
Couch, R; Foulds, JL; Haqq, AM; Rubin, D; Weselake, SV; Witmans, MB, 2014)		0.74
"Treatment with modafinil did not have a beneficial effect in reducing self-reported fatigue."( Cognitive effects of modafinil in patients with multiple sclerosis: A clinical trial.
Chiaravalloti, ND; DeLuca, J; Elovic, E; Ford-Johnson, L; Lengenfelder, J; Zhang, J, 2016)		1.09
"Treatment with modafinil or other stimulants appears moderately effective."( Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Hypersomnolence Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Sowa, NA, )		0.47
"Treatment with modafinil significantly attenuated the performance decrements seen for several parameters including cognitive-psychomotor speed, visual attention and reaction times both with progressive hours awake and when working at adverse circadian phases."( Effect of modafinil on impairments in neurobehavioral performance and learning associated with extended wakefulness and circadian misalignment.
Aeschbach, D; Czeisler, CA; Grady, S; Wright, KP, 2010)		1.1
"Pretreatment with modafinil (both 90 and 180 mg/kg) attenuated these effects but did not prevent METH induced decrease in locomotion."( Attenuated methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity by modafinil administration in mice.
Bisagno, V; Giorgeri, S; Goitia, B; Peskin, V; Raineri, M; Taravini, IR; Urbano, FJ, 2011)		0.94
"Treatment with modafinil significantly improves fatigue and sleepiness and is well tolerated by patients with MS. "( Modafinil in treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Results of an open-label study.
Maida, EM; Rupp, M; Schwarz, S; Zifko, UA; Zipko, HT, 2002)		2.11
"Treatment with modafinil showed a non-significant reduction in median Epworth Sleepiness Scale."( Reduction in excess daytime sleepiness by modafinil in patients with myotonic dystrophy.
Crosby, J; Hilton-Jones, D; Stradling, J; Talbot, K, 2003)		0.92
"Treatment with modafinil improved daytime wakefulness versus baseline regardless of which psychostimulant was taken previously. "( Efficacy and safety of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients treated previously with psychostimulants.
Feldman, NT; Fry, JM; Harsh, J; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		0.98
"Pretreatment with modafinil specifically increased the inhibition of VLPO neurons induced by noradrenaline but had no effect when applied alone or in combination with other substances. "( Effect of the wake-promoting agent modafinil on sleep-promoting neurons from the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: an in vitro pharmacologic study.
Fort, P; Frydman, A; Gallopin, T; Luppi, PH; Rambert, FA, 2004)		0.93
"Treatment with modafinil also significantly improved executive function."( Effects of modafinil on wakefulness and executive function in patients with narcolepsy experiencing late-day sleepiness.
Hughes, RJ; Nelson, MT; Schwartz, ER; Schwartz, JR, )		0.86
"Treatment with modafinil rapidly improved wakefulness, fatigue, and everyday functioning in individual cases."( Modafinil as adjunctive therapy in depressed outpatients.
Nasr, S, )		1.91
"Treatment with modafinil, as compared with placebo, resulted in a modest improvement from baseline in mean (+/-SEM) nighttime sleep latency (the interval between the time a person attempts to fall asleep and the onset of sleep) (1.7+/-0.4 vs. "( Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder.
Arora, S; Czeisler, CA; Dinges, DF; Hughes, RJ; Kingsbury, L; Niebler, GE; Roth, T; Schwartz, JR; Walsh, JK; Wright, KP, 2005)		2.12
"Treatment with modafinil 400 mg per day was initiated on the 11th day after surgery and the patient's consciousness level rapidly improved on the 14th day."( Modafinil for the treatment of diminished responsiveness in a patient recovering from brain surgery.
Rivera, VM, 2005)		2.11
"Treatment with modafinil also significantly reduced subscale scores for inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity on both School and Home Versions compared with placebo."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Greenhill, L; Jiang, J; Kratochvil, CJ; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2005)		0.98
"Treatment with modafinil was safe and well-tolerated."( Modafinil for treatment of fatigue in post-polio syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
Campbell, WW; Dalakas, MC; Halstead, LS; Jabbari, B; Kelley, KF; Livornese, K; Olsen, CH; Prokhorenko, OA; Salajegheh, MK; Vasconcelos, OM; Vo, AH, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with modafinil resulted in significant improvement in two objective measures of EDS: the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. "( Randomized trial of modafinil as a treatment for the excessive daytime somnolence of narcolepsy: US Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group.
, 2000)		0.98
"Treatment with modafinil did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of (S)- or (R)-warfarin relative to placebo."( Effect of modafinil at steady state on the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of warfarin in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		1.06
"A pretreatment with modafinil did not change thereafter the effect of amphetamine."( Effect of modafinil and amphetamine on the rat catecholaminergic neuron activity.
Akaoka, H; Chouvet, G; Jouvet, M; Lin, JS; Roussel, B, 1991)		1

Toxicity

Adjunctive armodafinil was generally safe and well tolerated over 6 months of open-label treatment at 150-200 mg/day when taken with protocol-defined mood stabilizers for bipolar I depression. Adverse events were diarrhea (9% [17/198] vs 7% [13/199), and nausea (6% [11/198) vs 5% [9/199]), respectively.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse events were recorded."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil (Provigil) for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a two centre phase 2 study.
Blumenfeld, AM; Lynn, DJ; Nagaraja, HN; Pollak, CP; Rammohan, KW; Rosenberg, JH, 2002)		0.63
" Serious adverse events were not found at either dose."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil (Provigil) for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a two centre phase 2 study.
Blumenfeld, AM; Lynn, DJ; Nagaraja, HN; Pollak, CP; Rammohan, KW; Rosenberg, JH, 2002)		0.63
" Adverse events were recorded throughout the study, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were determined at the end of the study."( Initiating treatment with modafinil for control of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients switching from methylphenidate: an open-label safety study assessing three strategies.
Hayduk, R; Kovacevic-Ristanovic, R; Schwartz, JR; Thorpy, MJ, 2003)		0.62
" All three switching strategies were well tolerated, with adverse events mild or moderate in nature."( Initiating treatment with modafinil for control of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients switching from methylphenidate: an open-label safety study assessing three strategies.
Hayduk, R; Kovacevic-Ristanovic, R; Schwartz, JR; Thorpy, MJ, 2003)		0.62
" Adverse events were monitored throughout the study."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients treated previously with psychostimulants.
Feldman, NT; Fry, JM; Harsh, J; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		0.63
" The most frequent adverse events were headache, nausea, and insomnia; the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate in nature."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients treated previously with psychostimulants.
Feldman, NT; Fry, JM; Harsh, J; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		0.63
" Safety evaluation was based on assessments of adverse event reports, laboratory tests, vital signs, and body weight."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Greenhill, L; Jiang, J; Kratochvil, CJ; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2005)		0.64
" Most adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, and the majority resolved during treatment."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Greenhill, L; Jiang, J; Kratochvil, CJ; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2005)		0.64
" Treatment with once-daily modafinil was generally well tolerated, with few discontinuations as a result of adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Greenhill, L; Jiang, J; Kratochvil, CJ; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2005)		0.94
" The most common adverse events in patients receiving armodafinil were headache, nausea, and dizziness."( The efficacy and safety of armodafinil as treatment for adults with excessive sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.
Arora, S; Harsh, JR; Hayduk, R; Niebler, GE; Rosenberg, R; Roth, T; Walsh, JK; Wesnes, KA, 2006)		0.87
" Assessments included recording of adverse events and effects of modafinil on blood pressure/heart rate, electrocardiogram intervals, polysomnography, and clinical laboratory parameters."( Evaluation of the safety of modafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Arora, S; Dayno, JM; Erman, MK; Hirshkowitz, M; Roth, T; Schwartz, JR, 2007)		0.87
" Modafinil was well tolerated versus placebo, with headache (34% vs 23%, respectively), nausea (11% vs 3%), and infection (10% vs 12%) the most common adverse events."( Evaluation of the safety of modafinil for treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Arora, S; Dayno, JM; Erman, MK; Hirshkowitz, M; Roth, T; Schwartz, JR, 2007)		1.54
"Fatigue is a nearly universal adverse effect of cancer and its treatment that is unrelated to physical exertion, is not relieved by sleep or rest, and negatively affects quality of life."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue.
Bird, HM; Cooper, MR; Steinberg, M, 2009)		0.66
"Further randomized placebo-controlled trials are necessary to amass evidence for the effective and safe use of modafinil for CRF; however, if traditional therapies have failed or are intolerable, modafinil can be considered a treatment option."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue.
Bird, HM; Cooper, MR; Steinberg, M, 2009)		0.88
" The most common treatment related adverse events were headache and nausea."( A safety trial of sodium oxybate in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Acute effects on sleep-disordered breathing.
Feldman, N; George, CF; Grzeschik, SM; Inhaber, N; Lai, C; Steininger, TL; Zheng, Y, 2010)		0.36
" Adverse events, most commonly headache, were noted in nine of 27 (33%) and six of 23 (26%) patients receiving SXB and PBO, respectively."( A 2-week, polysomnographic, safety study of sodium oxybate in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Feldman, N; George, CF; Grzeschik, SM; Inhaber, N; Lai, C; Steininger, TL; Zheng, Y, 2011)		0.37
"Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used illicit substance globally, and cannabis use is associated with a range of adverse consequences."( The safety of modafinil in combination with oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans.
Poling, J; Sofuoglu, M; Sugarman, DE, 2011)		0.73
" Physicians were presented with a hypothetical pharmaceutical cognitive enhancer that had been approved by the regulatory authorities for use in healthy adults, and was characterized as being safe, effective, and without significant adverse side effects."( Physician attitudes towards pharmacological cognitive enhancement: safety concerns are paramount.
Banjo, OC; Nadler, R; Reiner, PB, 2010)		0.36
" In this study we tested possible neuroprotective effects of modafinil after toxic METH administration in mice."( Attenuated methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity by modafinil administration in mice.
Bisagno, V; Giorgeri, S; Goitia, B; Peskin, V; Raineri, M; Taravini, IR; Urbano, FJ, 2011)		0.86
" The questionnaire sought data on any events that patient may have experienced during that time, reasons for stopping treatment with modafinil, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), potential interaction with contraceptives, and pregnancies."( Safety profile of modafinil across a range of prescribing indications, including off-label use, in a primary care setting in England: results of a modified prescription-event monitoring study.
Davies, M; Shakir, S; Wilton, L, 2013)		0.93
" Adverse drug reactions occurred in 36."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive modafinil treatment on residual excessive daytime sleepiness among nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Inoue, Y; Takasaki, Y; Yamashiro, Y, 2013)		0.67
"Methylphenidate treatment of apathy in Alzheimer's disease was associated with significant improvement in 2 of 3 efficacy outcomes and a trend toward improved global cognition with minimal adverse events, supporting the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate treatment for apathy in Alzheimer's disease."( Safety and efficacy of methylphenidate for apathy in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Bachman, DL; Drye, LT; Herrmann, N; Lanctôt, KL; Mintzer, JE; Rosenberg, PB; Scherer, RW, 2013)		0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) observed in > 5% of either the armodafinil 150 mg or placebo groups and more frequently with 150 mg armodafinil were diarrhea (9% [17/198] vs 7% [13/199]), and nausea (6% [11/198] vs 5% [9/199]), respectively."( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive armodafinil in adults with major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.
Calabrese, JR; Frye, MA; Ketter, TA; Yang, R, 2014)		0.92
" In summary, reading the prescribing information, writing to the drug manufacturer, and searching research databases suggest the following: Ar/mod and its metabolites and derivatives have dose-dependent anticonvulsant action in animal models; ar/mod is not associated with seizures as an adverse event in populations at risk, such as those with ADHD, head injury, and brain tumors; it is not associated with worsening of seizure disorder in patients with current seizure disorder; and it is not associated with seizures in overdose."( A method for deciding about the possible safety of modafinil and armodafinil in patients with seizure disorder.
Andrade, C, 2016)		0.69
" Headache, insomnia, and anxiety were the most common adverse events (AEs) reported, whereas akathisia, nausea, sedation/somnolence, and weight increase were uncommon."( Long-term safety and efficacy of armodafinil in bipolar depression: A 6-month open-label extension study.
Amchin, J; Frye, MA; Gross, N; Ketter, TA, 2016)		0.71
"Adjunctive armodafinil was generally safe and well tolerated over 6 months of open-label treatment at 150-200 mg/day when taken with protocol-defined mood stabilizers for bipolar I depression."( Long-term safety and efficacy of armodafinil in bipolar depression: A 6-month open-label extension study.
Amchin, J; Frye, MA; Gross, N; Ketter, TA, 2016)		1.08
" Modafinil was associated with minimal adverse events (headaches, diarrhea, and rash)."( A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety: Modafinil in the Treatment of Fatigue in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.
Ali, AH; Gossard, AA; Jorgensen, RA; Lindor, KD; Petz, JL; Silveira, MG; Stahler, AC, )		1.27
"In patients with PBC who have fatigue, treatment with modafinil for 12 weeks was safe and fairly well tolerated; however, it did not result in beneficial effects on fatigue compared with patients treated with placebo (CONSORT Table 1)."( A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety: Modafinil in the Treatment of Fatigue in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.
Ali, AH; Gossard, AA; Jorgensen, RA; Lindor, KD; Petz, JL; Silveira, MG; Stahler, AC, )		0.61
" Tolerability was assessed by analysis of adverse events."( Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Armodafinil Therapy for Hypersomnia Associated with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Pilot Study.
Aakre, JA; Allen, LA; Boeve, BF; Drubach, DA; Kremers, W; Kuntz, KM; Lapid, MI; Lundt, ES; Mason, SS, 2017)		0.72
" No adverse events occurred."( Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Armodafinil Therapy for Hypersomnia Associated with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Pilot Study.
Aakre, JA; Allen, LA; Boeve, BF; Drubach, DA; Kremers, W; Kuntz, KM; Lapid, MI; Lundt, ES; Mason, SS, 2017)		0.72
" No adverse events of treatment with modafinil and intranasal mometasone furoate were reported."( Comparison of the Efficacy, Side Effects, and Cost of Modafinil and Intranasal Mometasone Furoate in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome: A Preliminary Clinical Study.
Duan, Z; Fu, J; Zhang, S, 2018)		1
"To determine the time course and duration of common, early-onset treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) associated with sodium oxybate (SXB) use in adults with narcolepsy."( Incidence and duration of common, early-onset adverse events occurring during 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies of sodium oxybate in participants with narcolepsy.
Black, J; Bujanover, S; Husain, AM; Profant, J; Ryan, R; Scheckner, B, 2020)		0.56
" As compared with placebo (38 [31%] of 124 patients), higher proportions of participants reported adverse events while taking amantadine (49 [39%] of 127 patients), modafinil (50 [40%] of 125 patients), and methylphenidate (51 [40%] of 129 patients)."( Safety and efficacy of amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial.
Aljarallah, S; Auvray, C; Cordano, C; Creasman, J; Jin, C; Krysko, K; Manguinao, M; McCulloch, C; Morris, B; Mowry, E; Nourbakhsh, B; Revirajan, N; Rutatangwa, A; Waubant, E, 2021)		1.09
"Amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate were not superior to placebo in improving multiple sclerosis fatigue and caused more frequent adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of amantadine, modafinil, and methylphenidate for fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind trial.
Aljarallah, S; Auvray, C; Cordano, C; Creasman, J; Jin, C; Krysko, K; Manguinao, M; McCulloch, C; Morris, B; Mowry, E; Nourbakhsh, B; Revirajan, N; Rutatangwa, A; Waubant, E, 2021)		1.28
" Adverse events (AEs) were also recorded to evaluate safety."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study.
Inoue, Y; Tabata, T; Tsukimori, N, 2021)		0.93
"Modafinil was shown to be an effective and safe treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with IH without long sleep time."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study.
Inoue, Y; Tabata, T; Tsukimori, N, 2021)		2.37
" Both drugs were efficacious and safe in the management of fatigue and QoL."( Efficacy and safety of modafinil versus dexamethasone in cancer-related fatigue: a prospective randomized controlled study.
Banerjee, S; Bhattacharya, B; Biswas, S; Deb, U; Mukhopadhyay, S, 2021)		0.93
"Of 16 participants, ten completed the study; six participants, all in the expanded 100-mg cohort, discontinued because of adverse events during the modafinil lead-in dosing period."( The Effect of Modafinil on the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib: A Phase I Study in Healthy Participants.
Chen, J; Gong, J; LaBadie, RR; Li, J; Mfopou, JK; Pithavala, YK, 2021)		1.18
" Adverse events were monitored throughout the study period."( Safety and pharmacodynamics of a single infusion of danavorexton in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia.
Bogan, RK; Emsellem, H; Faessel, H; Foldvary-Schaefer, N; Mignot, E; Naylor, M; Neuwirth, R; Olsson, T; Swick, T, 2023)		0.91
"4%) had a treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) and 10 (37."( Safety and pharmacodynamics of a single infusion of danavorexton in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia.
Bogan, RK; Emsellem, H; Faessel, H; Foldvary-Schaefer, N; Mignot, E; Naylor, M; Neuwirth, R; Olsson, T; Swick, T, 2023)		0.91
"Paired reviewers independently extracted data addressing effects of drugs on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), and adverse events at the longest reported follow-up."( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Wakefulness-Promoting Agents for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea : A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.
Busse, JW; Desai, K; Gu, Y; Mah, J; Pitre, T; Roberts, S; Ryan, C; Zeraatkar, D, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse events probably increase the risk for discontinuation of armodafinil-modafinil and may increase the risk for discontinuation with solriamfetol."( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Wakefulness-Promoting Agents for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea : A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.
Busse, JW; Desai, K; Gu, Y; Mah, J; Pitre, T; Roberts, S; Ryan, C; Zeraatkar, D, 2023)		1.15

Pharmacokinetics

Armodafinil and methylphenidate both had a mean single-dose terminal elimination half-life of approximately 13 hours. The half- life of triazolam was also decreased, but the half- Life of ethinyl estradiol did not appear to be affected.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods, but could not be evaluated for modafinil sulfone due to plasma levels that were close to the assay quantitation limit."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of modafinil and methylphenidate given alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers.
Grebow, PE; King, SP; Laughton, WB; McCormick, GC; Wong, YN, 1998)		0.8
"An open-label, randomized, crossover study was performed in healthy male volunteers to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions and tolerability of single oral doses of modafinil (200 mg) and dextroamphetamine (10 mg)."( Comparison of the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil and dextroamphetamine administered alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers.
Chen, Y; Eldon, R; Grebow, P; Hartman, L; Laughton, W; Markland, C; Simcoe, D; Wang, L; Wong, YN, 1998)		0.72
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of increasing modafinil doses (200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg) administered orally over a 7-day period in normal healthy male volunteers."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in healthy male volunteers.
Grebow, PE; Hartman, LN; King, SP; Laughton, WB; McCormick, GC; Simcoe, D; Wong, YN, 1999)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods."( Open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study of modafinil tablets: influence of age and gender in normal subjects.
Gorman, S; Grebow, P; King, SP; Laughton, W; McCormick, GC; Simcoe, D; Wong, YN, 1999)		0.56
"The potential for a pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction between modafinil and methylphenidate, each at steady state, was investigated in an open-label, randomized, single-period study in 32 healthy male and female volunteers."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil given alone or in combination with methylphenidate in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2001)		0.8
" Pharmacokinetic profiles for ethinyl estradiol and for a single oral dose of triazolam (0."( Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		0.72
" The half-life of triazolam was also decreased, but the half-life of ethinyl estradiol did not appear to be affected by treatment with modafinil."( Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		0.92
" Samples for pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling were obtained on Days 21 and 28."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil administered alone or in combination with dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		0.57
" After single or multiple oral doses, modafinil is readily absorbed, reaching maximum plasma concentrations at 2-4 hours after administration and pharmacokinetic steady state within 2-4 days."( Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil.
Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P, 2003)		0.86
" The validation data support the use of this method for human pharmacokinetic studies of modafinil in patients with known or suspected use of common antidepressants, psychostimulants, and drugs of abuse."( Chiral analysis of d- and l-modafinil in human serum: application to human pharmacokinetic studies.
DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Malcolm, RJ; Markowitz, JS, 2003)		0.83
" There were no significant changes in total AUC, clearance or elimination half-life of cocaine."( Modafinil influences the pharmacokinetics of intravenous cocaine in healthy cocaine-dependent volunteers.
Chiang, CN; DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Elkashef, A; Malcolm, RJ; Mojsiak, J; Taylor, RM, 2005)		1.77
"This study did not find evidence for a harmful pharmacokinetic interaction between modafinil and cocaine."( Modafinil influences the pharmacokinetics of intravenous cocaine in healthy cocaine-dependent volunteers.
Chiang, CN; DeVane, CL; Donovan, JL; Elkashef, A; Malcolm, RJ; Mojsiak, J; Taylor, RM, 2005)		2
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected hourly."( Pharmacodynamic effects on alertness of single doses of armodafinil in healthy subjects during a nocturnal period of acute sleep loss.
Arora, S; Darwish, M; Dinges, DF; Niebler, GE, 2006)		0.58
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared with results from published data."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in Chinese subjects.
Li, HD; Xiao, YW; Xu, P; Yuan, HY; Zhang, BK; Zhu, YG, 2008)		0.62
"In this pharmacokinetic study, modafinil was safe and well tolerated by young healthy Chinese subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in Chinese subjects.
Li, HD; Xiao, YW; Xu, P; Yuan, HY; Zhang, BK; Zhu, YG, 2008)		0.9
" The objectives of this study were to describe the pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability and safety of armodafinil in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil in healthy subjects: pooled analysis of data from three randomized studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2009)		0.86
"Pooled pharmacokinetic data from three separate randomized studies in 119 healthy subjects who received single or multiple (once daily for up to 14 days) oral doses of armodafinil ranging between 50 and 400 mg were analysed."( Pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil in healthy subjects: pooled analysis of data from three randomized studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2009)		0.84
" Food had no effect on the overall bioavailability of armodafinil; however, the peak concentration was delayed by approximately 2-4 hours."( Pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil in healthy subjects: pooled analysis of data from three randomized studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2009)		0.89
" After reaching peak plasma levels, concentrations of armodafinil declined monophasically, with a mean elimination half-life of around 15 hours."( Pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil in healthy subjects: pooled analysis of data from three randomized studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2009)		0.89
" The objective of this analysis was to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters related to those higher concentrations."( Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2009)		1.07
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed."( Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2009)		1.07
"Armodafinil and modafinil both had a mean single-dose terminal elimination half-life of approximately 13 hours, with similar mean maximum plasma drug concentration (C(max)) and median time to C(max) values."( Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2009)		1.8
" The different pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil may result in improved wakefulness throughout the day in patients with ES compared with modafinil."( Armodafinil and modafinil have substantially different pharmacokinetic profiles despite having the same terminal half-lives: analysis of data from three randomized, single-dose, pharmacokinetic studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2009)		1.34
" The influences of ethnicity, sex, height, body weight, and body mass index on modafinil pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil in Chinese Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur, and Hui healthy subjects determined by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.
Chenhui, D; Dongya, X; Kehua, W; Longshan, Z; Tao, G; Wei, L; Zheng, G, 2010)		0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetic study of modafinil in relation to gender and ethnicity in healthy young Chinese volunteers.
Guo, T; Xia, DY; Zhao, LS, 2010)		0.66
"There are pharmacokinetic differences based on sex and ethnicity for modafinil."( Pharmacokinetic study of modafinil in relation to gender and ethnicity in healthy young Chinese volunteers.
Guo, T; Xia, DY; Zhao, LS, 2010)		0.9
" The R-isomer of racemic modafinil has a half-life of approximately15 hours; the S-isomer has a half-life of 4 to 5 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.98
"The aim of this work was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of armodafinil (R-modafinil) and modafinil (racemic mixture with equal quantities of R- and S-isomers) at equal doses in patients with residual excessive sleepiness associated with continuous positive airway pressure-treated OSA."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.91
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of principal interest for assessing the bioequivalence of armodafinil and modafinil were maximum concentration at 7 to 11 hours after dosing and the concentration-versus-time curve for this period."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.9
" In addition, the ratios and associated 90% CIs for Cmax (137 [1."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.68
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of the 2 drugs were notably different and did not meet the FDA criteria for bioequivalence."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.68
" Pharmacokinetic studies suggest that armodafinil achieves higher plasma concentrations than modafinil late in a dose interval following equal oral doses."( Armodafinil and modafinil in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with shift work disorder: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for predicting and comparing their concentration-effect relationships.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Ezzet, F, 2012)		1.37
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of modafinil and its major metabolites in Chinese male adults and to identify covariates that predict variability in disposition."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.88
" Pharmacokinetic data analyses were performed using noncompartmental and compartmental approaches."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.66
" The visual predictive check found that the final pharmacokinetic model adequately predicted observed concentrations of all 3 molecular species."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.66
"A robust population pharmacokinetic model for modafinil and its metabolites was developed for the first time."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.91
" Armodafinil shows a linear pharmacokinetic profile over a broad dose range of 50 - 400 mg (maximal plasma concentration and area under concentration-time curve)."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of armodafinil for the treatment of bipolar depression.
Joos, L; Maudens, KE; Morrens, M; Neels, H; Niemegeers, P; Patteet, L; Sabbe, BG, 2012)		1.28
"To describe the population pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil acid and to compare the extent of metabolism of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups (Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur, and Hui) of China."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil acid and estimation of the metabolic conversion of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups of China.
Deng, CH; Guan, Z; Guo, T; Li, L; Lu, W; Wu, KH; Zhou, TY, 2012)		0.91
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation of modafinil and modafinil acid were drawn before and at different time after the administration."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil acid and estimation of the metabolic conversion of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups of China.
Deng, CH; Guan, Z; Guo, T; Li, L; Lu, W; Wu, KH; Zhou, TY, 2012)		0.92
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of ziprasidone collected prior to and over the 48 h after each ziprasidone administration."( Evaluation of the potential for a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and ziprasidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2014)		0.63
" This study was designed to evaluate the bidirectional carbamazepine-armodafinil pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction."( Evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and carbamazepine in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.88
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for carbamazepine, armodafinil, and their major circulating metabolites were determined when dosed alone and after pretreatment with the other drug."( Evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and carbamazepine in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.9
"Eighty-one subjects enrolled in the study (group 1 = 40; group 2 = 41), of whom 79 (group 1 = 40; group 2 = 39) were evaluable for pharmacokinetic analysis and 80 (group 1 = 40; group 2 = 40) were evaluable for safety analysis."( Evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and carbamazepine in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.64
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydro-aripiprazole, obtained over 16 days after each aripiprazole administration."( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.65
"Of 36 subjects enrolled, 24 were evaluable for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.65
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone (formed via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4), collected before and over 4 days after risperidone administration, and from steady-state plasma concentrations of armodafinil and its circulating metabolites, R-modafinil acid and modafinil sulfone."( Evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and risperidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.83
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the metabolites was developed to predict the effect of other strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers."( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)		0.56
" Pharmacodynamic endpoints included the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)."( Safety and pharmacodynamics of a single infusion of danavorexton in adults with idiopathic hypersomnia.
Bogan, RK; Emsellem, H; Faessel, H; Foldvary-Schaefer, N; Mignot, E; Naylor, M; Neuwirth, R; Olsson, T; Swick, T, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

modafinil has not been carefully assessed in combination with other psychostimulant drugs. The potential for a drug-drug in the treatment of schizophrenia was considered.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The potential for a pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction between modafinil and methylphenidate, each at steady state, was investigated in an open-label, randomized, single-period study in 32 healthy male and female volunteers."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil given alone or in combination with methylphenidate in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2001)		0.8
"The potential for a drug-drug interaction between modafinil and dextroamphetamine, each at steady state, was investigated in an open-label, randomized, single-period studyin 32 healthy male and female volunteers."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil administered alone or in combination with dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		0.82
" Since cocaine-dependent subjects might use cocaine during a clinical trial with modafinil, this study tested the safety of intravenous cocaine (30 mg) in combination with modafinil."( Modafinil and cocaine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled drug interaction study.
Cornish, JW; Dackis, CA; Kampman, KM; Lynch, KG; O'Brien, CP; Poole, S; Rowan, A; Samaha, FF; White, L; Yu, E, 2003)		1.99
" The goals of this study were to examine the safety and efficacy of a potential treatment medication, modafinil, in combination with oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)."( The safety of modafinil in combination with oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans.
Poling, J; Sofuoglu, M; Sugarman, DE, 2011)		0.95
" However, modafinil has not been carefully assessed in combination with other psychostimulant drugs."( Modafinil alone and in combination with low dose amphetamine does not establish conditioned place preference in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Baker, LE; Prisinzano, TE; Quisenberry, AJ, 2013)		2.23
" In this proof of principle randomised-controlled trial thirty-three healthy volunteers were randomised to receive either modafinil or placebo combined with daily cognitive training over two weeks."( Modafinil combined with cognitive training is associated with improved learning in healthy volunteers--a randomised controlled trial.
Drake, R; Gilleen, J; Kapur, S; Lewis, SW; Michalopoulou, PG; Reichenberg, A; Wykes, T, 2014)		2.05
" This study was designed to evaluate the bidirectional carbamazepine-armodafinil pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction."( Evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and carbamazepine in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.88
" If the ar/mod-antipsychotic drug combination is necessary, for whatever reason, then the dose of the atypical antipsychotic drug may need to be appropriately raised."( Delayed drug interactions in psychiatry: armodafinil and risperidone as a potential case in point.
Andrade, C, 2015)		0.68
"To evaluate the capacity for modafinil to be a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions by altering cytochrome P450 activity following a single dose and dosing to steady state."( Evaluation of modafinil as a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions using a model informed cocktail reaction phenotyping trial protocol.
Mangoni, AA; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M; Warncken, D, 2018)		1.13
"These data support consideration of the risk of clinically relevant metabolic drug-drug interactions perpetrated by modafinil when this drug is co-administered with drugs that are primarily cleared by CYP2C19 (single modafinil dose or steady state modafinil dosing) or CYP3A4 (steady state modafinil dosing only) catalysed metabolic pathways."( Evaluation of modafinil as a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions using a model informed cocktail reaction phenotyping trial protocol.
Mangoni, AA; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M; Warncken, D, 2018)		1.05

Bioavailability

Modafinil has the ability to induce the activity of CYP3A4 and consequently decrease the bioavailability of hydrocortisone. Food had no effect on the overall bioavailability, but peak concentration was delayed by approximately 2-4 hours.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In summary, the results show that modafinil is a moderately long-lived drug that is well absorbed and extensively metabolised."( Clinical pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil.
Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P, 2003)		0.87
" Food had no effect on the overall bioavailability of armodafinil; however, the peak concentration was delayed by approximately 2-4 hours."( Pharmacokinetic profile of armodafinil in healthy subjects: pooled analysis of data from three randomized studies.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2009)		0.89
"Delivering orally bioavailable drugs to rodents is an important component to investigating that route of administration in novel treatments for humans."( Oral dosing of rodents using a palatable tablet.
Bowman, E; Brown, VJ; Bundgaard, C; Dhawan, SS; Tait, DS; Xia, S, 2018)		0.48
"Palatable jelly tablets are an effective route of administration of thermally stable orally bioavailable compounds, eliminating the stress/discomfort and health risk of oral gavage and presenting as an alternative to previously reported palatable routes of administration where high protein and fat levels may adversely affect appetite for food reward, and uptake rate in the gastrointestinal tract."( Oral dosing of rodents using a palatable tablet.
Bowman, E; Brown, VJ; Bundgaard, C; Dhawan, SS; Tait, DS; Xia, S, 2018)		0.48
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" An absolute bioavailability study informed the hepatic and gastric availability."( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)		0.56
" Modafinil has the ability to induce the activity of CYP3A4 and consequently decrease the bioavailability of hydrocortisone."( [Adrenal crisis associated with modafinil use].
Aquinos, BM; Canteros, TM; de Miguel, V; Fainstein-Day, P; García Arabehety, J; Scibona, P, 2021)		1.82
" In order to increase the oral bioavailability and taste masking to food taken along with the drug, modafinil-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared and evaluated."( Formulation Development of Modafinil Sprinkle Dosage Form: Study on the Effect of Food on Dosage.
Karthik, B; Kumaravelrajan, R; Venkatasan, S, )		0.64

Dosage Studied

Modafinil (300 mg/kg) did, however, decrease by approximately 50% the amount of novel wheel-stimulated running, moving leftward the dose-response relation between wheel revolutions and shift magnitude. There was also no significant difference in final modafInil dosage between patients who had a positive history of chemical abuse/dependence and those who did not (258 mg/day)

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Modafinil was administered in a double-blind cross-over design at a daily dosage of 300 mg versus placebo."( Modafinil: a double-blind multicentric study.
Besset, A; Billiard, M; Goldenberg, F; Laffont, F; Lubin, S; Montplaisir, J; Weill, JS, 1994)		2.64
" The dose-response curve for modafinil is U-shaped; feeding decreases after doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, but no effects were seen after doses of 10 and 80 mg/kg."( Nonamphetamine awakening agent modafinil induces feeding changes in the rat.
De Saint Hilaire, Z; Nicolaidis, S, 1993)		0.86
" Serial blood samples were obtained following administration of the day 1 and day 7 doses for characterization of pharmacokinetics, and trough samples were obtained prior to dosing on days 2 through 6 to assess the time to reach the steady state."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in healthy male volunteers.
Grebow, PE; Hartman, LN; King, SP; Laughton, WB; McCormick, GC; Simcoe, D; Wong, YN, 1999)		0.52
" Modafinil was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing and slowly cleared (t1/2 approximately 11-14 hr) from the body."( Open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study of modafinil tablets: influence of age and gender in normal subjects.
Gorman, S; Grebow, P; King, SP; Laughton, W; McCormick, GC; Simcoe, D; Wong, YN, 1999)		1.47
" Measures of subjective, behavioural, and physiological responses were evaluated at fixed intervals during 72 h after each dosing occasion."( An evaluation of the abuse potential of modafinil using methylphenidate as a reference.
Jasinski, DR, 2000)		0.57
" Modafinil inhibited the 4'-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin, a marker substrate for CYP2C19, reversibly and competitively with a K(i) value of 39 microM, which approximates the steady-state C(max) value of modafinil in human plasma at a dosage of 400 mg/day."( In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil.
DeCory, HH; Madan, A; Parkinson, A; Robertson, P, 2000)		1.45
"To examine the effect of once-daily dosing of modafinil, a stimulant that has a long duration of action, on clinical features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children."( Effects of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label study.
Copley, TC; Rugino, TA, 2001)		0.96
" The results indicate that administration of low-dose dextroamphetamine in this dosing regimen does not alter the steady-state pharmacokinetics of modafinil."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil administered alone or in combination with dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers.
Arora, S; Hellriegel, ET; Nelson, M; Robertson, P, 2002)		0.77
"We studied the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature (CRTre) during 62 h of SD alone or with three dosage levels of modafinil."( Circadian rhythm of rectal temperature during sleep deprivation with modafinil.
Besnard, Y; Bittel, J; Guinet, A; Lallement, G; Launay, JC; Savourey, G, 2002)		0.76
" A split-dose 400-mg regimen may be superior to once-daily dosing for sustaining wakefulness throughout the entire waking day."( Dosing regimen effects of modafinil for improving daytime wakefulness in patients with narcolepsy.
Bogan, RK; Feldman, NT; Hughes, RJ; Nelson, MT; Schwartz, JR, )		0.43
"Modafinil remained effective and well tolerated as an adjunct therapy for residual daytime sleepiness even after 12 weeks of daily dosing in patients with OSA receiving nCPAP therapy."( Modafinil as adjunct therapy for daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea: a 12-week, open-label study.
Erman, MK; Hirshkowitz, M; Schmidt-Nowara, W; Schwartz, JR, 2003)		3.2
" Modafinil may be well suited for the treatment of obesity, although further studies with repeated dosing in overweight populations are warranted."( Wake-promoting agents with different mechanisms of action: comparison of effects of modafinil and amphetamine on food intake and cardiovascular activity.
Frederich, RC; Kelly, TH; Makris, AP; Rush, CR, 2004)		1.46
" Patients were contacted 24 (1) hours after dosing to evaluate postdischarge symptoms."( Modafinil improves recovery after general anesthesia.
Dunn, JB; Goldberg, ME; Hojat, M; Khaleghi, B; Larijani, GE; Marr, AT, 2004)		1.77
"A modafinil daily dosing strategy promotes wakefulness in narcolepsy patients experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness; however, some patients may continue to experience late-day sleepiness."( Effects of modafinil on wakefulness and executive function in patients with narcolepsy experiencing late-day sleepiness.
Hughes, RJ; Nelson, MT; Schwartz, ER; Schwartz, JR, )		1.24
" All modafinil dosing regimens were well tolerated."( Dose effects of modafinil in sustaining wakefulness in narcolepsy patients with residual evening sleepiness.
Bogan, RK; Feldman, NT; Schwartz, JR, 2005)		1.19
" Modafinil (300 mg/kg) did, however, decrease by approximately 50% the amount of novel wheel-stimulated running, moving leftward the dose-response relation between wheel revolutions and shift magnitude."( Modafinil [2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide] and circadian rhythms in syrian hamsters: assessment of the chronobiotic potential of a novel alerting compound.
Mistlberger, RE; Pollock, MS; Webb, IC, 2006)		2.69
" Approaches to the management of residual symptoms include addressing treatment-emergent side effects and co-morbid conditions, optimizing antidepressant dosing and using augmentation therapy."( Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of residual symptoms.
Fava, M, 2006)		0.33
" Data collected included patient demographics, MiniSCID diagnoses, clinical diagnoses including history of substance abuse, and length and dosage of treatment with modafinil."( Absence of mood switch with and tolerance to modafinil: a replication study from a large private practice.
Nasr, S; Steiner, K; Wendt, B, 2006)		0.79
" There was also no significant difference in final modafinil dosage between patients who had a positive history of chemical abuse/dependence (290 mg/day) and those who did not (258 mg/day)."( Absence of mood switch with and tolerance to modafinil: a replication study from a large private practice.
Nasr, S; Steiner, K; Wendt, B, 2006)		0.85
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of several modafinil dosing regimens in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to determine whether modafinil can be given once daily in pediatric ADHD."( A comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Lopez, FA; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2006)		0.8
" Once-daily dosing (300 mg) provided the most consistent improvement in symptoms."( A comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study.
Biederman, J; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ; Lopez, FA; Swanson, JM; Wigal, SB, 2006)		0.59
" Limitations of the study include open-label dosing and lack of a placebo control."( Modafinil in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary 8-week, open-label study.
Arora, S; Boellner, SW; Earl, CQ, 2006)		1.78
" The dosage regimen was initiated at 50 mg and titrated to 200 mg/day over 4 weeks."( Modafinil therapy for apathy in an elderly patient.
Bhatia, SC; Burke, WJ; Padala, PR, 2007)		1.78
" In addition, modafinil at 180 mg/kg exerted an antiepileptic effect in the MES model; however, at the same dosage it increased the seizure stage in the PTZ-kindling model."( Modafinil exerts a dose-dependent antiepileptic effect mediated by adrenergic alpha1 and histaminergic H1 receptors in mice.
Chen, CR; Huang, ZL; Qiu, MH; Qu, WM; Urade, Y; Xu, XH; Yao, MH, 2007)		2.14
" Side effects of stimulants are generally mild, short lived, and responsive to adjustments in dosage or timing."( Changes and challenges: managing ADHD in a fast-paced world.
Bukstein, OG; Crismon, ML; Manos, MJ; Tom-Revzon, C, 2007)		0.34
" Dosage adjustments may be required for drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 (e."( Interaction profile of armodafinil with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 3A4 and 2C19 in healthy subjects.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2008)		0.65
" Some required an increased dosage and some took the medication as needed."( Modafinil in the treatment of debilitating fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis: a clinical experience.
de Jongh, M; Ian Gan, S; Kaplan, MM, 2009)		1.8
" Dosing regimens were based on reported or concurrently determined wake-promoting activities in canine models."( Hemodynamic and cardiac neurotransmitter-releasing effects in conscious dogs of attention- and wake-promoting agents: a comparison of d-amphetamine, atomoxetine, modafinil, and a novel quinazolinone H3 inverse agonist.
Bone, A; Fujino, N; Gilberto, D; Johnson, C; Lynch, J; Nagase, T; Regan, C; Renger, J; Sato, N; Stevens, J; Stump, G; Takenaga, N; Tannenbaum, P; Tokita, S, 2009)		0.55
" These agents can increase wakefulness (W) in cats and rodents following acute administration, but their effects after repeat dosing have not been reported previously."( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice.
Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)		0.35
" After twice daily dosing for 8 days, the effect of GSK189254 (10 mg x kg(-1)) on W in both Ox+/+ and Ox-/- mice was significantly reduced, while the effect on narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice was significantly increased."( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice.
Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)		0.35
" Moreover, the differential effects observed on W and narcoleptic episodes following repeat dosing could have important implications in clinical studies."( Differential effects of acute and repeat dosing with the H3 antagonist GSK189254 on the sleep-wake cycle and narcoleptic episodes in Ox-/- mice.
Anaclet, C; Brown, SH; Buda, C; Feng, JQ; Franco, P; Guidon, G; Guo, RX; Lin, JS; Medhurst, AD; Parmentier, R; Roberts, JC; Sastre, JP; Upton, N; Zhang, M, 2009)		0.35
" In addition, average late-day (3 pm to 7 pm after an 8 am dosing) plasma drug concentrations and partial values for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve for 7-11 hours after dosing were both 44% higher with armodafinil."( Comparison of steady-state plasma concentrations of armodafinil and modafinil late in the day following morning administration: post hoc analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose studies in healthy male subjects.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M, 2009)		0.78
" To develop rational dosing schemes, given that China has 56 ethnicities that may have various response to modafinil, it is essential to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of modafinil in some selected ethnicities."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil in Chinese Han, Mongolian, Korean, Uygur, and Hui healthy subjects determined by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.
Chenhui, D; Dongya, X; Kehua, W; Longshan, Z; Tao, G; Wei, L; Zheng, G, 2010)		0.86
"The review describes recent advances in the understanding of the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug and why this may improve wakefulness later after dosing compared with modafinil."( Armodafinil in the treatment of excessive sleepiness.
Bogan, RK, 2010)		1.28
" Plasma level-dependent effects of psychostimulants can be modelled on an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship, which is highly relevant to predict cognitive enhancing and detrimental effects of psychostimulants in patients with cognitive deficits (e."( Effects of modafinil and methylphenidate on visual attention capacity: a TVA-based study.
Baumann, F; Bublak, P; Dodds, CM; Finke, K; Manly, T; Müller, U; Regenthal, R, 2010)		0.75
"MLN8054 dosing for up to 14 days of a 28-day cycle was feasible."( Phase 1 study of MLN8054, a selective inhibitor of Aurora A kinase in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Burris, H; Cohen, RB; Danaee, H; Dees, EC; Ecsedy, J; Eton, O; Fingert, H; Galvin, K; Infante, JR; Jones, S; Lee, Y; Liu, H; Manfredi, M; O'Neil, BH; Stringer, B; von Mehren, M, 2011)		0.37
" However, excessive daytime sleepiness deteriorated gradually; re-treatment with smaller dosage (50 mg every other day) resulted in partial improvement but aggravation of both dyskinesia and diabetes mellitus."( [An experience of administration of modafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in a patient with myotonic dystorophy].
Kawai, M; Oya, Y; Suzuki, M, 2010)		0.64
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of principal interest for assessing the bioequivalence of armodafinil and modafinil were maximum concentration at 7 to 11 hours after dosing and the concentration-versus-time curve for this period."( Pharmacokinetics of armodafinil and modafinil after single and multiple doses in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, open-label, crossover study.
D'Andrea, DM; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2010)		0.9
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the plasma drug concentration-versus-time curve during a dosing interval (AUC(τ)) and maximum observed plasma drug concentration (C(max)), and tolerability were assessed."( Systemic exposure to armodafinil and its tolerability in healthy elderly versus young men: an open-label, multiple-dose, parallel-group study.
Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2011)		0.68
" Following dosing at 02:00 h, MK-0249 and modafinil reduced delta and theta activity and enhanced alpha and beta activity, compared to placebo."( Effect of a novel histamine subtype-3 receptor inverse agonist and modafinil on EEG power spectra during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep in male volunteers.
Boyle, J; Calder, N; Cerchio, K; Dijk, DJ; Gottesdiener, K; Hargreaves, R; Iannone, R; James, LM; Murphy, MG; Palcza, J; Renger, JJ, 2011)		0.87
" The current chapter reviews the results of a range of studies examining adjunctive pharmacological treatments to enhance cognition in schizophrenia using a range of designs, including single-dose studies, open-label repeated dosing studies, and double-blind parallel group and crossover designs with repeated dosing."( Pharmacological strategies for enhancing cognition in schizophrenia.
Barch, DM, 2010)		0.36
" Modafinil was dosed up to 200 mg/day within 1 week."( HAGIL (Hamburg Vigil Study): a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study with modafinil for treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Broemel, F; Daumer, M; Heesen, C; Möller, F; Neuhaus, A; Poettgen, J, 2011)		1.5
" At each daily visit, signs and symptoms were assessed, and medications and dosing instructions were given for the following 24 hours."( A nonopioid procedure for outpatient opioid detoxification.
Baier, AR; Coons, EE; Fingesten, A; Ockert, DM; Volpicelli, JR, 2011)		0.37
" By using the dosing time data collected, we determined that subjects who dosed at a consistent time daily were more likely to adhere to the prescribed regimen."( A simple, novel method for assessing medication adherence: capsule photographs taken with cellular telephones.
Coyle, JR; Flower, K; Galloway, GP; Guillén, JE; Mendelson, JE, 2011)		0.37
" The authors developed dosing schedules to achieve minimum trough plasma modafinil concentrations of 3 mcg/mL."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.89
" Based on this model, individualized dosing based on weight is now possible."( Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil and its acid and sulfone metabolites in Chinese males.
Fan, L; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Lee, LS; Seng, KY; Yong, WP, 2011)		0.66
" There were 91 patients who had seizures while taking modafinil; there was no relationship between modafinil dosage and whether the patient had seizures."( Use of modafinil in patients with epilepsy.
Artsy, E; Dworetzky, BA; Hurwitz, S; Lee, JW; McCarthy, DC; Pavlova, MK, 2012)		1.08
" The former, on sale without prescription, presents a varied symptomatology, dosage and dependent metabolic action, ranging from euphoria to hallucinations."( [Emergent drugs (II): the Pharming phenomenon].
Aldea-Perona, A; Burillo-Putze, G; Climent, B; Dueñas, A; García-Sáiz, MM; Hoffman, RS; Munné, P; Nogué, S; Rodríguez-Jiménez, C, )		0.13
" Treatment lasted 8 weeks: 3 weeks of flexible dosing according to investigator's judgment (10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg a day of pitolisant; 100 mg, 200 mg or 400 mg a day of modafinil) followed by 5 weeks of stable dosing."( Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind, randomised trial.
Arnulf, I; Bassetti, C; Dauvilliers, Y; Ding, CL; Lammers, GJ; Lecomte, JM; Lehert, P; Mayer, G; Rodenbeck, A; Schwartz, JC, 2013)		0.88
" Plasma concentrations of armodafinil and its circulating metabolites, R-modafinil acid and modafinil sulfone, were also obtained after repeated daily dosing of armodafinil alone."( Evaluation of the potential for a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and ziprasidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2014)		0.92
" We did not find a dose-response effect."( Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.
Costa, G; Driscoll, TR; Isotalo, LK; Liira, J; Ruotsalainen, JH; Sallinen, M; Verbeek, JH, 2014)		0.4
"Participants dosed with modafinil had significantly longer mean response latencies on the HSCT for both the response initiation and response inhibition compared to participants dosed with placebo."( Modafinil increases the latency of response in the Hayling Sentence Completion Test in healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial.
Lewis, CR; Mohamed, AD, 2014)		2.15
" Subjects assigned to group 1 received a dose of carbamazepine (200 mg) alone and a dose after pretreatment with daily dosing of armodafinil (titrated to 250 mg/d)."( Evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and carbamazepine in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.85
" We evaluated the effect of daily dosing with armodafinil on the pharmacokinetics and safety of the CYP3A4 substrate aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic used to treat bipolar I disorder."( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		0.9
" Concomitant armodafinil and risperidone use may necessitate risperidone dosage adjustment, particularly when starting or stopping coadministration of the two drugs."( Evaluation of potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and risperidone in healthy adults.
Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)		1
" The armodafinil dosage was 50 mg BID."( Effects of armodafinil and cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia on sleep continuity and daytime sleepiness in cancer survivors.
Barilla, H; Findley, JC; Garland, SN; Gehrman, P; Heckler, CE; Kamen, C; Morrow, GR; Peoples, AR; Perlis, ML; Roscoe, JA, 2016)		1.26
"The main objective of present study was to develop a RP-HPLC method for estimation of Armodafinil in pharmaceutical dosage forms and characterization of its base hydrolytic product."( A validated stability indicating RP-HPLC method for estimation of Armodafinil in pharmaceutical dosage forms and characterization of its base hydrolytic product.
Bandi, NMR; Narasimhaiah, K; Rangareddy, A; Sharma, H; Venkateswarlu, K, 2017)		0.91
" Hence, the successful development of future TRIs for depression will demand strong translational evidence, an optimal dosing regimen, and better tolerability."( Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges.
Subbaiah, MAM, 2018)		0.48
" Additional research is required to determine optimal dosing and treatment schedules."( Meta-analysis of the efficacy of modafinil versus placebo in the treatment of multiple sclerosis fatigue.
Jie, C; Kuiqing, L; Shangyan, H; Weixiong, L; Yumin, X, 2018)		0.76
"To evaluate the capacity for modafinil to be a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions by altering cytochrome P450 activity following a single dose and dosing to steady state."( Evaluation of modafinil as a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions using a model informed cocktail reaction phenotyping trial protocol.
Mangoni, AA; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M; Warncken, D, 2018)		1.13
"These data support consideration of the risk of clinically relevant metabolic drug-drug interactions perpetrated by modafinil when this drug is co-administered with drugs that are primarily cleared by CYP2C19 (single modafinil dose or steady state modafinil dosing) or CYP3A4 (steady state modafinil dosing only) catalysed metabolic pathways."( Evaluation of modafinil as a perpetrator of metabolic drug-drug interactions using a model informed cocktail reaction phenotyping trial protocol.
Mangoni, AA; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M; Warncken, D, 2018)		1.05
"We present a case of a 27-year-old woman in whom idiopathic hypersomnolence was diagnosed in adolescence with adequate symptomatic control on daily dosage of 250 mg of modafinil."( Evaluating Transfer of Modafinil Into Human Milk During Lactation: A Case Report.
Aurora, N; Aurora, S; Baker, T; Datta, P; Hale, TW; Rewers-Felkins, K, 2018)		0.99
" Hyperactivity increased with a dose-response effect of modafinil in the PS group; meanwhile, this behavior increased only with the dose of 60 mg/kg in the PA group."( Differential effect of modafinil on impulsivity, attention and motor activity in preadolescent rats prenatally treated with alcohol.
Gomez-Ordoñez, D; Juárez, J, 2019)		1.07
" The current PBPK model, which considers changes in unbound potency-adjusted active species, can be used to inform dosing recommendations when abemaciclib is coadministered with CYP3A4 perpetrators."( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)		0.56
"Subacute dosing of modafinil significantly elevated blood glucose levels, albeit considerably less than diabetic group, and attenuated brain oxidative stress and AChE activity."( Memory improvement by modafinil at cost of metabolic hazards? A study to decipher the benefits and risks of modafinil in rats.
Kumar, M; Maqbool, S, 2020)		1.2
"Subacute dosing of modafinil differentially modulates long-term and short-term memory subtypes, and also predisposes towards metabolic derangements."( Memory improvement by modafinil at cost of metabolic hazards? A study to decipher the benefits and risks of modafinil in rats.
Kumar, M; Maqbool, S, 2020)		1.2
" However, its poor water solubility and large dosage limit its effective application."( Effects of armodafinil nanocrystal nasal hydrogel on recovery of cognitive function in sleep-deprived rats.
Du, L; Jin, Y; Li, R; Liu, Y; Ma, J; Ou, G; Pang, L; Wang, L; Zhang, S; Zhu, L; Zhu, S, 2021)		0.99
"Of 16 participants, ten completed the study; six participants, all in the expanded 100-mg cohort, discontinued because of adverse events during the modafinil lead-in dosing period."( The Effect of Modafinil on the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib: A Phase I Study in Healthy Participants.
Chen, J; Gong, J; LaBadie, RR; Li, J; Mfopou, JK; Pithavala, YK, 2021)		1.18
"The proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and were applied on bulk powder and pharmaceutical dosage forms using eco-friendly mobile phases in line with worldwide trends."( Greenness Assessment of Two Validated Stability-Indicating Chromatographic Methods for Estimating Modafinil Using the Analytical Eco-Scale.
El-Mosallamy, SS; Elsheikh, SG; Fayez, YM; Hassan, AME, 2022)		0.94
" At 60 postnatal days (PD), male Wistar rats were treated chronically (16 days) with MOD at 30 or 60 mg/kg, with MOD+CIT at four dosage combinations administered to four groups (30MOD + CIT3, 30MOD + CIT5, 60MOD + CIT3, 60MOD + CIT5 mg/kg), or with a vehicle."( Modafinil acquires reinforcing effects when combined with citalopram.
Juárez, J; Yepez, JE, 2022)		2.16
" Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were incubated with a therapeutic plasma dosage of modafinil, atomoxetine and guanfacine."( Psychostimulants Modafinil, Atomoxetine and Guanfacine Impair Bone Cell Differentiation and MSC Migration.
Böker, KO; Di Fazio, P; Jäckle, K; Lehmann, W; Schilling, AF; Wagener, N; Weiser, L, 2022)		1.28
" Both compounds induced potent wake-promoting effects in littermate wild-type and orexin-tTA; TetO-DTA mice when dosed at active and resting phases."( Comparison of Solriamfetol and Modafinil on Arousal and Anxiety-Related Behaviors in Narcoleptic Mice.
Nishino, S; Sakai, N, 2023)		1.2
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
sulfoxideAn organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).
monocarboxylic acid amideA carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (19)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency89.12510.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.54040.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.49710.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.54810.035520.977089.1251AID504332
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.039816.784239.8107AID995
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency13.33590.004611.374133.4983AID624297
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.00180.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki100.00000.00000.651810.0000AID1705902
D(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki100.00000.00000.436210.0000AID1705904
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)283.60000.00081.541620.0000AID1476938
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)3.91670.00070.97749.7000AID1388153; AID649788; AID649789; AID661805; AID667205; AID667206
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki5.98000.00030.37088.1600AID1705897; AID239595
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)Ki570.00000.00000.70488.1930AID1075740
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)300.00000.00030.81978.4900AID649791; AID667210
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki31.30000.00000.705610.0000AID1705898
Cytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)11.00000.00002.398310.0000AID649794; AID661808; AID667211
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki39.00000.00000.602010.0000AID1705903
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)6.66600.00071.841946.0000AID1476940; AID625256
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki4.09460.00021.11158.0280AID1075735; AID1075736; AID1324588; AID1324603; AID625256
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki2.00000.00000.338510.0000AID1324588
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)63.90000.03000.30500.6400AID649790; AID667208
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00081.95628.8000AID1388152
TransporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki10.00000.00010.866710.0000AID239623
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (168)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
autophagyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term memoryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein localizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to inactivityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
auditory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volumeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
drinking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pigmentationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune responseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IID(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerveD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor productionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalizationD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathwayD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of serotonin secretionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstrictionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycleSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
enteric nervous system developmentSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
brain morphogenesisSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acidSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of thalamus sizeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex actionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
lactationSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (54)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation channel activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
actin filament bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protease bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (38)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
Golgi membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomeD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(4) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
flotillin complexSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (170)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID328087Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328100Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID649788Inhibition of rat DAT2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID328086Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328088Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328099Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID667214Inhibition of CYP3A4 at 10 uM2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID239595Inhibition of high affinity uptake by the dopamine transporter from rat synaptosomal nerve endings by using [3H]DA as radioligand2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24
Piperidine-based nocaine/modafinil hybrid ligands as highly potent monoamine transporter inhibitors: efficient drug discovery by rational lead hybridization.
AID649796Inhibition of human ERG at 10 uM2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID1075731Displacement of [3H]citalopram from Sprague-Dawley rat brain SERT at 100 uM after 60 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis relative to control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID1075728Displacement of [3H]WIN35,428 from Sprague-Dawley rat brain DAT after 120 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1324599Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for NET in Sprague-Dawley rat frontal cortex membranes to Ki for DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID328083Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID667210Inhibition of rat SERT-mediated serotonin reuptake2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID661805Displacement of 3H-WIN-35428 from DAT in rat striata after 120 mins2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID1324588Binding affinity to DAT (unknown origin)2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID328078Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 100 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID661810Inhibition of CYP3A42012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID649786Solubility of the compound in water at pH 7.42012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID328093Effect on paired-pulse ventrobasal stimulation induced excitatory postsynaptic current in 40-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical slices2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID661812Plasma concentration in human at efficacious dose2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID328089Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID239623Inhibition of high affinity uptake by the norepinephrine transporter from rat synaptosomal nerve endings by using [3H]NE as radioligand2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24
Piperidine-based nocaine/modafinil hybrid ligands as highly potent monoamine transporter inhibitors: efficient drug discovery by rational lead hybridization.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID328081Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 100 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328097Effect on C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity in presence of PKA inhibitor KT5720 by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328102Reversal of increase in electronic coupling in Sprague-Dawley rat cortical interneurons assessed as input conductance change at 50 uM in presence of gap junction inhibitor mefloquine by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328082Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1705904Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from human D4.4 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID328101Increase in electronic coupling in Sprague-Dawley rat cortical interneurons assessed as input conductance change at 50 uM by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1324593Displacement of [3H]citalopram from SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain stem membranes incubated for 60 mins at 100 uM by radioligand binding assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID1705903Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from human D3 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID667204Wake promoting activity in EEG/EMG Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep time at 100 mg/kg, ip measured up to 3 hrs (Rvb = 65 +/- 9 mins)2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID649795Mutagenic activity in Salmonella Typhimurium by Mini-Ames test2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID1324605Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for human DAT Y156F mutant expressed in COS7 cell membranes to Ki for human DAT expressed in COS7 cell membranes2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID1653642Displacement of [3H]-(+)-pentazocine from Sigma1 receptor in guinea pig cortex membranes incubated for 120 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID649791Inhibition of rat SERT-mediated serotonin reuptake2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID468443Inhibition of human FAAH at 1 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Mining biologically-active molecules for inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH): identification of phenmedipham and amperozide as FAAH inhibitors.
AID1705905Displacement of [3H]-Nisoxetine from NET in Sprague-Dawley rat frontal cortex membrane after 180 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID667215Inhibition of CYP3A5 at 10 uM2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID328103Increase in electronic coupling in Sprague-Dawley rat cortical interneurons assessed as coupling coefficient at 100 uM by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID649787Metabolic stability in human liver S9 fraction assessed as compound remaining after 2 hrs2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID649794Inhibition of CYP2C192012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID678721Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as GSH adduct formation at 100 uM after 90 mins by HPLC-MS analysis2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID328095Increase in electronic coupling of Long-Evans rat inferior olivary neurons at 150 uM by single-patch clamp method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1653640Displacement of [3H]WIN35428 from DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum membranes incubated for 120 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID1476940Inhibition of re-uptake of [3H]-dopamine at human DAT expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 5 mins followed by [3H]-dopamine addition measured after 1 min by liquid scintillation counting2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-22, Volume: 60, Issue:22
Heterocyclic Analogues of Modafinil as Novel, Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID667205Inhibition of rat DAT2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID1324592Displacement of [3H]nisoxetine from NET in Sprague-Dawley rat frontal cortex membranes incubated for 180 mins at 100 uM by radioligand binding assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID1653641Displacement of [3H]citalopram from SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat midbrain membranes incubated for 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID649784Plasma concentration in human2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID661806Wake promoting activity in rat assessed as total time awake at 100 mg/kg, ip over a period of 3 hrs after dosing2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID1705900Selectivity ratio of Ki for SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat midbrain membranes to Ki for DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat striatum membranes2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID1075739Binding affinity to wild type human SERT expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-serotonin uptake at 100 uM after 3 mins by beta-scintillation counting analysis relative to control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID1075732Displacement of [3H]nisoxetine from Sprague-Dawley rat brain NET at 100 uM after 180 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis relative to control2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID1705897Displacement of [3H]WIN35428 from DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat striatal membranes incubated for 120 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID328084Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328098Increase in electronic coupling of Long-Evans rat inferior olivary neurons in presence of CaMK2 inhibitor KN93 by single-patch clamp method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID667208Inhibition of rat NET-mediated norepinephrine reuptake2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1324603Displacement of [3H]WIN35,428 from wild type human DAT expressed in COS7 cell membranes incubated for >90 mins by radioligand binding assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1705898Displacement of [3H]citalopram from SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat midbrain membranes incubated for 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID328094Reduction of input resistance in Long-Evans rat inferior olivary neurons at 150 uM relative to control by single-patch clamp method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1388153Inhibition of rat brain DAT assessed as reduction of [3H]-DA re-uptake preincubated for 30 mins followed by [3H]-DA addition measured after 5 mins by scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-22, Volume: 61, Issue:6
Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges.
AID388301Effect on electrically-evoked [3H]5HT uptake in Sprague-Dawley rat brain cortical slices administered 15 mins before electrical challenge at 30 uM after 85 mins of superfusion relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23
Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of two modafinil analogues.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID649793Inhibition of CYP2D6 at 10 uM2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID1476938Inhibition of re-uptake of [3H]MPP+ at human NET expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 5 mins followed by [3H]-dopamine addition measured after 3 min by liquid scintillation counting2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-22, Volume: 60, Issue:22
Heterocyclic Analogues of Modafinil as Novel, Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID667206Inhibition of rat DAT-mediated dopamine reuptake2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID1075735Binding affinity to wild type human DAT expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-dopamine uptake after 5 mins by beta-scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID661811Inhibition of CYP2D62012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID661808Inhibition of CYP2C192012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID328079Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 100 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1705899Displacement of [3H](+)-pentazocine from sigma 1 receptor in guinea pig brain cortex membranes after 120 mins by scintillation counting analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID328091Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1324602Displacement of [3H]WIN35,428 from human DAT Y156F mutant expressed in COS7 cell membranes incubated for >90 mins by radioligand binding assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID570370Displacement of [3H]WIN35428 from DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes2010ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 2, Issue:1
Structure-Activity Relationships at the Monoamine Transporters for a Novel Series of Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide) Analogues.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1476939Inhibition of re-uptake of [3H]-5-HT at human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells preincubated for 5 mins followed by [3H]-dopamine addition measured after 1 min by liquid scintillation counting2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-22, Volume: 60, Issue:22
Heterocyclic Analogues of Modafinil as Novel, Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID667211Inhibition of CYP2C192012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID328090Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in slope of rising phase at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID388496Effect on spontaneous [3H]5HT uptake in Sprague-Dawley rat brain cortical slices at 1 to 30 uM measured after 45 mins of superfusion2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23
Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of two modafinil analogues.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID649792Inhibition of CYP3A4 at 10 uM2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1075740Binding affinity to human SERT T497A mutant expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-serotonin uptake after 3 mins by beta-scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID570373Displacement of [3H]citalopram from SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes at 10 uM2010ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 2, Issue:1
Structure-Activity Relationships at the Monoamine Transporters for a Novel Series of Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide) Analogues.
AID328080Induction of 10-Hz shock-stimulated C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 100 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID649789Inhibition of rat DAT-mediated dopamine reuptake2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID388302Effect on electrically-evoked [3H]5HT uptake in Sprague-Dawley rat brain cortical slices administered 15 mins before electrical challenge after 85 mins of superfusion relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23
Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of two modafinil analogues.
AID1324600Selectivity index, ratio of Ki for SERT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain stem membranes to Ki for DAT in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Novel and High Affinity 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (Modafinil) Analogues as Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors.
AID1075736Binding affinity to human DAT A480T mutant expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-dopamine uptake after 5 mins by beta-scintillation counting analysis2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID1075737Selectivity ratio of Ki for wild type human DAT to Ki for human DAT A480T mutant2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-13, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Elucidation of structural elements for selectivity across monoamine transporters: novel 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) analogues.
AID570375Displacement of [3H]nisoxetine from NET in Sprague-Dawley rat brain membranes at 10 uM2010ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 2, Issue:1
Structure-Activity Relationships at the Monoamine Transporters for a Novel Series of Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide) Analogues.
AID1388152Inhibition of rat brain NET assessed as reduction of [3H]-NE re-uptake preincubated for 30 mins followed by [3H]-NE addition measured after 5 mins by scintillation counting2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-22, Volume: 61, Issue:6
Triple Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Depression and Other Disorders: Design Paradigm and Developmental Challenges.
AID649790Inhibition of rat NET-mediated norepinephrine reuptake2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID570369Increase in horizontal locomotor activity in mouse measured after 30 mins post 4 hrs drug administration2010ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 2, Issue:1
Structure-Activity Relationships at the Monoamine Transporters for a Novel Series of Modafinil (2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide) Analogues.
AID1653644Inhibition of human ERG
AID649785Wake promoting activity in EEG/EMG Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep time at 100 mg/kg, ip measured up to 3 hrs (Rvb = 65 +/- 9 mins)2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I.
AID661813Wake promoting activity in dog2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Wake promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: part III.
AID667217Inhibition of CYP2D6 at 10 uM2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part IV.
AID328096Effect on C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical activity in presence of CaMK2 inhibitor KN93 by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1705902Displacement of [3H]-N-methylspiperone from human D2L receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 208Structure-activity relationships for a series of (Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)sulfinylethyl-aminopiperidines and -piperidine amines at the dopamine transporter: Bioisosteric replacement of the piperazine improves metabolic stability.
AID328085Induction of 40-Hz shock-stimulated Sprague-Dawley rat cortical activity assessed as increase in peak amplitude at 0.2 uM after 15 mins by voltage-sensitive dye imaging method2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID328092Effect on excitatory synaptic transmission in C57BL/6 mouse thalamocortical slices assessed as increase in input conductance in presence of GABAA, GABAB and NMDA blockers by single patch clamp recording2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jul-24, Volume: 104, Issue:30
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1346931Rat DAT (Monoamine transporter subfamily)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24
Piperidine-based nocaine/modafinil hybrid ligands as highly potent monoamine transporter inhibitors: efficient drug discovery by rational lead hybridization.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,409)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199013 (0.92)18.7374
1990's83 (5.89)18.2507
2000's510 (36.20)29.6817
2010's622 (44.14)24.3611
2020's181 (12.85)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 121.78

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index121.78 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.54 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.62 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index227.79 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.01 (0.95)

This Compound (121.78)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials408 (27.79%)5.53%
Reviews250 (17.03%)6.00%
Case Studies144 (9.81%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.14%)0.25%
Other664 (45.23%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (201)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Effectiveness of Modafinil in Improving Mnesic Performance and Executive Functions of University Students From Careers of High Academic Performance [NCT01365897]Phase 4128 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Neurochemical Modulation Cognitive Performance and Subjective Wellbeing In Healthy Controls [NCT02051153]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Effect of Central Nervous System Stimulants on Physical Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05675098]Early Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-01Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study of Minocycline and Armodafinil for Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Non Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01317550]14 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Phase 1b, 4-Period Crossover, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Single Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of TAK-925 in Sleep-Deprived Healthy Adults Utilizing Modafinil as an Active Comparator [NCT03522506]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-09Completed
Does Modafinil Have Pro-cognitive Effects in Those With Residual Cognitive Impairment Despite Remitted Depression? [NCT03620253]Phase 39 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-15Terminated(stopped due to Principal Investigator left study site)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy +/- Armodafinil for Insomnia and Fatigue Following Chemotherapy [NCT01091974]Phase 2138 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Telephone-delivered Cognitive Behavioral-therapy, Modafinil, and Combination Therapy of Both Interventions for Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT03621761]Phase 4343 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-15Completed
Enhancing Operational Performance in Healthy Rested Soldiers With Pharmacological Stimulants [NCT03893032]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-17Recruiting
Assessing the Efficacy of Immediate Release Methylphenidate, Sustained Release Methylphenidate and Modafinil for Patients With Brain Tumors [NCT00418691]Phase 334 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Closed early due to slow accrual.)
A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CEP-10953 (150 mg/Day) as Treatment for Adults With Residual Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrom [NCT00079677]Phase 3263 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multi-Center Trial Comparing the Effects of Orally Administered Xyrem (Sodium Oxybate) and Modafinil With Placebo in Treatment of Daytime Sleepiness in Narcolepsy [NCT00066170]Phase 3231 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-04-30Completed
A 12-Month, Open-Label, Flexible-Dosage (100 to 250 mg/Day) Study of the Safety and Efficacy of CEP-10953 in the Treatment of Patients With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome, or Chronic Shift Work S [NCT00078312]Phase 3328 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy +/- Armodafinil for Insomnia and Fatigue Following Chemotherapy [NCT01019187]Phase 2226 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Method of Assessment of Driving Ability in Patients Suffering From Wakefulness Pathologies, Impact of Modafinil Treatment. [NCT00916253]27 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
The Efficacy and Tolerability of Modafinil for Fatigue and Daytime Sleepiness in Cancer Patients: Preliminary Study [NCT02385656]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Recruiting
Touchscreen-based Cognitive Tests in Assessment of Ketamine-induced Cognitive Deficits in Healthy Volunteers [NCT03469089]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-12Active, not recruiting
Investigation of Locus Coeruleus Function in Sustained Attention [NCT06041048]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Characterize the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single and Multiple Doses of Armodafinil (50, 100, and 150 mg/Day) in Children and Adolescents With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy [NCT01624480]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study, Parallel-group, Multi-center Trial Assessing the Effects of Escalating Doses of BF2.649 and BF2.649 Add on Modafinil on Cataplexy in Patients With Narcolepsy [NCT01067235]Phase 314 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Manage Gait Difficulty in Parkinson Patients [NCT02857244]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Site did not obtain LIRB approval due to medication usage.)
A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CEP-10953 (150 and 250 mg/Day) as Treatment for Adults With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy [NCT00078377]Phase 3196 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Attention Modulation for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies [NCT01256905]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-01Withdrawn(stopped due to PI departure from institution)
The Effect of Modafinil on Neural Processing During the Interference and Feedback Based Learning Task [NCT03426202]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-01Recruiting
Modafinil as a Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease [NCT03083132]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-13Completed
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Functional Neuroimaging Study of Armodafinil (200 mg/Day) on Prefrontal Cortical Activation in Patients With Residual Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea [NCT00711516]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil Treatment (150 mg/Day) as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depression Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT01305408]Phase 3399 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil Treatment (150 and 200 mg/Day) as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depression Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT01072630]Phase 3492 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
[NCT00678691]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Dronabinol Interactions in Humans [NCT00842985]Early Phase 153 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Phase IIa, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 3-period Crossover, Adaptive Dose Design, Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety & Efficacy of MK0249 in Treating Refractory Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea [NCT00620659]Phase 2125 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Terminated
Interdisciplinary Medication Development for Multiple Risk Factors in Relapse. [NCT00613015]Phase 2109 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Effects of Modafinil, Caffeine and Methylphenidate on Functional Brain Activity and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Volunteers: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind fMRI Study [NCT02071615]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Safety and Efficacy of THN102 on Sleepiness in Narcoleptic Patients [NCT02821715]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT01354470]Phase 272 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Modafinil in the Treatment of Fatigue in Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis [NCT00943176]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Modafinil, Sleep, and Cognition in Cocaine Dependence [NCT00582491]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
A 4-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Cognitive Deficits Associated With Schizophrenia [NCT00487942]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
A 12 Week, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CEP 10953 (150 and 250 mg/Day) as Treatment for Adults With Residual Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea [NCT00078325]Phase 3395 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Armodafinil for Patients With B-cell Lymphoma and Severe Fatigue Undergoing Standard R-CHOP Chemotherapy or in Remission Following Chemo and/or Radiation [NCT01044004]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Withdrawn
A Short-term (8 Week) Open-Label Study, Followed by a Long Term Evaluation, to Assess Patient-Reported Outcomes With Armodafinil Treatment (150 to 250 mg/Day) for Excessive Sleepiness in Adults With Narcolepsy or Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome [NCT00228566]Phase 3247 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
A Phase 1, Open-label, Fixed-sequence, 2-cohort, 2-period Study To Investigate The Effect Of Modafinil And Pioglitazone Given As Multiple Doses On Single Dose Pharmacokinetics Of Palbociclib (Pd-0332991) In Healthy Volunteers [NCT02222441]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
A 24-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil (150, 200, and 250 mg/ Day) as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Schizophrenia [NCT00772005]Phase 2287 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Targeting Circadian and Cognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder With Modafinil [NCT01965925]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
A Comparison of the Effects of Modafinil on Olanzapine Associated Eating Behaviors in Normal Human Subjects [NCT00636896]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Modafinil Tablets (200 mg; Mylan) to Provigil® Tablets (200 mg; Cephalon) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00650286]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Acute Effect of Three Neuroactive Drugs on Brain Activity Measured by MEG, EEG and the Synchronous Neural Interaction Test [NCT00972985]15 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Modafinil Tablets (200 mg; Mylan) and Provigil® Tablets (200 mg; Cephalon) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00650000]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Treatment of Orthostatic Intolerance [NCT00262470]Phase 1/Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1997-04-30Active, not recruiting
An Open Label, Single-Center Pilot Study of Armodafinil in Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies [NCT01023672]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A Study of Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Non Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT01048983]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to No accrual.)
Dopamine Transporter (DAT) in Pharmacological Treatments of Cocaine Dependence. CAIMAN (Cocaine Addiction Imaging Medications and Neurotransmitters) Study [NCT00701532]Phase 329 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Armodafinil (Nuvigil) for Fatigue in Patients With Malignant Gliomas Undergoing Radiotherapy With or Without Standard Chemotherapy Treatment [NCT00766467]Phase 281 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Effects of Modafinil in Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00751023]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
A Prospective, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study of Modafinil to Improve Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients Treated With Docetaxel-Based Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast or Prostate Cancer [NCT00917748]Phase 384 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
An 8 Week Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Fixed Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil Treatment (150mg/Day) as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depression Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT00481195]Phase 2257 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A 3-Day, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study of the Effect of Armodafinil Treatment (50 and 150 mg/Day) in Healthy Subjects With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Jet Lag Disorder [NCT00758498]Phase 3427 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
An Evaluation of the Impact of Single Doses of LY3154207 on Sleep Latency in Sleep-Deprived Healthy Subjects [NCT02603861]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Safety and Tolerability of Modafinil for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00569374]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Modafinil for Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia [NCT00423943]Phase 433 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Sleep Restriction, Impaired Glucose Metabolism, and Performance: The Effects of Modafinil to Counteract the Adverse Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Restriction [NCT00895570]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
An Active-Comparator Controlled Single Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics/Efficacy of MK-7288 in Sleep Apnea Patients [NCT01092780]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-26Completed
Clinical Efficacy of Modafinil in Recently-Abstinent Methamphetamine-Dependent Volunteers [NCT00859573]Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to lack of funding.)
Modafinil Augmentation in Chronic Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: A Pilot Study [NCT00838227]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Withdrawn(stopped due to No source of funding to implement the study.)
Modafinil for the Treatment of Fatigue and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT00702637]Phase 160 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Use of Armodafinil (R-modafinil) for Fatigue in Sarcoidosis [NCT00555347]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study of Armodafinil (Nuvigil®) To Reduce Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With High Grade Glioma [NCT01781468]Phase 3328 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
A Feasibility Study of Armodafinil for Brain Radiation-Induced Fatigue [NCT01032200]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-01Completed
Comparative Randomized, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover Bioequivalence Study to Determine the Bioequivalence of Modafinil From Bravamax 200 mg Scored Tablets (Chemipharm Pharmaceutical Industries, Egypt) Versus Vigil 200 mg Tablets (Teva GmbH, Germany) [NCT05855187]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-15Completed
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil for Adults With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome With Major Depressive Disorder or Dysthymic Disorder [NCT00518986]Phase 4249 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A 12-Month, Open-Label, Flexible-Dosage (100 to 250 mg/Day) Extension Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Armodafinil (CEP-10953) in the Treatment of Patients With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome, [NCT00228553]Phase 3743 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Single Center, Parallel Group, Placebo and Active Comparator, Controlled Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamic Profile of Single Doses of SPD489 in Healthy Adult Male Subjects Undergoing a Nocturnal Period of Acute Sle [NCT01096680]Phase 2135 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-05Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy and Multiple-Dose Plasma Concentration-Time Profiles of Armodafinil (150, 200, and 250 mg) and PROVIGIL® (200 mg) in Patients With Chronic Shift Work Sleep Disorder [NCT00236080]Phase 3136 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
[NCT01010789]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-center Trial Assessing the Effects of BF2.649 in Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Narcolepsy [NCT01067222]Phase 3110 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo- and Positive-Controlled, Randomized, Partial 6-way Crossover Study to Investigate the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of CEP-26401 (5, 25, and 125 μg) Following Single-Dose Administration to Healthy Subjects [NCT01903824]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
An 8 Week, Open-Label Study to Characterize the Response to Modafinil (85 mg Film Coated Tablet) Treatment at Dosages Up to 425 mg/Day in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (With an Open Ended Extension Period) [NCT00228540]Phase 30 participants Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A DOUBLE-BLIND PILOT STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF PROVIGIL® (MODAFINIL) AT FIXED/FLEXIBLE DOSES, IN CONJUNCTION WITH IDENTIFIED SSRIs FOR THE TREATMENT OF EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS IN PATIENTS WITH MILD TO MODERATE DEPRESSION WITH ATTENDANT SYM [NCT00208715]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Post-TBI Fatigue and Its Treatment [NCT00233090]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment)
Effects of Methylphenidate, Modafinil, and MDMA on Emotion-processing in Humans: A Pharmaco-fMRI Study [NCT01951508]Early Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
General Evaluation of Eligibility for Substance Abuse/Dependence Research [NCT00439049]7,500 participants (Anticipated)Observational2005-10-31Recruiting
Evaluation and Treatment of Autonomic Failure. [NCT00223691]Phase 1389 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-03-31Completed
Improving Therapeutic Learning in Depression: Proof of Concept [NCT02376257]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-16Completed
Modafinil vs. Placebo for Hypoactive Delirium in the Critically Ill: A Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT02028260]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to unable to enroll)
Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Behavioral Dimensions From Cross-species Paradigms [NCT03616717]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-16Completed
A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil (Provigil) Added to Clozapine in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00573417]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A 6-Month, Open-Label, Flexible-Dosage (150 to 200 mg/Day) Extension Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Armodafinil Treatment as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depression Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT01121536]Phase 3867 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Business decision related to efficacy rather than tolerability limitations, not stopped for any safety reasons.)
Combination Therapy With Modafinil and Escitalopram for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence [NCT01601730]Phase 168 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Modafinil for Treatment of Fatigue in ALS Patients: Pilot Study [NCT00614926]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Modafinil for the Treatment of Fatigue in Lung Cancer: a Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT00829322]Phase 4208 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Verstärkung Der Therapeutischen Wirkung Von Schlafentzug Durch Modafinil - Eine Doppelblinde, Randomisierte, Placebokontrollierte Monozentrische Studie Der Phase II (Enhancing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Sleep Deprivation by Modafinil - a Double Blind, Pl [NCT00670813]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-05-31Withdrawn
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil Treatment (150 and 200 mg/Day) as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depression Associated With Bipolar I Disorder [NCT01072929]Phase 3433 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
A Pilot Trial of Modafinil for Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00538655]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Comparison of Modafinil and Methylphenidate in Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT00393562]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit any subjects for this study)
Modafinil to Reduce Persistent Fatigue in Patients Following Treatment for Cancer [NCT00178373]Phase 296 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil for Cocaine Dependence [NCT00123383]Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-07-31Active, not recruiting
Developing Improved Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Depression [NCT04317001]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Researcher leading the study moved institutions study not feasible)
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial of the Effects of Orally Administered Xyrem (Sodium Oxybate) and Zolpidem on Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients [NCT00086281]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
A 6-week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Randomized Withdrawal Study to Evaluate the Continued Efficacy of Modafinil Treatment in Dosages up to 425mg/Day in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Who Are Responders to Mod [NCT00343811]Phase 3120 participants Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Phase 4 Study of the Effects of Modafinil on Waking Function and on Sleep in Individuals With Primary Insomnia [NCT00124384]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
A Feasibility Study: Understanding and Altering Pain Expectations in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip [NCT02155257]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
A 12-Month, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Armodafinil (150 and 250 mg/Day) as Treatment for Patients With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Mild or Moderate Closed Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT00983437]Phase 349 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Study has been stopped by sponsor decision)
Combined Treatment of Modafinil and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Cocaine Dependence [NCT00344565]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Modafinil in the Treatment of Fatigue in Post-Polio Syndrome [NCT00067496]Phase 330 participants Interventional2003-08-31Terminated
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of PROVIGIL ® (Modafinil) Treatment (100, 200, and 400 mg/Day) in Children and Adolescents With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy [NCT00107796]Phase 3140 participants Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Pilot Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Modafinil in Improving Fatigue, Mood, Cognitive Ability, Functional Status, and Quality of Life of Cancer Patients [NCT00112515]0 participants Interventional2004-02-29Active, not recruiting
Modafinil for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence [NCT00100100]Phase 2210 participants Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Improved Language Acquisition Through Neuromodulation, Project Stage Ia [NCT00102284]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2004-03-31Terminated
Efficacy of Pharmacological Treatment of Working Memory Impairment After Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation With fMRI [NCT00489892]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-08-31Recruiting
Identifying and Treating Arousal Related Deficits in Neglect and Dysphagia [NCT01085903]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Modafinil, Sleep Architecture and Cocaine Relapse [NCT01137396]Phase 2114 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Placebo Control, Double Blind, Cross Over Study of Modafinil in Patients With Narcolepsy [NCT00174174]30 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
An Eight Week, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Adjunctive Study of the Primary Effects of the Use of Flexible Doses of Modafinil 50mg to 200mg, on the Negative Symptoms, Cognition, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Schizophrenic Patients [NCT00546403]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Fatigue Treatment Using Provigil in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00220506]50 participants Interventional2005-09-30Recruiting
The Nuvigil (Armodafinil) Tablets [C-IV]/Provigil (Modafinil) Tablets [C-IV] Pregnancy Registry [NCT01792583]300 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2009-06-30Recruiting
A Dose Ranging Study of Modafinil for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00630097]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-12-31Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Armodafinil Treatment (150 mg) in Improving Clinical Condition Late in the Shift and in Improving Functional and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Adult Patients [NCT01080807]Phase 4385 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Pharmacotherapy Dosing Regimen in Cocaine and Opiate Dependent Individuals [NCT00218036]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Terminated(stopped due to PI left institution, end of funding, clinic relocation, recruitment issues)
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of PROVIGIL ® (Modafinil) Treatment (100, 200, and 400 mg/Day) in Children and Adolescents With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructiv [NCT00107809]Phase 3140 participants Interventional2004-10-31Completed
A 1 Year Open Label, Flexible Dosage Extension Study to Assess the Safety and Continued Effectiveness of PROVIGIL® (Modafinil) Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy or Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea S [NCT00107848]Phase 3280 participants Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Safety Evaluation of Cocaine Treatment Medication Modafinil: Interactions With Intravenous Cocaine [NCT00033046]Phase 112 participants Interventional2001-06-30Active, not recruiting
Modafinil for Improving New Learning and Memory in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00142402]20 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Modafinil for Cocaine Dependence [NCT00129285]Phase 2210 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
The Effects of Modafinil and Topiramate on Brain Mechanisms Underlying Cue-induced Cocaine Craving and Dependence in Methadone Maintained Cocaine Dependent Patients. [NCT00396734]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-04-30Suspended(stopped due to Grant was not renewed)
Combination Therapy (Provigil + Avonex) in the Treatment of Attention Problems in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting MS [NCT00210301]60 participants Interventional2003-01-31Recruiting
A 1-Year, Open-Label, Flexible-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Safety and Continued Efficacy of Modafinil (Film-coated Tablet Formulation) in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Followed by an Open-Ended Extension Period) [NCT00214981]Phase 30 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Study of Modafinil for Atypical Depression [NCT00215176]Phase 2/Phase 365 participants Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial Of The Effect Of Modafinil On Fatigue In Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy [NCT00042848]Phase 3837 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2002-08-31Completed
Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil for Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00123370]Phase 287 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-07-31Active, not recruiting
The Impact of Armodafinil on Neurocognition and Cognitive Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: a Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Study [NCT00981084]Phase 2/Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A Pilot Study of Modafinil for Treatment of Fatigue and Neurobehavioral Dysfunction in Adult Brain Tumor Patients [NCT00052286]29 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effects of Modafinil on Cognitive Function in Patients With Schizophrenia and Normal Controls Based on COMT Genotype [NCT00057707]Phase 1176 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-03-26Completed
A Phase II Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil to Improve Neurocognitive Deficits in Children Treated for a Primary Brain Tumor [NCT01381718]Phase 2112 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Use of Modafinil in the Treatment of Tinnitus [NCT00591019]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Terminated early due to lack of change in primary and secondary outcome measures.)
A 12 Week, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CEP 10953 (150 mg) as Treatment for Adults With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Chronic Shift Work Sleep Disorder [NCT00080288]Phase 3254 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
A PET Study Examining the Dopaminergic Activity of Armodafinil in Adults [NCT00592943]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Study of Armodafinil Treatment of Daytime Sleepiness Associated With Treated Nocturia [NCT02151253]Phase 2/Phase 381 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
The Effects of Armodafinil (Nuvigil) on Postoperative Recovery of OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) and Obese Patients [NCT02478580]Phase 367 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Evaluation of Modafinil vs Placebo for the Treatment of General Anesthesia Related Delayed Emergence in Patients With the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT02494102]Phase 4105 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Terminated
A Double-blind, Randomized Trial Examining the Preliminary Efficacy of Psilocybin Therapy for People With Chronic Low Back Pain [NCT05351541]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Recruiting
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Assessment of Interactions Between Intravenous Methamphetamine and Modafinil [NCT00265278]Phase 116 participants Interventional2005-03-31Active, not recruiting
Acute Effects of Modafinil on Brain Resting State Networks in Young Healthy Subjects [NCT01684306]Early Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Modafinil and Nicotine in Adolescents: Phase I Trial [NCT00258479]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Phase II Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Placebo and Comparator-controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-Center Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of a Single Dose of JNJ-17216498 Administered to Subjects With Narcolepsy. [NCT00424931]Phase 216 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial Examining the Effectiveness of Modafinil in Opioid Induced Sedation [NCT00267332]Phase 390 participants Interventional2006-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual)
A 9-week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose-Finding Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Modafinil as Treatment for Adults With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00315276]Phase 2370 participants Interventional2006-05-31Completed
"Modafinil-Alcohol Interactions Assessed Using Tests of Thermal Stimulation, Cognition, Mood, and Motor Function in Healthy Volunteers" [NCT00305292]32 participants Interventional2006-03-31Terminated(stopped due to This study should be terminated as the study closed prior to 2007 and the investigator has since retired. No records are available.)
Pilot and Feasibility Study of Modafinil Treatment to Improve Cognitive Efficiency in SLE Patients [NCT00297284]20 participants Interventional2006-02-28Terminated
The Impact of Modafinil as an Adjunctive to a Second Generation Antipsychotic on Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychosis. [NCT00314639]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Comparator-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-center Trial Assessing the Effects of BF2.649 in the Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Narcolepsy [NCT01638403]Phase 3180 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Modafinil vs Placebo for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00469508]Phase 271 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Phase2, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Modafinil for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence [NCT00520286]Phase 2210 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Use of a Wakefulness-Promoting Agent (Armodafinil) Combined With Neuro-rehabilitation to Improve Neurological Recovery and to Reduce the Incidence of Disability in Patients Who Suffered a Stroke [NCT01896128]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating the Effects of Modafinil in Patients Receiving Oral Morphine for Pain Palliation [NCT01766323]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-09-30Recruiting
Treatment of Post Stroke Fatigue With Modafinil, Effect on Rehabilitation, Fatigue and Bonemass Index [NCT01800097]Phase 341 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow recruitment)
A Phase III Study of Armodafinil for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Fatigue for Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT01160380]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Modafinil in a Human Laboratory Model of Cocaine Relapse [NCT01778010]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Nuvigil® (Armodafinil) in Newly Diagnosed Malignant Glioma Patients Experiencing Fatigue Secondary to External Beam Radiation Therapy and Concurrent Temozolomide [NCT01400958]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow Accrual, Initiating Principal Investigator (PI) left Moffitt)
Randomized Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of Modafinil in Cancer Related Fatigue in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy [NCT01440621]Phase 3217 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Effects of 15-day Donepezil and Memantine on Cognitive Functions After a 24 Hours Sleep Deprivation Challenge in Healthy Volunteers: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomised, Cross-over Study, With Modafinil as Positive Control [NCT01461174]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Treatment of Apathy in Alzheimer's Disease With Modafinil [NCT01172145]Phase 322 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-07-31Completed
Armodafinil for Patients Starting Hepatitis C Treatment [NCT01470651]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Terminated(stopped due to European Medicines Agency issued a drug/drug interaction: sofosbuvir/modafinil)
Screening Medications for Cocaine Cessation and Relapse Prevention [NCT00218023]Phase 2101 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Modafinil for Wakefulness in the Critical Care Units and COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Saudi Hospital [NCT04751227]8 participants (Actual)Observational2020-11-22Completed
CBT and Modafinil for Cocaine Addiction [NCT00218387]Phase 2123 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Phase I Study About Effects of Caffeine, Methylphenidate, Modafinil and Placebo on Cognitive Performance of Chess Players. [NCT01834547]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Effect of Addition of Modafinil on the Tolerability and Efficacy for Cognition of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00373672]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Novel Cross-Species Neurophysiological Assays of Reward and Cognitive Domains [NCT02855229]222 participants (Actual)Observational2020-08-15Completed
Complementary Combination Therapy for Cocaine Dependence [NCT02538744]Phase 145 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
A Phase II, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial of the Combination of Modafinil and Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cocaine and Alcohol Dependence [NCT00142818]Phase 2164 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Modafinil for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders: Targeting Impaired Response Inhibition [NCT03424681]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-11Completed
The Treatment of Insomnia Comorbid With Sleep Disordered Breathing Using Armodafinil and/or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia [NCT02552303]39 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Completed
A Study of Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer [NCT01219673]Phase 1/Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual.)
Nuvigil in Treatment of Cancer-Related Fatigue in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) on Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib (or Any Other FDA Approved TKI for CML) [NCT01169753]1 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow Enrollment)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Armodafinil Treatment (150 mg/Day) for Patients With Fatigue Associated With Taxane Chemotherapy Alone or in Combination With Other Agents [NCT00825227]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Terminated
A Randomized Phase II Study of Minocycline and Armodafinil for Reducing the Symptom Burden Produced by Chemoradiation Treatment for Esophageal Cancer [NCT01746043]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
"Developing Adaptive Interventions for Cocaine Cessation and Relapse Prevention (Adaptive Trial)" [NCT02896712]Phase 2118 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-18Completed
Treatment of Fatigue With Methylphenidate, Modafinil and Amantadine in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT03185065]Phase 3141 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-04Completed
WAKIX® (Pitolisant) Pregnancy Registry: An Observational Study of the Safety of Pitolisant Exposure in Pregnant Women and Their Offspring [NCT05536011]1,329 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2021-08-24Recruiting
Therapeutic Impact of THN102 on Attention, Wakefulness and Cognitive Performance During Total Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Subjects [NCT03182413]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Modafinil in OEF/OIF Combat Veterans With PTSD [NCT01726088]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-08-31Recruiting
Management of Insomnia in Breast Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Pilot Study [NCT01011218]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Modafinil Treatment for Fatigue in HIV+ Patients [NCT00118378]Phase 4115 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Informing Treatment Decisions in the Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial of Modafinil Versus Amphetamines [NCT03772314]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-15Completed
Pharmacotherapy Dosing Regimen (Cocaine Dependence Population) [NCT00218062]Phase 273 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Modafinil Treatment for Cocaine Dependence and HIV-High Risk Behavior [NCT00368290]Phase 294 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
An Examination of the Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) or Placebo on Neurocognitive Testing After General Anesthesia for Non-Cardiac Surgery in an Older Population [NCT03914118]Phase 2137 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-01Completed
Locus Coeruleus Neuroimaging of Antipsychotic/Modafinil Interactions on Cognition in Schizophrenia [NCT01913327]Phase 44 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient Funds and Inadequate Subject Recruitment)
Modafinil and Cognitive Function in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome [NCT01988883]Early Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Active, not recruiting
An Open-label Phase 1 Study to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions of Agents Co-Administered With Encorafenib and Binimetinib in Patients With BRAF V600-mutant Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma or Other Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT03864042]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-02Active, not recruiting
A 6-Month Open Label, Flexible-Dosage Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of PROVIGIL (Modafinil) Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Narcolepsy or Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome [NCT00214968]Phase 392 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Modafinil Treatment for Sleep/Wake Disturbances in Older Adults [NCT00626210]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Terminated
A Dose-response Study of Modafinil Effects on Cognition in Schizophrenia Patients. [NCT00711464]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Armodafinil Treatment for Fatigue in HIV+ Patients [NCT00737204]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Phase II Placebo-controlled Study of the Use of Extended-release Methylphenidate or Modafinil for the Treatment of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Children Following Cancer Therapy [NCT01348607]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Study only randomized 1 subject and was determined not feasible by DSMB)
Effect of Armodafinil on Simulated Driving, Electroencephalogram and Cognitive Performance in Sleep Deprived Healthy Subjects [NCT02468856]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-21Completed
Modafinil to Improve Fatiguability (MODIFY): Modafinil vs. Placebo Vanguard RCT [NCT05333250]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-04-30Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Armodafinil (Nuvigil) on Fatigue and Quality of Life in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women [NCT01460628]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Pharmacotherapy & CM for Opioid and Cocaine Dependence [NCT00838981]Phase 1/Phase 291 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Fixed-Dosage Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Armodafinil (50, 150, and 250 mg/Day) as Treatment for Patients With Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Mild or Moderate C [NCT00893789]Phase 3117 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Study has been stopped by sponsor decision.)
Armodafinil for Persistent Patient-Reported Fatigue Following Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer: a Randomized Phase II Study [NCT01330446]Phase 1/Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-19Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00066170 (1) [back to overview]Daytime Sleep Latency as Measured by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)
NCT00078312 (1) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00078325 (2) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)
NCT00078325 (2) [back to overview]Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)
NCT00078377 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Maintenance of Wakefullness Test (MWT) Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00078377 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00079677 (2) [back to overview]Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)
NCT00079677 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had at Least Minimal Improvement in CGI-C Ratings at Week 12 or Last Post-baseline Visit.
NCT00080288 (2) [back to overview]Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
NCT00080288 (2) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)
NCT00086281 (1) [back to overview]The Primary Efficacy Variable Was the Mean Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).
NCT00118378 (4) [back to overview]Role Function Scale Outcome
NCT00118378 (4) [back to overview]HIV RNA Viral Load
NCT00118378 (4) [back to overview]Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)
NCT00118378 (4) [back to overview]CD4 Cell Count
NCT00129285 (3) [back to overview]Retention; Number of Evaluation Visits Attended
NCT00129285 (3) [back to overview]Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) Total Score
NCT00129285 (3) [back to overview]Urine Toxicology for Cocaine
NCT00142818 (2) [back to overview]Percent Days of Heavy Drinking (Measured by Timeline Follow Back Starting at Week Two Through Week 14
NCT00142818 (2) [back to overview]Cocaine Use (Measured by Timeline Follow Back and Urine Screen From Week 2-week 14)
NCT00218023 (2) [back to overview]Mean Percentage of Cocaine-positive Urines Over Course of 12 Week Treatment in Subgroup Achieving Abstinence at Baseline
NCT00218023 (2) [back to overview]Mean Percentage of Cocaine-positive Urines Over Course of 12 Week Treatment in Subgroup NOT Achieving Abstinence at Baseline
NCT00218062 (5) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Assessed by the Treatment Effectiveness Score (TES), Which is the Total Number of Cocaine-negative Urines During Treatment
NCT00218062 (5) [back to overview]Retention as Indicated by the Number of Participants Who Remained in the Study
NCT00218062 (5) [back to overview]Retention as Indicated by the Number of Participants Who Completed 16 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00218062 (5) [back to overview]Medication Compliance as Indicated by Percentage of Riboflavin-positive Urine Samples
NCT00218062 (5) [back to overview]Medication Compliance as Indicated by Percentage of Pills Taken According to Self-report
NCT00218387 (2) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With New Use
NCT00218387 (2) [back to overview]Number of Cocaine Non-use Days
NCT00228553 (1) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability in This Patient Population (Narcolepsy, OSAHS, SWSD) Over Time (up to 2 Years)
NCT00228566 (1) [back to overview]Number of Responders to the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) Ratings
NCT00236080 (2) [back to overview]Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT)
NCT00236080 (2) [back to overview]Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
NCT00368290 (2) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Measured by Urine Drug Screen
NCT00368290 (2) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Reporting no Cocaine Craving
NCT00418691 (1) [back to overview]Mean Processing Speed Change From Baseline in the Trail-making Test Part A Score
NCT00423943 (5) [back to overview]Change in Positive Symptoms
NCT00423943 (5) [back to overview]Percent Change in Accuracy on High-control (i.e., Difficult) Condition of Preparing to Overcome Prepotency Task
NCT00423943 (5) [back to overview]Gamma Power Change in Count of Clusters
NCT00423943 (5) [back to overview]Control-related BOLD Signal Change in Locus Coeruleus
NCT00423943 (5) [back to overview]Change in Negative Symptoms
NCT00469508 (4) [back to overview]Clean Urine Drug Screen
NCT00469508 (4) [back to overview]Retention
NCT00469508 (4) [back to overview]VAS Score
NCT00469508 (4) [back to overview]BDI Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]"Number of Patients Achieving Sustained Remission at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]"Number of Patients Achieving Response at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM A) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 8
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 4
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 3
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 6
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (8 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline) in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM A) Total Score
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 2
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 1
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]Number of Patients Achieving Remission at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT00481195 (40) [back to overview]"Number of Patients Achieving Sustained Response at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Categories Completed
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery Composite Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Attention/Vigilance Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Symbol Coding (BASC SC) Test of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Fluency Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Letter-Number Span (LNS) Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Reasoning and Problem Solving Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Social Cognition Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Speed of Processing Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Trail Making Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Trails B Test
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Verbal Learning Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Visual Learning Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wechsler Memory Scale: Spatial Span (WMS-III SS) Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Consecutive Responses on the Final Category
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Number of Perseverative Errors
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Working Memory Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Last Observation After Baseline in Composite Score on the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Baseline
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 1
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 2
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 4
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 1
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 2
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 4
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity
NCT00487942 (94) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI C) at 4 Weeks - Full Scale
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 12 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Measurement After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at Endpoint (Week 12 or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) to Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 12 Weeks - Full Scale
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 8
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 4
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 12
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at Endpoint (12-weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 8 Weeks - Full Scale
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 12 Weeks (or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Daily Fatigue Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 12 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 8 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 4 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00518986 (60) [back to overview]Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 2 Weeks
NCT00520286 (2) [back to overview]Abstinence (Week 1 - 12)
NCT00520286 (2) [back to overview]Reduction of Craving
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Methamphetamine Withdrawal as Measured Using the Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionaire.
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]"Modafinil Side Effects Checklist"
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Anxiety as Measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Depression as Measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00569374 (7) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Total Sleep Time (Minutes)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Total Sleep Time (Minutes)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Total Sleep Time (Minutes)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)
NCT00582491 (9) [back to overview]Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)
NCT00591019 (2) [back to overview]Simple Reaction Time (Attention)for Baseline, Modafinil and Placebo Arms.
NCT00591019 (2) [back to overview]The P50 Amplitude (i.e. Evoked Auditory Response Potential Recorded in Millivolts 50 Milliseconds After Sound Onset).
NCT00592943 (3) [back to overview]Armodafinil Extracellular Dopamine in Caudate at 2.5 Hours (Without Outlier)
NCT00592943 (3) [back to overview]Armodafinil DAT Occupancy in Caudate
NCT00592943 (3) [back to overview]Armodafinil Extracellular Dopamine in Caudate at 2.5 Hours (With Outlier)
NCT00613015 (2) [back to overview]Cortisol- 2:30 pm, Immediately Following Trier Social Stress Task + Cocaine Cue Exposure
NCT00613015 (2) [back to overview]Cocaine Craving
NCT00614926 (1) [back to overview]"Participants Considered Responders (Scored 1 or 2) on Clinical Global Impressions Scale"
NCT00620659 (5) [back to overview]Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for The Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo
NCT00620659 (5) [back to overview]Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for Top 2 Doses Pooled of MK0249 Versus Modafinil
NCT00620659 (5) [back to overview]Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Modafinil
NCT00620659 (5) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo
NCT00620659 (5) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions Scale of Severity Score as it Relates to Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (CGIS-EDS) for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo
NCT00626210 (1) [back to overview]Nocturnal Sleep Length at 1 Month
NCT00678691 (1) [back to overview]Brief Fatigue Inventory
NCT00711464 (3) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00711464 (3) [back to overview]Cognitive Performance
NCT00711464 (3) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity -Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the Thalamus and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the Thalamus and 2-Back Working Memory Test -Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test -Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Choices to Correct, (Hard) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Choices to Correct, (Easy) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the PPC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the PPC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the DLPFC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the ACC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) and the 2-Back Working Memory Test -Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the ACC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test -Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the DLPFC on fMRI on the 2 Back Working Memory Test - Change From Baseline-Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Working Memory Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Thalamus at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus at Resting State
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Thalamus
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Total Score From the Medical Outcomes Study 6-Item Cognitive Function Scale (MOS-CF6)-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Reaction Time Index (RTI) Median Correct Latency, One Choice Test From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Reaction Time Index (RTI) Median Correct Latency, Five Choice Test From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)- Number of Responders at Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Percent Correct (Delayed) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Correct Latency, (Hard) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Correct Latency, (Easy) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) as a Measure of Prefrontal Cortical Activation
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Mean Response Latency in the 2-Back Working Memory Test at Endpoint - Mean Performance Speed
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint (2 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Mean Response Latency in the Psychomotor Vigilance-Like Test
NCT00711516 (45) [back to overview]Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Percent Correct (Immediate) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00737204 (4) [back to overview]Role Function Scale
NCT00737204 (4) [back to overview]CD4 Cell Count
NCT00737204 (4) [back to overview]Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS) Outcome
NCT00737204 (4) [back to overview]HIV Viral Load
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percentage Change in Beck Depression Inventory Scores
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in Shipley Institute of Living Scale Scores From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in Symbol Digit Modalities Test From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in the Grooved Pegboard Test Score From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test Scores From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Methamphetamine-positive Urine Drug Screens
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Percent Change in California Verbal Learning Test From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00751023 (8) [back to overview]Score on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 1
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Average of Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) of General Condition Ratings Across Days 1 and 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Average of Scores Across Days 1 and 2 in the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 1
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 3
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Latency to Persistent Sleep as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Total Sleep Time as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)- Average of Four Scheduled Naps Across Days 1 and 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Wake Time After Sleep Onset as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Change in Sleep Efficiency From Baseline To Endpoint as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Baseline
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 1
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 3
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Ratings From the Mean Sleep Latency of the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Baseline
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 1
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 3
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Baseline
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 1
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 2
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 3
NCT00758498 (26) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 3
NCT00766467 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life at Days 22, 43 and 56
NCT00766467 (3) [back to overview]Number of Grade 3-4 Side Effects at Least Possibly Related to Study Treatment
NCT00766467 (3) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fatigue at Day 43
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 1
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 2
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 20
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 8
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 1
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 16
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 2
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 8
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 4
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 20
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Number of Nighttime Awakenings
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Sleep Latency
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Sleep Quality Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Time Spent Asleep at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Time Spent Awake at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 10 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Number of Nighttime Awakenings
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Sleep Latency
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Sleep Quality Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Time Spent Asleep at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Time Spent Awake at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 14 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 18 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 22 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Number of Nighttime Awakenings
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Sleep Latency
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Sleep Quality Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Time Spent Asleep at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Time Spent Awake at Night
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Endpoint in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Endpoint in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 1 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 1 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 16
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 12 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 12 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 16 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 16 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 2 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 2 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 20 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 20 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 24 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 24 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 4 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 4 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 8 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline to Week 8 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Endpoint
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 16
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 24
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 8
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Endpoint
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 16
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 24
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 8
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test (SDCT)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
NCT00772005 (170) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score
NCT00838981 (3) [back to overview]Average Maximum Days Abstinent
NCT00838981 (3) [back to overview]Average Number of Days Using a Substance Within Treatment
NCT00838981 (3) [back to overview]Average Number of Positive Urine Tests
NCT00842985 (1) [back to overview]CANTAB:CAmbridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery RVIP: Rapid Visual Information Processing
NCT00859573 (1) [back to overview]Mean Treatment Effectiveness Scores
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Physical Examination Findings Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation, up to Week 12)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Urinalysis Values
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]"Percentage of Participants Answering No to All Questions on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Since Last Visit Version (C-SSRS SLV) at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)"
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Week 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Sleep Latency From the MSLT at Weeks 4, 8, and 12
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) at Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Total Score From the Self-Reported Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 6 Item Version (S-HAM-D6) at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to 12 Weeks)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Total Sleep Time As Assessed by Nocturnal Polysomnography (NPSG) at Weeks 2, 4, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to 12 Weeks)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Traumatic Brain Injury - Work Instability Scale (TBI-WIS) Total Score At Weeks 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Concomitant Medication Usage In ≥5% of Participants Throughout the Study
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Shifts From Baseline to Overall
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), Deaths, and Withdrawals Due to AEs
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Hematology Values
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Serum Chemistry Values
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Sign Values
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Notable Blood Pressure Values Per World Health Organization Criteria
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders and Nonresponders According to Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Ratings at Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)
NCT00893789 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders and Nonresponders According to Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Ratings at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12
NCT00981084 (4) [back to overview]Learning and Memory Measures.
NCT00981084 (4) [back to overview]Word Generation
NCT00981084 (4) [back to overview]Stroop
NCT00981084 (4) [back to overview]CPT -Test of Information Processing Speed
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Deaths and Discontinuations Due to AEs
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Serum Chemistry Test Results
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Notable Blood Pressure Values Per World Health Organization Criteria
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Physical Examination Findings Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Concomitant Medication Usage In Participants Throughout the Study
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Answering Yes to Any Question on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Since Last Visit Version (C-SSRS SLV) at Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or Last Postbaseline Observation)"
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Shifts From Baseline to Overall
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Hematology Test Results
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Urinalysis Results
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Signs Measurements
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Total Score From the Self-Reported Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 6 Item Version (S-HAM-D6) at Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Traumatic Brain Injury - Work Instability Scale (TBI-WIS) Score Values at Months 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT00983437 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Improvement on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)
NCT01011218 (4) [back to overview]Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)
NCT01011218 (4) [back to overview]Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
NCT01011218 (4) [back to overview]The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F)
NCT01011218 (4) [back to overview]Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue)
NCT01023672 (1) [back to overview]Mean Initial Sleep Latency as Measured by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)
NCT01032200 (5) [back to overview]Fatigue
NCT01032200 (5) [back to overview]Adherence
NCT01032200 (5) [back to overview]Retention
NCT01032200 (5) [back to overview]Sleepiness
NCT01032200 (5) [back to overview]HVLT-IR
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale Total Score
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question
NCT01072630 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question
NCT01072929 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Global Assessment of Functioning
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With at Least Minimal Improvement From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Rating as Related to Late Shift Sleepiness at Endpoint
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With at Least Minimal Improvement From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Rating as Related to Late Shift Sleepiness at Week 3
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With at Least Minimal Improvement From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Rating as Related to Late Shift Sleepiness at Week 6
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Convenience Score at Endpoint
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Effectiveness Score at Endpoint
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Global Satisfaction Score at Endpoint
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Side Effects Score at Endpoint
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Activity Level Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) General Productivity Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Intimacy
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Social Outcome
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Total Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Vigilance Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Composite Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Family Life Item Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Score - Days Missed Work or Unable to Carry Out Responsibilities
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Score - Number of Days of Reduced Productivity
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Social Life Item Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Work Item Score
NCT01080807 (25) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 3 in Global Assessment of Functioning
NCT01085903 (4) [back to overview]Power Function Exponent for Oral Bolus Estimation
NCT01085903 (4) [back to overview]P50 Percent Habituation Score
NCT01085903 (4) [back to overview]Time to Swallow Puree Food
NCT01085903 (4) [back to overview]PVT Fastest 10 Percent of Reaction Times
NCT01091974 (2) [back to overview]Fatigue Will be Assessed by the Total Score of the Revised Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) .
NCT01091974 (2) [back to overview]Change in Insomnia Severity Index From Baseline to Post-intervention
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency Score on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Placebo
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Mean Score on Standard Deviation of Lane Position (SDLP) Driving Test for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Placebo
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Mean Score on SDLP Driving Test for Participants Taking Modafinil Versus Placebo
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency Score on the MWT for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Modafinil
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Mean Sleep Latency Score on the MWT for Participants Taking Modafinil Versus Placebo
NCT01092780 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Clinical and Laboratory Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01096680 (5) [back to overview]Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)
NCT01096680 (5) [back to overview]Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Scores
NCT01096680 (5) [back to overview]Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) Scores
NCT01096680 (5) [back to overview]PVT Scores by Timepoint
NCT01096680 (5) [back to overview]KSS Scores by Timepoint
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Signs Values
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Urinalysis Values
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Serum Chemistry Values
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Hematology Values
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Physical Examination Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Participants With Findings During the Open-Label Study on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV)
NCT01121536 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Body Weight
NCT01137396 (2) [back to overview]%Cocaine Free Urines
NCT01137396 (2) [back to overview]Change in N3 (Slow-wave) Sleep Time
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Digit Span Test Score
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F) Score
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Score
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Symbol Digit Modalities Test Score (SDMT)
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]Trail Making Test B Score (TMT-B)
NCT01160380 (7) [back to overview]BFI Score
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Zarit Burden Inventory
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Apathy
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Apathy
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Zarit Burden Inventory
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]The Direct Assessment of Functional Status Scale
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]The Direct Assessment of Functional Status Scale
NCT01172145 (8) [back to overview]Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01305408 (23) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale
NCT01317550 (1) [back to overview]Primary Outcome Variable: Combined AUC of Selected Symptoms Fatigue, Pain, Disturbed Sleep, Lack of Appetite and Drowsiness
NCT01348607 (2) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT01348607 (2) [back to overview]Average Daytime Napping Minutes in a Week
NCT01381718 (4) [back to overview]Change in Working Memory Score at 6 Weeks From Baseline as Assessed on BRIEF
NCT01381718 (4) [back to overview]Number of Reported Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01381718 (4) [back to overview]Change in PedsQL Score at 6 Weeks From Baseline
NCT01381718 (4) [back to overview]Change in Age-Adjusted Scores at Week Six From Baseline in the Attention Task of the CogState Battery
NCT01400958 (2) [back to overview]Occurrence of Improved Fatigue Experience After Treatment
NCT01400958 (2) [back to overview]Occurrence of Improved Cognitive Performance
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (BADDS)
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Symptom Checklist-10 Anxiety
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Menopause Quality Of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) Physical Domain Subscale
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Hot Flash Frequency (24-hr Period)
NCT01460628 (7) [back to overview]Epsworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
NCT01470651 (2) [back to overview]Adherence to Medications Form
NCT01470651 (2) [back to overview]Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)
NCT01746043 (1) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients Under Each Treatment Arm Who Experienced a Mean Symptom Increase of 2 Units or More From Baseline to 6 Weeks.
NCT01778010 (3) [back to overview]Heart Rate
NCT01778010 (3) [back to overview]Drug Quality Cluster
NCT01778010 (3) [back to overview]Cocaine Self-administration
NCT01781468 (5) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life as Measured by Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) From Baseline to End of Weeks 4 and 8
NCT01781468 (5) [back to overview]The Number of Participants With a Response in Terms of a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Patient-reported Fatigue at 8 Weeks.
NCT01781468 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events Deemed at Least Possibly Related to Treatment Via the CTCAE Version 4.0
NCT01781468 (5) [back to overview]Cognitive Function: Assessed by the Change in Z Score for Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) From Baseline to End of Week 8
NCT01781468 (5) [back to overview]Fatigue: Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI): The Number of Participants With a Response in Terms of a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Patient-reported Fatigue at 4 Weeks.
NCT01896128 (5) [back to overview]9-Hole Peg Test
NCT01896128 (5) [back to overview]Timed 3-Minute Walk Test From Baseline to Day 100
NCT01896128 (5) [back to overview]NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
NCT01896128 (5) [back to overview]Change in Functional Independence Measure (FIM) From Baseline to Day 100
NCT01896128 (5) [back to overview]Change in Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Function From Baseline to Day 100
NCT02151253 (5) [back to overview]Mean Number of Naps/Day
NCT02151253 (5) [back to overview]Mean Number of Minutes Napped Per Day Based on Sleep Diary
NCT02151253 (5) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impressions, Change in Severity of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)
NCT02151253 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]
NCT02151253 (5) [back to overview]Mean Number of Nocturic Events (Episode of Urination Preceded and Followed by Sleep)
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Cognitive Style
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Pain Intensity Rating
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Resting Pupil Diameter
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Skills of Cognitive Therapy
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Recall of Cognitive Therapy Content
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Logical Memory Immediate Recall
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Immediate Memory Measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Task
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Immediate Recall of Emotional Story Items
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]Digits Backward
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]1 Week Delayed Recall of Emotional Story Items
NCT02376257 (8) [back to overview]1 Week Delayed Recall Logical Memory
NCT02478580 (2) [back to overview]Postoperative Care Unit (PACU) Recovery Time
NCT02478580 (2) [back to overview]The Aldrete Score
NCT02494102 (2) [back to overview]Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score
NCT02494102 (2) [back to overview]Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit
NCT02552303 (2) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Who Dropped Out
NCT02552303 (2) [back to overview]The Change in Sleep Continuity From Baseline to Follow-up, as Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).
NCT02821715 (5) [back to overview]Questionnaire EQ-5D (European Quality of Life EQ-5D) (Questionnaire Part)
NCT02821715 (5) [back to overview]EQ-5D European Quality of Life EQ-5D (Visual Analogic Scale Part)
NCT02821715 (5) [back to overview]Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
NCT02821715 (5) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
NCT02821715 (5) [back to overview]14-item Fatigue Scale
NCT02896712 (4) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Indicated by Proportion of Days of no Cocaine Use as Assessed by Timeline Follow-back
NCT02896712 (4) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Visits (Excluding Excused Absences) With Cocaine-negative Urine Drug Screen
NCT02896712 (4) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Visits (Excluding Excused Absences) With Cocaine-negative Urine Drug Screen
NCT02896712 (4) [back to overview]Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Days of no Cocaine Use as Assessed by Timeline Follow-back
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Sleep Quality After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire (RBD-Q).
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Sleep Quality After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Stride Length After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured Using an Instrumented Gait Mat.
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Freezing of Gait (FOG) After First 12 Weeks of Treatment, as Measured by the Giladi Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q).
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Motor Function After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Motor Score (UPDRS-III).
NCT03083132 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline Quality of Life After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39).
NCT03185065 (4) [back to overview]Acceptability of Treatment as Assessed by a Single Question Questionnaire
NCT03185065 (4) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score
NCT03185065 (4) [back to overview]Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) Score
NCT03185065 (4) [back to overview]Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) Item Bank - Fatigue Score
NCT03424681 (4) [back to overview]Drinks Per Drinking Day
NCT03424681 (4) [back to overview]Drinks Per Week
NCT03424681 (4) [back to overview]Time to Relapse
NCT03424681 (4) [back to overview]Percent Days Abstinent
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]CL: Total Clearance After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 1 Hour Post-end of Infusion
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 4 Hours Post-infusion Start
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]AUClast: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 6 Hours Post-infusion Start
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 8 Hours Post-infusion Start
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Vss: Volume of Distribution at Steady State After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Vz: Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Disposition Phase After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]AUC∞: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Ceoi: Plasma Concentration Observed at the End of Infusion for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]T1/2z: Terminal Disposition Phase Half-life for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Latency to Sleep Onset on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 2 Hours Post-infusion Start
NCT03522506 (15) [back to overview]Sleepiness on KSS
NCT03621761 (4) [back to overview]Change in Fatigability as Assessed by the Self-reported Fatigue Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score and Physical Activity Level
NCT03621761 (4) [back to overview]Change in Fatigue Intensity as Assessed by Self-reported Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score.
NCT03621761 (4) [back to overview]Change in Fatigue Interference as Assessed by Self-reported Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score
NCT03621761 (4) [back to overview]Change in the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) Score

Daytime Sleep Latency as Measured by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test consisted of four 20 minute tests of the patient's ability to remain awake in soporific conditions. The Mean change from baseline to week 8 in the average MWT number of minutes until sleep onset was the primary endpoint. (NCT00066170)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Xyrem Placebo + Modafinil Placebo-2.72
Xyrem + Modafinil Placebo0.58
Xyrem Placebo + Modafinil at Established Dose-0.53
Xyrem + Modafinil at Established Dose2.68

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Safety and Tolerability as Measured by Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events (SAEs). Serious adverse event is any adverse event occurring at any dose that results in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening, inpatient hospitalization, persistent or significant disability, congenital anomaly, or an important medical event. An adverse event that does not meet any of the criteria for seriousness listed previously will be regarded as a nonserious adverse event. (NCT00078312)
Timeframe: Screening/Baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 and every 3 months thereafter

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 100 to 250 mg/Day323

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)

The CGI-C represents a subjective measure of the patient's global health (clinician's rating of disease severity as compared with a pretreatment evaluation as assessed by the CGI-S). The CGI-C scale (change from baseline)categories include:1=Very much improved; 2=Much improved; 3=Minimally improved; 4=No change; 5=Minimally worse; 6=Much worse; and 7=Very much worse. Severity of illness (CGI-S) was assessed at baseline includes categories: 1=Normal; 2=Borderline ill; 3=Mildly (Slightly) ill; 4=Moderately ill; 5=Markedly ill; 6=Severely ill; and 7=Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00078325)
Timeframe: change from baseline at 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day121
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day120
Placebo124

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Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)

The MWT is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a subject to remain awake. Long latencies to sleep are indicative of a patient's ability to remain awake. The primary variable was the 30 minute MWT (average of 4 naps at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) assessed at the last postbaseline observation. (NCT00078325)
Timeframe: change from baseline at 12 weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day2.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.7
Placebo-1.7

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Change From Baseline in Maintenance of Wakefullness Test (MWT) Score at 12 Weeks

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a subject to remain awake. Long latencies to sleep are indicative of a patient's ability to remain awake. The change from baseline in the mean sleep latency from the MWT (average of 4 tests at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) was analyzed at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The primary efficacy variable was the mean change from the baseline assessment in MWT sleep latency as assessed at week 12 (or last post-baseline visit). (NCT00078377)
Timeframe: change from baseline at 12 weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day2.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.3
Placebo-1.9
Armodafinil Combined Group (250 mg/Day and 150 mg/Day)1.9

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Score at 12 Weeks

Number of participants who had at least minimal improvement in CGI-C ratings at Week 12 or last post-baseline visit. The CGI-C uses the following categories and scoring assignments: 1=Very much improved; 2=Much improved; 3=Minimally improved; 4=No change; 5=Minimally worse; 6=Much worse; and 7=Very much worse. Severity of illness was assessed at baseline by the CGI-S, which consists of the following categories: 1=Normal (shows no signs of illness); 2=Borderline ill; 3=Mildly (Slightly) ill; 4=Moderately ill; 5=Markedly ill; 6=Severely ill; and 7=Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00078377)
Timeframe: change from baseline at 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day60
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day58
Placebo58
Armodafinil Combined Group (250 mg/Day and 150 mg/Day)118

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Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a subject to remain awake. Long latencies to sleep are indicative of a patient's ability to remain awake. The change from baseline in the mean sleep latency from the MWT (average of 4 tests at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) was analyzed at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The primary efficacy variable was the mean change from the baseline assessment in MWT sleep latency as assessed at week 12 (or last post-baseline visit). (NCT00079677)
Timeframe: Change from baseline at 12 weeks or early termination

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day2.3
Placebo-1.3

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Number of Participants Who Had at Least Minimal Improvement in CGI-C Ratings at Week 12 or Last Post-baseline Visit.

Number of participants who had at least minimal improvement in CGI-C ratings at Week 12 or last post-baseline visit. The CGI-C uses the following categories and scoring assignments: 1=Very much improved; 2=Much improved; 3=Minimally improved; 4=No change; 5=Minimally worse; 6=Much worse; and 7=Very much worse. Severity of illness was assessed at baseline by the CGI-S, which consists of the following categories: 1=Normal (shows no signs of illness); 2=Borderline ill; 3=Mildly (Slightly) ill; 4=Moderately ill; 5=Markedly ill; 6=Severely ill; and 7=Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00079677)
Timeframe: 12 weeks or last post-baseline visit

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day82
Placebo64

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Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)

The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a subject to remain awake. Long latencies to sleep are indicative of a patient's ability to remain awake. Mean sleep latency from MSLT was measured for five 20-minute (maximum) MSLT naps performed at scheduled visits (2400 [midnight], 0200, 0400, 0600, and 0800).The MSLT was administered at weeks 4, 8, and 12. The primary efficacy variable was the mean change from the baseline assessment in MSLT sleep latency as assessed at week 12 (or last postbaseline visit). (NCT00080288)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3.1
Placebo0.4

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)

Number of participants who had at least minimal improvement in CGI-C ratings at Week 12 or last post-baseline visit. The CGI-C uses the following categories and scoring assignments: 1=Very much improved; 2=Much improved; 3=Minimally improved; 4=No change; 5=Minimally worse; 6=Much worse; and 7=Very much worse. Severity of illness was assessed at baseline by the CGI-S, which consists of the following categories: 1=Normal (shows no signs of illness); 2=Borderline ill; 3=Mildly (Slightly) ill; 4=Moderately ill; 5=Markedly ill; 6=Severely ill; and 7=Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00080288)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day112
Placebo104

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The Primary Efficacy Variable Was the Mean Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).

The AHI was defined as the incidence(events per hour) of apnea and hypopnea events associated with sleep, determined from the overnight polysomnogram (PSG). An apnea event is characterized by a cessation in airflow lasting >= 10 seconds, accompanied by oxygen desaturation of >3% or arousal. An Hyponea event is characterized by a transient reduction in breathing lasting >= 10 seconds, with clear decrease (>50%) from baseline in the amplitude of breathing or a decrease <50% in the amplitude of breathing accompanied by oxygen desaturation of >3% or arousal. (NCT00086281)
Timeframe: One night of PSG during one night of treatment each per arm.

InterventionApnea + Hypopnea episodes per hour (Mean)
Placebo22.33
Xyrem18.18
Xyrem + Modafinil21.10
Zolpidem + Placebo22.71

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Role Function Scale Outcome

The Role Function Scale includes 10 items drawn from the Short Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36) and other SF versions. It is intended to assess the extent to which fatigue has a behavioral impact on daily activities. Scores of frequency in the past week, on a 5-point scale, are summed with higher scores signifying greater role impairment. Scores range from 10 to 50. (NCT00118378)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline Role Function ScaleWeek 4 Role Function Scale
Modafinil3922
Placebo3627

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HIV RNA Viral Load

"HIV RNA viral load assay is a laboratory measure indicating viral activity. Because of the large range of possible values (50-100,000 copies), this measure is presented in log10. We entered the log10 value of 1.69 when the laboratory result stated under 50 copies, which was the assay's lowest limit of detectability during the study." (NCT00118378)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionLog10 copies/mL (Mean)
Baseline Log10 Viral LoadWeek 4 Log10 Viral load
Modafinil2.532.31
Placebo2.412.30

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Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)

The FSS is a 9-item self-report scale that measures the impact of fatigue on everyday functioning. Each item is rated on a scale of 1 to 7. Total scores range from 9 to 63, with a higher value indicating greater impairment due to fatigue. (NCT00118378)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline FSSWeek 4 FSS
Modafinil5234
Placebo5243

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CD4 Cell Count

CD4 cell count is a laboratory marker providing an indication of immune functioning. Blood was drawn for this measure at baseline and week 4. The reference range for CD4 cell count is 490-1740, and a clinically significant change is defined as a change of >= 100 cells. A higher number is associated with better immune functioning. (NCT00118378)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionCells/mcL (Mean)
Baseline CD4 cell countWeek 4 CD4 cell count
Modafinil481466
Placebo459482

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Retention; Number of Evaluation Visits Attended

Number of visits attended compared between the three conditions using anova (NCT00129285)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionnumber of evaluation sessions attended (Mean)
1Low Dose Modafinil16.8
2 High Dose Modafinil16.5
3. Placebo14.3

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Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) Total Score

Cocaine Selective Severity assessment (CSSA) total score has a range 0-126. Higher scores indicating greater severity of cocaine withdrawal obtained weekly. Groups compared using GEE model over 8 weeks of treatment. (NCT00129285)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low Dose Modafinil12.89
High Dose Modafinil15.04
Placebo15.2

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Urine Toxicology for Cocaine

Abstinent in the final 3 weeks of treatment (NCT00129285)
Timeframe: 3 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose Modafinil3
High Dose Modafinil8
Placebo3

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Percent Days of Heavy Drinking (Measured by Timeline Follow Back Starting at Week Two Through Week 14

(NCT00142818)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Interventionmean percentage of days (Mean)
Modafinil Plus Naltrexone34.7
Naltrexone35.1
Modafinil33.6
Placebo33.8

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Cocaine Use (Measured by Timeline Follow Back and Urine Screen From Week 2-week 14)

(NCT00142818)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

Interventionnumber of cocaine negative urine samples (Mean)
ModNal9.3
Naltrexone and Placebo7.2
Modafinil and Placebo10.1
Double Placebo10.5

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Mean Percentage of Cocaine-positive Urines Over Course of 12 Week Treatment in Subgroup Achieving Abstinence at Baseline

Cocaine use was determined by assessing for the presence of benzoylecgonine in urine. (NCT00218023)
Timeframe: 3 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 12 weeks

InterventionMean % of cocaine-positive urines (Mean)
Modafinil Plus MI, CM, and CBT31
Levodopa/Carbidopa Plus MI, CM, and CBT28
Naltrexone HCl Plus MI, CM, and CBT47
Placebo Plus MI, CM, and CBT35

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Mean Percentage of Cocaine-positive Urines Over Course of 12 Week Treatment in Subgroup NOT Achieving Abstinence at Baseline

Cocaine use was determined by assessing for the presence of benzoylecgonine in urine. (NCT00218023)
Timeframe: 3 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 12 weeks

InterventionMean % of cocaine-positive urines (Mean)
Modafinil Plus MI, CM, and CBT88
Levodopa/Carbidopa Plus MI, CM, and CBT49
Naltrexone HCl Plus MI, CM, and CBT62
Placebo Plus MI, CM, and CBT91

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Cocaine Use as Assessed by the Treatment Effectiveness Score (TES), Which is the Total Number of Cocaine-negative Urines During Treatment

(NCT00218062)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionnumber of cocaine negative urines (Mean)
D-Amphetamine 60mg + Therapy9.25
Modafinil 400mg + Therapy6.09
Modafinil 200mg + D-Amphetamine 30mg + Therapy6
Placebo + Therapy4.91

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Retention as Indicated by the Number of Participants Who Remained in the Study

(NCT00218062)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
D-Amphetamine 60mg + Therapy7
Modafinil 400mg + Therapy4
Modafinil 200mg + D-Amphetamine 30mg + Therapy3
Placebo + Therapy3

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Retention as Indicated by the Number of Participants Who Completed 16 Weeks of Treatment

(NCT00218062)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
D-Amphetamine 60mg + Therapy7
Modafinil 400mg + Therapy4
Modafinil 200mg + D-Amphetamine 30mg + Therapy3
Placebo + Therapy3

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Medication Compliance as Indicated by Percentage of Riboflavin-positive Urine Samples

(NCT00218062)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Intervention% of riboflavin-positive urine samples (Number)
D-Amphetamine 60mg + Therapy67.1
Modafinil 400mg + Therapy70
Modafinil 200mg + D-Amphetamine 30mg + Therapy76.8
Placebo + Therapy66.7

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Medication Compliance as Indicated by Percentage of Pills Taken According to Self-report

(NCT00218062)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventionpercentage of pills taken (Number)
D-Amphetamine 60mg + Therapy80.2
Modafinil 400mg + Therapy34.5
Modafinil 200mg + D-Amphetamine 30mg + Therapy65.8
Placebo + Therapy73.2

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Percent of Participants With New Use

New Use is defined as a period of at least 7 days abstinence followed by a positive urine drug screen. (NCT00218387)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
No Alcohol DependenceAlcohol Dependence
200mg Modafinil54.239.7
400mg Modafinil42.042.0
Matching Placebo55.849.0

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Number of Cocaine Non-use Days

Number of cocaine non-use days was determined by Urine Drug Screen tests which confirmed presence (or no presence) of benzoylecgonine levels. (NCT00218387)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,
InterventionNumber of Days (Mean)
No Alcohol DependenceAlcohol Dependence
200mg Modafinil10.114.1
400mg Modafinil17.19.4
Matching Placebo9.312.8

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Safety and Tolerability in This Patient Population (Narcolepsy, OSAHS, SWSD) Over Time (up to 2 Years)

An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient that develops or worsens in severity during the conduct of a clinical study. Serious and Non-serious Adverse Events (SAEs). Serious adverse event is any adverse event occurring at any dose that results in any of the following outcomes: death, life-threatening, inpatient hospitalization, persistent or significant disability, congenital anomaly, or an important medical event. An adverse event that does not meet any of the criteria for seriousness listed previously will be regarded as a nonserious adverse event. (NCT00228553)
Timeframe: End of months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 and every 3 months for up to an additional year

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 100 to 250 mg/Day667

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Number of Responders to the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) Ratings

A subjective measure (PGI-C rating) of the patient's global health, ie, a patient's rating of disease severity, as compared with a pretreatment (baseline) evaluation assessment by the patient using the Patient Global Impression of Severity of illness (PGI-S). Responders at each visit were defined as having at least minimal improvement in the severity of excessive sleepiness as compared with a pretreatment evaluation made using the PGI-S. (NCT00228566)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, and 12, at 3 month intervals thereafter, and at a Final Visit (or last postbaseline observation). Evaluation continues until the Final Visit, which occurs when the product is commercially available or the marketing application is withdrawn.

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil 150 to 250 mg/Day241

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Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT)

The computer-based PVT took 10 minutes to complete and measured reaction time stimulus in milliseconds. The reaction time consisted of the digits 000 initially appearing in a window on the PVT device, after which the 3-digit numbers increased in milliseconds until the response button was pressed by the patient. The resulting number at the button press was the reaction time in milliseconds. There was a variable 1- to 10-second interstimulus interval. After pressing the button in response to each stimulus, the button was released and the patient awaited the next stimulus. (NCT00236080)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Visit 4) change from baseline (Visit 2)

InterventionMilliseconds (Mean)
PROVIGIL 200 mg/Day-16.5
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day-29.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-37.4
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-33.1
Placebo2.4

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Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)

The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the likelihood of falling asleep. Five 20-minute (maximum) MSLT naps were performed (at 2300, 0100, 0300, 0500, and 0700) at both the screening/baseline assessment visit (Visit 2) and at endpoint (Visit 4). Each nap was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured as the elapsed time from lights out to the first epoch scored as sleep. (NCT00236080)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Visit 4) change from baseline (Visit 2)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
PROVIGIL 200 mg/Day2.0
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day3.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.7
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day2.7
Placebo1.1

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Cocaine Use as Measured by Urine Drug Screen

The primary outcome measure was cocaine use measured by self-report, and confirmed by twice weekly urine drug screens. The percentage of participants shows the percentage who were abstinent from cocaine during the last 3 weeks of the trial. (NCT00368290)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Modafinil23
Placebo9

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Percent of Participants Reporting no Cocaine Craving

Percent of participants reporting no cocaine craving based on Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS) - a 4 point likert scale. (NCT00368290)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionPercent of participants (Number)
Modafinil64
Placebo41

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Mean Processing Speed Change From Baseline in the Trail-making Test Part A Score

"'Trail Making Test Part A' is a neuropsychological test of visual attention and task switching, administered to measure processing speed, timed as participants follow trail made by consecutive numbers (1,2,3, etc.). The test is finished as quickly as possible, and the time taken to complete the test used as the primary performance metric (in seconds). Maximum time allowed is 300 seconds. A lower change score indicates improvement. Participants tested before starting study medication and 4-5 weeks later while on study medication, reflected in a z score (deviations from population mean)." (NCT00418691)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4-5 weeks on study medication

Interventionz-scores (Mean)
IR Methylphenidate-4.7
SR Methylphenidate0.24
Modafinil-3.7

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Change in Positive Symptoms

Change in Average score (range 0-5) on the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) from baseline to 4 week time-point, ranging from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe). Decreased values indicate improved clinical status (lesser symptom severity). (NCT00423943)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Drug0.80
Placebo0.58

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Percent Change in Accuracy on High-control (i.e., Difficult) Condition of Preparing to Overcome Prepotency Task

Accuracy change on high-control (i.e., difficult) condition of Preparing to Overcome Prepotency (POP) Task. For high-control condition (red-cue), subjects responded in the incongruent direction (eg, for a right-pointing arrow, press the left button, and vice versa). Increased values indicate improved performance. (NCT00423943)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionpercent change in accuracy (Mean)
Drug8.6
Placebo9.2

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Gamma Power Change in Count of Clusters

Power in Gamma frequency range by scalp electrophysiology after single-dose and after 4-week treatment: Count of Clusters (defined as those with statistically-significant Task-Related Increase, i.e. relatively larger value of wavelet coefficient in wavelet analysis of signal) for high-control (i.e. difficult) condition versus Low-control (i.e. easy) condition, in Oscillatory Power in Time-Frequency Spectrogram. Increased values indicate improved function. (NCT00423943)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionCount of Positive Power Clusters (Mean)
Drug44
Placebo17

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Change in Negative Symptoms

Change in average score, ranging from 0 (absent) to 5 (severe), on on Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) from baseline to 4-week time-point. Decreased values indicate improved clinical status (lesser symptom severity). (NCT00423943)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 weeks

Interventionunits on SANS scale (Mean)
Drug1.88
Placebo2.12

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Clean Urine Drug Screen

Urine samples, collected thrice weekly, were tested for metabolites of MA using radioimmunoassay. Each subject had a possible of 36 urine drug screens to provide during the 12 weeks of medication. An aggregate measure of urine drug screen results was calculated - the Treatment Effectiveness Score (TES) - which is the average of the sum of MA-free urine specimens provided during the treatment period by participants in each treatment condition. (NCT00469508)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of week 12

InterventionClean urine drug screens (Mean)
Modafinil13.1
Placebo12.7

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Retention

The number of persons who completed the medication phase of the trial (12 weeks of medication). (NCT00469508)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Modafinil14
Placebo13

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VAS Score

To measure methamphetamine craving, mean change in craving based on visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 (not at all) to 100 (extremely) from baseline to the last week of observation during the 12 week treatment period. The last observation was carried forward if not available during week 12. (NCT00469508)
Timeframe: baseline and last observation during the 12 week treatment period

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil-32.5
Placebo-47.3

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BDI Score

Self-reported depression: mean change on Beck Depression Index (BDI-II) assessed weekly during the 12 week medication phase. If the week12 measure was not available, the last observation was carried forward. 0 indicates no depression, 63 is the maximum indicating severe depression. (NCT00469508)
Timeframe: From baseline to end of treatment period (week 12).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil-11.8
Placebo-7

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"Number of Patients Achieving Sustained Remission at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"

"The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data here summarizes the number of subjects in each treatment group who achieved a sustained remission (total score <= 11 that persists over the four week period from Week 4 to Week 8)." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Sustained RemissionNo Sustained Remission
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day13111
Placebo8115

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"Number of Patients Achieving Response at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"

"The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data here summarizes the number of subjects in each treatment group who achieved a response (> 50% decrease from baseline in total score)." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponseNo Response
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4678
Placebo4776

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The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 8 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-17.8
Placebo-14.8

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The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 6 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-16.7
Placebo-13.7

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The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 4 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-13.7
Placebo-12.1

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 2 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-10.0
Placebo-7.3

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The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 1 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.5
Placebo-4.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to 8 Weeks in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM A) Total Score

The HAM-A is a clinician-rated 14 item scale that provides an overall measure of global anxiety, including psychic (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic (physical complaints related to anxiety) symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0 - 56, where less than 17 indicates mild anxiety, 18 - 24 mild to moderate anxiety and 25-30 moderate to severe. The data presented here summarizes the change in HAM-A score from Baseline to 8 Weeks (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-4.7
Placebo-4.4

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Endpoint (either week 8 or the last observation after baseline) in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks from start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-15.6
Placebo-12.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Item 4 assesses hypersomnia on a scale from 0 (sleeps no longer than 7-8 hours a night) to 3 (sleeps longer than 12 hours in 24 hour period). The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to week 8 in the score of Item 4 assessing hypersomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo-0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 8. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-8.2
Placebo-7.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)

The Q-LES-Q-SF is an instrument designed to measure general activities of daily living. It is a patient-rated quality of life questionnaire and consists of 16 items, but only the first 14 are included in the total score. Each item is rated by the patient on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=fair, 4=good, and 5=very good). The minimum score is 14 and the maximum score is 70, with lower scores indicating poorer quality of life. The data presented here summarizes the change in score from baseline to 8 weeks. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day10.1
Placebo8.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

The MADRS is a 10-item scale to evaluate the overall severity of a patient's depressive symptoms, that is completed by the physician. The rating scale makes use of both observational clues as to the subject's level of depression (eg. apparent sadness) and verbal indicators of depression expressed by the patient. Each of the 10 items is graded on a 6-point scale with anchors at 2 point intervals. Total scores range from 0 to 60, with the higher number indicating more severe symptoms of depression. Here we present data summarizing the difference in MADRS score from Baseline to Week 8. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-13.4
Placebo-11.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 6. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-7.8
Placebo-6.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Items 1 - 3 assess sleep onset insomnia, mid-nocturnal insomnia, and early morning insomnia respectively each on a 0 - 3 scale. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to week 4 in the combined score of these three items assessing insomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-1.2
Placebo-1.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Item 4 assesses hypersomnia on a scale from 0 (sleeps no longer than 7-8 hours a night) to 3 (sleeps longer than 12 hours in 24 hour period). The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to week 4 in the score of Item 4 assessing hypersomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.2
Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.4
Placebo-5.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)

The Q-LES-Q-SF is an instrument designed to measure general activities of daily living. It is a patient-rated quality of life questionnaire and consists of 16 items, but only the first 14 are included in the total score. Each item is rated by the patient on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=fair, 4=good, and 5=very good). The minimum score is 14 and the maximum score is 70, with lower scores indicating poorer quality of life. The data presented here summarizes the change in score from baseline to 4 weeks. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day5.9
Placebo4.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

The MADRS is a 10-item scale to evaluate the overall severity of a patient's depressive symptoms, that is completed by the physician. The rating scale makes use of both observational clues as to the subject's level of depression (eg. apparent sadness) and verbal indicators of depression expressed by the patient. Each of the 10 items is graded on a 6-point scale with anchors at 2 point intervals. Total scores range from 0 to 60, with the higher number indicating more severe symptoms of depression. Here we present data summarizing the difference in MADRS score from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-9.6
Placebo-8.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 3. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-5.8
Placebo-5.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 2 (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-5.0
Placebo-4.1

[back to top]

The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 8

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 8 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day5237
Placebo4741

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The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 4

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 4 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4653
Placebo4255

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The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 3

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 3 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3864
Placebo3268

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Week 1 (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-3.5
Placebo-3.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Items 1 - 3 assess sleep onset insomnia, mid-nocturnal insomnia, and early morning insomnia respectively each on a 0 - 3 scale. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Endpoint in the combined score of these three items assessing insomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-1.6
Placebo-1.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) - Item 4

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Item 4 assesses hypersomnia on a scale from 0 (sleeps no longer than 7-8 hours a night) to 3 (sleeps longer than 12 hours in 24 hour period). The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Endpoint in the score of Item 4 assessing hypersomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.4
Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - 16 Items (QIDS-SR16)

The QIDS-SR16 is a 16-item rating scale of depressive symptoms completed by the patient at each visit. It is a shorter version of the IDS-C30 that is completed by the patient rather than the examiner. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 (higher score signifies more severe depression) and is obtained by adding the scores for each of the 9 depression symptom domains of the DSM IV. The data presented here summarizes the change in QIDS-SR16 from Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or last observation after baseline). (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-7.0
Placebo-6.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF)

The Q-LES-Q-SF is an instrument designed to measure general activities of daily living. It is a patient-rated quality of life questionnaire and consists of 16 items, but only the first 14 are included in the total score. Each item is rated by the patient on a scale from 1 - 5 (1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=fair, 4=good, and 5=very good). The minimum score is 14 and the maximum score is 70, with lower scores indicating poorer quality of life. The data presented here summarizes the change in score from baseline to endpoint (8 weeks or last observation after baseline). (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day8.2
Placebo7.4

[back to top]

The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 6

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 6 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4745
Placebo4349

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

The MADRS is a 10-item scale to evaluate the overall severity of a patient's depressive symptoms, that is completed by the physician. The rating scale makes use of both observational clues as to the subject's level of depression (eg. apparent sadness) and verbal indicators of depression expressed by the patient. Each of the 10 items is graded on a 6-point scale with anchors at 2 point intervals. Total scores range from 0 to 60, with the higher number indicating more severe symptoms of depression. Here we present data summarizing the change in MADRS from Baseline to Endpoint. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (8 weeks following the start of study drug administration or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-12.3
Placebo-10.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Endpoint (8 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline) in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score

The HAM-A is a clinician-rated 14 item scale that provides an overall measure of global anxiety, including psychic (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic (physical complaints related to anxiety) symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0 - 56, where less than 17 indicates mild anxiety, 18 - 24 mild to moderate anxiety, 25-30 moderate to severe, >30 very severe. The data presented here summarizes the change in HAM-A score from Baseline to Endpoint (8 weeks or last observation after baseline). (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-4.1
Placebo-3.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 on 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30) Combination of Items 1-3

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. Items 1 - 3 assess sleep onset insomnia, mid-nocturnal insomnia, and early morning insomnia respectively each on a 0 - 3 scale. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to week 8 in the combined score of these three items assessing insomnia. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-2.0
Placebo-1.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM A) Total Score

The HAM-A is a clinician-rated 14 item scale that provides an overall measure of global anxiety, including psychic (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic (physical complaints related to anxiety) symptoms. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0 - 56, where less than 17 indicates mild anxiety, 18 - 24 mild to moderate anxiety and 25-30 moderate to severe. The data presented here summarizes the change in HAM-A score from Baseline to 4 Weeks (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-3.6
Placebo-3.5

[back to top]

The Mean Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the 30 Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Clinician Rated (IDS C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data presented here summarizes the change from baseline to Week 3 in the total score of the IDS-C30. (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-13.1
Placebo-10.7

[back to top]

The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 2

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 2 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day2583
Placebo2684

[back to top]

The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Week 1

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Week 1 are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day12107
Placebo12105

[back to top]

The Number of Responders According to the Clinical Global Impression of Change - Bipolar Version (CGI BP) Measure of Depression at Endpoint (Week 8 or Last Observation After Baseline)

"CGI-BP is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment which allows the clinician to rate the bipolar illness at various time points compared with baseline. At Screening and Baseline visits the physician rated the severity of the illness using 7 categories (1=normal through 7=very severely ill). At subsequent visits the clinician assessed the change in severity of the condition using 7 categories (1=very much improved through 7=very much worse). Subjects were considered responders if they had a rating of much improved or very much improved. The number of responders at Endpoint are presented." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
ResponderNon Responder
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day6460
Placebo6062

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Number of Patients Achieving Remission at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data here summarizes the number of subjects in each treatment group who achieved a remission (total score <=11). (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RemissionNo Remission
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3094
Placebo22101

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"Number of Patients Achieving Sustained Response at Endpoint According to the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)"

"The IDS C30 is a standardized 30 item, clinician rated, scale to assess the severity of a patient's depressive symptoms. The scale uses the 9 symptom domains of the DSM-IV criteria to measure symptom severity. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum score of 84. The higher the score the more severe the symptoms of depression. The data here summarizes the number of subjects in each treatment group who achieved a sustained response (> 50% decrease from baseline in total score that persisted over the four week period between Week 4 and Week 8)." (NCT00481195)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Sustained ResponseNo Sustained Response
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day23101
Placebo17106

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Negative Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.3
Placebo-0.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Categories Completed

"WCST is an instrument administered electronically to assess abstract reasoning and ability to alter problem solving strategies. Patients are given 64 response cards and 4 stimulus cards and asked to match each stimulus card to 1 pile of response cards. The patient is not told how to match the cards, only right or wrong to each placement. Examiner may change matching rules (sorting categories) during the test at which time the subject must alter their sorting category. The change from baseline in number of sorting categories achieved was assessed." (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionCategories Completed (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Total score ranges from 7 to 210. The data here represents the change in Total score from Baseline to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-3.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-3.0
Placebo-2.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating

n The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.6
Placebo-0.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores

The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-5.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-3.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.6
Placebo-3.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score

The CDSS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Each of the 9 items is scored on a 4-point scale (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). The total score range is 0 - 27. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 2 in the total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.8
Placebo0.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 3 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day40120.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day23748.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day61304.7
Placebo-41751.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in average activity per epoch (counts/epoch) to Week 3. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day7.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day9.9
Placebo-1.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 3 in maximum activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1420.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day1522.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1469.2
Placebo1505.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 3 in standard deviation of activity (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day5.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-6.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day15.2
Placebo1.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 3 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day39831.8
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day16850.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day56889.1
Placebo29067.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 3 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day89886.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day91057.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day126496.5
Placebo60259.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores

ESS is a self-administered subjective measure of daytime sleepiness, based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg. sitting and reading, talking to someone) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. Score for the ESS range from 0 to 24 with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness. Data here represents the change from Baseline to Week 4 in the ESS total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1.0
Placebo-1.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery Composite Score

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The composite score combines the individual scores of the 10 tests and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in composite T-score from baseline to 4 weeks. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day3.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.9
Placebo2.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores

SANS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It contains 25 items in 5 domains: affective flattening/blunting, alogia, avolition-apathy, anhedonia-asociality, attentional impairment. Items in a domain assess symptoms and a global item assesses the overall severity of the domain. Each item is scored on a 6-point severity scale(0=Not at all, 1=questionable decrease, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=marked, 5=severe). The total scale ranges from 0-125. Data presented here represents change in total score from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-5.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-5.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-7.4
Placebo-6.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score

The BARS is a 4-item clinician-rated scale to measure the presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to the assessment of objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness are rated using various 4-point (0 - 3) scales. A global assessment of akathisia is rated using a 6-point (0=Absent, 1=Questionable akathisia, 2=Mild akathisia, 3=Moderate akathisia, 4=Marked akathisia, 5=Severe akathisia) scale. The total score range is from 0 to 14 with a higher score indicating more severe akathisia. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.2
Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 4 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day7898.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-10300.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day123442.9
Placebo-240840

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in average activity per epoch (counts/epoch) to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-15.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day9.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.4
Placebo-18.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to week 4 in maximum activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-173.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-61.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day57.5
Placebo-60.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to week 4 in standard deviation of activity (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-7.9
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day6.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7.4
Placebo-7.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 4 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1341.8
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day12620.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day55151.0
Placebo-24323.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to week 4 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-12493.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-6742.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day39458.0
Placebo1744.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score

The Modified Simpson Angus Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms associated study drug treatment. This is a 10-item scale that focuses on rigidity. The items are rated using a 5-point (0 - 4) scale. The total score ranges between 0 and 40. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.2
Placebo0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Negative Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-3.4
Placebo0.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Positive Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Positive Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.6
Placebo-1.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating

The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo-0.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores

The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-3.8
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.6
Placebo-2.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score

The CDSS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Each of the 9 items is scored on a 4-point scale (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). The total score range is 0 - 27. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 4 in the total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.3
Placebo0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores

SANS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It contains 25 items in 5 domains: affective flattening/blunting, alogia, avolition-apathy, anhedonia-asociality, attentional impairment. Items in a domain assess symptoms and a global item assesses the overall severity of the domain. Each item is scored on a 6-point severity scale(0=Not at all, 1=questionable decrease, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=marked, 5=severe). The total scale ranges from 0-125. Data presented here represents change in total score from Baseline to Endpoint. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-5.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-3.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-7.4
Placebo-6.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Attention/Vigilance Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument containing 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Attention/Vigilance Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day3.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1.8
Placebo3.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Symbol Coding (BASC SC) Test of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The BASC SC Test is a component of the Speed of Processing Domain scored on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10). The data here represent the mean change in BASC SC Test T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.4
Placebo4.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Fluency Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Fluency Test is a component of the Speed of Processing Domain scored on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10). The data here represent the mean change in Fluency Test T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.5
Placebo-1.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Letter-Number Span (LNS) Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The LNS is a component of the Working Memory Domain scored on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10). The data here represent the mean change in LNS T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day3.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day2.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.1
Placebo4.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Total score ranges from 7 to 210. The data here represents the change in Total score from Baseline to Week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-3.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.3
Placebo-2.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score

The Modified Simpson Angus Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms associated study drug treatment. This is a 10-item scale that focuses on rigidity. The items are rated using a 5-point (0 - 4) scale. The total score ranges between 0 and 40. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 4 or the last observation following baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo0.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Negative Rating Scale from Baseline to Endpoint. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-3.4
Placebo0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Positive Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Positive Rating Scale from Baseline to Endpoint. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.4
Placebo-0.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Reasoning and Problem Solving Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument containing 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10) for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Reasoning and Problem Solving Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo-0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Global Rating

The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo-0.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Social Cognition Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10) for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Social Cognition Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-3.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.6
Placebo3.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Speed of Processing Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Processing Speed Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline 4 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day3.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day5.0
Placebo0.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Trail Making Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Trail Making Test is a component of the Speed of Processing Domain scored on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10). The data here represent the mean change in Trail Making Test T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day9.2
Placebo-1.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Trails B Test

Trail B is an instrument designed to assess set shifting. The patient was given a paper with numbers and letters on it and asked to connect them in an alternating manner (eg. 1-A-2-B-3C). The time required for the patient to complete the test was recorded. The change from Baseline to last observation following Baseline in the time necessary to complete the test is presented here. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-8.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day17.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-20.8
Placebo-27.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Verbal Learning Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Verbal Learning Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-1.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.8
Placebo-2.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Visual Learning Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Visual Learning Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day3.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1.3
Placebo0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wechsler Memory Scale: Spatial Span (WMS-III SS) Test of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The WMS-III SS is a component of the Working Memory Domain scored on a normative scale to derive a T-score, (mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10). The data here represent the mean change in WMS-III SS T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day4.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.9
Placebo2.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Consecutive Responses on the Final Category

"WCST is an instrument administered electronically to assess abstract reasoning and ability to alter problem solving strategies. Patients are given 64 response cards and 4 stimulus cards and asked to match each stimulus card to 1 pile of response cards. The patient is not told how to match the cards, only right or wrong to each placement. Examiner may change matching rules (sorting categories) during the test at which time the subject must alter their sorting category. The change from baseline in number of consecutive responses on the final category was assessed." (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionResponses (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-1.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.3
Placebo0.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) - Number of Perseverative Errors

"WCST is an instrument administered electronically to assess abstract reasoning and ability to alter problem solving strategies. Patients are given 64 response cards and 4 stimulus cards and asked to match each stimulus card to 1 pile of response cards. The patient is not told how to match the cards, only right or wrong to each placement. Examiner may change matching rules during the test. Perseveration errors occur when subject repeats the same error no matter how many times they are told the placement is wrong. The change from baseline in number of perseveration errors was assessed." (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: 4 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionErrors (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-8.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.2
Placebo-1.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline in the Working Memory Domain of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The Domain score combines the individual test scores of the Domain and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represent the mean change in Working Memory Domain T-score from baseline to last observation after baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day4.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.5
Placebo4.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Total Score

The CDSS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Each of the 9 items is scored on a 4-point scale (0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). The total score range is 0 - 27. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 4 or the last observation following baseline in the total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.3
Placebo0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores

ESS is a self-administered subjective measure of daytime sleepiness, based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg. sitting and reading, talking to someone) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. Score for the ESS range from 0 to 24 with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness. Data here represents the change from Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or last observation following baseline) in the ESS total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1.0
Placebo-0.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score

The BARS is a 4-item clinician-rated scale to measure the presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to the assessment of objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness are rated using various 4-point (0 - 3) scales. A global assessment of akathisia is rated using a 6-point (0=Absent, 1=Questionable akathisia, 2=Mild akathisia, 3=Moderate akathisia, 4=Marked akathisia, 5=Severe akathisia) scale. The total score range is from 0 to 14 with a higher score indicating more severe akathisia. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.1
Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Total score ranges from 7 to 210. The data here represents the change in Total score from Baseline to Endpoint. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.3
Placebo-1.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Last Observation After Baseline in Composite Score on the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery

The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery is an instrument that contains 10 tests to measure cognitive performance in 7 cognitive domains: speed processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. The composite score combines the individual scores of the 10 tests and scores them on a normative scale to derive a T-score, where the mean is 50 and a standard deviation is 10 for the composite. The data here represents the change from baseline to last observation after baseline in Composite T-Score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.9
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day2.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.9
Placebo2.2

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Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Baseline

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The CGI-S was assessed at Baseline, Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4. Data is presented representing the number of subjects who rated each CGI-S score at Baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NormalBorderline illMildly illModerately illMarkedly illSeverely illAmong the most extremely ill
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day00113000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0183000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day00104000
Placebo00112000

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Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 1

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The CGI-S was assessed at Baseline, Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4. Data is presented representing the number of subjects who rated each CGI-S score at week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NormalBorderline illMildly illModerately illMarkedly illSeverely illAmong the most extremely ill
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day00112000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0182000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day00103100
Placebo00111100

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Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 2

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The CGI-S was assessed at Baseline, Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4. Data is presented representing the number of subjects who rated each CGI-S score at week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NormalBorderline illMildly illModerately illMarkedly illSeverely illAmong the most extremely ill
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0183000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day01101000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0093000
Placebo00111000

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Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 4

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The CGI-S was assessed at Baseline, Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4. Data is presented representing the number of subjects who rated each CGI-S score at week 4. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NormalBorderline illMildly illModerately illMarkedly illSeverely illAmong the most extremely ill
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0183000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day01101000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day00102000
Placebo00111000

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Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Ratings at Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The CGI-S was assessed at Baseline, Week 1, Week 2 and Week 4. Data is presented representing the number of subjects who rated each CGI-S score at Endpoint which is Week 4 or the last observation following Baseline. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks (or last observation after Baseline)

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
NormalBorderline illMildly illModerately illMarkedly illSeverely illAmong the most extremely ill
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0185000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day01101000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day00113000
Placebo00112000

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 1

The PGIC is a patient-rated scale of the change in disease severity. The PGIC uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. The number of subjects who rated each category at Week 1 is presented here. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Week 1

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day21010000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2162000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1129010
Placebo1344100

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 2

The PGIC is a patient-rated scale of the change in disease severity. The PGIC uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. The number of subjects who rated each category at Week 2 is presented here. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Week 2

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day2136000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2352000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1325100
Placebo3423000

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 4

The PGIC is a patient-rated scale of the change in disease severity. The PGIC uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. The number of subjects who rated each category at Week 4 is presented here. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Week 4

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day2244000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4160100
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1370010
Placebo3251100

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Positive Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Positive Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.4
Placebo-0.9

[back to top]

Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 4 or Last Observation Following Baseline

The PGIC is a patient-rated scale of the change in disease severity. The PGIC uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. The number of subjects who rated each category at Week 4 or at the last observation following Baseline is presented. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Week 4 or last observation following Baseline

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day2245100
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4160100
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1390010
Placebo3252100

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Endpoint in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day175906.8
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day45621.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day144855.3
Placebo38708.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in average activity per epoch (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-17.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4.2
Placebo0.8

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in maximum activity to Endpoint. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-124.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-73.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day70.4
Placebo-5.9

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to endpoint in standard deviation of activity (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-5.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6.0
Placebo-1.9

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Endpoint in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day7037.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-9164.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day23631.1
Placebo-24811.4

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Endpoint in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-41210.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-16150.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-5159.5
Placebo-34443.8

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 4 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) Interviewer Total Scores

The SCoRS is an 18-item interview based assessment covering all the cognitive domains in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery except social cognition. It is administered separately to the patient and an informant (family or friend) who are asked to rate the patient's level of difficulty in performing various cognitive functions on a 4-point scale (higher rating = greater impairment). They also complete a global assessment of cognitive function on a 1-10 scale. The interviewer factors in their own assessment on both the 18-items (Total Score) and the global assessment for the final score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 or last observation after baseline

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-3.9
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.6
Placebo-3.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores

ESS is a self-administered subjective measure of daytime sleepiness, based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg. sitting and reading, talking to someone) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. Score for the ESS range from 0 to 24 with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness. Data here represents the change from Baseline to Week 1 in the ESS total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.0
Placebo-1.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores

SANS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It contains 25 items in 5 domains: affective flattening/blunting, alogia, avolition-apathy, anhedonia-asociality, attentional impairment. Items in a domain assess symptoms and a global item assesses the overall severity of the domain. Each item is scored on a 6-point severity scale(0=Not at all, 1=questionable decrease, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=marked, 5=severe). The total scale ranges from 0-125. Data presented here represents change in total score from Baseline to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-1.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-2.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.2
Placebo-2.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score

The BARS is a 4-item clinician-rated scale to measure the presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to the assessment of objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness are rated using various 4-point (0 - 3) scales. A global assessment of akathisia is rated using a 6-point (0=Absent, 1=Questionable akathisia, 2=Mild akathisia, 3=Moderate akathisia, 4=Marked akathisia, 5=Severe akathisia) scale. The total score range is from 0 to 14 with a higher score indicating more severe akathisia. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.0
Placebo0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to week 1 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day92077.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-28961.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day18639.8
Placebo-118038

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in average activity per epoch (counts/epoch)to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day8.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.1
Placebo0.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 1 in maximum activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-85.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day14.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day20.5
Placebo6.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 1 in standard deviation of activity (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-4.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day7.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4.2
Placebo1.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to week 1 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day5913.6
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-3818.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day23665.1
Placebo-12675.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 1 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2419.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day37665.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day15892.7
Placebo1116.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score

The Modified Simpson Angus Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms associated study drug treatment. This is a 10-item scale that focuses on rigidity. The items are rated using a 5-point (0 - 4) scale. The total score ranges between 0 and 40. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.1
Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Negative Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Negative Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.5
Placebo-0.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Positive Scale score ranges from 7 to 49. The data here represents the change in Positive Rating Scale from Baseline to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.3
Placebo-0.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The Total score ranges from 7 to 210. The data here represents the change in Total score from Baseline to Week 1. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 1 week following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.5
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.0
Placebo-2.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Scores

ESS is a self-administered subjective measure of daytime sleepiness, based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg. sitting and reading, talking to someone) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. Score for the ESS range from 0 to 24 with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness. Data here represents the change from Baseline to Week 2 in the ESS total score. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-1.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-1.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0.3
Placebo-2.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) Total Scores

SANS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It contains 25 items in 5 domains: affective flattening/blunting, alogia, avolition-apathy, anhedonia-asociality, attentional impairment. Items in a domain assess symptoms and a global item assesses the overall severity of the domain. Each item is scored on a 6-point severity scale(0=Not at all, 1=questionable decrease, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=marked, 5=severe). The total scale ranges from 0-125. Data presented here represents change in total score from Baseline to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-4.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.4
Placebo-6.8

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BARS) Total Score

The BARS is a 4-item clinician-rated scale to measure the presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to the assessment of objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness are rated using various 4-point (0 - 3) scales. A global assessment of akathisia is rated using a 6-point (0=Absent, 1=Questionable akathisia, 2=Mild akathisia, 3=Moderate akathisia, 4=Marked akathisia, 5=Severe akathisia) scale. The total score range is from 0 to 14 with a higher score indicating more severe akathisia. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day0.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo0.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Maximum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 2 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-46326.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-44034.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1954.7
Placebo-78154.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Average Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline in average activity per epoch (counts/epoch) to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-15.4
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-7.9
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-7.2
Placebo13.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Maximum Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 2 in maximum activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-152.7
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-146.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day11.8
Placebo-28.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Standard Deviation of Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 2 in standard deviation of activity (counts/epoch). (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-11.3
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-6.6
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.6
Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Median Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 2 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2346.8
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-32082.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3103.1
Placebo30660.0

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Minimum Value for Actigraphy Data of Total Activity

An actigraphy device was worn by each patient starting with the initial screening. The device continuously measured movement, allowing for an evaluation of spontaneous motor activity. Data from the actigraphy device were downloaded at each visit. The data presented here is the change from baseline to Week 2 in total activity. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionCounts (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-3534.2
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day27543.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7937.0
Placebo27759.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Modified Simpson-Angus Scale Total Score

The Modified Simpson Angus Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms associated study drug treatment. This is a 10-item scale that focuses on rigidity. The items are rated using a 5-point (0 - 4) scale. The total score ranges between 0 and 40. The data presented here represents the change from Baseline to Week 2. (NCT00487942)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.1
Armodafinil 100 mg/Day-0.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.3
Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 4 Weeks

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. The change in total score from baseline to 4 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 4 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.2
Placebo1.4

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 12 Weeks

The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. Proportion of responders who had at least minimal improvement in CGI-C ratings (as related to sleepiness) were assessed. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after beginning treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
At least minimal improvementNo improvement
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6927
Placebo5342

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI C) at 4 Weeks - Full Scale

The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. The results for the number of participants who responded to each item on the full scale at 4 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after start of treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day15342632310
Placebo11213237520

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (Week 12 or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The total score is calculated by taking the sum of all 9 rating scales for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 90. This assessment examines the difference in total BFI score from Baseline to 12 weeks or last observation after baseline. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks following start of study drug administration or last recorded observation

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-8.9
Placebo-3.8

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Change From Baseline on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Measurement After Baseline)

For this key secondary outcome the ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The change in ESS total score from baseline to Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline) are summarized. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.5
Placebo-4.6

[back to top]

Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at Endpoint (Week 12 or Last Observation After Baseline)

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. A responder analysis defining responders as patients with a total score > 17.9 at Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline) is presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Endpoint (week 12 or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4961
Placebo3078

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Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

"The MOS-CF6 assesses self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning:confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and processing speed. Responses range from none of the time to all of the time. The MOS-CF6 is scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 - 100 point scale, with the higher score indicating better cognitive functioning. Data is presented showing the change in score from baseline to Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline)." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.2
Placebo2.4

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Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 8 Weeks

"The MOS-CF6 assesses self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning as follows: confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and processing speed. The MOS-CF6 responses includes 6 choices, ranging from none of the time to all of the time. The MOS-CF6 is scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 - 100 point scale, with the higher score indicating better cognitive functioning. Data is presented showing the change in score from baseline to 8 weeks." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.3
Placebo2.1

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Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 4 Weeks

"The MOS-CF6 assesses self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning as follows: confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and processing speed. The MOS-CF6 responses includes 6 choices, ranging from none of the time to all of the time. The MOS-CF6 is scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 - 100 point scale, with the higher score indicating better cognitive functioning. Data is presented showing the change in score from baseline to 4 weeks." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 4 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.4
Placebo2.4

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Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 2 Weeks

"The MOS-CF6 assesses self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning as follows: confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and processing speed. The MOS-CF6 responses includes 6 choices, ranging from none of the time to all of the time. The MOS-CF6 is scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 - 100 point scale, with the higher score indicating better cognitive functioning. Data is presented showing the change in score from baseline to 2 weeks." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.0
Placebo1.9

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Change From Baseline on Medical Outcomes Study 6 Item Cognitive Functioning (MOS-CF6) Scale at 12 Weeks

"The MOS-CF6 assesses self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning as follows: confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem-solving, and processing speed. The MOS-CF6 responses includes 6 choices, ranging from none of the time to all of the time. The MOS-CF6 is scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 - 100 point scale, with the higher score indicating better cognitive functioning. Data is presented showing the change in score from baseline to 12 weeks." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3.3
Placebo2.4

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Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) to Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

MWT measures ability of subject to remain awake. Subjects instructed to try and remain awake during series of 4 30-minute periods (0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) reclining in dark room. Each period was terminated immediately after sleep onset or at end of 30 minutes if no sleep occurred. If subject fell asleep, they were awakened and not allowed to sleep for remainder of that 30 minute period. Change from Baseline to Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline) in mean sleep latency averaged from the 4 intervals was measured. Poorest outcome was 0 minutes the best was 30 minutes. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.6
Placebo1.1

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Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 8 Weeks

MWT measures ability of subject to remain awake. Subjects instructed to try and remain awake during series of four 30-minute periods (0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) reclining in dark room. Each period was terminated immediately after sleep onset or at end of 30 minutes if no sleep occured. If subject fell asleep, they were awakened and not allowed to sleep for remainder of that 30 minute period. Change from Baseline to 8 weeks in mean sleep latency (measured in minutes)averaged from each of the four testing intervals was measured. The poorest outcome was 0 minutes the best was 30 minutes. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.1
Placebo1.2

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Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 4 Weeks

MWT measures ability of subject to remain awake. Subjects instructed to try and remain awake during series of four 30-minute periods (0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) reclining in dark room. Each period was terminated immediately after sleep onset or at end of 30 minutes if no sleep occured. If subject fell asleep, they were awakened and not allowed to sleep for remainder of that 30 minute period. Change from Baseline to 4 weeks in mean sleep latency (measured in minutes)averaged from each of the four testing intervals was measured. The poorest outcome was 0 minutes the best was 30 minutes. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 4 weeks

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.7
Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 12 Weeks

MWT measures ability of subject to remain awake. Subjects instructed to try and remain awake during series of four 30-minute periods (0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500) reclining in dark room. Each period was terminated immediately after sleep onset or at end of 30 minutes if no sleep occured. If subject fell asleep, they were awakened and not allowed to sleep for remainder of that 30 minute period. Change from Baseline to 12 weeks in mean sleep latency (measured in minutes)averaged from each of the four testing intervals was measured. The poorest outcome was 0 minutes the best was 30 minutes. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.5
Placebo1.4

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Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum of 2 maximum of 120) was calculated from the responses. The change in total score from baseline to Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline) is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and endpoint (12 weeks after start of study drug or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.3
Placebo1.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 8 Weeks

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. The change in total score from baseline to 8 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.2
Placebo1.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 12 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. This measure compares the change in score from baseline to Week 12. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.4
Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 2 Weeks

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. The change in total score from baseline to 2 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1.7
Placebo1.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 12 Weeks

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. The change in total score from baseline to 12 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks following the start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2.6
Placebo1.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 8 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The change in ESS total score from baseline to 8 weeks are summarized. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.0
Placebo-4.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 4 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The change in ESS total score from baseline to 4 weeks are summarized. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-5.5
Placebo-4.2

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 12 Weeks - Full Scale

The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. The results for the number of participants who responded to each item on the full scale at 12 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after starting study drug treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day27202222410
Placebo11222034710

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Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 8

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score was calculated from the responses (minimum = 2 maximum = 120). A responder analysis defining responders as patients with a total score > 17.9 at 8 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 8 weeks following start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3665
Placebo2077

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Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 4

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum=2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. A responder analysis defining responders as patients with a total score > 17.9 at 4 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 4 weeks following start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4560
Placebo2479

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Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) at Week 12

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum = 2 maximum = 120) was calculated from the responses. A responder analysis defining responders as patients with a total score > 17.9 at 12 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks following the start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day4351
Placebo2866

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Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 8 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The number of responders who had a total ESS score < 10 and the number of non-responders with a total score >= 10 at 8 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6439
Placebo4751

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Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 4 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The number of responders who had a total ESS score < 10 and the number of non-responders with a total score >= 10 at 4 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day5952
Placebo4563

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Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 2 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The number of responders who had a total ESS score < 10 and the number of non-responders with a total score >= 10 at 2 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day5453
Placebo4064

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Number of Responders According to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score at 12 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The number of responders who had a total ESS score < 10 and the number of non-responders with a total score >= 10 at 12 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6531
Placebo4748

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Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 8 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. Subjects were considered responders if the final Worst Fatigue Score was < 7 at Week 8. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6341
Placebo4256

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Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 4 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. Subjects were considered responders if the final Worst Fatigue Score was < 7 at Week 4. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6249
Placebo5751

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Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 2 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. Subjects were considered responders if the final Worst Fatigue Score was < 7 at Week 2. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 2 weeks after start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6248
Placebo4365

[back to top]

Number of Responders According to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at 12 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. Subjects were considered responders if the final Worst Fatigue Score was < 7 at Week 12. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day5541
Placebo4847

[back to top]

Number of Responders According to Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Fatigue Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. Subjects were considered responders if the final Worst Fatigue Score was < 7 at Week 12 or last observation after baseline. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after start of study drug administration (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day6349
Placebo5655

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at Endpoint (12-weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

"The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates improvement by 7 categories: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories of illness as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. Proportion of responders who had at least minimally improved in CGI-C ratings (as related to sleepiness) were assessed." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
At least minimal improvementNo improvement
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7835
Placebo5953

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 8 Weeks - Full Scale

The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. The results for the number of participants who responded to each item on the full scale at 8 weeks are presented. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after start of study drug treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Very much improvedMuch improvedMinimally improvedNo changeMinimally worseMuch worseVery much worse
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day16392126110
Placebo11192237720

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 8 Weeks

"The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. Proportion of responders who had at least minimally improved in CGI-C ratings (as related to sleepiness) at 8 weeks were assessed." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after beginning study drug treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
At least minimal improvementNo improvement
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7628
Placebo5246

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at 4 Weeks

"The CGI-C is a clinician's rating of disease severity compared with baseline as assessed by Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-C rates 7 responses: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, very much worse. CGI-S measured 7 categories as well: normal, borderline ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, among most extremely ill. Proportion of responders who had at least minimally improved in CGI-C ratings (as related to sleepiness) at 4 weeks were assessed." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after beginning study drug treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
At least minimal improvementNo improvement
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7536
Placebo6444

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 8 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The total score is calculated by taking the sum of all 9 rating scales for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 90. This assessment examines the difference in total BFI score from Baseline to 8 weeks. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-8.8
Placebo-3.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 4 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The total score is calculated by taking the sum of all 9 rating scales for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 90. This assessment examines the difference in total BFI score from Baseline to 4 weeks. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-9.5
Placebo-5.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 2 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The total score is calculated by taking the sum of all 9 rating scales for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 90. This assessment examines the difference in total BFI score from Baseline to 2 weeks. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.1
Placebo-0.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The Interference Score consists of 6 questions that ask subjects to rate on a 0 to 10 scale how during the past 24 hours fatigue has interfered with their general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, and enjoyment of life. The scores are averaged (0-10) for the Interference Score. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and at endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.9
Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 8 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The Interference Score consists of 6 questions that ask subjects to rate on a 0 to 10 scale how during the past 24 hours fatigue has interfered with their general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, and enjoyment of life. The scores are averaged (0-10) for the Interference Score. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.9
Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 2 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The change in ESS total score from baseline to two weeks are summarized. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnit on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.8
Placebo-3.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 4 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The Interference Score consists of 6 questions that ask subjects to rate on a 0 to 10 scale how during the past 24 hours fatigue has interfered with their general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, and enjoyment of life. The scores are averaged (0-10) for the Interference Score. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.0
Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 2 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The Interference Score consists of 6 questions that ask subjects to rate on a 0 to 10 scale how during the past 24 hours fatigue has interfered with their general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, and enjoyment of life. The scores are averaged (0-10) for the Interference Score. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.6
Placebo0.0

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Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Interference Score at 12 Weeks (or Last Observation After Baseline)

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) assesses the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The Interference Score consists of 6 questions that ask subjects to rate on a 0 to 10 scale how during the past 24 hours fatigue has interfered with their general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, and enjoyment of life. The scores are averaged (0-10) for the Interference Score. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.1
Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

"The Excessive Sleepiness Symptom Rating Form was used to assess symptoms of excessive sleepiness. Patients rate 7 symptoms(tiredness, fatigue, sleepiness, lack of energy, trouble paying attention, forgetfulness, trouble staying organized) on an 11-point Likert scale (0 = no problem at all to 10 = as bad as you can imagine). ES Symptom Rating Form was designed to follow the response to treatment measuring severity of each of these 7 symptoms using the same 11-point scale. Change from Baseline to Endpoint (12 weeks or last baseline observation) is presented only for the symptom of Sleepiness." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (12 weeks or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.8
Placebo-1.4

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Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 8 Weeks

"Cephalon created the Excessive Sleepiness Symptom Rating Form to assess symptoms of excessive sleepiness. Patients rate 7 symptoms(Tiredness, Fatigue, Sleepiness, Lack of energy, Trouble paying attention, Forgetfulness, Trouble staying organized) each on an 11-point Likert scale(0=no problem at all 10=as bad as you can imagine). ES Symptom Rating Form was designed to follow the response to treatment (measuring severity) of each of these 7 symptoms using the same 11-point scale. Change from Baseline to 8 Weeks is presented only for the symptom of Sleepiness." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.8
Placebo-0.9

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 4 Weeks

"Cephalon created the Excessive Sleepiness Symptom Rating Form to assess symptoms of excessive sleepiness. Patients rate 7 symptoms(Tiredness, Fatigue, Sleepiness, Lack of energy, Trouble paying attention, Forgetfulness, Trouble staying organized) each on an 11-point Likert scale(0=no problem at all 10=as bad as you can imagine). ES Symptom Rating Form was designed to follow the response to treatment (measuring severity) of each of these 7 symptoms using the same 11-point scale. Change from Baseline to 4 Weeks is presented only for the symptom of Sleepiness." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.1
Placebo-1.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 2 Weeks

"Cephalon created the Excessive Sleepiness Symptom Rating Form to assess symptoms of excessive sleepiness. Patients rate 7 symptoms(Tiredness, Fatigue, Sleepiness, Lack of energy, Trouble paying attention, Forgetfulness, Trouble staying organized) each on an 11-point Likert scale(0=no problem at all 10=as bad as you can imagine). ES Symptom Rating Form was designed to follow the response to treatment (measuring severity) of each of these 7 symptoms using the same 11-point scale. Change from Baseline to 2 Weeks is presented only for the symptom of Sleepiness." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.6
Placebo-1.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in the Excessive Sleepiness (ES) Symptom Rating Form - Sleepiness Scores at 12 Weeks

"Cephalon created the Excessive Sleepiness Symptom Rating Form to assess symptoms of excessive sleepiness. Patients rate 7 symptoms(Tiredness, Fatigue, Sleepiness, Lack of energy, Trouble paying attention, Forgetfulness, Trouble staying organized) each on an 11-point Likert scale(0=no problem at all 10=as bad as you can imagine). ES Symptom Rating Form was designed to follow the response to treatment (measuring severity) of each of these 7 symptoms using the same 11-point scale. Change from Baseline to 12 Weeks is presented only for the symptom of Sleepiness." (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks following start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.2
Placebo-1.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Total Score at 12 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The total score is calculated by taking the sum of all 9 rating scales for a minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 90. This assessment examines the difference in total BFI score from Baseline to 12 weeks. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-10.5
Placebo-3.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worst Daily Fatigue Score at Endpoint (12 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline)

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with >= 7 indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. This measure compares the change in score from baseline to Week 12 (or last observation after baseline). (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks or last observation after baseline

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.3
Placebo-0.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at 12 Weeks

ESS score is based on responses to questions (self administered) that assessed the propensity of the subject to fall asleep in 8 everyday situations (sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic, etc.) Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating greater daytime sleepiness. The change in ESS total score from baseline to 12 weeks are summarized. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 12 weeks (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.8
Placebo-4.8

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Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 8 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. This measure compares the change in score from baseline to Week 8. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.2
Placebo-0.3

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Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 4 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. This measure compares the change in score from baseline to Week 4. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.2
Placebo-0.8

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Change From Baseline on Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) Worse Daily Fatigue Score at 2 Weeks

The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a subjective-completed tool for the assessment of the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Simple numeric rating scales from 0 to 10 are used. The higher scores are associated with more severe fatigue, with any score >= 7 considered to be indicative of severe fatigue. The worst daily fatigue score reports the outcome of a single item on the BFI that rates the worst fatigue experienced over the day on a scale from 0 to 10 with 0 being no fatigue and 10 being most severe. This measure compares the change in score from baseline to Week 2. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 weeks after start of study drug administration

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.1
Placebo-0.2

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Number of Responders According to the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) Total Score at 2 Weeks

The FOSQ is a self-administered questionnaire that assess the impact of excessive sleepiness on functional outcomes relevant to daily behaviors. The questionnaire contains 30 questions each rated from 1 to 4 (1 indicating extreme difficulty 4 indicating no difficulty, or 0 indicating not applicable). A total score (minimum=2 maximum=120) was calculated from the responses. A responder analysis defining responders as patients with a total score > 17.9 at 2 weeks is presented here. (NCT00518986)
Timeframe: 2 weeks following start of study drug administration

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
RespondersNon-responders
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day3075
Placebo1984

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Abstinence (Week 1 - 12)

Number of participant who abstained from methamphetamine from weeks 1 through 12 (NCT00520286)
Timeframe: Weeks 1 - 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12
Modafinil273839464139344035343734
Placebo141313151615141617141617

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Reduction of Craving

Number of subjects with 21 or more consecutive days of abstinence (NCT00520286)
Timeframe: 21 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Modafinil32
Placebo10

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Methamphetamine Withdrawal as Measured Using the Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionaire.

The Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionaire was given at intake and 3 times weekly during the first 3 weeks of the study. This time span was chosen due to the tendency of methamphetamine withdrawal to enter an acute phase in the first week after last use with a subsequent subacute phase following for the next two weeks(McGregor et al, 2005). This questionaire is comprised of 10 items which describe symptoms associated with the cessation of chronic amphetamine use for which participants indicate severity on a 4-point scale. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 40. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for the first three weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil5.79

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Heart Rate

Heart rate as a safety measure was measured by thrice weekly measuring heart rate in beats per minute. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for 7 weeks

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Modafinil79.66

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"Modafinil Side Effects Checklist"

"Modafinil side effects were measured weekly by means of the Modafinil Side Effects Checklist which asked participants to rate their experience of the following potential side effects: headaches, nausea, nervousness, runny nose, diarrhea, back pain, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness and upset stomach. Participants rated their experience on a 4 point scale ranging from not at all (0) to very much (4). The score was determined by units on a scale." (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Weekly for 7 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil3.75

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Anxiety as Measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale

Participants were administered the Hamilton Anxiety Scale thrice weekly throughout the study. The scale is a 14 item questionaire with scores ranging from 0 to 56. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for 7 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil4.07

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Depression as Measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale

Participants were administered the Hamilton Depression Scale thrice weekly throughout the study. The scale is a 21 item questionaire with scores ranging from 0 to 62 with a cutoff for depression of 15. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for 7 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil5.64

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Diastolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic blood pressure as a safety measure was measured by thrice weekly measuring blood pressure in mmHg. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for 7 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Modafinil81.49

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Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure as a safety measure was measured by thrice weekly measuring blood pressure in mmHg. (NCT00569374)
Timeframe: Thrice weekly for 7 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Modafinil128.62

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Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)

"Upon awakening, participants rated their overall quality of sleep. Ratings were indicated by the participants marking an X on 100 mm lines (ie worse, best). The placement of the X was measured, using a ruler, to the nearest millimeter and thus ranged from 0 mm to 100 mm. Lower scores correspond to a worse quality of sleep and higher scores correspond to a better sleep quality.~Subjective measures from days 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16 were averaged to correspond to weeks 1, 2, and 3." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 3 Weeks

InterventionMillimeters (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)81
Placebo75

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Total Sleep Time (Minutes)

"Total sleep time was defined as the time from sleep onset until final awakening minus the time awake after sleep onset.~Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 1 Week

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)364
Placebo379

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Total Sleep Time (Minutes)

"Total sleep time was defined as the time from sleep onset until final awakening minus the time awake after sleep onset.~Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 2 Weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)383
Placebo343

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Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)

Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively. (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 1 Week

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)73
Placebo36

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Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)

Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively. (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 2 Weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)83
Placebo36

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Total Sleep Time (Minutes)

"Total sleep time was defined as the time from sleep onset until final awakening minus the time awake after sleep onset.~Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 3 Weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)373
Placebo315

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Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)

"Upon awakening, participants rated their overall quality of sleep. Ratings were indicated by the participants marking an X on 100 mm lines (ie worse, best). The placement of the X was measured, using a ruler, to the nearest millimeter and thus ranged from 0 mm to 100 mm. Lower scores correspond to a worse quality of sleep and higher scores correspond to a better sleep quality.~Subjective measures from days 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16 were averaged to correspond to weeks 1, 2, and 3." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 2 Weeks

InterventionMillimeters (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)79
Placebo70

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Overall Sleep Quality on Visual Analog Scale (Millimeters)

"Upon awakening, participants rated their overall quality of sleep. Ratings were indicated by the participants marking an X on 100 mm lines (ie worse, best). The placement of the X was measured, using a ruler, to the nearest millimeter and thus ranged from 0 mm to 100 mm. Lower scores correspond to a worse quality of sleep and higher scores correspond to a better sleep quality.~Subjective measures from days 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16 were averaged to correspond to weeks 1, 2, and 3." (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 1 Week

InterventionMillimeters (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)63
Placebo59

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Time Spent in Sleep Stage 3 (Minutes)

Experimental polysomnographic sleep measurement was performed on the following three study night blocks: 1 to 3, 7 to 9, and 14 to 16. Data from each three-night block were averaged and reported as weeks 1, 2, and 3 respectively. (NCT00582491)
Timeframe: After 3 Weeks

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Modafinil (400mg)92
Placebo44

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Simple Reaction Time (Attention)for Baseline, Modafinil and Placebo Arms.

Simple reaction time to an auditory signal is a measure of attention. (NCT00591019)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

Interventionmilli seconds (Mean)
Baseline Testing.269.80
Modafinil268.12
Placebo247.11

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The P50 Amplitude (i.e. Evoked Auditory Response Potential Recorded in Millivolts 50 Milliseconds After Sound Onset).

P50 is an auditory evoked response potential sensitive to states of arousal. (NCT00591019)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

Interventionmilli volts (Mean)
Baseline Testing.1.25
Modafinil1.47
Placebo1.23

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Armodafinil Extracellular Dopamine in Caudate at 2.5 Hours (Without Outlier)

Each subject received each dose level (one dose per day of 100 or 250 mg) of armodafinil, followed by PET scans using [11C]raclopride, to determine the change in extracellular dopamine at 2.5 hours postdose. (NCT00592943)
Timeframe: Extracellular DAT was measured using the PET scan at 2.5 hours after oral administration of 100mg or 250 mg Armodafinil on three different study visits

Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Armodafinil (100mg)6.0
Armodafinil (250mg)5.3

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Armodafinil DAT Occupancy in Caudate

Subjects received each dose level (100 and 250 mg) of armodafinil, followed by PET scans, in an open-label protocol. Repeat PET scans, using [1 1 C]altropane, determined DAT occupancy at 1 hour and 2.5 hours postdose (compared with baseline). (NCT00592943)
Timeframe: DAT occupancy was measured using the PET scan at 1 hour and 2.5 hours after oral administration of 100mg or 250 mg Armodafinil

,
Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
1 Hour2.5 hours
Armodafinil (100mg)34.040.4
Armodafinil (250mg)60.565.2

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Armodafinil Extracellular Dopamine in Caudate at 2.5 Hours (With Outlier)

Each subject received each dose level (one dose per day of 100 or 250 mg) of armodafinil, followed by PET scans using [11C]raclopride, to determine the change in extracellular dopamine at 2.5 hours postdose. (NCT00592943)
Timeframe: Extracellular DAT was measured using the PET scan at 2.5 hours after oral administration of 100mg or 250 mg Armodafinil on three different study visits

Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Armodafinil (100mg)17.8
Armodafinil (250mg)7.0

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Cortisol- 2:30 pm, Immediately Following Trier Social Stress Task + Cocaine Cue Exposure

Participants were randomized to receive to the modafinil, guanfacine, or placebo treatment group. Participants were then randomized to complete a TRIER social stress task or read magazines for 15 minutes. Following the task, participants were exposed to neutral cues for two minutes and control cues for two minutes. Immediately following exposure to the cocaine cue, saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol levels. (NCT00613015)
Timeframe: Immediately following trier + cocaine cue exposure

Interventionmcg/dl (Mean)
Modafinil/Stress12.55
Modafinil/No Stress11.69
Guanfacine/Stress13.19
Guanfacine/No Stress9.06
Placebo/Stress12.42
Placebo/No Stress8.94

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Cocaine Craving

Participants were randomized to the modafinil, guanfacine, or placebo treatment group. Participants were then randomized to participate in the TRIER social stress task or to read magazines for 15 minutes. Following the task, participants were exposed to neutral cues for 2 minutes and cocaine cues for 2 minutes. Immediately following the cocaine cue exposure, participants were asked to rate cocaine craving on a 10-point Likert scale, with 0 being Not at All and 10 being Extremely. (NCT00613015)
Timeframe: Post Trier social stress task + Cocaine Cue 2:30 pm

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil/Stress3.08
Modafinil/No Stress4.36
Guanfacine/Stress1.54
Guanfacine/No Stress3.13
Placebo/Stress1.8
Placebo/No Stress2.11

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"Participants Considered Responders (Scored 1 or 2) on Clinical Global Impressions Scale"

"The CGI is a standardized assessment tool widely used in clinical psychopharmacology trials as an outcome measure. Scores range from 1= very much improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5-7 = worse. We use it as a dichotomous measure with scores of 1 or 2 signifying responder and all the rest as non-responder using all available data including clinician judgement, and ratings scales." (NCT00614926)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Intervention"participants considered responders" (Number)
Modafinil19
Placebo1

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Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for The Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a patient to remain awake. The primary endpoint was the mean of sleep latency (average of the first 4 MWTs which were at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500), where latency for each MWT was defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep was observed according to these rules, then latency was defined as 30 minutes. The comparison was for the mode dose of MK0249 versus placebo. (NCT00620659)
Timeframe: At Week 2

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo12.79
MK0249 Mode Dose13.34

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Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for Top 2 Doses Pooled of MK0249 Versus Modafinil

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a patient to remain awake. The primary endpoint was the mean of sleep latency (average of the first 4 MWTs which were at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500), where latency for each MWT was defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep was observed according to these rules, then latency was defined as 30 minutes. The comparison was for the top 2 doses pooled of MK0249 versus modafinil. (NCT00620659)
Timeframe: At Week 2

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
MK0249 Top 2 Doses Pooled13.64
Modafinil 200 mg17.45

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Mean of Average Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Early for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Modafinil

The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the ability of a patient to remain awake. The primary endpoint was the mean of sleep latency (average of the first 4 MWTs which were at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500), where latency for each MWT was defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep was observed according to these rules, then latency was defined as 30 minutes. The comparison was for the mode dose of MK0249 versus modafinil. (NCT00620659)
Timeframe: At Week 2

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
MK0249 Mode Dose13.34
Modafinil 200 mg17.45

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo

"The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a self-administered questionnaire that provides subjective reports that equate with sleep propensity, not with 'subjective sleepiness'. Having a high sleep propensity means having a history of dozing in situations that have a relatively low soporific nature, in which normal subjects seldom doze. The ESS consists of eight items, which are rated from 0 (would never dose) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The ESS score is the total score of the 8 individual items; this total score ranges from 0 to 24 (higher total score is worse)." (NCT00620659)
Timeframe: At Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo12.81
MK0249 Mode Dose10.83

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Clinical Global Impressions Scale of Severity Score as it Relates to Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (CGIS-EDS) for the Mode Dose of MK0249 Versus Placebo

Clinical Global Impressions Scale of Severity (CGI-S) is a subscale of the CGI which is a standard psychometric scale used to demonstrate changes and improvements in illness. CGI-S consists of a 7-point scale rated from 1 to 7. The investigator or sponsor-approved clinician judged how ill the patient was with respect to Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) at the time of the CGI-S rating (CGIS-EDS), with higher scores indicating more severe illness. (NCT00620659)
Timeframe: At Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.76
MK0249 Mode Dose3.43

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Nocturnal Sleep Length at 1 Month

(NCT00626210)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionhours (Median)
Modafinil9.5

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Brief Fatigue Inventory

This scale measures overall fatigue due to medical illness. range is 0-80 with 80 being severe fatigue (NCT00678691)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
A,1 Armodafinil Study Drug2.86
A,2 Matching Placebo4.29

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Systolic Blood Pressure

systolic blood pressure in mm Hg (NCT00711464)
Timeframe: 3-5 hours

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
100 mg109
200 mg112
400 mg116
Placebo111

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Cognitive Performance

Percent Accuracy on high-control (i.e. difficult) condition on test of cognitive control (NCT00711464)
Timeframe: 3-5 hours

Interventionpercentage correct of all trials (Mean)
100 mg76.7
200 mg75.5
400 mg67.2
Placebo77.1

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Heart Rate

beats per minute (NCT00711464)
Timeframe: 3-5 hours

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
100 mg74
200 mg81
400 mg86
Placebo76

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Change From Baseline in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionBOLD signal intensity (Median)
Armodafinil2.667
Placebo2.479

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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity -Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation in regions related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation such as language, vision, hearing, and short-term memory. When neuronal activity increases, blood flow increases to that part of the brain with an increase in the oxygen content of the blood. Increase in oxygen content causes the fMRI signal in that part of the brain to change, and is the basis of the BOLD effect. The percent change in BOLD signal from Baseline to 2 weeks or last observation after baseline is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercent change in Bold signal (Median)
Armodafinil3.199
Placebo-2.021

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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation in regions related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation such as language, vision, hearing, and short-term memory. When neuronal activity increases, blood flow increases to that part of the brain with an increase in the oxygen content of the blood. Increase in oxygen content causes the fMRI signal in that part of the brain to change, and is the basis of the BOLD effect. The percent change in BOLD signal from Baseline to 2 weeks or last observation after baseline is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercentage change in BOLD signal (Median)
Armodafinil-0.398
Placebo4.704

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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation in regions related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation such as language, vision, hearing, and short-term memory. When neuronal activity increases, blood flow increases to that part of the brain with an increase in the oxygen content of the blood. Increase in oxygen content causes the fMRI signal in that part of the brain to change, and is the basis of the BOLD effect. The percent change in BOLD signal from Baseline to 2 weeks or last observation after baseline is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercent change in BOLD signal (Median)
Armodafinil-1.777
Placebo7.148

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Activation-Performance Relationship on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the Thalamus and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between BOLD signal intensity on fMRI in the thalamus versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil-0.029
Placebo0.582

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Activation-Performance Relationship on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the BOLD signal intensity on fMRI in PPC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.065
Placebo0.364

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the number of voxels activated on fMRI (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in DLPFC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.422
Placebo-0.445

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the BOLD signal intensity on fMRI over DLPFC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil-0.122
Placebo0.789

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test - Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the number of voxels activated on fMRI (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in ACC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.254
Placebo-0.152

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in the Thalamus and 2-Back Working Memory Test -Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the number of voxels activated on fMRI (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in the thalamus versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.405
Placebo-0.038

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and 2-Back Working Memory Test -Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the BOLD signal intensity on fMRI in the ACC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.025
Placebo-0.012

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One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Choices to Correct, (Hard) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

OTS is a spatial planning test based on the Tower of London and the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge test, and measures frontal lobe function. Patient shown 2 displays containing 3 colored balls and a row of boxes containing numbers. The patient was shown one demonstration problem and then solves 3 additional problems (easy). Problems increased in complexity, from one to six moves. With additional problems (hard) the patient had to work out how many moves the solutions required in their heads. Mean change from baseline to endpoint in number of choices to correct for hard problems is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionChoices to correct (Mean)
Armodafinil-0.2
Placebo0.0

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One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Choices to Correct, (Easy) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

OTS is a spatial planning test based on the Tower of London and the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge test, and measures frontal lobe function. Patient shown 2 displays containing 3 colored balls and a row of boxes containing numbers. The patient is shown one demonstration problem and then solves 3 additional problems (easy). Problems increased in complexity, from one to six moves. With additional problems (hard) the patient has to work out how many moves the solutions required in their heads. Mean change from Baseline to endpoint in number of choices to correct for easy problems is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionChoices to correct (Mean)
Armodafinil0.0
Placebo0.0

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of activated voxels (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in the thalamus. A responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of less than 713 ms at endpoint. This is based on baseline data from the matched control population in a functional imaging study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels for each treatment group among the responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-764.7
Placebo-1446.7

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of non-responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels meeting the predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A non-responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of 713 ms or greater at endpoint. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels in the thalamus for each treatment group among the non-responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-893.1
Placebo-1408.3

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the PPC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC). A responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of less than 713 ms at endpoint. This is based on baseline data from the matched control population in a functional imaging study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels for each treatment group among the responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-789.1
Placebo-397.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionBOLD signal intensity (Median)
Armodafinil5.556
Placebo3.755

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of contiguous activated voxels (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Median)
Armodafinil941.5
Placebo-174.5

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the PPC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of non-responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels meeting the predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A non-responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of 713 ms or greater at endpoint. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC)for each treatment group among the non-responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-465.5
Placebo-898.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels meeting predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Median)
Armodafinil22.0
Placebo104.3

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

The outcome was the change from baseline in number of contiguous activated voxels in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at Week 2(or last observation after baseline). Each voxel is compared to the reference wave form. If it differs from that value with p<0.05, the voxel is considered active. fMRI is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation. Increased neuronal activity increases blood flow and oxygen content to the activated part of the brain, altering fMRI signal. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionActivated voxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-595.0
Placebo-773.3

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the DLPFC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of non-responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels meeting the predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A non-responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of 713 ms or greater at endpoint. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)for each treatment group among the non-responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-2279.4
Placebo-2784.4

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the ACC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test-Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Non Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of non-responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels meeting the predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A non-responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of 713 ms or greater at endpoint. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)for each treatment group among the non-responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-153.1
Placebo-199.4

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Activation-Performance Relationship Between Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) and the 2-Back Working Memory Test -Number of Voxels Activated at Endpoint

With this outcome measure the correlation between the number of voxels activated on fMRI (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) in PPC versus performance on the 2-back working memory test was evaluated for both Armodafinil and Placebo. Correlation coefficients and P-values are presented for each treatment group. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Week 2 or Last Observation after Baseline

InterventionCorrelation Coefficient (Number)
Armodafinil0.355
Placebo-0.358

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus

The outcome was the change from baseline in number of contiguous activated voxels in the thalamus on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at Week 2(or last observation after baseline). Each voxel is compared to the reference wave form. If it differs from that value significantly (p<0.05), the voxel is considered active. fMRI is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation. Increased neuronal activity increases blood flow and oxygen content to the activated part of the brain, altering fMRI signal. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionActivated voxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-841.7
Placebo-1417.9

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the ACC on fMRI by 2-Back Working Memory Test -Change From Baseline; Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of activated voxels (that differ significantly from reference wave form) in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). A responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of less than 713 ms at endpoint. This is based on baseline data from the matched control population in a functional imaging study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels for each treatment group among the responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-38.6
Placebo-227.8

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale Change From Baseline to Endpoint

The patient's evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness was measured by the patient reported measure, ESS (Johns1991). The ESS score was based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg, sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic) and reflected a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. The ESS score was derived from the sum of the values from questions corresponding to the 8 situations. Scores for the ESS ranged from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating a greater daytime sleepiness. Change from baseline to endpoint is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil-5.8
Placebo-2.9

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of contiguous activated voxels meeting pre-defined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Median)
Armodafinil-27.5
Placebo-54.0

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Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the DLPFC on fMRI on the 2 Back Working Memory Test - Change From Baseline-Subgroup-Responders in 2 Back Working Memory Test

This is a subgroup analysis of responders on the 2-back working memory test for the number of voxels meeting the predefined threshold in DLPFC. A responder in the 2-back working memory test was defined as a patient showing a response latency of less than 713 ms at endpoint. This is based on baseline data from the matched control population in a functional imaging study in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels (that differ significantly from reference wave form) for each treatment group among the responders is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionActivated voxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-1411.6
Placebo-1359.0

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting the Predefined Threshold in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

The outcome was the change from baseline in number of contiguous activated voxels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at Week 2(or last observation after baseline). Each voxel is compared to the reference wave form. If it differs from that value p<0.05, the voxel is considered active. fMRI is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation. Increased neuronal activity increases blood flow and oxygen content to the activated part of the brain, altering fMRI signal. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionActivated Voxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-107.3
Placebo-206.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Thalamus at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in the thalamus. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionBOLD signal intensity (Median)
Armodafinil5.128
Placebo1.429

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the BOLD Signal Intensity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the blood oxygen level dependent signal (BOLD) intensity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after Baseline)

InterventionBOLD signal intensity (Median)
Armodafinil2.778
Placebo0.0

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Number of Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in the Thalamus at Resting State

At resting state, this is an analysis of the change from Baseline to Endpoint in the number of activated voxels meeting predefined threshold (voxels that differ significantly from reference wave form) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the thalamus. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionVoxels (Median)
Armodafinil-621.0
Placebo-883.8

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Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal Intensity - Percent Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Thalamus

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation in regions related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation such as language, vision, hearing, and short-term memory. When neuronal activity increases, blood flow increases to that part of the brain with an increase in the oxygen content of the blood. Increase in oxygen content causes the fMRI signal in that part of the brain to change, and is the basis of the BOLD effect. The percent change in BOLD signal from Baseline to 2 weeks or last observation after baseline is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercent change in BOLD signal (Median)
Armodafinil16.363
Placebo2.099

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Total Score From the Medical Outcomes Study 6-Item Cognitive Function Scale (MOS-CF6)-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The MOS-CF6 is an instrument to assess patient self-reported cognitive function. Items were selected to cover 6 relevant aspects of cognitive functioning as follows: confusion, concentration/thinking, attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving, and processing speed. The CF 6 item responses include 6 choices, ranging from none of the time to all of the time. The CF-6 was scored by summing responses across the 6 items and converting the total to a 0 to 100 point scale, with higher scores indicating better cognitive functioning. Change in MOS-CF6 from baseline to endpoint is reported." (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil6.1
Placebo-0.2

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Reaction Time Index (RTI) Median Correct Latency, One Choice Test From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

The RTI is a measure of simple and choice reaction time, movement time and spatio-temporal vigilance during simple and 5 choice reaction time trials. This task also permits measurement of anticipatory/premature responding and perseverative responding. The patient responded to a yellow spot appearing on the screen by letting go of the press pad and touching the location in which the spot appeared. The yellow spot appeared in a single location during the simple reaction time phase. The change from baseline to endpoint in median correct latency is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMilliseconds (ms) (Median)
Armodafinil-13.5
Placebo-4.5

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Reaction Time Index (RTI) Median Correct Latency, Five Choice Test From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

The RTI is a measure of simple and choice reaction time, movement time and spatio-temporal vigilance during simple and 5 choice reaction time trials. This task also permits measurement of anticipatory/premature responding and perseverative responding. The patient responded to a yellow spot appearing on the screen by letting go of the press pad and touching the location in which the spot appeared. The yellow spot appeared in any 1 of 5 locations in the 5 choice reaction time phase. The change from baseline to endpoint in median correct latency is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMilliseconds (ms) (Median)
Armodafinil-6.5
Placebo-12.5

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)- Number of Responders at Endpoint

Severity of sleepiness, was assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) at Baseline. The clinician assessed the change from baseline in the patient's condition, as related to excessive sleepiness, in response to treatment using the CGI-C, which consisted of the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, and very much worse. Responders had to be at least minimally improved from Baseline to qualify as a responder at Endpoint. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Armodafinil13
Placebo9

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Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Percent Correct (Delayed) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

"The PRM test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assesses episodic memory as measured by a patient's ability to encode and recognize visual information. Patterns appear sequentially on the screen, and patients are instructed to remember them. Twenty minutes following the immediate recognition test, another delayed recognition test is performed, featuring the same stimuli as in the first phase. The change from baseline to endpoint in percent correct responses of this delayed test are presented here. Subjects complete 24 trials per assessment." (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercent correct trials (Mean)
Armodafinil0.4
Placebo-1.1

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One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Correct Latency, (Hard) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

OTS is a spatial planning test based on Tower of London test and the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge test, and measures frontal lobe function. Subject is shown 2 displays containing 3 colored balls and a row of boxes containing numbers. The patient was shown one demonstration problem and then had to solve 3 additional problems (easy). The problems increased in complexity, from one to six moves. With additional problems subject had to work out how many moves the solutions required in their heads (hard). Change from baseline to endpoint in Mean correct latency for the hard problems is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMilliseconds (ms) (Mean)
Armodafinil-733.3
Placebo-6898.1

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One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Mean Correct Latency, (Easy) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

OTS is a spatial planning test based on Tower of London test and the CANTAB Stockings of Cambridge test, and measures frontal lobe function. Subject is shown 2 displays containing 3 colored balls and a row of boxes containing numbers. The patient was shown one demonstration problem and then had to solve 3 additional problems (easy). The problems increased in complexity, from one to six moves. With additional problems subject had to work out how many moves the solutions required in their heads (hard). Change from baseline to endpoint in Mean correct latency for the easy problems is presented. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMilliseconds (ms) (Mean)
Armodafinil-787.9
Placebo-666.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Number of Contiguous Activated Voxels Meeting Predefined Threshold in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) as a Measure of Prefrontal Cortical Activation

The primary outcome was the change from baseline in number of contiguous activated voxels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at Week 2(or last observation after baseline). Each voxel is compared to the reference wave form. If it differs from that value p<0.05, the voxel is considered active. fMRI is a brain imaging technique that identifies neuronal activation related to specific tasks or sensory stimulation. Increased neuronal activity increases blood flow and oxygen content to the activated part of the brain, altering fMRI signal. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionActivated voxels (Mean)
Armodafinil-1932.3
Placebo-2428.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Mean Response Latency in the 2-Back Working Memory Test at Endpoint - Mean Performance Speed

The 2-Back is a verbal working memory test in which random letters are presented visually every 4 sec, with each stimulus lasting 500 msec. Subjects are asked to make a yes/no response following each letter indicating whether it was the same or different from the letter presented two earlier. The load on working memory was the ordering, retention, updating, and manipulation of 2 letters and consideration of the relationship to a 3rd newly presented letter, which could have been a target or a nontarget. The change from baseline in response latency at endpoint is presented here. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionMilliseconds (ms) (Mean)
Armodafinil2.3
Placebo-59.0

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint (2 Weeks or Last Observation After Baseline) in the Mean Response Latency in the Psychomotor Vigilance-Like Test

"During anatomic scanning (and prior to functional runs when anatomic scanning was not performed), a modified continuous 10 minute attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance Test [PVT]-like task, nearly identical to the PVT but for absence of performance feedback) was run to obtain a measure of vigilance in the scanner-in this instance, the + symbol appeared at random (mean inter trial interval of 5 seconds, range 2 - 10 seconds) but disappeared when subject pressed a button. Subject performance speed was measured. Change in subject performance speed from Baseline to Endpoint is presented." (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after Baseline)

Interventionmilliseconds (ms) (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil-31.9
Placebo-6.8

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Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Percent Correct (Immediate) From the CANTAB Battery-Change From Baseline to Endpoint

The PRM test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assesses episodic memory by a patient's ability to encode and recognize visual information. Patterns appear sequentially on the screen, and patients are instructed to remember them. Immediately afterwards a recognition test is performed, in which each pattern shown earlier is presented with another pattern of similar form and color. Patient has to touch the pattern seen earlier. Change from baseline to endpoint in % correct responses with immediate recall is presented. Subjects complete 24 trials per assessment. (NCT00711516)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 2 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionPercent correct trials (Mean)
Armodafinil-0.1
Placebo3.2

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Role Function Scale

The Role Function Scale includes 10 items drawn from the Short Form 36-item Survey (SF-36) and other SF versions. It is intended to assess the extent to which fatigue has a behavioral impact on daily activities. Scores of frequency in the past week, on a 5-point scale, are summed with higher scores signifying greater role impairment. Scores range from 10-50. (NCT00737204)
Timeframe: Measured at Baseline and Week 4

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline Role Function ScaleWeek 4 Role Function Scale
Armodafinil36.219.9
Placebo37.828.3

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CD4 Cell Count

Cd4 cell count is a laboratory marker providing an indication of immune system functioning. Blood samples were drawn for this measure at baseline and week 4. The reference range for CD4 cell count is 490-1740, and a clinically significant change is defined as a change of >=100 cells. A higher number is associated with better immune functioning. (NCT00737204)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionCells/mcL (Mean)
Baseline CD4 cell countWeek 4 CD4 cell count
Armodafinil502503
Placebo450445

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Fatigue Severity Scale(FSS) Outcome

The FSS is a 9-item self-report scale that measures the impact of fatigue on everyday functioning. Each item is rated on a scale of 1 to 7. Total scores range from 9-63, with a higher score indicating greater impairment due to fatigue. (NCT00737204)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Weeks 4

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline FSSWeek 4 FSS
Armodafinil52.625.8
Placebo53.139.4

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HIV Viral Load

"HIV RNA viral load assay is a laboratory measure indicating viral activity. Because of the large range of possible values (50 - 100,000 copies), this measure is transformed to log10 values. We entered the log10 value of 1.69 when the laboratory result stated under 50 copies, which was the assay's lowest limit of detectability during the study." (NCT00737204)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 4

,
InterventionLog10 copies/mL (Mean)
Baseline Log10 Viral LoadWeek 4 Log10 Viral load
Armodafinil2.172.15
Placebo2.392.24

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Percentage Change in Beck Depression Inventory Scores

Percent change in BDI score from baseline to study endpoint in study completers; range =-100% to 100%, larger (more negative) change indicates better outcome. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Modafinil-58.4
Placebo-43.5

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Percent Change in Shipley Institute of Living Scale Scores From Baseline to Study Endpoint

Percent change in scores (T scores) on the Shipley Abstract subscale from baseline to study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers; T scores min=0, max=100; larger positive values indicate better outcome. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionT scores, percent change (Mean)
Modafinil4.1
Placebo4.6

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Percent Change in Symbol Digit Modalities Test From Baseline to Study Endpoint

Mean percent change in T scores from baseline to study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers. Larger (more positive) percent change values indicate better outcomes. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 Weeks

InterventionPercent change, baseline-study endpoint (Mean)
Modafinil6.4
Placebo10.0

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Percent Change in the Grooved Pegboard Test Score From Baseline to Study Endpoint

Percent change of T scores from baseline to study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers; T score min=0, max=100; higher scores (more positive change) indicate better outcome. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionPercent change, baseline-study endpoint (Mean)
Modafinil10.8
Placebo65.0

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Percent Change in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test Scores From Baseline to Study Endpoint

Mean percent change of T scores from baseline to study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers. Min T score = 0, max T score = 100. Higher scores, greater (more positive) percent change indicate better outcomes. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionPercent change, baseline-study endpoint (Mean)
Modafinil11.3
Placebo28.5

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Percentage of Participants With Methamphetamine-positive Urine Drug Screens

Percentage of participants with at least one biweekly urine drug screen positive for methamphetamine (4 weeks active treatment phase + medication-free safety visit at week 5) (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Modafinil85
Placebo65

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Percent Change in California Verbal Learning Test From Baseline to Study Endpoint

Mean percent change in T scores (average total score of 6 trials) from baseline to study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers. Larger (more positive) percent change values indicate better outcomes. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: Study baseline to study endpoint (Week 5)

InterventionPercent change, baseline-study endpoint (Mean)
Modafinil20.6
Placebo14.8

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Score on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test

Scores (T scores) on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (total errors) at study endpoint (Week 5) in study completers, adjusted for age and education; min=0, max=100, higher numbers indicate better outcomes. (NCT00751023)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

InterventionT scores at study endpoint (Mean)
Modafinil44.6
Placebo41.9

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Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 2

MSLT measures likelihood of falling asleep. Mean Sleep Latency measures the time to fall asleep (in minutes). On Treatment Days 1 and 2 the subject was instructed on 4 occasions to attempt to fall asleep. Each MSLT nap continued until 3 consecutive 30-sec epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached, or any 30 sec epoch of stage 2, 3, 4 or rapid eye movement sleep was reached. Each nap was terminated after 20 min if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured from lights out to first epoch scored as sleep. Least Squares Mean sleep latency from the MSLT at day 2 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 2

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day9.9
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day13.8
Placebo6.2

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Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 1

MSLT measures likelihood of falling asleep. Mean Sleep Latency measures the time to fall asleep (in minutes). On Treatment Days 1 and 2 the subject was instructed on 4 occasions to attempt to fall asleep. Each MSLT nap continued until 3 consecutive 30-sec epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached, or any 30 sec epoch of stage 2, 3, 4 or rapid eye movement sleep was reached. Each nap was terminated after 20 min if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured from lights out to first epoch scored as sleep. Least squares mean sleep latency from the MSLT at day 1 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 1

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day5.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day9.6
Placebo3.4

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Average of Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGI-S) of General Condition Ratings Across Days 1 and 2

"The PGI-S rating scale is the patient's assessment of their general condition. The subject rates their overall condition according to the 7 following categories: 1=normal (no sign of illness), 2=borderline ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, and 7=among the most extremely ill. The term ill refers here to any symptoms of jet lag and overall feeling. Symptoms may include sleepiness, irritability, malaise, gastrointestinal disturbance, and level of performance. The average of PGI-S ratings across days 1 and 2 are presented here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Days 1 and 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.9
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.6
Placebo1.9

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Average of Scores Across Days 1 and 2 in the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS)

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS least squares mean score across days 1 and 2 are reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Days 1 and 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.8
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.3
Placebo5.5

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Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 1

The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory is a validated self-reporting instrument used to assess anxiety in adults. The inventory consists of 2 scales, state anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels currently (transient anxiety), and trait anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels generally (general tendency towards anxiety). Each scale consists of 20 questions, and a higher score indicates greater anxiety. Scores range from 20 (no anxiety) to 80 (maximum anxiety). The change in total score from Baseline to Day 1 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day3.8
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.3
Placebo4.3

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Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 2

The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory is a validated self-reporting instrument used to assess anxiety in adults. The inventory consists of 2 scales, state anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels currently (transient anxiety), and trait anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels generally (general tendency towards anxiety). Each scale consists of 20 questions, and a higher score indicates greater anxiety. Scores range from 20 (no anxiety) to 80 (maximum anxiety). The change in total score from Baseline to Day 2 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.5
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day2.8
Placebo1.3

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Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Day 3

The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory is a validated self-reporting instrument used to assess anxiety in adults. The inventory consists of 2 scales: state anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels currently (transient anxiety), and trait anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels generally (general tendency towards anxiety). Each scale consists of 20 questions, and a higher score indicates greater anxiety. Scores range from 20 (no anxiety) to 80 (maximum anxiety). The change in total score from Baseline to Day 3 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-0.1
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.6
Placebo0.2

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Change in State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Total Score From Baseline to Endpoint

The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory is a validated self-reporting instrument used to assess anxiety in adults. The inventory consists of 2 scales, state anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels currently (transient anxiety), and trait anxiety, which evaluates how the subject feels generally (general tendency towards anxiety). Each scale consists of 20 questions, and a higher score indicates greater anxiety. Scores range from 20 (no anxiety) to 80 (maximum anxiety). The change in total score from Baseline to endpoint is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Endpoint defined as either Day 3 or last observation after baseline

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day0.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.6
Placebo0.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Latency to Persistent Sleep as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography

Nocturnal Polysomnography records normal and abnormal physiological activity during an entire night's sleep. It documents the adequacy of sleep, including frequency duration, and total amount of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep), rapid eye movement sleep, and apnea/hypopnea index. Data presented here represents the difference in mean latency to persistent sleep from Baseline to Day 2 as recorded by nocturnal polysomnography. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 2 (Endpoint)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-12.9
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.8
Placebo-11.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Total Sleep Time as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography

Nocturnal Polysomnography records normal and abnormal physiological activity during an entire night's sleep. It documents the adequacy of sleep, including frequency duration, and total amount of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep), rapid eye movement sleep, and apnea/hypopnea index. Data presented here represents the difference in mean total sleep time overnight from Baseline to Day 2 as recorded by nocturnal polysomnography. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 2 (Endpoint)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-10.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-30.5
Placebo-5.2

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Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)- Average of Four Scheduled Naps Across Days 1 and 2

MSLT is an assessment that measures likelihood of falling asleep. Mean Sleep Latency measures the time to fall asleep. On Treatment Days 1 and 2 the subject was instructed on 4 occasions to attempt to fall asleep. Each MSLT nap continued until 3 consecutive 30-second epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached, or any 30 second epoch of stage 2, 3, 4 or rapid eye movement sleep was reached. Each nap was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occured. Average sleep latency for the 4 naps was tabulated across days 1 and 2. Sleep latency was measured from lights out to first epoch scored as sleep. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Days 1 and 2

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day7.7
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day11.7
Placebo4.8

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Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Wake Time After Sleep Onset as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography

Nocturnal Polysomnography records normal and abnormal physiological activity during an entire night's sleep. It documents the adequacy of sleep, including frequency duration, and total amount of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep), rapid eye movement sleep, and apnea/hypopnea index. Data presented here represents the difference in mean wake time after sleep onset (time spent awake from sleep onset to final awakening) from Baseline to Day 2 as recorded by nocturnal polysomnography. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 2 (Endpoint)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day20.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day30.4
Placebo14.4

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Mean Change in Sleep Efficiency From Baseline To Endpoint as Measured by Nocturnal Polysomnography

Nocturnal Polysomnography records normal and abnormal physiological activity during an entire night's sleep. It documents the adequacy of sleep, including frequency duration, and total amount of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep), rapid eye movement sleep, and apnea/hypopnea index. Data presented here represents the difference in mean sleep efficiency from Baseline to Day 2 as recorded by nocturnal polysomnography. Sleep efficiency is defined as the ratio of time spent asleep (total sleep time) to the amount of time in bed. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 2 (Endpoint)

InterventionPercent (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day-2.1
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.3
Placebo-1.1

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Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Baseline

"The PGI-S rating scale is the patient's assessment of general condition. The subject rates their overall condition according to the 7 following categories: 1=normal (no sign of illness), 2=borderline ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, and 7=among the most extremely ill. The term ill refers to symptoms of jet lag including excessive sleepiness, irritability, malaise, gastrointestinal disturbance, and poor performance. The least squares mean of PGI-S ratings at Baseline is presented here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline, prior to start of study drug dosing

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.0
Placebo1.0

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Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 1

"The PGI-S rating scale is the patient's assessment of general condition. The subject rates their overall condition according to the 7 following categories: 1=normal (no sign of illness), 2=borderline ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, and 7=among the most extremely ill. The term ill refers to symptoms of jet lag including excessive sleepiness, irritability, malaise, gastrointestinal disturbance, and poor performance. The least squares mean of PGI-S ratings at day 1 is presented here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.7
Placebo2.1

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Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 2

"The PGI-S rating scale is the patient's assessment of general condition. The subject rates their overall condition according to the 7 following categories: 1=normal (no sign of illness), 2=borderline ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, and 7=among the most extremely ill. The term ill refers to symptoms of jet lag including excessive sleepiness, irritability, malaise, gastrointestinal disturbance, and poor performance. The least squares mean of PGI-S ratings at day 2 is presented here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.5
Placebo1.6

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Mean Patient Global Impression of Severity of General Condition Ratings at Day 3

"The PGI-S rating scale is the patient's assessment of general condition. The subject rates their overall condition according to the 7 following categories: 1=normal (no sign of illness), 2=borderline ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, and 7=among the most extremely ill. The term ill refers to symptoms of jet lag including excessive sleepiness, irritability, malaise, gastrointestinal disturbance, and poor performance. The least squares mean of PGI-S ratings at day 3 is presented here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 3

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.4
Placebo1.4

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Mean Ratings From the Mean Sleep Latency of the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Baseline

MSLT measures the likelihood of falling asleep. Mean Sleep Latency measures the time to fall asleep (in minutes). On Treatment Days 1 and 2 the subject was instructed on 4 occasions to attempt to fall asleep. Each MSLT nap continued until 3 consecutive 30-sec epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached, or any 30 sec epoch of stage 2, 3, 4 or rapid eye movement sleep was reached. Each nap was terminated after 20 min if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured from lights out to first epoch scored as sleep. Mean sleep latency from the MSLT at Baseline (Screening Day 2) is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline defined as Screening Visit 2 within 8 weeks prior to Treatment Day 1

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day15.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day15.3
Placebo15.0

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 1

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS least squares mean score across day 1 is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day5.7
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.8
Placebo6.3

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 2

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS Least squares mean score as measured on day 2 is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3.8
Placebo4.7

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) at Day 3

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS least squares mean score as measured on day 3 is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day3.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3.6
Placebo4.0

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Baseline

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS mean score as measured at Baseline, collected at bedtime, is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Baseline prior to starting study medication

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.0
Placebo3.8

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 1

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS mean score as measured on day 1, collected only at bedtime, is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 1 bedtime

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day7.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day6.9
Placebo7.1

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 2

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS mean score as measured on day 2, collected only at bedtime, is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 2 bedtime

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day5.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day5.2
Placebo5.0

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Mean Scores From the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Collected at Bedtime at Day 3

"The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is a validated subject-rated instrument for measuring sleepiness, based on a scale from 1 to 9 (with 1 indicating very alert and 9 indicating very sleepy, great effort to stay awake, fighting sleep).~The KSS was administered 5 times during the day; before each MSLT nap and before bedtime. The KSS mean score as measured on day 3, collected only at bedtime, is reported here." (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 3 bedtime

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day3.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3.9
Placebo3.5

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Mean Sleep Latency (Minutes) From the Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) at Day 3

MSLT measures likelihood of falling asleep. Mean Sleep Latency measures the time to fall asleep (in minutes). On Treatment Days 1 and 2 the subject was instructed on 4 occasions to attempt to fall asleep. Each MSLT nap continued until 3 consecutive 30-sec epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached, or any 30 sec epoch of stage 2, 3, 4 or rapid eye movement sleep was reached. Each nap was terminated after 20 min if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured from lights out to first epoch scored as sleep. Least Squares Mean sleep latency from the MSLT at day 3 is presented here. (NCT00758498)
Timeframe: Day 3

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day12.1
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day14.8
Placebo8.3

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Change From Baseline in Quality of Life at Days 22, 43 and 56

The effects of treatment on overall health-related quality of life quantified with the general Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy survey (FACT-G) were measured at baseline, at day 22, at the end of radiation (day 43) and 2 weeks after completion of radiation (day 56). The FACT-G assesses quality of life based on physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being. Each item is assessed on a 5-point scale (0 = not at all to 4 = very much). The total FACT-G score can range from 0-108, with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. (NCT00766467)
Timeframe: baseline, day 22, day 43, and day 56

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
FACIT-G (baseline vs day 22)FACIT-G (baseline vs day 43)FACIT-G (baseline vs day 56)
Armodafinil-1.762.501.83
Placebo-4.94-2.30-0.84

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Change From Baseline in Fatigue at Day 43

The primary endpoint was the difference in the 42-day change (baseline vs. day 43) in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale (FACIT-F scale) between the 2 treatment groups (those patients randomized to receive armodafinil and those randomized to the placebo arm). FACIT-F is a well-validated QOL instrument widely used for the assessment of cancer-related fatigue in clinical trials.5 It consists of the 27-item FACT-G (which assesses QOL based on physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being) and the 13-item FACIT-F fatigue subscale (which assesses the impact of fatigue on daily activities). Each item is assessed on a 5-point scale (0 = not at all to 4 = very much). By scoring convention, after appropriate reversal scoring of 11 items, the FACIT-F fatigue subscale (FACIT-fatigue) score ranges from 0 to 52 (lower score indicating more fatigue). A score < 30 indicates severe fatigue. (NCT00766467)
Timeframe: 43 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil-1
Placebo-3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 2. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
Matching Placebo-2.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 2. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.8

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 2. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
Matching Placebo-2.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 20. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 20. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.2
Matching Placebo-1.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 20. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 20. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 20. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.8
Matching Placebo-2.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 20. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.2
Matching Placebo-1.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 20 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 20. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
Matching Placebo-3.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo-0.8

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
Matching Placebo-1.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]

The 4-Part Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is a component of the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The 4-Part CPT assesses working memory. The patient was presented with targets and had to remember target presentation sequencing in order to respond to the directions. The complexity of the directions increased as the patient proceeded through the 4 parts of the test. Scoring is based on the number of correct responses, with a higher number indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to week 24 with positive values demonstrating improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionCorrect responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.5
Matching Placebo0.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test

The Shifting Attention Test is a test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The Shifting Attention Test assesses attention and executive function. Patients were instructed to match geometric objects either by shape or by color. Composite Scoring presented here was calculated as the number of correct responses minus the number of errors. A higher score indicates more correct responses. The data represent the change from baseline to week 24 and a positive value represents improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionCorrect responses minus errors (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
200 mg/Day Armodafinil2.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.9
Matching Placebo-0.9

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test

Symbol-digit coding test (SDCT) is one test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. SDCT assesses speed of processing. Subject is taught to link numbers to digits. The test consists of serial presentations of screens, each of which contains a bank of 8 symbols above and 8 empty boxes below. The subject types in the number that corresponds to the symbol highlighted. Scoring is the number of correct responses generated in 2 minutes. A higher score indicates greater processing speed. Data represents change from baseline to week 24 with positive values representing improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionNumber of correct responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo2.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test

"CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery consists of 4 tests (Verbal Memory, Symbol-Digit Coding Test, Shifting Attention Test, Continuous Performance Test [CPT]). With Verbal Memory Test, patient asked to remember 15 words within a field of 15 distractors immediately and after twenty minute delay. Score is the sum of correct immediate hits, correct immediate passes, correct delayed hits, and correct delayed passes. Total score may range from 0 to 60, with a higher score indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to week 24, with positive score showing improvement." (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores

PSP is a validated clinician-rated assessment of functioning. Four areas of functioning (socially useful activities, personal/social relationships, self-care, disturbing/aggressive behaviors) are assessed on a 6-point scale (0=absent to 5=very severe). A transformed score from 1 to 100 is generated from the raw score based on the clinical interpretation of the scores generated in the 4 areas of functioning, with a higher transformed score indicating better function. Data presented here represents change from baseline to week 24 in the overall score with positive values signifying improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil2.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil3.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil3.2
Matching Placebo3.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 24. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
Matching Placebo-1.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
Matching Placebo-2.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
Matching Placebo-3.2

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 4. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 4. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 4. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores

PSP is a validated clinician-rated assessment of functioning. Four areas of functioning (socially useful activities, personal/social relationships, self-care, disturbing/aggressive behaviors) are assessed on a 6-point scale (0=absent to 5=very severe). A transformed score from 1 to 100 is generated from the raw score based on the clinical interpretation of the scores generated in the 4 areas of functioning, with a higher transformed score indicating better function. Data presented here represents change from baseline to week 4 in the overall score with positive values signifying improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil2.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil2.0
Matching Placebo2.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 4. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
Matching Placebo-1.2

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 4. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.7
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 4. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 4 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 4. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
Matching Placebo-2.8

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 8. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-0.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 8. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-1.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 8. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 8. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-1.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 8. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 8. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
Matching Placebo-1.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 8 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 8. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.7
Matching Placebo-2.9

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Endpoint

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure NEGATIVE symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Negative Scale score ranges from 7-49 (higher more severe). Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to endpoint with positive scores indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.1
Matching Placebo-2.1

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 1

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 1. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 12

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 12. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.5
Matching Placebo-2.6

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 2

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 2. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.1
Matching Placebo-2.3

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 20

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 20. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.8
Matching Placebo-2.6

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 24

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 24. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.1
Matching Placebo-2.6

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 4

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 4. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.7
Matching Placebo-2.8

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Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 8

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 8. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Endpoint

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents change in total score from baseline to endpoint, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation after baseline)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.4
Matching Placebo-2.6

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 1

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg.anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. The data here represents the change in total score from baseline to week 1 and higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 12

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents the change in total score from baseline to week 12, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.8
Matching Placebo-6.2

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 16

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represent the change in total score from baseline to week 16, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.9
Matching Placebo-7.1

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 2

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents the change in total score from baseline to week 2, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
Matching Placebo-5.0

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 8

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents the change in total score from baseline to week 8, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.7
Matching Placebo-7.1

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 4

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents the change in total score from baseline to week 4, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.6
Matching Placebo-6.9

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 24

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represent the change in total score from baseline to week 24, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.9
Matching Placebo-6.9

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Mean Change in Total Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 20

PANSS is a clinician rating severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms (eg. delusions, hallucinations), 7 items measure negative symptoms (eg. blunted affect, social withdrawal), 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale (eg. anxiety, motor retardation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Total scores range from 30 to 210. Data represents the change in total score from baseline to week 20, higher (positive) scores indicate more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.0
Matching Placebo-7.4

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Number of Nighttime Awakenings

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint in reported number of nighttime awakenings. A positive value represents an increase in number of night time awakenings. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionAwakenings (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.6

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Sleep Latency

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency (time till fall asleep), duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint in reported sleep latency. There is no range of possible values, positive values represent prolongation of sleep latency. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil2.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-8.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.5
Matching Placebo-1.2

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Sleep Quality Rating

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint in participants' ratings of their quality of sleep as measured on a 4-point scale (1=Poor, 2=Fair, 3=Good, 4=Excellent). A positive value represents improvement in sleep quality. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to endpoint, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo0.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to endpoint in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.2

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Time Spent Asleep at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint in reported time spent asleep at night. A positive value indicates increased time spent asleep at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-23.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-20.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo5.3

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Time Spent Awake at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint in reported time spent awake at night. A positive value represents longer period awake at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo3.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 1, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 1, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 1 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

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Change From Baseline to Week 10 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 10 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Number of Nighttime Awakenings

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12 in reported number of nighttime awakenings. A positive value represents an increase in number of night time awakenings. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionAwakenings (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Sleep Latency

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency (time till fall asleep), duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12 in reported sleep latency. There is no range of possible values, positive values represent prolongation of sleep latency. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
Matching Placebo-2.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Sleep Quality Rating

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12 in participants' ratings of their quality of sleep as measured on a 4-point scale (1=Poor, 2=Fair, 3=Good, 4=Excellent). A positive value represents improvement in sleep quality. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 12, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 12 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Time Spent Asleep at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12 in reported time spent asleep at night. A positive value indicates increased time spent asleep at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-12.7
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil10.9
Matching Placebo13.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Time Spent Awake at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12 in reported time spent awake at night. A positive value represents longer period awake at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 14 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 14 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 14

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 16, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 16, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
Matching Placebo-0.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 16 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 18 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 18 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 18

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 2, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 2, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.7

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 2 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 20, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 20, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-0.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 20 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 20 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 22 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 22 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 22

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Number of Nighttime Awakenings

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24 in reported number of nighttime awakenings. A positive value represents an increase in number of night time awakenings. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionAwakenings (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Sleep Latency

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency (time till fall asleep), duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24 in reported sleep latency. There is no range of possible values, positive values represent prolongation of sleep latency. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-7.3
Matching Placebo-4.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Sleep Quality Rating

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24 in participants' ratings of their quality of sleep as measured on a 4-point scale (1=Poor, 2=Fair, 3=Good, 4=Excellent). A positive value represents improvement in sleep quality. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 24, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 24 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 24 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Time Spent Asleep at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24 in reported time spent asleep at night. A positive value indicates increased time spent asleep at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-7.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-22.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil9.4
Matching Placebo9.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Time Spent Awake at Night

A sleep questionnaire was used to evaluate the effect of armodafinil treatment on the patient's nighttime sleep. Patients completed the questionnaire to evaluate the sleep latency, duration, nighttime awakenings, and overall sleep quality. The questionnaire was assessed at the screening visit and at weeks 12 and 24 (or last visit after baseline). The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 24 in reported time spent awake at night. A positive value represents longer period awake at night. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
Matching Placebo-1.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 4, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 4, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo-0.5

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 4 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 4 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 6 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) Total Score

Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) measures presence and severity of drug-induced akathisia. Items related to objective akathisia, subjective awareness of restlessness, and distress related to restlessness were rated using a 4-point scale: 0=normal/no distress, 1=presence of restlessness/mild distress, 2=observable restlessness/moderate distress, 3=constant restlessness/severe distress. Total score is sum of scores of each item and range from 0-9. Higher score indicates greater restlessness and distress. Data represent change from baseline to week 8, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) Score

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) assesses the level of depression in patients with schizophrenia. Nine items (depression, hopelessness, self-depreciation, pathological guilt, guilty ideas of reference, morning depression, early awakening, suicidal, observed depression) are each scored on a 4-point scale: 0=absent, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. The total score is a sum of the scores of each item and may range from 0 to 27. Higher score more severe pathology. Data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 8, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-0.6

[back to top]

Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) Rating

The CGI-S is a standardized, clinician-rated assessment to rate the severity of illness of the patient. The clinician assessed the severity of illness using the following categories: 1 = normal, 2 = borderline ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill. The minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7, with higher scores indicating more severe illness. The data presented represents the change from baseline to week 8 in the CGI-S rating. A negative value indicates improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Endpoint in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Endpoint in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 1 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 1, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 1 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 1, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Mean Change in Negative Scale Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) From Baseline to Week 16

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. 7 items measure negative symptoms: blunted affect, social withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, and stereotyped thinking. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Data represents change in Negative Rating Scale from baseline to week 16. Negative Scale score ranges from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicates more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.5
Matching Placebo-2.9

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 12 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 12, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.4
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 12 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 12, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 16 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 16, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 16 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 16, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 2 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 2, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo0.0

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Changes From Baseline to Week 2 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 2, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 20 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 20, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 20 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 20, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 20

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

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Changes From Baseline to Week 24 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 24, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.3
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 24 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 24, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 4 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 4, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 4 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 4, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo0.0

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Changes From Baseline to Week 8 in the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Total Scores

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 14-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of dyskinesias in patients taking neuroleptic drugs. Items 1 through 10 were rated using a 5-point (0-4) scale, items 11 through 14 were rated using a 2-point (no or yes) scale. The AIMS total score is the sum of items 1 through 10, and can range from 0-40. A higher score indicates a presence of more severe dyskinesias. Data represents change from baseline to week 8, positive value represents worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Changes From Baseline to Week 8 in the Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Scale Total Score

The Simpson-Angus EPS Scale is a clinician-rated scale to assess parkinsonian and extrapyramidal symptoms (10 items) associated with antipsychotic medications. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale. In addition, this scale was used to evaluate and characterize adverse events of extrapyramidal symptoms. Total scores are calculated by summing the scores of each item (minimum 0, maximum 40) and dividing by the number of items (10). Scores can range from 0-4. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms. Data represents change from baseline to week 8, positive values represent worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.2

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Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Endpoint

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal behavior in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0
Matching Placebo0

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Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 16

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal behavior in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 16

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0
Matching Placebo1

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Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 24

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal behavior in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0
Matching Placebo0

[back to top]

Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Behavior at Week 8

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal behavior at week 8 in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0
Matching Placebo0

[back to top]

Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Endpoint

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal ideation in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at endpoint. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil4
Matching Placebo3

[back to top]

Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 16

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal ideation in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil1
Matching Placebo1

[back to top]

Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 24

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal ideation in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at week 24. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil3
Matching Placebo0

[back to top]

Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Scores - Percentage of Participants With Suicidal Ideations at Week 8

The C-SSRS was performed at weeks 8, 16, and 24 (or last observation after baseline), and at any time if clinically indicated. The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The data presented here represents the percentage of patients in each arm found to have suicidal ideation in the judgment of a clinician and based upon a clinicians interpretation of the subject's responses to the C-SSRS questions at week 8. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Week 8

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil1
Matching Placebo0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.0
Matching Placebo-0.0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenic patients. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms/posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to endpoint. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-0.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
Matching Placebo-2.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to endpoint. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.3
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]

The 4-Part Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is a component of the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The 4-Part CPT assesses working memory. The patient was presented with targets and had to remember target presentation sequencing in order to respond to the directions. The complexity of the directions increased as the patient proceeded through the 4 parts of the test. Scoring is based on the number of correct responses, with a higher number indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint with positive values demonstrating improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionCorrect responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
Matching Placebo0.1

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Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test

The Shifting Attention Test is a test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The Shifting Attention Test assesses attention and executive function. Patients were instructed to match geometric objects either by shape or by color. Composite Scoring presented here was calculated as the number of correct responses minus the number of errors. A higher score indicates more correct responses. The data represent the change from baseline to endpoint and a positive value represents improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionCorrect responses minue errors (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil1.5
Matching Placebo0.1

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test (SDCT)

Symbol-digit coding test (SDCT) is one test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. SDCT assesses speed of processing. Subject is taught to link numbers to digits. The test consists of serial presentations of screens, each of which contains a bank of 8 symbols above and 8 empty boxes below. The subject types in the number that corresponds to the symbol highlighted. Scoring is the number of correct responses generated in 2 minutes. A higher score indicates greater processing speed. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint with positive values representing improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionNumber of correct responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-4.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.8
Matching Placebo1.1

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test

"CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery consists of 4 tests (Verbal Memory, Symbol-Digit Coding Test, Shifting Attention Test, Continuous Performance Test [CPT]). With Verbal Memory Test, patient asked to remember 15 words within a field of 15 distractors immediately and after twenty minute delay. Score is the sum of correct immediate hits, correct immediate passes, correct delayed hits, and correct delayed passes. Total score may range from 0 to 60, with a higher score indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to endpoint, with positive score showing improvement." (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo0.0

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores

PSP is a validated clinician-rated assessment of functioning. Four areas of functioning (socially useful activities, personal/social relationships, self-care, disturbing/aggressive behaviors) are assessed on a 6-point scale (0=absent to 5=very severe). A transformed score from 1 to 100 is generated from the raw score based on the clinical interpretation of the scores generated in the 4 areas of functioning, with a higher transformed score indicating better function. Data presented here represents change from baseline to endpoint in the overall score with positive values signifying improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil2.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil2.2
Matching Placebo2.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to endpoint. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo0.2

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is the sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item scored on 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to endpoint. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo0.3

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Endpoint on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data shows change from baseline to endpoint. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Week 24 or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.1
Matching Placebo-0.7

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 1. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 1. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
Matching Placebo-0.7

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 1. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-0.1

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 1. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.4

[back to top]

Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 1. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. Positive symptoms dimension is the sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 1. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 1 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 1. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 1

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.0
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.0
Matching Placebo-1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 12. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
Matching Placebo-1.2

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 12. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.3
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - 4-part Continuous Performance Test [CPT]

The 4-Part Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is a component of the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The 4-Part CPT assesses working memory. The patient was presented with targets and had to remember target presentation sequencing in order to respond to the directions. The complexity of the directions increased as the patient proceeded through the 4 parts of the test. Scoring is based on the number of correct responses, with a higher number indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to week 12 with positive values demonstrating improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionCorrect responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-5.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.1
Matching Placebo0.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Shifting Attention Test

The Shifting Attention Test is a test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. The Shifting Attention Test assesses attention and executive function. Patients were instructed to match geometric objects either by shape or by color. Composite Scoring presented here was calculated as the number of correct responses minus the number of errors. A higher score indicates more correct responses. The data represent the change from baseline to week 12 and a positive value represents improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionCorrect responses minus errors (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil1.0
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil3.1
Matching Placebo0.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Symbol-digit Coding Test

Symbol-digit coding test (SDCT) is one test in the CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. SDCT assesses speed of processing. Subject is taught to link numbers to digits. The test consists of serial presentations of screens, each of which contains a bank of 8 symbols above and 8 empty boxes below. The subject types in the number that corresponds to the symbol highlighted. Scoring is the number of correct responses generated in 2 minutes. A higher score indicates greater processing speed. Data represents change from baseline to week 12 with positive values representing improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionNumber of correct responses (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in CNSVitalSigns Cognitive Battery Scores - Verbal Memory Test

"CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery consists of 4 tests (Verbal Memory, Symbol-Digit Coding Test, Shifting Attention Test, Continuous Performance Test [CPT]). With Verbal Memory Test, patient asked to remember 15 words within a field of 15 distractors immediately and after twenty minute delay. Score is the sum of correct immediate hits, correct immediate passes, correct delayed hits, and correct delayed passes. Total score may range from 0 to 60, with a higher score indicating more correct responses. Data represents change from baseline to week 12, with positive score showing improvement." (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
Matching Placebo-0.2

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) Scores

PSP is a validated clinician-rated assessment of functioning. Four areas of functioning (socially useful activities, personal/social relationships, self-care, disturbing/aggressive behaviors) are assessed on a 6-point scale (0=absent to 5=very severe). A transformed score from 1 to 100 is generated from the raw score based on the clinical interpretation of the scores generated in the 4 areas of functioning, with a higher transformed score indicating better function. Data presented here represents change from baseline to week 12 in the overall score with positive values signifying improvement. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil3.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil2.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil3.4
Matching Placebo2.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 12. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-1.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 12. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.8
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
Matching Placebo-2.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 12. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-1.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 12 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 12. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.1
Matching Placebo-2.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 16. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.8
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
Matching Placebo-1.5

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 16. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.1
200 mg/Day Armodafinil0.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.4

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 16. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
Matching Placebo-1.2

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 of Negative Symptom Dimension Scores From the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The negative symptoms factor score includes 5 negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, positive/apathetic social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (motor retardation, active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data represents change from baseline to week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-3.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.4
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 of Positive Symptom Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The positive symptoms dimension is sum of 4 positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution), 1 negative symptom (stereotyped thinking), and 3 general psychopathology symptoms (somatic concern, unusual thought content, lack of judgment/insight). Each item is scored on a 7-point scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 8 to 56. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. Data show change from baseline to week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
Matching Placebo-1.6

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 16 on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology Scale Score

PANSS rates psychopathology severity in schizophrenics. 16 items form a General Psychopathology scale:somatic concern, anxiety, guilt feeling, tension, mannerisms/posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperative, unusual thoughts, disorientation, poor attention, poor judgment/insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control, preoccupation, social avoidance. Scored on severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 16 to 112, higher (positive) score more severe pathology. Data show change from baseline to week 16. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.1
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.9
Matching Placebo-3.0

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From Anxiety/Depression Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The anxiety/depression dimension is the sum of 4 general psychopathology symptoms (anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, depression). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 2. Higher (positive) scores indicate worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.9
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.7
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From Disorganized Thought Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS rates severity of psychopathology in schizophrenics. Disorganized thought dimension is the sum of 1 positive symptom (conceptual disorganization), 1 negative symptom (difficulty in abstract thinking), and 5 general psychopathology symptoms (mannerisms and posturing, disorientation, poor attention, disturbance of volition, preoccupation). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores range from 7 to 49. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. Data indicates change from baseline to week 2. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.4
Matching Placebo-0.9

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 From the Hostility/Excitement Dimension of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. The hostility/excitement dimension is the sum of 2 positive symptoms (excitement, hostility) and 2 general psychopathology symptoms (uncooperativeness, poor impulse control). Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. Scores may range from 4 to 28. The data presented here represents the change from baseline to week 2. Higher (positive) score indicates worsening. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.3
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
250 mg/Day Armodafinil0.2
Matching Placebo-0.3

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 2 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive Scale Score

PANSS is a clinician-rated instrument that rates the severity of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. 7 items measure positive symptoms: delusions, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution, hostility. Each item is scored on a 7-point severity scale: 1=absent, 2=minimal, 3=mild, 4=moderate, 5=moderate severe, 6=severe, 7=extreme. The data here represents the change in the Positive scale score from baseline to Week 2. The scale may range from 7 to 49, higher (positive) score indicating more severe pathology. (NCT00772005)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
200 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.6
250 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.2
Matching Placebo-0.5

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Average Maximum Days Abstinent

(NCT00838981)
Timeframe: up to 84 days

,,,
Interventiondays (Mean)
AlcoholCocaineHeroineAny opiate
Modafinil Plus Contingency Magagement6930.940.731.7
Modafinil Plus Voucher Control67.224.447.643.5
Sugar Pill Plus Contingency Management58.332.746.237.4
Sugar Pill Plus Voucher Control71.834.748.441.4

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Average Number of Days Using a Substance Within Treatment

(NCT00838981)
Timeframe: up to 90 days

,,,
Interventiondays (Mean)
AlcoholCocaineHeroinOpiate
Modafinil Plus Contingency Magagement0.321913.821.8
Modafinil Plus Voucher Control0.0618.610.211.9
Sugar Pill Plus Contingency Management1.815.611.413.4
Sugar Pill Plus Voucher Control0.1320.311.716.4

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Average Number of Positive Urine Tests

thrice weekly urine tests (NCT00838981)
Timeframe: up to 12 weeks.

,,,
Interventionurine tests (Mean)
Total TestsCocaineHeroineAny opiate
Modafinil Plus Contingency Magagement3217.516.917.7
Modafinil Plus Voucher Control28.116.912.312.5
Sugar Pill Plus Contingency Management30.216.111.912.3
Sugar Pill Plus Voucher Control31.415.81414.3

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CANTAB:CAmbridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery RVIP: Rapid Visual Information Processing

"CANTAB RVIP is one component of this computerized battery and is a measure of sustained attention with a working memory component.~This study used two subscales of the RVIP.~RVP A' ( Target sensitivity, a measure of the ability to detect sequences.) The range is from 0-1; bad to good.~RVP B'' ( Response bias, which is a measure of the tendency to respond regardless of whether a target is present.~The range is from -1 to +1 ; bad to good~The numbers represent probabilities as units on a scale." (NCT00842985)
Timeframe: Once for each test session (4 total).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
THC+Modafinil0.91
THC+Placebo0.9
Pla+Modafinil0.92
Placebo+Placebo0.9

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Mean Treatment Effectiveness Scores

Number of negative drug screens for methamphetamine during the study (every negative drug screen obtained is counted as 1 negative drug screen)divided by the total possible number of drug screens during the 6 week post residential phase of trial(participants provided 3 drug screens per week so the expected number of drug screens total is 18.This does include week 8. Missing drug screens are counted as positive.# negative drug screens/18. Minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 1. The higher the score the better the outcome. The mean of the individual treatment effectiveness scores is reported. (NCT00859573)
Timeframe: thrice weekly from week 3 through week 8

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.5625
Modafinil.333

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Physical Examination Findings Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation, up to Week 12)

Number of participants with shifts from normal/abnormal physical examination findings at baseline (BL) to (→) normal/abnormal findings at endpoint (EP, defined as last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12). Shifts (normal and abnormal) from baseline to endpoint are summarized using participant counts for each physical examination category. A newly diagnosed finding was defined as being normal or missing at baseline and abnormal at least once during the study. Any physical examination finding that was judged by the investigator as a clinically significant change (worsening) compared to a baseline value was considered an adverse event. HEENT=head, eyes, ears, nose, throat. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline through Endpoint (last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12)

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
General Appearance: Normal at BL → Normal at EPGeneral Appearance: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPGeneral Appearance: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPGeneral Appearance:Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPHEENT: Normal at BL→ Normal at EPHEENT: Normal at BL→ Abnormal at EPHEENT: Abnormal at BL→ Normal at BLHEENT: Abnormal at BL→ Abnormal at EPChest/Lungs: Normal at BL→ Normal at EPChest/Lungs: Normal at BL→ Abnormal at EPChest/Lungs: Abnormal at BL→ Normal at EPChest/Lungs: Abnormal at BL→ Abnormal at EPHeart: Normal at BL → Normal at EPHeart: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPHeart: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPHeart: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPAbdomen: Normal at BL → Normal at EPAbdomen: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPAbdomen: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPAbdomen: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPMusculoskeletal: Normal at BL → Normal at EPMusculoskeletal: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPMusculoskeletal: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPMusculoskeletal: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPSkin: Normal at BL → Normal at EPSkin: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPSkin: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPSkin: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPLymph Nodes: Normal at BL → Normal at EPLymph Nodes: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPLymph Nodes: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPLymph Nodes: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EPNeurological: Normal at BL → Normal at EPNeurological: Normal at BL → Abnormal at EPNeurological: Abnormal at BL → Normal at EPNeurological: Abnormal at BL → Abnormal at EP
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day260102411127000270002601025011240032401027000
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day270002600127000261002600027000241112700027000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day270202900029000290002702029000241132610028010
Placebo260022610128000260202700127010250032500026002

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Urinalysis Values

Participants with at least one clinically significant postbaseline urinalysis abnormality, specifically presented is blood (hemoglobin) in urine >=2 units increase from baseline. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo2
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day1

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"Percentage of Participants Answering No to All Questions on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Since Last Visit Version (C-SSRS SLV) at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)"

The C-SSRS captures occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors since last visit (SLV). The number of participants answering 'no' to all 9 yes/no questions about suicidal behaviors, ideations, and acts are presented. Questions included the presence of the following: a wish to be dead; nonspecific active suicidal thoughts; actual suicide attempt; non-suicidal self-injurious behavior; interrupted attempt; aborted attempt; suicidal behavior; preparatory suicidal acts or behavior; and completed suicide. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (last postbaseline observation up to Week 12)

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 2 (n=14, 14, 13, 12)Week 4 (n=13, 16, 15, 11)Week 8 (n=13, 15, 13, 10)Week 12 (n=14, 15, 13, 9)Endpoint (n=19, 18, 16, 15)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day100100100100100
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day100100100100100
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day100100100100100
Placebo100100100100100

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Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Week 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)

The patient's evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness was measured by the ESS. The ESS score is based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg, sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. The ESS score is derived from the sum of the values from questions corresponding to the 8 situations. Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating a greater daytime sleepiness. This test was self-administered. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, Endpoint (last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=29, 29, 28, 27)Change from BL at Week 12 (n=23, 26, 22, 16)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=27, 28, 26, 23)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day15.1-6.5-6.1
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day16.1-9.2-7.0
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day14.3-4.6-4.5
Placebo14.8-5.0-5.1

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Change From Baseline in Mean Sleep Latency From the MSLT at Weeks 4, 8, and 12

The MSLT is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the likelihood of falling asleep. Four 20-minute (maximum) MSLT naps were performed at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500. The participant, dressed in nonconstricting clothes, was instructed to lie quietly and attempt sleep. Each MSLT nap continued until: (a) 3 consecutive 30-second epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached or (b) any single, 30-second epoch of stage 2, 3, 4, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reached. Sleep latency for each nap and average sleep latency for the 4 naps were tabulated. According to clinical protocol for the MSLT, each nap was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred. Sleep latency was measured as the elapsed time from lights-out to the first epoch scored as sleep. With a 30-second scoring epoch, this criterion was reached when sleep occupied at least 16 seconds of any epoch. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, and 12

,,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=29, 29, 28, 27)Change from BL at Week 4 (n=26, 29, 26, 20)Change from BL at Week 8 (n=24, 27, 24, 17)Change from BL at Week 12 (n=22, 26, 22, 15)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.24.04.24.6
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day3.77.04.27.4
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.22.72.52.7
Placebo3.33.22.11.8

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Change From Baseline in Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) at Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)

The MSLT is an objective assessment of sleepiness that measures the likelihood of falling asleep. Four 20-minute (maximum) MSLT naps were performed at 0900, 1100, 1300, and 1500. The participant, dressed in nonconstricting clothes, was instructed to lie quietly and attempt sleep. Each MSLT nap continued until: (a) 3 consecutive 30-second epochs of stage 1 sleep were reached or (b) any single, 30-second epoch of stage 2, 3, 4, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reached. Sleep latency for each nap and average sleep latency for the 4 naps were tabulated. According to clinical protocol for the MSLT, each nap was terminated after 20 minutes if no sleep occurred. If a participant did not fall asleep in 20 minutes, his/her sleep latency for that nap was set to 20 minutes. Sleep latency was measured as the elapsed time from lights-out to the first epoch scored as sleep. With a 30-second scoring epoch, this criterion was reached when sleep occupied at least 16 seconds of any epoch. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=29, 29, 28, 27)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=27, 29, 26, 21)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day4.25.0
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day3.77.2
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4.22.6
Placebo3.32.4

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Change From Baseline in the Total Score From the Self-Reported Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 6 Item Version (S-HAM-D6) at Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to 12 Weeks)

"The self-reported S-HAM-D6 is a validated scale developed from the core depressive items of the 17 Item Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D17). The HAM-D6 (Items 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 13 from the 17-item HAMD) evaluates core symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The assessment consists of 6 items representing depressed mood, guilt, work and activities, retardation, psychic anxiety, and general somatic symptoms. Each item is evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). Total scores range from 0 (normal) to 22 (severe). Scores greater than 12 indicate moderate to severe depression and scores less than 12 indicate mild depression." (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and Endpoint (last postbaseline observation up to 12 weeks)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=13, 13, 11, 13)Change from BL at Week 2 (n=13, 13, 11, 11)Change from BL at Week 4 (n=12, 12, 11, 10)Change from BL at Week 8 (n=10, 11, 10, 9)Change from BL at Week 12 (n=9, 10, 9, 8)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=13, 13, 11, 13)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1.20.3-0.2-0.21.00.6
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day1.50.40.21.6-0.10.9
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day1.8-0.50.91.10.2-0.1
Placebo1.3-0.7-0.50.10.90.5

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Change From Baseline in the Total Sleep Time As Assessed by Nocturnal Polysomnography (NPSG) at Weeks 2, 4, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to 12 Weeks)

NPSG continuously records normal and abnormal physiological activity during an entire night. It documents the adequacy of sleep, including the frequency, duration, and total amounts of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 2, 4, 12, and Endpoint (last postbaseline observation up to 12 weeks)

,,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=29, 30, 29, 29)Change from BL at Week 2 (n=28, 29, 27, 24)Change from BL at Week 4 (n=26, 28, 26, 21)Change from BL at Week 12 (n=22, 26, 22, 15)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=29, 30, 27, 26)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day442.0-3.94.0-18.3-19.7
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day442.8-8.8-21.6-33.1-21.2
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day442.45.82.98.36.6
Placebo442.3-4.4-16.9-0.5-10.1

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Change From Baseline in Traumatic Brain Injury - Work Instability Scale (TBI-WIS) Total Score At Weeks 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)

"The TBI-WIS is a validated participant-rated instrument for assessing a participant's functional ability after TBI and the functional demands of their job. The assessment consists of 36 questions to which the participant responded with a true or not true answer. To score the questionnaire, the number of true responses is counted: if < 2, the risk is low; 2 to 23, the risk is medium; and >23, the risk is high, for work instability. Score range is 0 (lowest risk for work instability) to 36 (highest risk for work instability)." (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Weeks 4, 8, 12 and Endpoint (last postbaseline observation up to Week 12)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=24, 24, 19, 21)Change from BL at Week 4 (n=23, 23, 18, 15)Change from BL at Week 8 (n=19, 22, 17, 13)Change from BL at Week 12 (n=19, 21, 17, 12)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=24, 24, 19, 19)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day8.7-0.5-2.4-2.5-2.5
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day11.6-2.8-4.7-5.0-2.5
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day9.3-2.5-3.5-3.9-3.4
Placebo8.5-2.5-1.4-0.9-2.3

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Concomitant Medication Usage In ≥5% of Participants Throughout the Study

Therapeutic classification of concomitant medications used by ≥5% of participants throughout the study. Participants are counted only once in each therapeutic class category. Medications were included in the table if the proportion of participants in the combined armodafinil treatment group was ≥5%. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Screening through Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AnalgesicsAntibacterialsAntihistamines for systemic useAnti-inflammatory and antirheumatic productsDrugs for acid-related disordersLipid-modifying agentsNasal preparationsSex hormones and modulators of the genital systemUnspecified herbalVitamins/nutritional supplement
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day7145221314
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day6228222317
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4229283437
Placebo4218022315

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Shifts From Baseline to Overall

Number of participants with shifts from normal/abnormal 12-lead ECG findings at baseline (BL) to (→) normal/abnormal findings overall are presented. For overall, the worst postbaseline finding (the abnormal finding if there are both normal and abnormal findings) for the participant between baseline and endpoint (defined as last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12) is summarized. Shifts (normal and abnormal) from baseline to overall are summarized using participant counts. Any ECG finding that was judged by the investigator as a clinically meaningful change (worsening) compared to baseline was recorded as an adverse event. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline through Endpoint (last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12)

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal at BL → Normal OverallNormal at BL → Abnormal OverallAbnormal at BL → Normal OverallAbnormal at BL → Abnormal Overall
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day14472
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day15138
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day16236
Placebo15139

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious AEs (SAEs), Deaths, and Withdrawals Due to AEs

AE=any untoward medical occurrence in a patient that develops or worsens in severity during the conduct of the clinical study of a pharmaceutical product and does not necessarily have a causal relationship to the study drug. SAE=any AE that resulted in any of the following: death; a life-threatening adverse event; inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; persistent or significant disability/incapacity; a congenital anomaly or birth defect; an important medical event that required medical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed in this definition. Treatment-related AEs=definite, probable, possible, or missing relationship. Protocol-defined AEs=treatment-emergent adverse events associated with skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, depression, psychosis (including hypomanic or manic episode), and seizure or suspected seizure were considered to be of potential clinical importance. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Screening through Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any adverse eventSevere adverse eventsTreatment-related adverse eventsDeathsOther serious adverse eventsWithdrawn from study due to adverse eventsProtocol-defined adverse event
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day160140010
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day160150053
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day15090021
Placebo14080000

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Hematology Values

Normal ranges for hematology values: white blood cell (WBC) count, 3.8 - 10.7 x 10^9/L; absolute neutrophil count (ANC), 1.96 - 7.23 x 10^9/L. Participants may have had more than one clinically significant abnormal value. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
WBC <=3.0 x 10^9/LANC <=1.0 x 10^9/L
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day10
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day00
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day10
Placebo11

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Postbaseline Serum Chemistry Values

Normal ranges for serum chemistry values: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 1.43 - 8.57 mmol/L; uric acid, 124.91 - 493.68 μmol/L; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 11 - 36 U/L; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), 10 - 61 U/L; total bilirubin, 3.42 - 20.52 μmol/L. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
BUN >=10.71 mmol/LUric acid >=625 (men) or >=506 (women) μmol/LAST >=3 x upper limit of normalGGT >=3 x upper limit of normalTotal bilirubin >=34.2 μmol/L
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day00101
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day00000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day01011
Placebo10000

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Sign Values

Criteria for clinically significant abnormal vital signs values: heart rate, ≤50 beats per minute (bpm) and decrease from baseline of ≥15 bpm; sitting systolic blood pressure, ≤90 mm Hg and decrease from baseline of ≥20 mm Hg; sitting diastolic blood pressure, ≤50 mm Hg and decrease from baseline of ≥15 mm Hg. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Heart RateSitting Systolic Blood PressureSitting Diastolic Blood Pressure
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day100
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day000
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day111
Placebo000

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Number of Participants With Notable Blood Pressure Values Per World Health Organization Criteria

Criteria for World Health Organization (WHO) notable blood pressure (BP) values: systolic blood pressure, ≥140 mm Hg plus increase of ≥10% from baseline; diastolic blood pressure, ≥90 mm Hg plus increase of ≥10% from baseline. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Baseline, last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sitting Systolic Blood PressureSitting Diastolic Blood Pressure
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day10
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day22
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day12
Placebo00

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Percentage of Responders and Nonresponders According to Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Ratings at Endpoint (Last Postbaseline Observation Up to Week 12)

The CGI-C is the clinician's rating of disease severity as compared with pretreatment, assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Severity of illness, as related to excessive sleepiness, was assessed at baseline by the CGI-S, which consists of 7 categories: normal-shows no sign of illness, borderline ill, mildly (slightly) ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, and among the most extremely ill. The clinician assessed the change from baseline in the participant's condition, as related to excessive sleepiness, in response to treatment. The CGI-C uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, and very much worse. Responders were defined as those participants who were considered much or very much improved on the CGI-C. Those in all other categories of the CGI-C were considered nonresponders. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Last postbaseline observation up to Week 12

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
RespondersNonresponders
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day5446
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day4852
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day4159
Placebo3862

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Percentage of Responders and Nonresponders According to Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Ratings at Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12

The CGI-C is the clinician's rating of disease severity as compared with pretreatment, assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Severity of illness, as related to excessive sleepiness, was assessed at baseline by the CGI-S, which consists of 7 categories: normal-shows no sign of illness, borderline ill, mildly (slightly) ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, and among the most extremely ill. The clinician assessed the change from baseline in the participant's condition, as related to excessive sleepiness, in response to treatment. The CGI-C uses the following 7 categories and scoring assignments: very much improved, much improved, minimally improved, no change, minimally worse, much worse, and very much worse. Responders were defined as those participants who were considered much or very much improved on the CGI-C. Those in all other categories of the CGI-C were considered nonresponders. (NCT00893789)
Timeframe: Weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 2 Responders (n=28, 29, 27, 23)Week 2 Nonresponders (n=28, 29, 27, 23)Week 4 Responders (n=27, 29, 26, 20)Week 4 Nonresponders (n=27, 29, 26, 20)Week 8 Responders (n=23, 27, 24, 18)Week 8 Nonresponders (n=23, 27, 24, 18)Week 12 Responders (n=23, 26, 22, 16)Week 12 Nonresponders (n=23, 26, 22, 16)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day3763505054465545
Armodafinil 250 mg/Day3961505056445644
Armodafinil 50 mg/Day2179247648524258
Placebo1486227835653565

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Learning and Memory Measures.

"Testing was completed after first intervention and again after second intervention.~Higher scores indicate better performance. Scores from derived by subtracting session 2 scores from session 1 scores.~Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)- Measure of Verbal Learning (Min = 0; Max = 75).~RAVLT Delay - Measure of Delayed Verbal Recall (Min = 0; Max = 15).~Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVMT) Learning - Measure of Visual Learning (Min = 0; Max = 36).~BVMT Delay - Measure of Delayed Visual Recall (Min = 0; Max = 12)." (NCT00981084)
Timeframe: Outcome was assessed after each intervention (2 time points). Time 2 scores were subtracted from time 1 scores.

,
InterventionItems recalled (Mean)
Auditory Verbal Learning Test - LearningAditory Verbal Learning Test DelayBrief Visuospatial Memory Test LearningBrief Visuospatial Memory Test Delay
Armodafinil/Placebo-.071.93-1.57-.57
Placebo/Armofafinil-3.38-1.38.88.56

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Word Generation

Word Generation - Measure of verbal fluency. (Min = 0; No Max. )Higher scores indicate better performance. Scores from derived by subtracting session 2 scores from session 1 scores. (NCT00981084)
Timeframe: Outcome was assessed after each intervention (2 time points). Time 2 scores were subtracted from time 1 scores.

Interventionnumber of words generated (Mean)
Placebo/Armofafinil-.69
Armodafinil/Placebo-1.71

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Stroop

Stroop - Test of impulsivity (min = 0, max = none). Higher scores indicate better performance. Scores from derived by subtracting session 2 scores from session 1 scores. (NCT00981084)
Timeframe: Outcome was assessed after each intervention (2 time points). Time 2 scores were subtracted from time 1 scores.

Interventionnumber of colors named (Mean)
Placebo/Armofafinil-1.69
Armodafinil/Placebo-2.86

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CPT -Test of Information Processing Speed

"Lower scores indicate better perforamnce. Scores from derived by subtracting session 2 scores from session 1 scores.~Continuous Performance Test (CPT) - Vigilance and reaction time." (NCT00981084)
Timeframe: Outcome was assessed after each intervention (2 time points). Time 2 scores were subtracted from time 1 scores.

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Placebo/Armofafinil-1.18
Armodafinil/Placebo15.04

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Deaths and Discontinuations Due to AEs

AE=any untoward medical occurrence that develops or worsens in severity during the conduct of the clinical study of a pharmaceutical product and does not necessarily have a causal relationship to the study drug. SAE=any AE that resulted in any of the following: death; a life-threatening adverse event; inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; persistent or significant disability/incapacity; a congenital anomaly or birth defect; an important medical event that required medical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed in this definition. Treatment-related AEs=definite, probable, possible, or missing relationship to study drug. Protocol-defined AEs=treatment-emergent adverse events associated with skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, depression, psychosis, and seizure or suspected seizure were considered to be of potential clinical importance. DB=double-blind portion of the study (NCT00893789). (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Assessed from Screening through end of treatment; median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any AESevere AEsTreatment-related AEsDeathsSAEs (Other Than Deaths)Discontinuations (DCs) Due to AEsProtocol-defined AEsDCs due to AEs with onset during DB phase
Armodafinil2901701732

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Serum Chemistry Test Results

Criteria for clinically significant abnormal serum chemistry values: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥3x upper limit of normal (ULN); aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥3x ULN; alkaline phosphatase ≥3x ULN; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) ≥3x ULN; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥3x ULN; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ≥10.71 mmol/L; creatinine ≥177 μmol/L; uric acid, men ≥625 μmol/L, women ≥506 μmol/L; bilirubin (total) ≥34.2 μmol/L. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Assessed at Screening, Months 6 and 12 (or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants with at least 1 abnormality (overall)Blood Urea Nitrogen >=10.71Uric Acid >=625 (male) or >=506 (female) µmol/L
Armodafinil321

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Notable Blood Pressure Values Per World Health Organization Criteria

Criteria for World Health Organization (WHO) notable blood pressure (BP) values: systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg plus increase of ≥10% from baseline; diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg plus increase of ≥10% from baseline. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 (or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants with at least 1 notable BP valueSitting systolic BP >=140 mm Hg + Increase >=10%Sitting diastolic BP >=90 mm Hg + Increase >=10%
Armodafinil643

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Safety and Tolerability: Physical Examination Findings Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)

Number of participants with shifts from normal/abnormal physical examination findings at baseline (BL) to (→) normal/abnormal findings at endpoint (EP). Shifts (normal and abnormal) from baseline to endpoint are summarized using participant counts for each physical examination category. A newly diagnosed finding was defined as being normal or missing at baseline and abnormal at least once during the study. Any physical examination finding that was judged by the investigator as a clinically significant change (worsening) compared to a baseline value was considered an adverse event. HEENT= head, eyes, ears, nose, throat. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline through Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
General Appearance: Normal at BL→Normal at EPGeneral Appearance: Normal at BL→ Abnormal at EPGeneral Appearance: Abnormal at BL→ Normal at EPGeneral Appearance: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPHEENT: Normal at BL→Normal at EPHEENT: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPHEENT: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPHEENT: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPChest/Lungs: Normal at BL→Normal at EPChest/Lungs: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPChest/Lungs: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPChest/Lungs: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPHeart: Normal at BL→Normal at EPHeart: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPHeart: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPHeart: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPAbdomen: Normal at BL→Normal at EPAbdomen: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPAbdomen: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPAbdomen: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPMusculoskeletal: Normal at BL→Normal at EPMusculoskeletal: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPMusculoskeletal: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPMusculoskeletal: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPSkin: Normal at BL→Normal at EPSkin: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPSkin: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPSkin: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPLymph Nodes: Normal at BL→Normal at EPLymph Nodes: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPLymph Nodes: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPLymph Nodes: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EPNeurological: Normal at BL→Normal at EPNeurological: Normal at BL→Abnormal at EPNeurological: Abnormal at BL→Normal at EPNeurological: Abnormal at BL→Abnormal at EP
Armodafinil372003711039000381003810038100350043401037110

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Safety and Tolerability: Concomitant Medication Usage In Participants Throughout the Study

Therapeutic classification of concomitant medications used by participants throughout the study. Participants are counted only once in each therapeutic class category. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Assessed from Screening through end of treatment; median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Participants receiving any concomitant medicationAll other therapeutic productsAnalgesicsAnestheticsAnti-anemic preparationsAntibacterials for systemic useAnti-emetics and antinauseantsAntigout preparationsAntihistamines for systemic useAnti-inflammatory and antirheumatic productsAntimycotics for systemic useAntithrombotic agentsBeta blocking agentsCardiac therapyCorticosteroids for systemic useCough and cold preparationsDrugs for acid-related disordersDrugs for obstructive airway diseasesDrugs used in diabetesGeneral nutrientsLipid-modifying agentsNasal preparationsOther gynecologicalsPsychoanalepticsPsycholepticsSex hormones and modulators of the genital systemThyroid therapyUnspecified herbalVitamins
Armodafinil3911011411416111112331111421271412

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"Number of Participants Answering Yes to Any Question on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale Since Last Visit Version (C-SSRS SLV) at Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or Last Postbaseline Observation)"

The percentage of participants answering 'yes' to any of the 9 yes/no questions about suicidal behaviors, ideations, and acts at given time points are presented. The C-SSRS captures occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors since last visit (SLV). Questions included the presence (yes) or absence (no) of the following: a wish to be dead; nonspecific active suicidal thoughts; actual suicide attempt; non-suicidal self-injurious behavior; interrupted attempt; aborted attempt; suicidal behavior; preparatory suicidal acts or behavior; and completed suicide. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 2 (n=18), yes to any questionMonth 1 (n=18), yes to any questionMonth 2 (n=18), yes to any questionMonth 3 (n=13), yes to any questionMonth 6 (n=10), yes to any questionMonth 9 (n=4), yes to any questionEndpoint (n=36), yes to 'Wish to Be Dead' questionEndpoint (n=36), yes to all other questions
Armodafinil00000010

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Safety and Tolerability: Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings Shifts From Baseline to Overall

Number of participants with shifts from normal/abnormal 12-lead ECG findings at baseline (BL) to (→) normal/abnormal findings overall are presented. For overall, the worst postbaseline finding (the abnormal finding if there are both normal and abnormal findings) for the participant between baseline and endpoint (defined as last postbaseline observation, up to Week 12) is summarized. Any ECG finding that was judged by the investigator as a clinically meaningful change (worsening) compared to baseline was recorded as an adverse event. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline through Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal at BL → Normal OverallNormal at BL→ Abnormal OverallAbnormal at BL→ Normal OverallAbnormal at BL → Abnormal Overall
Armodafinil174311

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Hematology Test Results

Criteria for clinically significant abnormal hematology values: hematocrit, men <0.37 L/L or women <0.32 L/L; hemoglobin, men ≤115 g/L or women ≤95 g/L; white blood cell (WBC) count ≤3x10^9/L or ≥20x10^9/L; eosinophils ≥10%; absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≤1x10^9/L; platelet count ≤75x10^9/L or ≥700x10^9/L. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Assessed at Screening, Months 6 and 12 (or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Armodafinil0

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Urinalysis Results

Criteria for clinically significant abnormal urinalysis values: blood (hemoglobin) ≥2 unit increase from baseline; glucose ≥2 unit increase from baseline; ketones ≥2 unit increase from baseline; total protein ≥2 unit increase from baseline. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 6 and 12 (or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Armodafinil0

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Safety and Tolerability: Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Signs Measurements

Criteria for clinically significant abnormal vital signs values: pulse, ≥120 beats per minute (bpm) and increase from baseline of ≥15 bpm or ≤50 bpm and decrease from baseline of ≥15 bpm; systolic blood pressure, ≥180 mm Hg and increase from baseline of ≥20 mm Hg or ≤90 mm Hg and decrease from baseline of ≥20 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure, ≥105 mm Hg and increase from baseline of ≥15 mm Hg or ≤50 mm Hg and decrease from baseline of ≥15 mm Hg; temperature >38.3º celsius (C) and change from baseline of ≥1.1°C. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 (or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Armodafinil0

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)

The clinician's rating of disease severity as assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-S assesses the severity of the subject's condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill); the 7 categories include the following: normal-shows no sign of illness, borderline ill, mildly (slightly) ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, and among the most extremely ill. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=45)Change from BL at Week 2 (n=41)Change from BL at Month 1 (n=35)Change from BL at Month 2 (n=30)Change from BL at Month 3 (n=22)Change from BL at Month 6 (n=11)Change from BL at Month 9 (n=4)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=45)
Armodafinil4.4-1.9-2.1-2.6-2.4-2.5-3.3-2.2

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Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)

The participant's evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness was measured by the ESS. The ESS score is based on responses to questions referring to 8 everyday situations (eg, sitting and reading, talking to someone, being stopped in traffic) and reflects a patient's propensity to fall asleep in those situations. The ESS score is derived from the sum of the values from questions corresponding to the 8 situations. Scores for the ESS range from 0 to 24, with a higher score indicating a greater daytime sleepiness. This test was self-administered. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=45)Change from BL at Week 2 (n=41)Change from BL at Month 1 (n=35)Change from BL at Month 2 (n=30)Change from BL at Month 3 (n=22)Change from BL at Month 6 (n=11)Change from BL at Month 9 (n=4)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=45)
Armodafinil14.8-8.0-8.5-9.0-9.0-10.0-10.3-9.0

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Change From Baseline in the Total Score From the Self-Reported Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 6 Item Version (S-HAM-D6) at Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or Last Postbaseline Observation)

"The self-reported S-HAM-D6 is a validated scale developed from the core depressive items of the 17 Item Hamilton Depression Inventory (HAM-D17). The HAM-D6 (Items 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 13 from the 17-item HAMD) evaluates core symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The assessment consists of 6 items representing depressed mood, guilt, work and activities, retardation, psychic anxiety, and general somatic symptoms. Each item is evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). Total scores range from 0 (normal) to 22 (severe). Scores greater than 12 indicate moderate to severe depression. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study." (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12, or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=13)Change from BL at Week 2 (n=13)Change from BL at Month 1 (n=12)Change from BL at Month 2 (n=9)Change from BL at Month 3 (n=1)Change from BL at Month 6 (n=0)Change from BL at Month 9 (n=0)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=13)
Armodafinil1.40.90.20.0-1.0NANA0.0

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Change From Baseline in Traumatic Brain Injury - Work Instability Scale (TBI-WIS) Score Values at Months 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)

"The TBI-WIS is a validated participant-rated instrument for assessing a participant's functional ability after TBI and the functional demands of their job. The assessment consists of 36 questions to which the participant responded with a true or not true answer. To score the questionnaire, the number of true responses is counted: if < 2, the risk for work instability is low; 2 to 23, the risk is medium; and >23, the risk is high. Score range is 0 (lowest risk for work instability) to 36 (highest risk for work instability). Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study." (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Baseline, Months 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (BL; n=34)Change from BL at Month 3 (n=19)Change from BL at Month 6 (n=10)Change from BL at Month 9 (n=3)Change from BL at Endpoint (n=34)
Armodafinil9.6-3.1-2.5-7.3-4.6

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Percentage of Participants With Improvement on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) at Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or Last Postbaseline Observation)

The clinician's rating of disease severity as assessed by the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). CGI-S assesses the severity of the subject's condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill); the 7 categories include the following: normal-shows no sign of illness, borderline ill, mildly (slightly) ill, moderately ill, markedly ill, severely ill, and among the most extremely ill. Improvement is defined as at least 1 point improvement from baseline. Baseline was defined as the baseline value from the double-blind study C10953/3067/ES/MN (NCT00893789) from which the participants entered into this open-label study. (NCT00983437)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Months 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and Endpoint (Month 12 or last postbaseline observation); median (full range) of treatment was 98 (5.0 to 326.0) days.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Improved at Week 2 (n=41)Not Improved at Week 2 (n=41)Improved at Month 1 (n=35)Not Improved at Month 1 (n=35)Improved at Month 2 (n=30)Not Improved at Month 2 (n=30)Improved at Month 3 (n=22)Not Improved at Month 3 (n=22)Improved at Month 6 (n=11)Not Improved at Month 6 (n=11)Improved at Month 9 (n=4)Not Improved at Month 9 (n=4)Improved at Endpoint (n=45)Not Improved at Endpoint (n=45)
Armodafinil955973100010009191000937

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Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)

"The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) survey questionnaire is a 9-question survey, with each question having 11 possible answers (No fatigue to As bad as you can imagine), scored from 0 to 10, with each patient's overall BFI score being the mean of the values from each question (overall range 0 to 10). Lower scores are considered good, better, or healthy, and increasingly higher scores are considered to indicate greater fatigue.~The BFI survey was conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 32 weeks. The outcome is reported as the mean of the overall BFI scores with standard deviation." (NCT01011218)
Timeframe: up to 32 Weeks

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline3 Weeks6 Weeks10 Weeks32 Weeks
BBT-I + Armodafinil5.52.84.02.51.0
BBT-I Without Armodafinil4.44.43.03.12.7
Behavioral Placebo + Armodafinil5.24.23.83.13.6
Behavioral Placebo Without Armodafinil4.14.03.43.43.6

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Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)

"Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) survey questionnaire is a 7-question survey, with each question having 5 possible answers (none, mild, moderate, severe, or very severe), scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, respectively. The full range of ISI scores is from 0 to 28. Lower scores are considered good, better, or healthy, and increasingly higher scores are considered to indicate greater insomnia. Clinical interpretation is as follows.~0 to 7 No clinically significant insomnia~8 to14 Subthreshold insomnia~15 to 21 Clinical insomnia (moderate severity)~22 to 28 Clinical insomnia (severe)~ISI survey was conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 32 weeks. The outcome is reported as the mean ISI score with standard deviation." (NCT01011218)
Timeframe: up to 32 Weeks

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline3 Weeks6 Weeks10 Weeks32 Weeks
BBT-I + Armodafinil16.313.096.03.0
BBT-I Without Armodafinil13.511.48.07.87.0
Behavioral Placebo + Armodafinil14.610.8108.37.6
Behavioral Placebo Without Armodafinil12.112.310.510.68.1

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The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F)

"The full Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) survey questionnaire is a 41-question survey, with each question having 5 possible answers (not at all; a little bit; somewhat; quite a bit; very much), scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, respectively. The full range of scores is from 0 to 164. Higher scores are considered good, better, or healthy, and increasingly lower scores are considered to indicate greater fatigue.~The FACIT-F survey was conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 32 weeks. The outcome is reported as the mean with standard deviation." (NCT01011218)
Timeframe: up to 32 Weeks

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline3 Weeks6 Weeks10 Weeks32 Weeks
BBT-I + Armodafinil99.3109.8110.8125.5155
BBT-I Without Armodafinil100.0101.8106.4107.3118.1
Behavioral Placebo + Armodafinil101.299.2106.3111.2118.2
Behavioral Placebo Without Armodafinil103.0103.3108.1107.9116.4

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Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue)

"The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) survey questionnaire is a 13-question subset of the 41-question Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) questionnaire, with each question having 5 possible answers (not at all; a little bit; somewhat; quite a bit; very much), scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, respectively. The full range of FACIT-Fatigue scores is from 0 to 52. Higher scores are considered good, better, or healthy, and increasingly lower scores are considered to indicate greater fatigue.~The FACIT-Fatigue survey was conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 10 weeks, and 32 weeks. The outcome is reported as the mean with standard deviation." (NCT01011218)
Timeframe: up to 32 Weeks

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline3 Weeks6 Weeks10 Weeks32 Weeks
BBT-I + Armodafinil27.233.532.541.551
BBT-I Without Armodafinil29.129.433.133.237.9
Behavioral Placebo + Armodafinil29.129.633.734.235.8
Behavioral Placebo Without Armodafinil30.331.034.234.535.9

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Mean Initial Sleep Latency as Measured by the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)

"The MWT measures the subject's ability to stay awake while sitting quietly in a chair. The test has 4 parts, each lasting 40 minutes if the subject is able to remain awake that long each time, and the parts are spaced apart in 2 hour intervals through the day.~The subject is placed in a dim room, with the only source of light slightly behind the subject's head and out of his/her field of vision, and back and neck supported. During this time the subject is monitored with the same measures that are used in a standard overnight sleep study called a polysomnogram. The sleep latency, or time it takes the subject to fall asleep, will be recorded.~In healthy people, the time it takes to fall asleep may be approximately 30 minutes on the test. More than 97% of people will take eight minutes or longer to fall asleep. Therefore, sleep latency that is less than eight minutes is considered to be abnormal." (NCT01023672)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionminutes (Median)
Baseline12 Weeks
Armodifinil7.019.0

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Fatigue

Fatigue is measured by the fatigue subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Questionnaire. It consists of 13 questions each answered on a 0 to 4 scale. The fatigue score is the sum of the responses with some questions reverse scored. The total Score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating less fatigue. (NCT01032200)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post-RT

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Arm I - Armodafinil32.4
Arm II - Placebo36.4

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Adherence

Adherence is the percentage of ideal number of pills taken while on study (based on returned diaries) (NCT01032200)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post-RT (approximately 3 months post randomization)

Interventionpercentage of ideal number of pills (Mean)
Arm I - Armodafinil92.6
Arm II - Placebo95.7

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Retention

Retention is defined as the percentage of participants who complete the 4 week post-RT questionnaires. (NCT01032200)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post-RT (approximately 3 months post randomization)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Arm I - Armodafinil85
Arm II - Placebo75

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Sleepiness

Sleepiness as measured by the Epworth Sleep Scale. It consists of 8 questions that measure daytime sleepiness in which the patient records their likelihood of dozing or sleeping during a number of routine daily activities. ESS scores range from 0 to 24. Higher scores denote greater sleepiness. (NCT01032200)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post-RT

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Arm I - Armodafinil7.2
Arm II - Placebo8.3

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HVLT-IR

HVLT-IR is the Hopkins Verbal learning test - immediate recall. Participants are given 12 words to remember. They are then asked to recall those words. This is repeated 3 times. Minimum recalled words 0 maximum 36. The HVLT-IR score is the sum of correctly recalled words across the three trials. Higher scores indicate better recall. (NCT01032200)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post-RT

Interventionnumber of correctly recalled words (Least Squares Mean)
Arm I - Armodafinil21.2
Arm II - Placebo20.0

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Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A responder is a participant with a ≥50% decrease or greater from baseline in the total score of the IDS-C30. The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (172, 169, 17)Endpoint (224, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day7172741444940
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day22204156575939
Placebo5162836404739

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score

HAM-A measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. The scale consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms, and measures both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints related to anxiety). Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of anxiety. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8 or last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-4.3
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-4.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-2.6

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Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (1 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of adults, e.g., how well or adaptively one is meeting various problems-in-living. Ratings of 1 - 10 mean the participant is in persistent danger of severely hurting self or others (e.g., recurrent violence) or persistent inability to maintain minimal personal hygiene or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. Ratings of 91 - 100 indicate no symptoms, and the participant exhibits superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many positive qualities. Positive change from baseline values indicate improvement in functioning. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 8 (172, 171, 17)Endpoint (213, 219, 25)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day7.211.69.3
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day10.013.410.5
Placebo6.410.89.6

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt question records whether the participant began to take steps toward making a suicide attempt but stops themselves before starting the potentially self-injurious act since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question

The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation. The Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide question records whether the participant intentionally causing his/her's own death since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt question records whether the participant was interrupted by an outside circumstance from starting the potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act that was not associated with a wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior question records whether the participant exhibited acts or preparations towards imminently making a suicide attempt since the last visit.~." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale Total Score

The YMRS is a clinician-rated, 11-item checklist used to measure the severity of manic episodes. Information for assigning scores is gained from the participant's subjective reported symptoms over the previous 48 hours and from clinical observation during the interview. Seven items are ranked 0 through 4 and have descriptors associated with each severity level. Four items (irritability, speech, content, and disruptive-aggressive behavior) are scored 0 through 8 and have descriptors for every second increment. The total scale is 0-60. A score of ≤12 indicates remission of manic symptoms, and higher scores indicate greater severity of mania. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of mania. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8 or last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.6
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.5

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Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A participant in remission was defined as a participant with an IDS-C30 total score of 11 or less.~The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (172, 169, 17)Endpoint (224, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day14815172318
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day7121839434729
Placebo.571119192217

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-18.8
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-20.9
All Armodafinil-20.7

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression

The CGI-S is an observer-rated scale that measures illness severity on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from 1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (224, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.3-0.6-0.9-1.1-1.3-1.5-1.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.6-0.8-1.1-1.3-1.4-1.8-1.3
Placebo-0.2-0.6-0.9-1.1-1.3-1.4-1.2

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)

The QIDS-C16 was derived from specified items in the IDS-C30, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0-27, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 27 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (172, 169, 17)Endpoint (224, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-2.9-4.5-6.5-7.5-8.1-8.6-7.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.5-6.0-7.4-8.8-9.6-9.8-8.1
Placebo-2.7-4.2-5.7-6.8-7.2-7.7-6.7

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"AEs were graded by the investigator for severity on a three-point scale: mild, moderate and severe. Causality is graded as either related or not related. A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE resulting in death, a life-threatening adverse event, hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or an important medical event that may require medical intervention to prevent any of the previous results.~Protocol-defined adverse events requiring expedited reporting included skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, and psychosis." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 9

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 adverse eventSevere adverse eventTreatment-related adverse eventDeathsOther serious adverse eventsWithdrawn from study due to adverse eventsProtocol-defined adverse events
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day12377815193
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day211160223
Placebo10275901115

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead question records whether the participant endorses thoughts about a wish to dead or not alive anymore, or a wish to fall asleep and not wake up since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1111963510
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day2000012
Placebo10746337

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score

The ISI is a participant-rated, 7-item questionnaire designed to assess the severity of the participant's insomnia. Each item is ranked 0 (none) through 4 (very severe) and has a descriptor associated with each severity level. Total range is 0 (no insomnia) to 28 (very severe insomnia). Responses to each item are added to obtain a total score to determine the severity of insomnia. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of insomnia. (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8 or last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-5.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.7
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-6.2

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself with details of plan fully or partially worked out and the participant has some intent to carry out the plan since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (9, 10, 1)Week 2 (6, 10, 0)Week 4 (4, 8, 0)Week 6 (5, 7, 0)Week 7 (3, 3, 0)Week 8 (2, 5, 0)Endpoint (18, 21, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (172, 169, 17)Endpoint (224, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-7.2-11.8-16.7-19.1021.0-22.4-19.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-9.9-13.9-17.8-20.7-22.8-21.8-18.6
Placebo-6.6-11.1-15.1-18.1-19.0-20.2-17.5

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior question records whether in the clinician's opinion, the participant exhibited suicidal behavior since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act question records whether the participant endorses thoughts of suicide and has thought of at least one method but has no specific plan of action since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (9, 10, 1)Week 2 (6, 10, 0)Week 4 (4, 8, 0)Week 6 (5, 7, 0)Week 7 (3, 3, 0)Week 8 (2, 5, 0)Endpoint (18, 21, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0112002
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts question records whether the participant shares general non-specific thoughts of wanting to end one's life/commit suicide since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (218, 223, 27)Week 2 (209, 212, 25)Week 4 (193, 190, 22)Week 6 (182, 181, 18)Week 7 (172, 178, 14)Week 8 (174, 171, 17)Endpoint (226, 230, 28)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day2113012
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1000001
Placebo0010002

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself and reports having some intent to act on such thoughts since the last visit." (NCT01072630)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (9, 10, 1)Week 2 (6, 10, 0)Week 4 (4, 8, 0)Week 6 (5, 7, 0)Week 7 (3, 3, 0)Week 8 (2, 5, 0)Endpoint (18, 21, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act question records whether the participant endorses thoughts of suicide and has thought of at least one method but has no specific plan of action since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (3, 6, 1)Week 2 (2, 2, 0)Week 4 (2, 4, 0)Week 6 (0, 2, 0)Week 7 (1, 0, 0)Week 8 (0, 2, 0)Endpoint (11, 11, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0010003
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo1000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts question records whether the participant shares general non-specific thoughts of wanting to end one's life/commit suicide since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1111003
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1000000
Placebo1000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself and reports having some intent to act on such thoughts since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (3, 6, 1)Week 2 (2, 2, 0)Week 4 (2, 4, 0)Week 6 (0, 2, 0)Week 7 (1, 0, 0)Week 8 (0, 2, 0)Endpoint (11, 11, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself with details of plan fully or partially worked out and the participant has some intent to carry out the plan since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (3, 6, 1)Week 2 (2, 2, 0)Week 4 (2, 4, 0)Week 6 (0, 2, 0)Week 7 (1, 0, 0)Week 8 (0, 2, 0)Endpoint (11, 11, 1)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead question records whether the participant endorses thoughts about a wish to dead or not alive anymore, or a wish to fall asleep and not wake up since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day7455027
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day1000000
Placebo4230116

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"AEs were graded by the investigator for severity on a three-point scale: mild, moderate and severe. Causality is graded as either related or not related. A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE resulting in death, a life-threatening adverse event, hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or an important medical event that may require medical intervention to prevent any of the previous results.~Protocol-defined adverse events requiring expedited reporting included skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, and psychosis." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 9

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 adverse eventSevere adverse eventTreatment-related adverse eventDeathsOther serious adverse eventsWithdrawn from study due to adverse eventsProtocol-defined adverse events
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day9564403117
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day234131220
Placebo918440574

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Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A responder is a participant with a ≥50% decrease or greater from baseline in the total score of the IDS-C30. The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 193, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (160, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 144, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (196, 197, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day682639515546
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day10263743474239
Placebo4122338393934

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Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A participant in remission was defined as a participant with an IDS-C30 total score of 11 or less.~The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 193, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (160, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 144, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (196, 197, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day12415172821
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day371110161713
Placebo12616222217

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score

The YMRS is a clinician-rated, 11-item checklist used to measure the severity of manic episodes. Information for assigning scores is gained from the participant's subjective reported symptoms over the previous 48 hours and from clinical observation during the interview. Seven items are ranked 0 through 4 and have descriptors associated with each severity level. Four items (irritability, speech, content, and disruptive-aggressive behavior) are scored 0 through 8 and have descriptors for every second increment. The total scale is 0-60. A score of ≤12 indicates remission of manic symptoms, and higher scores indicate greater severity of mania. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of mania. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-1.1
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-1.1
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-1.0

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression

The CGI-S is an observer-rated scale that measures illness severity on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from 1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 28)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (160, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (196, 197, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.4-0.6-0.9-1.4-1.6-1.7-1.4
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-0.5-0.5-0.8-0.9-1.1-1.3-1.2
Placebo-0.3-0.5-0.9-1.2-1.3-1.5-1.3

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score

HAM-A measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. The scale consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms, and measures both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints related to anxiety). Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of anxiety. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-4.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-4.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-3.3

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score

The ISI is a participant-rated, 7-item questionnaire designed to assess the severity of the participant's insomnia. Each item is ranked 0 (none) through 4 (very severe) and has a descriptor associated with each severity level. Total range is 0 (no insomnia) to 28 (very severe insomnia). Responses to each item are added to obtain a total score to determine the severity of insomnia. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of insomnia. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-6.4
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.5
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-5.6

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior question records whether the participant exhibited acts or preparations towards imminently making a suicide attempt since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-17.9
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-21.7
All Armodafinil-20.8

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior question records whether in the clinician's opinion, the participant exhibited suicidal behavior since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)

The QIDS-C16 was derived from specified items in the IDS-C30, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0-27, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 27 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (160, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (196, 197, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-2.8-4.4-6.5-8.1-8.6-9.4-8.0
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-4.1-5.0-6.4-7.4-7.6-7.3-6.6
Placebo-2.3-3.8-5.6-6.9-7.2-7.6-6.6

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (191, 193, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (160, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 144, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (196, 197, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-6.5-10.4-15.6-19.7-21.7-23.3-20.2
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day-9.8-12.9-15.3-17.4-17.8-17.0-15.8
Placebo-6.1-10.2-14.3-18.3-18.8-19.7-17.3

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Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (1 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of adults, e.g., how well or adaptively one is meeting various problems-in-living. Ratings of 1 - 10 mean the participant is in persistent danger of severely hurting self or others (e.g., recurrent violence) or persistent inability to maintain minimal personal hygiene or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. Ratings of 91 - 100 indicate no symptoms, and the participant exhibits superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many positive qualities. Positive change from baseline values indicate improvement in functioning. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 4, 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 4 (175, 168, 27)Week 8 (153, 150, 24)Endpoint (191, 189, 29)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day7.715.612.8
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day8.913.612.2
Placebo7.211.410.2

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt question records whether the participant began to take steps toward making a suicide attempt but stops themselves before starting the potentially self-injurious act since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question

The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation. The Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit. (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide question records whether the participant intentionally causing his/her's own death since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt question records whether the participant was interrupted by an outside circumstance from starting the potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act that was not associated with a wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01072929)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint (up to 8 weeks)

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (191, 194, 29)Week 2 (188, 181, 27)Week 4 (178, 168, 27)Week 6 (159, 158, 21)Week 7 (152, 145, 19)Week 8 (155, 150, 24)Endpoint (197, 198, 31)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Armodafinil 200 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score

"The Karolinska sleepiness scale is a 10-point scale, on which the participant has to mark his sleepiness during the previous 10 minutes. The scale ranges from 1, which indicates extremely alert, to 10, which indicates extremely sleepy, can't stay awake. The KSS was performed by the participant at the baseline visit, week 3, and week 6 (or early termination visit). The score recorded is the average of 3 assessments within ±15 minutes at 0400, 0600, and 0800. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline in the KSS scores of each group." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.6
Matching Placebo-1.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Global Assessment of Functioning

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (0 through 100) used by the clinician to rate the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of the patient. A higher score indicates superior functioning and fewer symptoms. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline in the GAF scores of each group. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil9.8
Matching Placebo4.9

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score

"The Karolinska sleepiness scale is a 10-point scale, on which the participant has to mark his sleepiness during the previous 10 minutes. The scale ranges from 1, which indicates extremely alert, to 10, which indicates extremely sleepy, can't stay awake. The KSS was performed by the participant at the baseline visit, week 3, and week 6 (or early termination visit). The score recorded is the average of 3 assessments within ±15 minutes at 0400, 0600, and 0800. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline in the KSS scores of each group." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.9
Matching Placebo-1.8

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Convenience Score at Endpoint

TSQM is a 14 question questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the medication. 4 scales are generated: side effects, effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction. Subjects responded to the questionnaire at Week 3, Week 6, and last observation after baseline. Optional responses are: Extremely Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied, Dissatisfied, Somewhat Satisfied, Satisfied, Very Satisfied, and Extremely Satisfied. From the responses, a scale score from 0 - 100 is calculated, with a higher score indicating greater satisfaction. Results from the Convenience scale are presented here. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Endpoint

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil82.5
Matching Placebo80.7

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Effectiveness Score at Endpoint

TSQM is a 14 question questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the medication. 4 scales are generated: side effects, effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction. Subjects responded to the questionnaire at Week 3, Week 6, and last observation after baseline. Optional responses are: Extremely Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied, Dissatisfied, Somewhat Satisfied, Satisfied, Very Satisfied, and Extremely Satisfied. From the responses, a scale score from 0 - 100 is calculated, with a higher score indicating greater satisfaction. Results from the Effectiveness scale are presented here. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Endpoint

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil65.7
Matching Placebo46.1

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Global Satisfaction Score at Endpoint

TSQM is a 14 question questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the medication. 4 scales are generated: side effects, effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction. Subjects responded to the questionnaire at Week 3, Week 6, and last observation after baseline. Optional responses are: Extremely Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied, Dissatisfied, Somewhat Satisfied, Satisfied, Very Satisfied, and Extremely Satisfied. From the responses, a scale score from 0 - 100 is calculated, with a higher score indicating greater satisfaction. Results from the Global Satisfaction scale are presented here. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Endpoint

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil59.9
Matching Placebo44.1

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Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM)- Side Effects Score at Endpoint

TSQM is a 14 question questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the medication. 4 scales are generated: side effects, effectiveness, convenience, and global satisfaction. Subjects responded to the questionnaire at Week 3, Week 6, and last post-baseline observation. Optional responses are: Extremely Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied, Dissatisfied, Somewhat Satisfied, Satisfied, Very Satisfied, and Extremely Satisfied. From the responses, a scale score from 0 - 100 is calculated, with a higher score indicating greater satisfaction. Results from the Side Effects scale are presented here. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Endpoint

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil88.3
Matching Placebo96.3

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) Score

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (0 through 100) used by the clinician to rate the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of the patient. A higher score indicates superior functioning and fewer symptoms. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline to endpoint in the GAF scores of each group. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil9.4
Matching Placebo5.0

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Activity Level Score

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions rated on a scale of 1 to 4 (1=extreme difficulty and 4=no difficulty), and is used to measure the impact of daytime sleepiness on activities of daily living and quality of life. A total score and 5 subscale (vigilance, general productivity, social outcome, intimacy, and activity level) scores are calculated from the responses. Worst subscale score is 1 (maximum difficulty) and the best score is 4 (no difficulty). This score represents the CHANGE from Baseline in the Activity level subscale. Positive change scores represent improvement (possible range -3 to +3). (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.7
Matching Placebo0.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) General Productivity Score

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions rated on a scale of 1-4 (1=extreme difficulty, 4=no difficulty), and is used to measure the impact of daytime sleepiness on activities of daily living and quality of life. A total score and 5 subscale (vigilance, general productivity, social outcome, intimacy, and activity level) scores are calculated from the responses. Worst subscale score is 1 (maximum difficulty) and the best score is 4 (no difficulty). This score represents the CHANGE from Baseline in the General Productivity subscale. Positive change scores represent improvement (possible range -3 to +3). (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.7
Matching Placebo0.6

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Intimacy

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions rated on a scale of 1-4 (1=extreme difficulty, 4=no difficulty), and is used to measure the impact of daytime sleepiness on activities of daily living and quality of life. A total score and 5 subscale (vigilance, general productivity, social outcome, intimacy, and activity level) scores are calculated from the responses. Worst subscale score is 1 (maximum difficulty) and the best score is 4 (no difficulty). This score represents the CHANGE from Baseline in the Intimacy subscale. Positive change scores represent improvement (possible range -3 to +3). (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.6
Matching Placebo0.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Social Outcome

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions rated on a scale of 1-4 (1=extreme difficulty, 4=no difficulty), and is used to measure the impact of daytime sleepiness on activities of daily living and quality of life. A total score and 5 subscale (vigilance, general productivity, social outcome, intimacy, and activity level) scores are calculated from the responses. Worst subscale score is 1 (maximum difficulty) and the best score is 4 (no difficulty). This score represents the CHANGE from Baseline in the Social Outcome subscale. Positive change scores represent improvement (possible range -3 to +3). (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.6
Matching Placebo0.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Total Score

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions, on a scale of 1-4(1=extreme difficulty 4=no difficulty), measures impact of sleepiness on activities of daily living. Lower score = more difficulty with activity due to lack of sleep. Total score = MEAN of subscale scores (vigilance, productivity, social outcome, intimacy, activity) multiplied by 5. Worst total score is 5 (maximum difficulty) the best is 20 (no difficulty). This data reports CHANGE in total score from baseline to endpoint, with higher (positive) values representing improvement. Worst possible CHANGE value would be -15 best would be +15. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil3.3
Matching Placebo2.6

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ-10) Vigilance Score

FOSQ-10 consists of 10 questions rated on a scale of 1-4 (1=extreme difficulty, 4=no difficulty), and is used to measure the impact of daytime sleepiness on activities of daily living and quality of life. A total score and 5 subscale (vigilance, general productivity, social outcome, intimacy, and activity level) scores are calculated from the responses. Worst subscale score is 1 (maximum difficulty) and the best score is 4 (no difficulty). This score represents the CHANGE from Baseline in the Vigilance subscale. Positive change scores represent improvement (possible range -3 to +3). (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil0.7
Matching Placebo0.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Mean Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Score

"The Karolinska sleepiness scale is a 10-point scale, on which the participant has to mark his sleepiness during the previous 10 minutes. The scale ranges from 1, which indicates extremely alert, to 10, which indicates extremely sleepy, can't stay awake. The KSS was performed by the participant at the baseline visit, week 3, and week 6 (or early termination visit). The score recorded is the average of 3 assessments within ±15 minutes at 0400, 0600, and 0800. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline in the KSS scores of each group." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.8
Matching Placebo-1.8

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Composite Score

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-6.6
Matching Placebo-4.2

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Family Life Item Score

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
Matching Placebo-1.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Score - Days Missed Work or Unable to Carry Out Responsibilities

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-0.5
Matching Placebo-0.4

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Score - Number of Days of Reduced Productivity

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-1.4
Matching Placebo-0.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Social Life Item Score

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation (or last observation after baseline))

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
Matching Placebo-1.5

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS) Work Item Score

"Mental-health related disability was assessed with the Modified Sheehan Disability Scale (MSDS). The MSDS has three 11-point items, and the participant is asked to rate, on a numerical scale, the extent to which emotional problems have disrupted her/his work, social life, and family life/home responsibilities over the last month. Each item is rated from 0, indicating not at all, to 10, indicating extremely. Scores for the items are summed for a possible score of 0 to 30. The MSDS was performed by the patient at the baseline visit, at Week 3, and at Week 6." (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 (or last observation after baseline)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil-2.2
Matching Placebo-1.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 3 in Global Assessment of Functioning

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (0 through 100) used by the clinician to rate the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of the patient. A higher score indicates superior functioning and fewer symptoms. The data presented here represents the mean change from baseline in the GAF scores of each group. (NCT01080807)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 3

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
150 mg/Day Armodafinil6.9
Matching Placebo3.7

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Power Function Exponent for Oral Bolus Estimation

This is a behavioral measure of sensation in the oral cavity. The power function exponent is equal to the slope of a regression equation relating bolus size to a person's estimate of that size. An exponent below one implies an underestimate of bolus size. The difference score is calculated as CPS - baseline and as modafinil - placebo (stroke subjects only). (NCT01085903)
Timeframe: baseline and after three days of intervention

Interventionexponent (Mean)
Normal Subjects: Baseline vs CPS.014
Stroke Subjects: Baseline vs CPS-.004
Stroke Subjects: Modafinil.54
Stroke Subjects: Placebo.49
Stroke Subjects Placebo vs Modafinil.04

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P50 Percent Habituation Score

This is an electrophysiological measure of arousal - a percent change in the P50 evoked response potential amplitudes with a 250 ms inter stimulus interval. The difference score is calculated as CPS - baseline and as modafinil - placebo (stroke subjects only). (NCT01085903)
Timeframe: baseline and after three days of intervention

Interventionpercentage of change in amplitude (Mean)
Normal Subjects: Baseline vs CPS-44.12
Stroke Subjects: Baseline vs CPS-45.84
Stroke Subjects: Modafinil113.63
Stroke Subjects: Placebo61.41
Stroke Subjects Placebo vs Modafinil52.223

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Time to Swallow Puree Food

This is a behavioral measure of swallowing - the time it takes for pureed food to transition across a part of the throat. The difference score is calculated as CPS - placebo and as modafinil - placebo (for stroke subjects only). (NCT01085903)
Timeframe: baseline and after three days of intervention

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Normal Subjects: Baseline vs CPS.029
Stroke Subjects: Baseline vs CPS-.058
Stroke Subjects: Modafinil.48
Stroke Subjects: Placebo.12
Stroke Subjects Placebo vs Modafinil.36

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PVT Fastest 10 Percent of Reaction Times

This is a behavioral measure of arousal - the fastest 10 percent of all cued reaction time trials. The difference score is calculated as CPS - baseline and as modafinil - placebo (stroke subjects only). (NCT01085903)
Timeframe: baseline and after three days of intervention

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Normal Subjects: Baseline vs CPS-10.57
Stroke Subjects: Baseline vs CPS20.57
Stroke Subjects: Modafinil244.71
Stroke Subjects: Placebo235.64
Stroke Subjects Placebo vs Modafinil9.07

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Fatigue Will be Assessed by the Total Score of the Revised Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) .

"The revised Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) is a 9-item, patient-report instrument with established reliability and validity. The BFI allows for the rapid assessment of fatigue level in cancer patients and identifies those patients with severe fatigue. Three items ask patients to rate their fatigue now, and fatigue at its worst and usual for the last 24 hours. The 11-point scales are bounded by 0 = no fatigue and 10 = fatigue as bad as you can imagine. Using the same type of scales, the remaining questions ask patients to rate how their fatigue interferes with several functional domains, including general activity, walking, mood, work, and relations with others. These scales are bounded by 0 = does not interfere and 10 = interferes completely. A global fatigue score (ranging from 0-10) can be obtained by averaging all the items on the BFI." (NCT01091974)
Timeframe: ANCOVA was employed with multiple imputation on the post-intervention score (average of the two post-intervention weeks), controlling for the score at the time of consent (pre).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Arm 1 - (CBT-I) + Placebo2.041
2 - CBT-I + Armodafinil1.209
3- Placebo Only2.971
4 - Armodafinil Only3.167

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Change in Insomnia Severity Index From Baseline to Post-intervention

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a commonly used, 7-item psychometrically validated measure used to rate insomnia with 0-7 = absence of insomnia, 8-14 = subthreshold insomnia symptoms, 15-21 = moderate insomnia, and 22-28 = severe insomnia. (NCT01091974)
Timeframe: ANCOVA was employed with multiple imputation on the post-intervention score (average of the two post-intervention weeks), controlling for the score at the time of consent (pre).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Arm 1 - (CBT-I) + Placebo-4.93
2 - CBT-I + Armodafinil-6.36
3- Placebo Only1.04
4 - Armodafinil Only-1.43

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Mean Sleep Latency Score on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Placebo

Study drug was administered at 08:00. MWT, an objective measure of the participant's ability to maintain wakefulness, was administered at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00. A least squares (LS) mean of the 4 MWTs performed at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00 was calculated. Latency for each MWT is defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 30 minutes. A higher MWT value is considered a better outcome. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours post dose

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7288 10 mg18.66
MK-7288 20 mg18.62
Modafinil 200 mg20.71
Placebo10.50

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Mean Score on Standard Deviation of Lane Position (SDLP) Driving Test for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Placebo

Study drug was administered at 08:00. Driving performance was measured by the SDLP test which is a 45-minute driving simulation country vigilance test and was performed by participants at 10:00, 12:00 and 14:00. An LS mean of the 2 SDLP driving test results performed at 10:00 and 14:00 was calculated. A lower value is considered a better outcome. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: 2, 4 and 6 hours post dose

InterventionMeters (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7288 10 mg0.31
MK-7288 20 mg0.32
Modafinil 200 mg0.32
Placebo0.39

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Mean Score on SDLP Driving Test for Participants Taking Modafinil Versus Placebo

Study drug was administered at 08:00. Driving performance was measured by the SDLP test which is a 45-minute driving simulation country vigilance test and was performed by participants at 10:00, 12:00 and 14:00. An LS mean of the 2 SDLP driving test results performed at 10:00 and 14:00 was calculated. A lower value is considered a better outcome. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: 2, 4 and 6 hours post dose

InterventionMeters (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7288 10 mg0.31
MK-7288 20 mg0.32
Modafinil 200 mg0.32
Placebo0.39

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Mean Sleep Latency Score on the MWT for Participants Taking MK-7288 Versus Modafinil

Study drug was administered at 08:00. MWT, an objective measure of the participant's ability to maintain wakefulness, was administered at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00. A least squares (LS) mean of the 4 MWTs performed at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00 was calculated. Latency for each MWT is defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 30 minutes. A higher MWT value is considered a better outcome. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours post dose

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7288 10 mg18.66
MK-7288 20 mg18.62
Modafinil 200 mg20.71
Placebo10.50

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Mean Sleep Latency Score on the MWT for Participants Taking Modafinil Versus Placebo

Study drug was administered at 08:00. MWT, an objective measure of the participant's ability to maintain wakefulness, was administered at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00. A least squares (LS) mean of the 4 MWTs performed at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00 was calculated. Latency for each MWT is defined as the time to onset of the first 16 continuous seconds of any stage of sleep; if no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 30 minutes. A higher MWT value is considered a better outcome. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours post dose

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
MK-7288 10 mg18.66
MK-7288 20 mg18.62
Modafinil 200 mg20.71
Placebo10.50

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Number of Participants Experiencing Clinical and Laboratory Adverse Events (AEs)

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the study drug, whether or not considered related to the use of the study drug. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a pre-existing condition which is temporally associated with the use of the study drug, is also an AE. (NCT01092780)
Timeframe: Up to 36 days

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Clinical AELaboratory AE
MK-7288 10 mg301
MK-7288 20 mg371
Modafinil 200 mg160
Placebo121

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Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT)

"The MWT was conducted to determine the subjects' ability to stay awake. Subjects sat in a darkened room and were told to stay awake as long as possible during the 30 minute session. This is an indicator of how well you are able to function and remain alert in quiet times of inactivity. Higher times are better." (NCT01096680)
Timeframe: Over a period of 8 hours

InterventionMinutes (Least Squares Mean)
SPD489 20 mg23.3
SPD489 50 mg27.9
SPD489 70 mg29.3
Armodafinil 250 mg27.6
Placebo15.3

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Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) Scores

The KSS is a 9-point scale on which the subject rates sleepiness from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy/fighting sleep). Lower score is better. (NCT01096680)
Timeframe: Over a period of 15 hours

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SPD489 20 mg4.7
SPD489 50 mg4.0
SPD489 70 mg3.6
Armodafinil 250 mg4.7
Placebo5.2

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Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) Scores

PVT assesses behavioral alertness. Subjects were required to respond to a visual stimulus by pressing a button on a mechanical device and the reaction time was measured. Higher scores indicate attention lapses. (NCT01096680)
Timeframe: Over a period of 12 hours

Interventionmsec (Least Squares Mean)
SPD489 20 mg243.6
SPD489 50 mg234.8
SPD489 70 mg243.5
Armodafinil 250 mg243.7
Placebo270.2

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PVT Scores by Timepoint

PVT assesses behavioral alertness. Subjects were required to respond to a visual stimulus by pressing a button on a mechanical device and the reaction time was measured. Higher scores indicate attention lapses. (NCT01096680)
Timeframe: Over a period of 12 hours

,,,,
Interventionmsec (Least Squares Mean)
9:15pm11:15pm1:15am3:15am5:15am7:15am9:15am
Armodafinil 250 mg235.5229.3233.0242.5249.5259.1256.7
Placebo241.3249.3256.7280.7291.6295.5276.1
SPD489 20 mg231.6232.6231.5243.6253.4257.9254.8
SPD489 50 mg233.2230.9231.5227.4237.7242.6240.0
SPD489 70 mg234.9231.2230.2240.7242.5259.2265.9

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KSS Scores by Timepoint

The KSS is a 9-point scale on which the subject rates sleepiness from 1 (very alert) to 9 (very sleepy/fighting sleep). Lower score is better. (NCT01096680)
Timeframe: Over a period of 15 hours

,,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
7:50pm8:50pm9:50pm10:50pm11:50pm12:50am1:50am2:50am3:50am4:50am5:50am6:50am7:50am8:50am9:50am10:50am
Armodafinil 250 mg2.62.73.12.93.43.33.84.75.56.06.36.76.66.05.76.0
Placebo2.83.03.13.73.94.54.75.76.46.67.17.37.25.45.96.2
SPD489 20 mg2.92.72.92.83.23.64.04.55.26.16.76.76.55.95.66.2
SPD489 50 mg3.02.73.13.23.12.93.23.73.94.45.15.75.55.04.65.4
SPD489 70 mg2.62.62.62.42.52.63.03.53.74.24.64.84.74.44.55.0

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Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Vital Signs Values

"Summary of vital signs tests in which at least one participant had a during study value that was clinically significant abnormal. Criterion for clinically significant abnormal vital signs are based on FDA Neuropharmacological Division criteria:~Pulse high: >=120 beats per minute (bpm) and increase of >=15 bpm from baseline~Pulse low: <=50 bpm and decrease of >=15 bpm from baseline~Sitting systolic blood pressure high: >=180 mm Hg and increase of >=20 mm Hg from baseline~Sitting systolic blood pressure low: <=90 mm Hg and decrease of >=20 mm Hg from baseline~Sitting diastolic blood pressure high: >=105 mm Hg and increase of >=15 mm Hg from baseline~Sitting diastolic blood pressure low: <=50 mm Hg and decrease of >=15 mm Hg from baseline" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 clinical significant valuePulse highPulse lowSitting systolic blood pressure highSitting systolic blood pressure lowSitting diastolic blood pressure highSitting diastolic blood pressure low
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day19223852

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Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Urinalysis Values

Summary of urinalysis tests in which at least one participant had a during study value that was clinically significant abnormal. Criterion for clinically significant abnormal urinalysis tests was >=2 unit increase from baseline. (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 clinical significant valueUrine hemoglobinUrine glucoseKetonesUrine total protein
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day2822222

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Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Serum Chemistry Values

"Summary of serum chemistry tests in which at least one participant had a during study value that was clinically significant abnormal. The test name and criterion for clinically significant abnormal appear in each row.~ULN=upper limit of normal~BUN=Blood Urea Nitrogen; Uric acid has a normal range of 125-494 μmol/L. Criterion for clinically significant abnormal are different for men and women.~GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with a normal range of 4-61 U/L~ALT = alanine aminotransferase with a normal range of 6-43 U/L~BUN = blood urea nitrogen with a normal range of 1.4-8.6 mmol/L~AST = aspartate aminotransferase with a normal range of 9-36 U/L" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 clinical significant valueUric Acid, M>=625, F>=506 μmol/LGGT, >=3*ULNALT, >=3*ULNBUN, >=10.71 mmol/LAST, >=3*ULN
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day411716773

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Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal Hematology Values

"Summary of hematology tests in which at least one participant had a during study value that was clinically significant abnormal. The test name and criterion for clinically significant abnormal appear in each row.~ULN=upper limit of normal~WBC - white blood cell counts with a normal range of 3.8-10.7 10^9/L.~Hemoglobin with a normal range of 115-181 g/L~Hematocrit with a normal range of 0.34-0.54 L/L~Platelet counts with a normal range of 130-400 10^9/L~ANC= absolute neutrophil counts with a normal range of 1.96-7.23 10^9/L" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 clinical significant valueWBC, <=3*10^9/LHemoglobin, M<=115, F<=95 g/LHematocrit, M<0.37, F<0.32 L/LPlatelets, <=75*10^9/LANC, <=1*10^9/L
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day1354812

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 1, Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (837)Month 1 (793)Month 2 (716)Month 4 (578)Month 6 (503)Endpoint (857)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-23.7-25.8-27.6-29.2-29.7-27.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)

"The QIDS-C16 was derived from specified items in the IDS-C30, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0-27, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 27 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 1, Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (838)Month 1 (793)Month 2 (716)Month 4 (578)Month 6 (503)Endpoint (857)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-9.3-10.0-10.6-11.1-11.3-10.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 1 and Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and Endpoint in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression

"The CGI-S is an observer-rated scale that measures illness severity on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from 1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 1, Months 1, 2, 4, 6 and the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (838)Month 1 (791)Month 2 (716)Month 4 (578)Month 6 (502)Endpoint (859)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-1.7-1.9-2.0-2.2-2.3-2.0

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values

"ECG was conducted at baseline which was before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study, and at the month-6 visit of the open-label study (or early termination).~RR= inter-beat intervals" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 or last post-baseline observation

Interventionmsec (Mean)
PR intervalQRS intervalQT intervalQTc interval BazettQTc interval FredericiaRR interval
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day0.20.01.42.21.9-2.2

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score

"The YMRS is a clinician-rated, 11-item checklist used to measure the severity of manic episodes. Information for assigning scores is gained from the participant's subjective reported symptoms over the previous 48 hours and from clinical observation during the interview. Seven items are ranked 0 through 4 and have descriptors associated with each severity level. Four items (irritability, speech, content, and disruptive-aggressive behavior) are scored 0 through 8 and have descriptors for every second increment. The total scale is 0-60. A score of ≤12 indicates remission of manic symptoms, and higher scores indicate greater severity of mania. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of mania.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 or last post-baseline observation

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-0.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score

The ISI is a participant-rated, 7-item questionnaire designed to assess the severity of the participant's insomnia. Each item is ranked 0 (none) through 4 (very severe) and has a descriptor associated with each severity level. Total range is 0 (no insomnia) to 28 (very severe insomnia). Responses to each item are added to obtain a total score to determine the severity of insomnia. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of insomnia. Baseline was the assessment before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study. (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 (or last post-baseline observation)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-9.1

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale

"The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (1 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of adults, e.g., how well or adaptively one is meeting various problems-in-living. Ratings of 1 - 10 mean the participant is in persistent danger of severely hurting self or others (e.g., recurrent violence) or persistent inability to maintain minimal personal hygiene or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. Ratings of 91 - 100 indicate no symptoms, and the participant exhibits superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many positive qualities. Positive change from baseline values indicate improvement in functioning.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 or the last post-baseline assessment)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day17.7

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score

"HAM-A measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. The scale consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms, and measures both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints related to anxiety). Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of anxiety.~Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 or last post-baseline observation

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-6.2

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Physical Examination Shifts From Baseline to Endpoint

"Baseline is the day prior to double-blind treatment. Assessments are summarized as normal or abnormal. The first assessment is the baseline assessment followed by the endpoint assessment. For example 'normal/abnormal' indicates participants who were normal at baseline and abnormal at endpoint.~HEENT = Head, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat exam" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 (or last post-baseline observation)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
General appearance; normal/normalGeneral appearance; normal/abnormalGeneral appearance; abnormal/normalGeneral appearance; abnormal/abnormalHEENT: normal/normalHEENT: normal/abnormalHEENT: abnormal/normalHEENT: abnormal/abnormalChest+lungs: normal/normalChest+lungs: normal/abnormalChest+lungs: abnormal/normalChest+lungs: abnormal/abnormalHeart: normal/normalHeart: normal/abnormalHeart: abnormal/normalHeart: abnormal/abnormalAbdomen: normal/normalAbdomen: normal/abnormalAbdomen: abnormal/normalAbdomen: abnormal/abnormalMusculoskeletal: normal/normalMusculoskeletal: normal/abnormalMusculoskeletal: abnormal/normalMusculoskeletal: abnormal/abnormalSkin: normal/normalSkin: normal/abnormalSkin: abnormal/normalSkin: abnormal/abnormalLymph nodes: normal/normalLymph nodes: normal/abnormalLymph nodes: abnormal/normalLymph nodes: abnormal/abnormalNeurological: normal/normalNeurological: normal/abnormalNeurological: abnormal/normalNeurological: abnormal/abnormal
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day7148234075331513780050781211751516137567111170794128779001777223

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"AEs were graded by the investigator for severity on a three-point scale: mild, moderate and severe. Causality is graded as either related or not related. A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE resulting in death, a life-threatening adverse event, hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or an important medical event that may require medical intervention to prevent any of the previous results.~Protocol-defined adverse events requiring expedited reporting included skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, and psychosis." (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1 up to Month 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 adverse eventSevere adverse eventTreatment-related adverse eventDeathsOther serious adverse eventsWithdrawn from study due to adverse eventsProtocol-defined adverse events
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day423262190275719

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Participants With Findings During the Open-Label Study on the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV)

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The number of participants who had findings on any of the C-SSRS-SLV (SLV=since last visit) categories at any of the time frames are indicated.~- C-SSRS=Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale" (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 1, Week 1, Months 1, 2, 4 and 6 or last post-baseline visit

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Suicidal behavior - Actual attemptNon-suicidal self-injurious behaviourSuicidal behavior - Interrupted attemptSuicidal behavior - Aborted attemptSuicidal behavior - suicidal behaviorSuicidal behavior - Preparatory acts/behaviorSuicidal behavior - Completed suicideSuicidal ideation - Wish to be deadNon-specific active suicidal thoughtsAny methods (not plan) w/o intent to actSome intent to act, w/o specific planSuicidal ideation - Specific plan and intent
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day1100010154211

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in Body Weight

Baseline was the score before the first dose of study drug in the double-blind study. (NCT01121536)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Month 6 (or last post-baseline observation)

Interventionkg (Mean)
Armodafinil 150-200 mg/Day-0.8

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%Cocaine Free Urines

(NCT01137396)
Timeframe: 3x/week

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Modafinil52
Placebo26

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Change in N3 (Slow-wave) Sleep Time

(NCT01137396)
Timeframe: change from week 1 to week 2 of inpatient treatment

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Modafinil16
Placebo-2.5

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Digit Span Test Score

Test evaluates working memory and attention. The test consists of repeat numeric sequences of 2 to 9 numbers forward or backwards and evaluates the number of items from a sequence correctly named. Higher scores = better performance. (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
InterventionNumber of correct items (Mean)
Forward-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Backward-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Forward-Day 28 (n=19, 23)Backward- Day 28 (n=19, 23)Forward-Day 56 (n=15)Backward-Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil9.57.310.67.010.37.4
Placebo-First9.86.310.47.0NANA

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score

Survey assessing sleep patterns. The test consists of 8 items. The response scale range is 0-24 (range 0-3 per item: 0-No chance to falling asleep; 3-high chance of falling asleep). Interpretation: 0-No chance to falling asleep; 10+ above average chance daytime sleepiness (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Day 1(n=18, 23)Day 28 (n=19, 23)Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil12.210.111.5
Placebo-First11.510.0NA

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Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F) Score

Survey addressing fatigue and patient happiness, coping, etc. Used to assess quality of life. The test consists of 40 items, each item with a response scale of 0-4. Higher scores denote better status Items are added to provide the total score (range 0-160). (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PWB-Day 1 (n=18, 23)SWB-Day 1 (n=18, 23)EWB-Day 1 (n=18, 23)FWB-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Fatigue-Day 1 (n=18, 23)FACIT-G-Day 1 (n=18, 23)TOI-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Total-Day 1 (n=19, 23)PWB-Day 28 (n=19, 23)EWB-Day 28 (n=19, 23)SWB-Day 28 (n=19, 23)FWB-Day 28 (n=19, 23)Fatigue-Day 28 (n=19, 23)FACIT-G-Day 28 (n=19, 23)TOI-Day 28 (n=19, 23)Total-Day 28 (n=19, 23)PWB-Day 56 (n=15)EWB-Day 56 (n=15)SWB-Day 56 (n=15)FWB-Day 56 (n=15)Fatigue-Day 56 (n=15)FACIT-G-Day 56 (n=15)TOI-Day 56 (n=15)Total-Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil14.120.916.914.819.267.049.086.216.516.521.314.428.068.559.496.517.822.118.713.529.773.262.7101.8
Placebo-First15.319.817.514.618.868.949.486.117.418.720.816.826.575.862.9101.3NANANANANANANANA

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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Score

Survey used to assess depression and anxiety. The test consists of 14 items (7 for anxiety and 7 for depression); there are 4 possible answers for each statement. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0-3 and this means that a person can score between 0 and 21 for either anxiety or depression. Higher scores= more anxiety or depression. (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Anxiety-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Depression-Day 1 (n=18, 23)Anxiety-Day 28 (n=19, 23)Depression-Day 28 (n=19, 23)Anxiety-Day 56 (n=15)Depression-Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil13.47.86.910.37.05.7
Placebo-First8.37.65.56.6NANA

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Symbol Digit Modalities Test Score (SDMT)

Test to evaluate neurocognitive functions (attention, visual scanning and motor speed). The test consists of a key =9 graphic symbols numbered 1 to 9 and the test =120 graphic symbols to be matched with its number. The test evaluates the number of correct matches within 90 seconds. Higher scores= better performance (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
InterventionNumber of correct matches (Mean)
Day 1(n=18, 23)Day 28 (n=19, 23)Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil41.242.448.7
Placebo-First40.740.8NA

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Trail Making Test B Score (TMT-B)

"Cognitive test that gives a measure of various aspects of cognitive performance. Used to measure cognitive fatigue. The test consists of 25 circles containing 13 sequential numbers (1-13) and 12 sequential letters (A-L) positioned.~The test evaluates the time to correctly order letters and numbers; low times = better performance." (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Day 1(n=18, 23)Day 28 (n=19, 23)Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil161.3158.4153.8
Placebo-First220.5159.8NA

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BFI Score

Survey measuring fatigue. The scale contains 9 items; range=0-90 (0-10 per item). Mild = 1-3 Moderate = 4-7 Severe = 8-10 (NCT01160380)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 28 and Day 56

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Day 1(n=18, 23)Day 28 (n=19, 23)Day 56 (n=15)
Armodafinil65.048.843.2
Placebo-First57.241.5NA

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Zarit Burden Inventory

Measure of Caregiver Burden. Caregiver rates each item assessing burden on a 0 to 4 point scale with higher numbers reflecting more frequent occurence of the behavior or feeling being assessed. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: after 8 weeks of treatment

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only30.00
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil30.00

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Apathy

The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Raw scores are converted to T-Scores using published norms. T-Scores have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. T-scores less than or equal to 64 are within average range. T-scores equal to or greater than 65 are indicative of a clinically significant problem. Higher scores indicate greater problem severity. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: at baseline

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only88.91
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil95.64

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Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire

Caregiver reported performance of personal and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs. There are 6 personal ADLs (i.e. dressing, grooming, eating, etc) and 8 instrumental ADLs (i.e. managing finances, transportation, food preparation) which are assessed. Each item is awarded 2 points for fully independent, 1 point for minimal or moderate support required, and 0 points for full support. Maximum score for independence with all personal and instrumental ADL's is 28. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: after 8 weeks of treatment

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only19.00
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil15.64

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Apathy

The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale.Raw scores are converted to T-Scores using published norms. T-Scores have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. T-scores less than or equal to 64 are within the average range. T-scores equal to or greater than 65 are indicative of a clinically significant problem. Higher scores indicate greater problem severity. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: after 8 weeks of treatment

InterventionT-score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only82.09
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil89.09

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Zarit Burden Inventory

Measure of Caregiver Burden. Caregiver rates each item assessing burden on a 0 to 4 point scale with higher numbers reflecting more frequent occurence of the behavior or feeling being assessed. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: at baseline

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only28.36
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil31.18

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The Direct Assessment of Functional Status Scale

A direct, examiner observed assessment of basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Participants are awarded points for correct performance of activities. Raw score is used for statistical comparison. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: at baseline

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only89.09
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil84.55

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The Direct Assessment of Functional Status Scale

A direct, examiner observed assessment of basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Participants are awarded points for correct performance of activities. Raw score is used for statistical comparison. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: after 8 weeks of treatment

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only88.36
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil85.27

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Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire

Caregiver reported performance of personal and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs. There are 6 personal ADLs (i.e. dressing, grooming, eating, etc) and 8 instrumental ADLs (i.e. managing finances, transportation, food preparation) which are assessed. Each item is awarded 2 points for fully independent, 1 point for minimal or moderate support required, and 0 points for full support. Maximum score for independence with all personal and instrumental ADL's is 28. (NCT01172145)
Timeframe: at baseline

Interventionraw score (Mean)
Cholinesterase Inhibitor Only19.00
Cholinesterase Plus Modafinil16.18

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Specific Plan and Intent question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself with details of plan fully or partially worked out and the participant has some intent to carry out the plan since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (6, 5)Week 2 (2, 6)Week 4 (1, 7)Week 6 (1, 3)Week 7 (2, 2)Week 8 (1, 3)Endpoint (8, 12)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo1000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Some Intent to Act Without a Specific Plan question records whether the participant has active suicidal thoughts of killing oneself and reports having some intent to act on such thoughts since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (6, 5)Week 2 (2, 6)Week 4 (1, 7)Week 6 (1, 3)Week 7 (2, 2)Week 8 (1, 3)Endpoint (8, 12)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) for Depression

The CGI-S is an observer-rated scale that measures illness severity on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from 1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 197)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.2-0.5-0.9-1.2-1.4-1.6-1.4
Placebo-0.2-0.5-0.7-1.0-1.2-1.3-1.2

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts question records whether the participant shares general non-specific thoughts of wanting to end one's life/commit suicide since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0011111
Placebo2000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Any Methods (Not Plan) Without Intent to Act question records whether the participant endorses thoughts of suicide and has thought of at least one method but has no specific plan of action since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (6, 5)Week 2 (2, 6)Week 4 (1, 7)Week 6 (1, 3)Week 7 (2, 2)Week 8 (1, 3)Endpoint (8, 12)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day1000000
Placebo1000001

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Suicidal Behavior question records whether in the clinician's opinion, the participant exhibited suicidal behavior since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Preparatory Acts or Behavior question records whether the participant exhibited acts or preparations towards imminently making a suicide attempt since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act that was not associated with a wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Interrupted Attempt question records whether the participant was interrupted by an outside circumstance from starting the potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Completed Suicide question records whether the participant intentionally causing his/her's own death since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt Question

The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation. The Suicidal Behavior - Actual Attempt question records whether the participant committed a potentially self-injurious act with at least some wish to die since the last visit. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Week 8 in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-19.4
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-20.8

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (IDS-C30)

"The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 197)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-5.3-8.9-13.5-17.6-20.2-21.6-19.5
Placebo-6.0-10.0-13.4-15.8-18.0-19.7-18.3

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Change From Baseline to Different Treatment Weeks in the Total Score From the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (QIDS-C16)

The QIDS-C16 was derived from specified items in the IDS-C30, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0-27, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 27 indicating the most severe depression. Negative change from baseline values indicate improvement in the severity of depression. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 197)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-2.1-3.4-5.3-6.7-7.8-8.3-7.5
Placebo-2.4-4.2-5.3-6.3-7.2-8.0-7.3

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Percentage of Responders At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A responder is a participant with a ≥50% decrease or greater from baseline in the total score of the IDS-C30. The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 197)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day392741515649
Placebo2132129394641

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) Total Score

The YMRS is a clinician-rated, 11-item checklist used to measure the severity of manic episodes. Information for assigning scores is gained from the participant's subjective reported symptoms over the previous 48 hours and from clinical observation during the interview. Seven items are ranked 0 through 4 and have descriptors associated with each severity level. Four items (irritability, speech, content, and disruptive-aggressive behavior) are scored 0 through 8 and have descriptors for every second increment. The total scale is 0-60. A score of ≤12 indicates remission of manic symptoms, and higher scores indicate greater severity of mania. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of mania. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-1.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-0.9

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) Total Score

The ISI is a participant-rated, 7-item questionnaire designed to assess the severity of the participant's insomnia. Each item is ranked 0 (none) through 4 (very severe) and has a descriptor associated with each severity level. Total range is 0 (no insomnia) to 28 (very severe insomnia). Responses to each item are added to obtain a total score to determine the severity of insomnia. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of insomnia. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-7.0
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-7.1

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Behavior - Aborted Attempt question records whether the participant began to take steps toward making a suicide attempt but stops themselves before starting the potentially self-injurious act since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day0000000
Placebo0000000

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Change From Baseline to Endpoint in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) Total Score

HAM-A measures the severity of anxiety symptoms. The scale consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms, and measures both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints related to anxiety). Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. Negative change from baseline scores indicate a decrease in severity of anxiety. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-4.2
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day-4.3

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"AEs were graded by the investigator for severity on a three-point scale: mild, moderate and severe. Causality is graded as either related or not related. A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE resulting in death, a life-threatening adverse event, hospitalization, a persistent or significant disability/incapacity, a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or an important medical event that may require medical intervention to prevent any of the previous results.~Protocol-defined adverse events requiring expedited reporting included skin rash, hypersensitivity reaction, emergent suicidal ideation or suicide attempt, and psychosis." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 9

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=1 adverse eventSevere adverse eventTreatment-related adverse eventDeathsOther serious adverse eventsWithdrawn from study due to adverse eventsProtocol-defined adverse events
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day894530573
Placebo7143206103

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Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale 'Since Last Visit' Version (C-SSRS-SLV) For Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and Endpoint For the Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead Question

"The C-SSRS is a clinician-rated scale that assesses suicidality from ideation to behaviors and monitors the potential emergence of suicidality in clinical studies. The C-SSRS-B (baseline) was performed at screening and the C-SSRS-SLV ('Since Last Visit') was performed at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 or last postbaseline observation.~The Suicidal Ideation - Wish to Be Dead question records whether the participant endorses thoughts about a wish to dead or not alive anymore, or a wish to fall asleep and not wake up since the last visit." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 198)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day5673234
Placebo6212212

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Percentage of Participants in Remission At Different Treatment Weeks According to the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score

"A participant in remission was defined as a participant with an IDS-C30 total score of 11 or less.~The IDS-C30 is a standardized 30-item, clinician-rated scale to assess the severity of a participant's depressive symptoms. Every effort was made to have the same rater evaluate a participant across all visits.~Total scores range from 0-84, with a score of 0 indicating no depression and a score of 84 indicating the most severe depression." (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 (196, 195)Week 2 (187, 189)Week 4 (181, 183)Week 6 (172, 172)Week 7 (167, 170)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (196, 197)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day12712192622
Placebo.5259141513

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Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and Endpoint in the Global Assessment for Functioning (GAF) Scale

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale (1 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of adults, e.g., how well or adaptively one is meeting various problems-in-living. Ratings of 1 - 10 mean the participant is in persistent danger of severely hurting self or others (e.g., recurrent violence) or persistent inability to maintain minimal personal hygiene or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. Ratings of 91 - 100 indicate no symptoms, and the participant exhibits superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many positive qualities. Positive change from baseline values indicate improvement in functioning. (NCT01305408)
Timeframe: Day 0 (baseline), Weeks 4, 8, and last postbaseline observation (up to 8 weeks)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 4 (181, 183)Week 8 (167, 169)Endpoint (189, 192)
Armodafinil 150 mg/Day8.215.313.6
Placebo5.811.510.6

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Primary Outcome Variable: Combined AUC of Selected Symptoms Fatigue, Pain, Disturbed Sleep, Lack of Appetite and Drowsiness

Each item is rated on a 0 to 10 scale with 0 = symptom not present or no interference and 10 meaning the symptom severity is as bad as can be imagine or complete interference using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI). It is a measure of symptom burden, which includes symptom severity and how they interfere with daily functioning. For this study, the sub scale is the average of the 5 pre-selected items namely fatigue, pain, disturbed sleep, lack of appetite and drowsiness. This subscale ranges from 0 to 10. The primary outcome is the average of the 70-day area (10 week study) under the curve for the sub scale. AUC ranges from 0 (0*70) to 700 (10*70). To put this into perspective, the average AUC for the placebo group of 200.8 can also be thought of as 2.87 (200.8/70) on a 0 to 10 scale over the 70 day study period. Lower values represent better outcome. Higher values represent worse outcome. (NCT01317550)
Timeframe: During 10 weeks of CXRT

,,,
InterventionUnits on a scale week (Mean)
Average AUCFatiguePainDisturbed SleepLack of appetiteDrowsiness
Armodafinil157.4259.3145.8109.2133.3139.3
Armodafinil+Minocycline255.9372185.3213.2298.3210.7
Matching Placebo200.8279.8190224.7189120.3
Minocycline81.1127.2114.58027.759.2

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Adverse Events

Adverse events assessed at all subject visits by interviews with the subject and the subject's parent/ primary caregiver. (NCT01348607)
Timeframe: 29 days

Interventionevents (Number)
Arm I - Methylphenidate Hydrochloride1

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Average Daytime Napping Minutes in a Week

Outcome measure was the total of daytime napping minutes in a week as assessed by participant sleep diaries (NCT01348607)
Timeframe: 29 days

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Arm I - Methylphenidate Hydrochloride36.7

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Change in Working Memory Score at 6 Weeks From Baseline as Assessed on BRIEF

Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). The BRIEF is a behavior rating scale designed to assess executive functions in the home and school environments. The measure was selected to provide parent-reported outcomes of problems related to attention, memory and executive function that occur in everyday life. The instrument was utilized to measure the change in working memory, according to the parent's perspective only, from baseline to 6 weeks. Scores are linear transformations of raw scores into T scores (mean = 50, SD = 10); higher scores indicate greater difficulties. The baseline score was subtracted from the 6 week score. Positive change from baseline is an improvement. The total scale ranges from 0 to 172. A T score >60 on the BRIEF working memory subscale indicates cognitive impairment. (NCT01381718)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

InterventionT Score (Mean)
Arm I - Modafinil-4.1
Arm II - Placebo-4.5

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Number of Reported Adverse Events (AEs)

AEs gathered using SAFTEE (Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Effects) and participant report on daily log. (NCT01381718)
Timeframe: 30 days post intervention

InterventionAdverse Events (Number)
Arm I - Modafinil76
Arm II - Placebo26

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Change in PedsQL Score at 6 Weeks From Baseline

PedsQL is Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multi-dimensional Fatigue Scale. This scale is designed as a generic symptom-specific instrument to measure fatigue. Higher scores indicate fewer symptoms of fatigue. It was administered at baseline and 6 weeks. The score is the sum of the answers. The baseline score was subtracted from the 6 week score. A positive change indicates worsening. The scale total score range is from 0-72 for both the parent and patient reported instruments. (NCT01381718)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Parent RatingPatient Rating
Arm I - Modafinil11.39.3
Arm II - Placebo11.46.9

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Change in Age-Adjusted Scores at Week Six From Baseline in the Attention Task of the CogState Battery

CogState Battery. CogState is a semi-automated, computerized cognitive testing system that was developed as a rapid and accurate test of cognitive function specifically for repeated assessment that is sensitive to the effects of medication in children over the age of 5 years and in adults from different language, cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. The CogState tasks to assess processing speed, visual attention, working memory and executive function were used. The CogState battery was administered in the following order: Detection Task, Identification Task, One Card Learning Task, One Back Task, and lastly, the Modified Groton Maze Learning Task. It was administered at baseline and 6 weeks. A positive change from baseline is an improvement. There is not a minimum or maximum since the value is reported as a z-score, but with the mean = 0 and the SD = 1, the range should be between -3 and 3. (NCT01381718)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

InterventionZ Score (Mean)
Arm I - Modafinil-0.16
Arm II - Placebo0.14

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Occurrence of Improved Fatigue Experience After Treatment

Determine if Nuvigil® improves fatigue experienced by patients receiving external beam radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Participants who maintained minimal, or experienced improved fatigue experience on a scale of 0 (No fatigue) - 10 (As bad as you can imagine). (NCT01400958)
Timeframe: 5 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Comparator: A: Nuvigil®0
Placebo Comparator: B: Placebo0

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Occurrence of Improved Cognitive Performance

Determine if Nuvigil® improves cognitive function of patients receiving external beam radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Participants who maintained average (T=50) to slightly below average (T=40 or greater) cognitive function. (NCT01400958)
Timeframe: 5 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo Comparator: B: Placebo1

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Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (BADDS)

This is a normed and validated measure of ADHD-related executive function impairments. The clinician administered scale measures five clusters of executive function including 1) organizing and activating for work, 2) sustaining attention and concentration, 3) sustaining alertness, effort, and processing speed, 4) managing affective interference, and 5) using working memory and accessing recall. The frequency and severity of each of the 40 items is rated on a scale of 0 to 3, with the total scores ranging from 0-120 and higher scores indicating worse symptoms. (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil15.5

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Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI)

This is a widely used self-report instrument to assess the severity of fatigue and the impact of fatigue on daily functioning. This 9 item instrument yields a global fatigue score ranging from 0-10 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. . (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil2.2

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Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

The PHQ-9 is the self-administered form of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), a widely used instrument designed to screen for psychiatric illnesses in primary-care settings. This 9-item instrument assesses mood, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. The range of total scores is 0-27 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. Generally, scores 5-9 indicate mild depression, 10-14 indicate moderate depression, and 15+ indicate moderately severe or severe depression. (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil3.0

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Symptom Checklist-10 Anxiety

"The SCL-10 anxiety subscale, developed from the refinement of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), consists of 10 questions focused on how much discomfort symptoms of anxiety (e.g. nervousness or shaking inside) have caused in the past two weeks. Each question is answered on a scale from 0-4, and answers are averaged for a total score between 0-4 with higher scores indicating more anxiety." (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil0

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Menopause Quality Of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) Physical Domain Subscale

This is a widely used self-report instrument to determine differences in quality of life among menopausal women and to measure changes in their quality of life over time. Four domain scores are calculated from the 29-item instrument. The physical domain subscale has 16 questions and a range from 0-8 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil1.9

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Hot Flash Frequency (24-hr Period)

The Daily Vasomotor Symptom Diary consists of a 7-day scale on which the subject records the total number of hot flushes they experience on a daily basis. Weekly averages for a 24-hour period are calculated. (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Intervention# of hot flashes (Median)
Armodafinil1.5

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Epsworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

This self-report scale is widely used as a subjective measure of sleepiness. This 8 item instrument yields a total score ranging from 0-24 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. (NCT01460628)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Armodafinil3.0

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Adherence to Medications Form

The Medication Adherence Form was designed to assess any HCV medication dosing changes, including discontinuation, and the reasons for the changes. The form asks specifically about the HCV medications: pegylated interferon, ribavirin and Incivek (or Victrelis), as well as the study medication, armodafinil. (NCT01470651)
Timeframe: HCV medication adherence reported at 12 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of doses missed (Mean)
pegylated interferonribavirinIncivek (or Victrelis)Armodafinil or Placebo
Armodafinil004.9514.00
Sugar Pill1.743.242.888.02

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Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)

"Fatigue Severity Scale is a 9-item scale measures the impact of fatigue on everyday functioning (e.g. fatigue interferes with my work, family or social life). Response format is a 7-point Likert scale of agreement with a 1-week time frame. Total score is the sum of item scores and ranges from 9 to 63 points, with higher scores indicating greater fatigue. A score greater than 40 is considered to be a clinically significant level of fatigue. Scores on the scale correlate highly with other measures of fatigue, is sensitive to change, and is routinely used in studies of modafinil/armodafinil." (NCT01470651)
Timeframe: Biweekly for the first month, monthly thereafter

,
InterventionFSS score (out of 63) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 2Week 4Week 8Week 12
Armodafinil23.2930.7137.1432.0031.71
Sugar Pill26.9036.6038.9040.0038.40

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Proportion of Patients Under Each Treatment Arm Who Experienced a Mean Symptom Increase of 2 Units or More From Baseline to 6 Weeks.

Mean symptom score defined as the mean of MDASI fatigue, pain, disturbed sleep, lack of appetite, and drowsiness scores (NCT01746043)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Armodafinil + Placebo0
Minocycline + Placebo2
Armodafinil + Minocycline1
Placebos2

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Heart Rate

Values for heart rate as a function of cocaine dose and modafinil maintenance condition. (NCT01778010)
Timeframe: 48 days

InterventionBPM (Mean)
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 0mg88
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 0mg86
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 0mg91
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 12mg102
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 12mg101
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 12mg97
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 25mg130.5
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 25mg110
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 25mg115
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 50mg141
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 50mg125
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 50mg122

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Drug Quality Cluster

"Visual analogue scale ratings on the 'Drug Quality' cluster as a function of cocaine dose and modafinil maintenance condition. A cluster score was derived by taking the arithmetic average of the items in the cluster. Scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating greater agreement with the term. The Drug Quality Cluster consisted of three items:~the choice was of high quality~the choice was potent~I liked the choice Higher scores indicate increasing agreement with the statement, which would indicate a poorer outcome." (NCT01778010)
Timeframe: 48 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 0mg2
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 0mg2
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 0mg2
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 12mg30
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 12mg28
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 12mg29
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 25mg44
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 25mg35
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 25mg35
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 50mg60
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 50mg55
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 50mg55

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Cocaine Self-administration

The number of purchased cocaine doses as a function of cocaine dose and modafinil maintenance condition. (NCT01778010)
Timeframe: 48 days

InterventionNumber of doses purchased (Mean)
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 0mg0
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 0mg0
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 0mg0
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 12mg2.2
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 12mg1.5
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 12mg2.1
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 25mg4.1
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 25mg2.5
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 25mg2.6
Modafinil 0mg + Cocaine 50mg4.5
Modafinil 200mg + Cocaine 50mg3.5
Modafinil 400mg + Cocaine 50mg3

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Change in Quality of Life as Measured by Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) From Baseline to End of Weeks 4 and 8

Quality of life: Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) will be analyzed comparing the total score for each treatment testing for change from baseline to four and eight weeks. Linear Analogue Self Assessment (LASA) is a 12 global QOL tool to which measures 10 subscales: overall QOL, physical well-being, fatigue, frequency and severity of pain, as well as social functioning and spiritual, emotional and mental well-being. All subscales were converted to a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating better QOL. Total score is the average of all 10 subscales. (NCT01781468)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline to Week 4Baseline to Week 8
Arm I (150 mg Armodafinil)2.04.0
Arm II (250 mg Armodafinil)0.53.0
Arm III (Placebo)2.02.0

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The Number of Participants With a Response in Terms of a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Patient-reported Fatigue at 8 Weeks.

"A response is defined as an improvement of 2 points on the 0-10 scale of the usual fatigue on the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). The number of participants with a response in terms of a clinically meaningful improvement in patient-reported fatigue at 8 weeks.~Scale: 0 (No fatigue) - 10 (As bad as you can imagine) Interpretation: higher scores mean a worse outcome" (NCT01781468)
Timeframe: At 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (150 mg Armodafinil)29
Arm II (250 mg Armodafinil)27
Arm III (Placebo)29

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Cognitive Function: Assessed by the Change in Z Score for Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) From Baseline to End of Week 8

The participant is presented with a page headed by a key that pairs the single digits 1-9 with nine symbols. Rows below contain only symbols, the subject's task is to orally report the correct number in the spaces below. After completing the first 10 items with guidance, the subject is timed to determine how many responses can be made in 90 seconds. Range score: not applicable. Higher scores mean a better outcome. Explored domain: Sustained attention and information processing speed. Each neuropsychological measure was converted to an age-normative z score using published normative data. Impaired SDMT performance was defined as falling one standard deviation or more below the normative mean. (NCT01781468)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Arm I (150 mg Armodafinil)0.0
Arm II (250 mg Armodafinil)0.3
Arm III (Placebo)0.0

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Fatigue: Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI): The Number of Participants With a Response in Terms of a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Patient-reported Fatigue at 4 Weeks.

A response is defined as an improvement of 2 points on the 0-10 scale of the usual fatigue on the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). The number of participants with a response in terms of a clinically meaningful improvement in patient-reported fatigue at 4 weeks Scale: 0 (No fatigue) - 10 (As bad as you can imagine) Interpretation: higher scores mean a worse outcome (NCT01781468)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (150 mg Armodafinil)37
Arm II (250 mg Armodafinil)31
Arm III (Placebo)30

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9-Hole Peg Test

"9 HOLE PEG TEST~Administered by asking the client to take the pegs from a container, one by one, and place them into the holes on the board, as quickly as possible~Participants must then remove the pegs from the holes, one by one, and replace them back into the container~The board should be placed at the client's midline, with the container holding the pegs oriented towards the hand being tested~Only the hand being evaluated should perform the test~Hand not being evaluated is permitted to hold the edge of the board in order to provide stability~Scores are based on the time taken to complete the test activity, recorded in seconds~Alternative scoring - the number of pegs placed in 50 or 100 seconds can be recorded. In this case, results are expressed as the number of pegs placed per second~Stopwatch should be started from the moment the participant touches the first peg until the moment the last peg hits the container" (NCT01896128)
Timeframe: Baseline & Day 100

,
InterventionSeconds (Mean)
BaselineDay100
Armodafinil34.027.3
Placebo34.229.7

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Timed 3-Minute Walk Test From Baseline to Day 100

"The 3MWT is a simple measure of the distance a person can walk in three minutes. Rest breaks are allowed if needed. The person is encouraged to walk as fast as they can, safely, for two minutes. Walking aids can be used as needed e.g. for elderly people with a record made of walking aid used.A clear course such as a hallway with cones or similar to mark an approximately 15m out and back course[8], stopwatch, pen and paper or a device to record distance walked." (NCT01896128)
Timeframe: Day 1, Day 100

,
Interventionfeet (Mean)
BaselineDay100
Armodafinil49.4152.5
Placebo152.5103.3

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NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

"The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, or NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a tool used by healthcare providers to objectively quantify the impairment caused by a stroke. The NIHSS is composed of 11 items, each of which scores a specific ability between a 0 and 4. For each item, a score of 0 typically indicates normal function in that specific ability, while a higher score is indicative of some level of impairment. The individual scores from each item are summed in order to calculate a patient's total NIHSS score. The maximum possible score is 42, with the minimum score being a 0 Score.~Stroke severity 0 No stroke symptoms 1-4 Minor stroke 5-15 Moderate stroke 16-20 Moderate to severe stroke 21-42 Severe stroke" (NCT01896128)
Timeframe: Baseline Day 100

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay100
Armodafinil11.96.7
Placebo13.47.3

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Change in Functional Independence Measure (FIM) From Baseline to Day 100

"The FIM is used by health care practitioners to assess and grade the functional status of a person based on the level of assistance he or she requires.~The motor subscale includes:Eating,Grooming,BathingDressing, upper body,Dressing, lower body Toileting Bladder management Bowel management Transfers - bed/chair/wheelchairTransfers - toiletTransfers - bath/showerWalk/wheelchairStairs The cognition subscale includes:Comprehension ExpressionSocial interaction Problem solvingMemory Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1(worse) to a score of 7(better). The total score for the FIM motor subscale (the sum of motor subscale ) will be a value between 13 and 91.The total score for the FIM cognition subscale (the sum of the individual cognition subscale items) will be a value between 5(worse outcome) & 35(best outcome).The total score for the FIM instrument (the sum of subscale scores) will be a value between 18(worse outcome) & 126 (best outcome)" (NCT01896128)
Timeframe: Day 100

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay100
Armodafinil55.589.2
Placebo52.490.9

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Change in Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Sensorimotor Function From Baseline to Day 100

"Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale is an index to assess the sensorimotor impairment in individuals who have had a stroke.The maximum possible score in Fugl-Meyer scale is 226, which corresponds to full sensory-motor recovery. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an ordinal scale that has 3 points for each item. A zero score is given for the item if the subject cannot do the task. A score of 1 is given when the task is performed partially and a score of 2 is given when the task is performed fully. However, reflex activity is measured using 2 points only, with a score of 0 or 2 for absence and presence of reflex respectively. The five domains assessed by Fugl-Meyer scale are:~Motor function (Maximum score in upper limb = 66;Maximum score in lower limb = 34)~Sensory function (Maximum score = 24)~Balance (Maximum score = 14)~Range of motion of joints (Maximum score = 44)~Joint pain (Maximum score = 44)" (NCT01896128)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 100

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineDay100
Armodafinil14.839.7
Placebo12.837.8

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Mean Number of Naps/Day

measurements are for the preceding week (NCT02151253)
Timeframe: week 4 of each phase.

Interventionnaps per day (Mean)
Armodafinil0.48
Placebo0.73

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Mean Number of Minutes Napped Per Day Based on Sleep Diary

measurements are for the preceding week (NCT02151253)
Timeframe: week 4 of each phase.

Interventionminutes napped per day (Mean)
Armodafinil38.9
Placebo40.0

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Clinical Global Impressions, Change in Severity of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS)

"Scale consists of a 7 point likert rating scale where the anchors were 1= normal; 2= borderline sleepiness; 3= mild sleepiness; 4= moderate sleepiness; 5= marked sleepiness; 6= severe sleepiness; and 7= among the most extremely sleepy individuals" (NCT02151253)
Timeframe: week 4, of each phase

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil2.58
Placebo3.12

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Change From Baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]

Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) is measure of subjective sleepiness. Tendency to fall asleep in 8 situations. Total varies from zero to 24. A ESS of 10 or less is considered normal. Change is calculated as value at baseline minus value at week 4. (NCT02151253)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4 of each phase

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Armodafinil9.03
Placebo9.73

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Mean Number of Nocturic Events (Episode of Urination Preceded and Followed by Sleep)

Nocturic Events is defined as an episode of urination preceded and followed by sleep. Measurements are for the preceding week (NCT02151253)
Timeframe: week 4 of each phase.

InterventionNocturic Events (Mean)
Armodafinil1.6
Placebo1.89

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Cognitive Style

Cognitive style determined for each individual by subtracting the score in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (CATS) questionnaire (with a score range of 0-52 with higher score showing more catastrophizing) from the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) questionnaire (score range of 0-24, with a higher score denoting a better outcome). Thus, the total score could range from ranges from -52 to 24, with lower scores indicating worse cognitive style related to pain reporting and higher scores indicating better cognitive style related to pain reporting. There are no subscales here. (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil18.2
Placebo15.5
Gabapentin14.8

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Pain Intensity Rating

Pain is reported verbally after each stimulus by the subject on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imagineable pain). For each individual the value used is the average of all presentations of the 50 degree stimulus. (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: Reported 5 seconds after each stimulus

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil3.2
Placebo2.8
Gabapentin2.8

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Resting Pupil Diameter

Resting pupil diameter will be measured using an infrared camera to obtain baseline measurements 2 hours after dosing subject pupil diameter measurements will be repeated (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 hours

,,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Baseline2 Hours
Gabapentin6966.1
Modafinil6466.9
Placebo7270.9

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Skills of Cognitive Therapy

This measure assesses the self-reported use of skills from cognitive therapy. Scores can range from 8 to 40, and higher scores indicate greater use. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 3

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil20.524.3
250 mg DCS23.326.4
Placebo24.825.7

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Recall of Cognitive Therapy Content

A modified Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale (CTAS) was used to assess delayed memory for cognitive therapy content from the computerized CBT. Higher scores indicate better memory for CBT skills. Scores range from 0 to 40. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 3

,,
InterventionNumber of correct units of information (Mean)
Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil26.829.7
250 mg DCS25.428.2
Placebo24.728.7

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Logical Memory Immediate Recall

Immediate Story Recall from the Wechsler Memory Scale Story B. Higher scores reflect greater recall of the story material from the previous week. Possible scores range from 0 to 25. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 1, Week 2, Week 3

,,
InterventionNumber of story units recalled (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil17.117.821.5
250 mg DCS14.817.718.5
Placebo16.218.221.2

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Immediate Memory Measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Task

The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) consists of a 12-item word list, composed of four words from each of the three semantic categories. The patient's free recall of the list is recorded. The same procedure is repeated for two more trials. The total recall score for the third trial was used as the recorded score and ranged from a minimum of zero to a maximum of 12 correct answers. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 3

,,
InterventionNumber of words recalled (Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil9.69.99.710.1
250 mg DCS8.57.88.78.8
Placebo9.69.49.69.4

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Immediate Recall of Emotional Story Items

Immediate recall score of items from the Emotional Story presentation. Scores can range from 0 to 74, with higher scores reflect greater memory for story items. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 1, Week 2, Week 3

,,
InterventionNumber of story units recalled (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil35.246.849.9
250 mg DCS22.434.438.4
Placebo32.235.543.4

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Digits Backward

The examiner reads a list of digits and asks that each digit be read backwards. The score is the total number of trials completed correctly; scores range from 0 to 16. Higher scores indicate better performance. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 1, Week 2, Week 3

,,
InterventionNumber of correct trials (Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil9.510.411.311.4
250 mg DCS8.39.2510.09.6
Placebo11.312.212.111.7

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1 Week Delayed Recall of Emotional Story Items

1 Week Delayed Recall of a Threat-Related Story. Scores can range from 0 to 74, with higher scores reflect greater memory for story items. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 3

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil21.337.3
250 mg DCS13.525.0
Placebo16.126.4

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1 Week Delayed Recall Logical Memory

Higher scores reflect greater recall of Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) Story B content assessed one week after last rehearsal. Possible scores range from 0 to 25. (NCT02376257)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 3

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 2Week 3
100 mg Modafinil4.412.8
250 mg DCS1.89.5
Placebo5.013.6

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Postoperative Care Unit (PACU) Recovery Time

Participants will be followed for the duration of PACU stay, an expected average of 3 hours. (NCT02478580)
Timeframe: Immediate postoperative period (up to 3 hours)

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
Nuvigil98.2
Control95

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The Aldrete Score

Aldrete score used for readiness of PACU discharge by assigning numeric values to the criteria including activity, respiration, circulation, consciousness, and color. Each criterion is rated from 0 to 2, with a maximum score of 10. Scores in the range of 9 to 10 are considered satisfactory for PACU discharge. (NCT02478580)
Timeframe: 2 hours after extubation

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Nuvigil9.4
Placebo9.3

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Postanesthesia Quality Recovery Scale Score

Postanesthesia quality recovery scale (PQRS). Component and aggregate scoring on the scale. Measures physiology, nociceptive, emotional activities of daily living cognitive and overall patient perspective. The scale is dimensionless and the aggregate of all individually tested dimensions is scaled from 17-65. A higher value implies improved postanesthesia recovery. Mean difference was assessed in each patient and aggregated thus patients with no difference between pre- and post-operative scores were zeroed (received a zero score if the difference was zero). A negative value was associated with worse outcome. (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 hours after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-5.67
Modafinil-8.91

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Length of Time From Extubation to Discharge From Postanesthesia Recovery Unit

Length of time of above compared between groups (NCT02494102)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo53.5
Modafinil61.0

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Number of Subjects Who Dropped Out

"Drop-out rates will be calculated by the number of protocol weeks the subject completed before withdrawing from the study. Drop out rates for subjects taking active v. placebo study medication were compared.~Withdrawal indicates subjects who were either lost-to-follow-up (LTFU), chose to withdraw (self-withdrawn), were withdrawn by the study's PI (withdrawn by the investigator)." (NCT02552303)
Timeframe: up to 8 weeks of active study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CBT for Insomnia (CBTI) + Armodafinil3
CBTI + Placebo4
Armodafinil2
Placebo1

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The Change in Sleep Continuity From Baseline to Follow-up, as Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).

"This outcome measure is based on changes in sleep continuity, as assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), which is administered once at baseline and once at follow-up. The ISI (Morin, 1993) was used to assess perceived sleep difficulties or current insomnia symptom severity (i.e., past two weeks). The ISI is a 7-item, self-report instrument with good reliability and validity, and positively correlated with clinician-rated insomnia diagnoses (Bastien, Vallières, & Morin, 2001). Total scores on the full 7-item scale range from 0 - 28 with higher values representing greater sleep continuity disturbance or insomnia severity.~The four different treatment groups will be compared for differences." (NCT02552303)
Timeframe: ISI is measured once at baseline and once at follow-up (8-10 weeks apart)

Interventionunits on a scale (ISI) (Mean)
CBT for Insomnia (CBTI) + Armodafinil13.0
CBTI + Placebo17.9
Armodafinil7.7
Placebo6

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Questionnaire EQ-5D (European Quality of Life EQ-5D) (Questionnaire Part)

"EQ-5D is a quality of life questionnaire filled in by the participants from screening to the last visit (all visits).~The EQ-5D assesses the status on the day of visit and not over the past week. It has two parts:~The first part is a descriptive system that assesses five distinct health states/dimensions: Mobility (MO), Self-care (SC), Usual activities (UA), Pain/discomfort, Anxiety/depression (AD). A higher score signifies a higher number of symptoms present.~The second part is a 100 mm VAS (EQ-VAS). An increase in VAS indicates an improvement in health state." (NCT02821715)
Timeframe: 14 days after the beginning of the screening

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil + Placebo0.86
THN102 300/31.16
THN102 300/271.24

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EQ-5D European Quality of Life EQ-5D (Visual Analogic Scale Part)

"EQ-5D is a quality of life questionnaire filled in by the participants from screening to the last visit (all visits).~The EQ-5D is a questionnaire assessing the quality of life of the patient. It has two parts:~The first part is a descriptive system that assesses five distinct health states/dimensions: Mobility (MO), Self-care (SC), Usual activities (UA), Pain/discomfort, Anxiety/depression (AD). A higher score signifies a higher number of symptoms present.~The second part is a 100 mm Visual analogic scale (EQ-VAS). An higher score in VAS indicates a better health state.~The questionnaire is assessed at baseline and all subsequent visits" (NCT02821715)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil + Placebo70.10
THN102 300/366.13
THN102 300/2766.72

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Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) evaluation for depressive symptoms (including suicidal thoughts). The scale is completed by the participants from baseline, to last visit (all except screening visit). The questionnaire contains 21 items. Each must be scored from 0 to 3, minimum score = 0, maximum score = 63. A high score indicates increased severity of depression. (NCT02821715)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil + Placebo6.3
THN102 300/37.0
THN102 300/277.0

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

Range 0 to 24, low score indicates good outcome (NCT02821715)
Timeframe: 14 days after the beginning of treatment period

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Modafinil + Placebo14.68
THN102 300/315.34
THN102 300/2715.34

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14-item Fatigue Scale

"Fatigue scale is a rating scale completed by the participants at each visit starting from baseline to last visit; 14 questions to be ticked off by yes or No by the patient. 0 : No fatigue 14 : worst fatigue condition" (NCT02821715)
Timeframe: 14 days after the beginning of treatment period

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Modafinil + Placebo6.37
THN102 300/36.94
THN102 300/277.25

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Cocaine Use as Indicated by Proportion of Days of no Cocaine Use as Assessed by Timeline Follow-back

Timeline Followback (TLFB) is a method to assess of cocaine use that involves asking study participants to self-report their cocaine use over the past week. (NCT02896712)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionproportion of days (Mean)
Phase 1: ACT Plus CM0.70
Phase 1: DC Plus CM0.66

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Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Visits (Excluding Excused Absences) With Cocaine-negative Urine Drug Screen

Urine is assessed for levels of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), and the drug screen is considered positive for cocaine use if BE level is ≥ 150 ng/mL. (NCT02896712)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionproportion of visits (Mean)
Phase 1: ACT Plus CM0.31
Phase 1: DC Plus CM0.24

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Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Visits (Excluding Excused Absences) With Cocaine-negative Urine Drug Screen

Urine is assessed for levels of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), and the drug screen is considered positive for cocaine use if BE level is ≥ 150 ng/mL. (NCT02896712)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks

Interventionproportion of visits (Mean)
ACT Plus CM0.67
ACT Plus CM, With Placebo0.22
ACT Plus CM, With Modafinil0.12
DC Plus CM0.70
DC Plus CM, With Placebo0.12
DC Plus CM, With Modafinil0.10

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Cocaine Use as Assessed by Proportion of Days of no Cocaine Use as Assessed by Timeline Follow-back

Timeline Followback (TLFB) is a method to assess of cocaine use that involves asking study participants to self-report their cocaine use over the past week. (NCT02896712)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks

Interventionproportion of days (Mean)
ACT Plus CM0.83
ACT Plus CM, With Placebo0.58
ACT Plus CM, With Modafinil0.70
DC Plus CM0.88
DC Plus CM, With Placebo0.63
DC Plus CM, With Modafinil0.64

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Mean Change From Baseline Sleep Quality After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire (RBD-Q).

For each participant, the REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire (RBD-Q) was self-administered by participants. The questionnaires were first administered at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The RBD-Q score takes integer values between 0 and 1, for each of the 13 item yes/no questions for a total maximum score of 13; higher values indicate worse sleep behavior disorder. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0 weeks (baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start5.423.57
Early-start5.085.58

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Mean Change From Baseline Sleep Quality After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

For each participant, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaires was self-administered by participants. The questionnaires were first administered at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The ESS takes integer values between 0 and 3, for each of the 8 items for a total maximum score of 24; higher values indicate more daytime sleepiness. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0 weeks (baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start9.008.71
Early-start10.3310.25

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Mean Change From Baseline Stride Length After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured Using an Instrumented Gait Mat.

Participants walked on a 20 foot instrumented gait mat for a total of 80 feet, first at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The stride length values usually range between 0 and 160 centimeters (the maximum stride length we have seen in an aging healthy population); lower values typically indicate more shuffling gait and have been associated with greater gait instability. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventioncms (Mean)
0 weeks (baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start90.1388.97
Early-start69.7864.04

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Mean Change From Baseline Freezing of Gait (FOG) After First 12 Weeks of Treatment, as Measured by the Giladi Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q).

The freezing of gait questionnaire (FOG-Q) was administered by a movement disorders neurologist at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The FOG-Q scores 6 items between 0 and 4, for a total score of 24; higher values indicate worse FOG. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0 weeks (Baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start14.5713.43
Early-start13.7514.42

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Mean Change From Baseline in Motor Function After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Motor Score (UPDRS-III).

For each participant, the Unified Parkinson's disease Rating scale (UPDRS) was administered by a movement disorders neurologist. The scale was first administered at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The motor subscale of the UPDRS takes integer values between 0 and 4 for each of the 27 items for a total maximum score of 108; higher values indicate worse motor function. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0 weeks (baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start39.0034.36
Early-start37.7137.25

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Mean Change From Baseline Quality of Life After 12 Weeks on Treatment, as Measured by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39).

For each participant, the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) was self-administered by participants. The questionnaire was first administered at baseline (week 0), and again after taking the randomly assigned treatment (either Modafinil or placebo) for 12 weeks. The PDQ-39 scores takes integer values between 0 and 4, for each of the 39 items for a total maximum score of 156; higher values indicate worse quality of life. (NCT03083132)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0 weeks (baseline)12 weeks
Delayed-start65.763.3
Early-start59.862.6

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Acceptability of Treatment as Assessed by a Single Question Questionnaire

"Participants will answer yes or no to this question: Taken into consideration the possible benefits and/or disadvantages of this medication, would you choose it, going forward to treat your MS fatigue?. The number of participants who answered Yes to this question is reported here." (NCT03185065)
Timeframe: Week 5 of each treatment period

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo39
Amantadine41
Modafinil55
Methylphenidate55

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Score

ESS score during the fifth week of treatment period. The ESS score can range from 0 to 24. The higher the score, the higher that person's average sleep propensity in daily life, or their 'daytime sleepiness'. (NCT03185065)
Timeframe: Week 5 of each treatment period

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo9.4
Amantadine9.3
Modafinil8.3
Methylphenidate8.8

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Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) Score

MFIS score during the fifth week of treatment period. The total score of the MFIS ranges from 0 to 84. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue. (NCT03185065)
Timeframe: Week 5 of each treatment period

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo40.6
Amantadine41.3
Modafinil39.0
Methylphenidate38.6

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Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) Item Bank - Fatigue Score

Neuro-QoL Item Bank - Fatigue T score during the fifth week of treatment period. T-score distributions rescale raw scores into standardized scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10. Higher T-scores denote more severe fatigue. (NCT03185065)
Timeframe: Week 5 of each treatment period

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo53.1
Amantadine53.0
Modafinil52.5
Methylphenidate52.0

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Drinks Per Drinking Day

drinks per drinking day weeks 4-6 (NCT03424681)
Timeframe: Weeks 4-6

Interventiondrinks/drinking day (Mean)
Modafinil5
Placebo2

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Drinks Per Week

drinks per week weeks 4-6 (NCT03424681)
Timeframe: Weeks 4-6

Interventiondrinks/week (Mean)
Modafinil12
Placebo3

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Time to Relapse

Time to relapse, starting 7 days after treatment initiation (after medication has reached maximum tolerated dose), to heavy drinking days (>4 standard drinks for men, >3 standard drinks for women); abstinent is coded as 9*7=63; dropout not included (NCT03424681)
Timeframe: over 9 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Modafinil16
Placebo43

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Percent Days Abstinent

percent days abstinent weeks 4-6 (NCT03424681)
Timeframe: Weeks 4-6

Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
Modafinil77
Placebo86

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CL: Total Clearance After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

Interventionliter per hour (L/h) (Mean)
TAK-925 44 mg46.4
TAK-925 112 mg47.6

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Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 1 Hour Post-end of Infusion

The MWT is a validated objective measure that evaluates a person's ability to remain awake under soporific conditions for a defined period of time. This tendency to fall asleep is measured via electroencephalography-derived sleep latency. Sleep onset is defined as the first epoch of greater than 15 seconds of cumulative sleep in a 30-second epoch. Trials were ended after 40 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after unequivocal sleep, defined as 3 consecutive epochs of stage 1 sleep, or 1 epoch of any other stage of sleep. If no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 40 minutes. MWT sleep latency ranges from 0 to 40 minutes, with higher scores indicating greater ability to stay awake. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 1 hour post-end of infusion

Interventionminute (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo4.65
TAK-925 44 mg2.49
TAK-925 112 mg2.36
Modafinil 300 mg21.42

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Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 4 Hours Post-infusion Start

The MWT is a validated objective measure that evaluates a person's ability to remain awake under soporific conditions for a defined period of time. This tendency to fall asleep is measured via electroencephalography-derived sleep latency. Sleep onset is defined as the first epoch of greater than 15 seconds of cumulative sleep in a 30-second epoch. Trials were ended after 40 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after unequivocal sleep, defined as 3 consecutive epochs of stage 1 sleep, or 1 epoch of any other stage of sleep. If no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 40 minutes. MWT sleep latency ranges from 0 to 40 minutes, with higher scores indicating greater ability to stay awake. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 4 hours post-infusion start

Interventionminute (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo9.10
TAK-925 44 mg32.04
TAK-925 112 mg40.05
Modafinil 300 mg35.60

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AUClast: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionhour*nanogram per milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Mean)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg2303.71368.330.7
TAK-925 44 mg940.4572.012.3

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Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 6 Hours Post-infusion Start

The MWT is a validated objective measure that evaluates a person's ability to remain awake under soporific conditions for a defined period of time. This tendency to fall asleep is measured via electroencephalography-derived sleep latency. Sleep onset is defined as the first epoch of greater than 15 seconds of cumulative sleep in a 30-second epoch. Trials were ended after 40 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after unequivocal sleep, defined as 3 consecutive epochs of stage 1 sleep, or 1 epoch of any other stage of sleep. If no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 40 minutes. MWT sleep latency ranges from 0 to 40 minutes, with higher scores indicating greater ability to stay awake. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 6 hours post-infusion start

Interventionminute (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo6.15
TAK-925 44 mg20.71
TAK-925 112 mg38.36
Modafinil 300 mg31.89

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Latency to Sleep Onset on MWT at 8 Hours Post-infusion Start

The MWT is a validated objective measure that evaluates a person's ability to remain awake under soporific conditions for a defined period of time. This tendency to fall asleep is measured via electroencephalography-derived sleep latency. Sleep onset is defined as the first epoch of greater than 15 seconds of cumulative sleep in a 30-second epoch. Trials were ended after 40 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after unequivocal sleep, defined as 3 consecutive epochs of stage 1 sleep, or 1 epoch of any other stage of sleep. If no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 40 minutes. MWT sleep latency ranges from 0 to 40 minutes, with higher scores indicating greater ability to stay awake. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 8 hours post-infusion start

Interventionminute (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.53
TAK-925 44 mg13.13
TAK-925 112 mg36.86
Modafinil 300 mg20.44

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Vss: Volume of Distribution at Steady State After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

Interventionliter (Mean)
TAK-925 44 mg106.7
TAK-925 112 mg112.5

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Vz: Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Disposition Phase After Intravenous Administration for TAK-925

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

Interventionliter (Mean)
TAK-925 44 mg207.4
TAK-925 112 mg223.1

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AUC∞: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Infinity for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg2368.71405.632.0
TAK-925 44 mg963.7586.815.2

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Ceoi: Plasma Concentration Observed at the End of Infusion for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg253.4151.13.7
TAK-925 44 mg103.464.01.5

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg266.0144.73.2
TAK-925 44 mg105.861.91.3

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T1/2z: Terminal Disposition Phase Half-life for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionhour (Mean)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg3.2522.4902.516
TAK-925 44 mg3.1342.4242.235

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Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for TAK-925 and Its Metabolites M-I and M-II

(NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 9 hours) post-dose

,
Interventionhour (Median)
TAK-925M-IM-II
TAK-925 112 mg9.0009.0009.000
TAK-925 44 mg9.0009.0309.170

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Latency to Sleep Onset on Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) at 2 Hours Post-infusion Start

The MWT is a validated objective measure that evaluates a person's ability to remain awake under soporific conditions for a defined period of time. This tendency to fall asleep is measured via electroencephalography-derived sleep latency. Sleep onset is defined as the first epoch of greater than 15 seconds of cumulative sleep in a 30-second epoch. Trials were ended after 40 minutes if no sleep occurs, or after unequivocal sleep, defined as 3 consecutive epochs of stage 1 sleep, or 1 epoch of any other stage of sleep. If no sleep has been observed according to these rules, then the latency is defined as 40 minutes. MWT sleep latency ranges from 0 to 40 minutes, with higher scores indicating greater ability to stay awake. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 2 hours post-infusion start

Interventionminute (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo15.68
TAK-925 44 mg35.74
TAK-925 112 mg40.02
Modafinil 300 mg35.57

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Sleepiness on KSS

The KSS scale measures the subjective level of sleepiness at a particular time during the day. On this scale participants indicate which level best reflects the psycho-physical state experienced in the last 10 minutes. The KSS is a 9-item Likert-type rating scale for assessing subjective sleepiness, where 1=very alert, 3=alert, 5=neither alert nor sleepy, 7=sleepy (but not fighting sleep), 9=very sleepy (fighting sleep). Lower score indicates more alertness. (NCT03522506)
Timeframe: Day 1: 14, 10, 6, 2 hours pre-infusion; 2.75, 4.75, 6.75. 8.75 hours post-infusion start; 1.75 hours post-infusion end

,,,
Interventionunit on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
14 hours pre-infusion10 hours pre-infusion6 hours pre-infusion2 hours pre-infusion2.75 hours post -infusion start4.75 hours post-infusion start6.75 hours post-infusion start8.75 hours post-infusion start1.75 hours post-infusion end
Modafinil 300 mg2.792.322.583.323.694.325.796.697.16
Placebo3.052.502.803.906.858.158.508.338.15
TAK-925 112 mg3.292.512.513.463.243.855.186.078.01
TAK-925 44 mg2.852.792.794.014.856.467.798.078.46

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Change in Fatigability as Assessed by the Self-reported Fatigue Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score and Physical Activity Level

Fatigability will be assessed using a wearable monitor, the PRO-Diary (CamNtech) - a wrist-worn accelerometer-based activity monitor which also contains a self-report user interface. The fatigability score will be calculated as the ratio of the self-reported fatigue intensity rating (using a 0-10 numerical rating score) divided by the participant's concurrent physical activity level (measured as the average number of activity counts per minute via actigraphy). All fatigability scores will be averaged over the 7 days to create an aggregate fatigability score. Higher scores indicate greater fatigability. Change in fatigability between baseline and 12 weeks will be compared between the 3 treatment groups. (NCT03621761)
Timeframe: Baseline-12 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-0.0041
Modafinil-0.0175
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + Modafinil-0.0075

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Change in Fatigue Intensity as Assessed by Self-reported Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score.

Fatigue intensity was assessed using a wearable monitor, the PRO-Diary (CamNtech) - a wrist-worn accelerometer-based activity monitor which also contains a self-report user interface. Using a 0-10 numerical rating scale, participants entered fatigue intensity ratings into the user-interface on the PRO-Diary 4 times each day, for 7 days, at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 12 weeks post-intervention. All scores over the 7 days were averaged to produce an aggregate fatigue intensity score. Higher scores indicate greater fatigue intensity. Change in fatigue intensity between baseline and 12 weeks was compared between the 3 treatment groups. (NCT03621761)
Timeframe: Baseline-12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-1.41
Modafinil-1.69
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + Modafinil-2.03

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Change in Fatigue Interference as Assessed by Self-reported Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Score

Fatigue interference will be assessed using a wearable monitor, the PRO-Diary (CamNtech) - a wrist-worn accelerometer-based activity monitor which also contains a self-report user interface. Using a 0-10 numerical rating scale, participants entered fatigue interference ratings into the user-interface on the PRO-Diary 4 times each day, for 7 days, at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 12 weeks post-intervention. All scores over the 7 days were averaged to produce an aggregate fatigue impact score. Higher scores indicate greater fatigue impact. Change in fatigue interference between baseline and 12 weeks will be compared between the 3 treatment groups. (NCT03621761)
Timeframe: Baseline-12 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-1.41
Modafinil-1.73
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + Modafinil-1.78

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Change in the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) Score

The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale is a 21-item self-report survey. Each item is rated 0-4, Total scores range from 0-84. . Higher scores indicate a greater impact of fatigue on a person's activities. The primary outcome measure will be the mean within-subject difference between baseline and 12-week Modified Fatigue Impact Scale values (delta-MFIS), compared between the 3 treatment groups. (NCT03621761)
Timeframe: Baseline-12 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-15.2
Modafinil-16.0
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + Modafinil-17.3

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		3.4711O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		7.99210amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.5220monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4720acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
adenine
[no description available]		2.74306-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0410benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.8630amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		5.1640amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.0810carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		4.520amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.0810alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0710coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde
cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.		2.0510benzaldehydesinsecticide;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.5320monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		9.46210aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.9740catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.5920amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.7130glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.71302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4920sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.4820aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.7530alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.4520alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0410glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		4.85100aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0510benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.0210hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0610alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7130cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.86101acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.4620pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.0840pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.5320monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.610saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.8730monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.430hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0410alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.5920primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0510benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
sk&f 81297
[no description available]		2.0410benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.2510phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		9.0250methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		6.4753amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.4520aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		1.9810guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		4.4260imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		7.5320
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4720acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.5920aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.0840acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.4130monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.5920acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.8630aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		3.5920phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.2310imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.8630organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.2310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		12.99224adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.2310acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.2310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4520dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0510guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		6.1860dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.08401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		3.3920aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.2650carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.8730dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.4720acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.5920nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.4620N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.0510pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.0840benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		3.5920ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.8730aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
baclofen
[no description available]		7.0171amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.4520barbituratesdrug allergen
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendiocarb
bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient		2.0510benzodioxoles;
carbamate ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.5820benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0410benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.87301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0410pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.5820propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.5820diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.5920secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		7.4820organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0410organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.4620aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		6.5681azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.8730methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
caffeine
[no description available]		14.895617purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.9130aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.2310benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		9.6780dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.5820monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.05101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.0840carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.7530N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		3.5920carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.5920organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.0940ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.5920aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.5820diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.5920benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.59201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.0840aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.5820benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.5920monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.0840organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham
Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.2310isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.86301,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.620lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.0840aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4620cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4520cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.8730aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.4720benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		6.64822-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4520monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.8730aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.5920tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		5.5180dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		6.8102clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0710chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5820organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		3.8730substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.5920acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		6.3161dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		11.58462primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		9.41601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		3.5920benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.8730amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.5820dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5920monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		10.8261ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.5920piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		5.1150organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		8.16101branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		2.3920
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		13.89111aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.2310morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.2310aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		3.5920dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.5820pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.8630aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.5920triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etazolate
Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.		2.0510ethyl ester;
hydrazone;
pyrazolopyridine		alpha-secretase activator;
antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.5920aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.2310dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.6201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.86302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0940carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.5920dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.7130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.0840aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.5820monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0510azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		5.0531anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		9.9721piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.5820carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		7.9472aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.8630aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4520aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.4130ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.73301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.2310benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.8630nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		8.43182(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0410decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0410phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.8730fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.0840chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		9.8250gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.9640ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.8630aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.0840aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4520N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		3.2310sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.5820aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.8630monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.620methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		3.5820azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		10.9980acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		11.23101aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		7.4110phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.0710thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0840azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.5920benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.5820benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.2310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.5920one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.0840hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0510pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.2850monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		9.0740primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.2650benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.74301,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide
[no description available]		3.5920ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		9.2550dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8630bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.5920indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		9.1240aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.8730carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5920azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4520organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.0840carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.5920catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8630alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.5920benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		3.5920piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.4770cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.2850dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.5920benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.5920amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0410cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.0840benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.981001,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.5920benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4620benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		3.2310nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.5920N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		9.4130monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.5820benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		5.1850benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		5.541biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5820dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		3.8630anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		3.8430organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		3.5920aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		4.4130primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.8730diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.5520aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8730aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		11.1880adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.45201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8730ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5920imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.8730piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.8630organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.5920amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.5820phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		3.2310aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		3.8630guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		9.5740benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.8630aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		18.614328beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.5920benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.2310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.8630aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.8630C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.8630aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.2310aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		6.5351dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		8.3972imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.2310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		3.8730dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		7.2161benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.5920diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.5920dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.0510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8630monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		1.9910alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.5920methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.86301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5920heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.2650aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8730cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.2310benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.140C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.8730aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.86302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		3.8730C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		2.4220aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5920nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		5.2760isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0510catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.5920fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		3.8630organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.86303-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.6651aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		5.2760carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.8730ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.59201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.59201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		1.9810benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0410aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.9330acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4720phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.8730aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.620phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.5920aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.2310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		4.4720dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.4120aromatic amine
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		11.421821,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.8630barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		3.8630oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		3.8630piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		3.4311hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		3.8630N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4520acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.0410aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.2750barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4520phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.8730aromatic amine
phenprobamate
phenprobamate: structure		2.0510benzenes
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.0640primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.4720pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.0510pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		3.5820indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.620aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		8.9630organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.5920isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		1181aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.5920aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.5920pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.8630benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.8630benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.5920benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.8730N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.2310pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0410benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.8630phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.0510oxopurine
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		11.5751phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		6.4371naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		5.9341carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.620pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.0710aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.5920aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5920benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.6201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.4720aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.8630benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		8.661131,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		3.3611organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8630tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4520butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.930indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.17101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		2.0710benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.5820benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.5820barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.7730ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		4.5840organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.5920pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.620pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.0840ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
imatinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0510pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.5920dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5820quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4520aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.5920sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4520isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.4720primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.8730
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.04102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		7.4110isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.5920alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.0750benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		3.8630sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4520naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.0510N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.8530benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.9330imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		3.8630furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.8630phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.8421diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.0840phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		3.8630phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.2310aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0410aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.2310imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.8630N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2650benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
todralazine
Todralazine: An antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects.		2.0510phthalazines
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.5920N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.5920N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.7430aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.0840aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.5920amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		5.6850monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		3.2310pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		10.4241triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0410aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.8630oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.0840aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.2310
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.5820dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.0410aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.0840chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.8530aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.9460cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.8630gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		3.3611aromatic ether
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.8730carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.5620nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		8.44124imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.86301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		4.2850monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5920corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		8.437011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.592011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.472016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		7.4520ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.8250alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8630imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.0840glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.7530nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.59202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		15.4368201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		4.0540ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.59203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.5920non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.255011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.592017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.863017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.5920penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		9.1140pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		7.7830organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		4.4520aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.59402-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0510
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		3.2710alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		3.8630C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.7130aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.8330amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0410aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
vincristine
[no description available]		3.5920acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.0740carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		9.344117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0510steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		9.2250aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.4720pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		9.1540benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.5920kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.8121monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan
Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9710
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.4420phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		7.5181amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		3.3911amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.5820amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0410organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		5.2531aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		6.761amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.8730alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.0410
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.2310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.1110chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		6.71314-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.5920aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5920beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.5920mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.0840beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.4311L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.472017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.0410organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		3.9130arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		1.9410chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.1550benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0410stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		6.36406-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.5920glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.5920pyrrolidin-2-ones
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5820phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0810aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.110xanthene
synephrine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is resorcinol which has been substituted by a formyl group para to one of the hydroxy groups.		2.0510dihydroxybenzaldehyde
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.23105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0210pyridinium salt
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0510alkane
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		4.5270cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.5220mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.0510alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
heptanal
heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.		2.0510medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		biomarker
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0410steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.7530bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4520aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		2.0710benzodioxoles
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.5920quinolines
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		3.5620methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0410dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.2310acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.5320indazole
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.8721isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.31611,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0410xanthenes
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.2350phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4520organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		7.1310pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0510heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5920mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.5920N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
nicarbazin
Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0510organic molecular entity
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4520benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.2310benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9910ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0410diarylmethane
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
4-fluoroamphetamine
4-fluoroamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		7.1510
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.08401-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.4720cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.0410isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4520phthalazines
9-fluorenone
fluoren-9-one : The simplest member of the class fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluorene bearing an oxo substituent at position 9.		2.0710fluoren-9-onesfungal xenobiotic metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.4820amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.61204-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.9921
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8630ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0510furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.1710
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		13.22438amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5820carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4110dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
lactulose
[no description available]		3.5920glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		1.9710aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.9440acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.2750cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		3.2310ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.5920glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.5920alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
3-methoxyphenylacetic acid
3-methoxyphenylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710monocarboxylic acid
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0410organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		7.0993tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		6.5651benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.5920aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
aminocarb
aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.0510carbamate ester;
toluenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
molluscicide
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.5920benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
perillaldehyde
perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510aldehyde;
olefinic compound		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
volatile oil component
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		7.4420thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.7530pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
promecarb
promecarb: structure		2.0510alkylbenzene
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		3.8730dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		4.29502-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.5920organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0410isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5820acridines
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.0410indoles
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.5820azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.0410indoles
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.1110chromium group element atommicronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0510pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.0210D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
propham
propham: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. propham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
phenmedipham
phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.		2.0510carbamate esterenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		5.3870selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.45206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.620monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.4520glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		3.873017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
an 1
amphetaminil: a supposedly insoluble amphetamine complex that may release amphetamine; proposed as central nervous system stimulant; minor desriptor (78-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound		3.1410amphetamines
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0510carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
benomyl
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
oxadiazon
oxadiazon: manufactured by the Societe Rhone-poulenc, France; structure		2.0510aromatic ether
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.5920aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.5820nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.5920indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.0410benzenes;
phenyl acetates
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.472011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		7.07103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0710phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.97130glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.5920beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.0840penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		3.5920timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.48202-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0740cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.0510oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.5820carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5920amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.0840azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0410organic molecular entity
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		1.9810
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.8730pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.4520amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.5920taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.0840beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.5920catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0410phenanthrenes
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.2310ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.86301-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.8630alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0510catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.8730aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.0840L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0510
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.12405-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.1510pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		8.1140alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.59201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
thidiazuron
[no description available]		2.0510ureas
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0510cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
oxfendazole
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.0510azepanes
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2310anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.620aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8630aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4520organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.0410aromatic ether
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.5820anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5920penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		9.11121aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.5920alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8730cephalosporinantibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.5820diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8630diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0710acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
bicifadine
bicifadine: a nonopioid analgesic that modulates the monoaminergic pathways involved in pain		3.2710
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5920cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0510benzofurans
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5920cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.8630
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		3.8730delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		3.8730delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.7530dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		2.0210pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		3.87303-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.2310N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0510isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		7.25200hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.5920aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8630dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.8730imidazoles
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.59203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.2510aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.1310salicylamides
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.6203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		3.5820aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		7.7430heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.23106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.87301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5920methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.5920phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.5840beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.2310pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		3.8730aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.2310organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.2310benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		11.4141aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		6.3841alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.0940aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		3.8630monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		3.2310duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.8630duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.9330carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		3.8730biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		10.65511,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.8630oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.2310monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.8630carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.0740adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
monoammonium molybdate
ammonium molybdate: RN given refers to unspecified ammonium molybdate salt. ammonium molybdate : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and molybdate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.1110ammonium saltpoison
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		5.8110hydrochloride
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.2310
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.5920cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.9130acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.5920aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.5920carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.4420N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0510glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		3.5920benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.4620fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.49201,2,3-triazole
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.87212-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		5.9271dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
befuraline
befuraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.23101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0510dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
nefiracetam
[no description available]		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		3.620aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.5920razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.5920conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
prethcamide
prethcamide: mixture of cropropamide & crotethamide used as respiratory stimulant & analgesic; major descriptor (66-85); on-line search AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDS (66-85); Index Medicus search PRETHCAMIDE (66-85)		2.0410
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
amperozide
amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.		2.0510diarylmethane;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
fluoren-9-ol
fluoren-9-ol : A member of the class of hydroxyfluorenes that is 9H-fluorene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9 (the non-aromatic carbon).		2.0710hydroxyfluorenes;
secondary alcohol		animal metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.2310hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
citronellal, (r)-isomer
(R)-(+)-citronellal : The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).		2.0510citronellal
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.1320carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.2310carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5920indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.8730aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		6.7580macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol
cholest-5-ene-3,4-diol: RN given refers to (3beta,4beta)-isomer		3.3310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		8.061533-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
moexipril
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: more potent dopaminergic neurotoxic compound than MPTP in mice		1.9810
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid
N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source		1.9910diarylmethane
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		3.2310catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		2.3110
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0510amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		3.9130primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.8630alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.3920
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410catecholamine
metadoxine
metadoxine: combination of above cpds		3.2310
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.5920adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source		3.1710
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		8.4692benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0510methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.2310indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		4.1620cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.5340dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		3.2310aromatic ether
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		7.0510organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
tamsulosin
[no description available]		3.61205-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.5920biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0410D-xylose
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.59201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.8243secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.08409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.5920azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.2310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.5920aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride
Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		5.8230
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		4.1620methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.8730methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.0710biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.5920amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		9.4730
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.8630
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.0510divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
pozanicline
[no description available]		3.1710
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
phenserine
phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase		2.0510
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4720acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.2310furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.5920benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.5920benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.59201-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.0510
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.2310coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.0840cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.8730alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.86301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0510cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		3.5920L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.2310acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.23102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.4520
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
miglitol
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		7.171011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		3.5820acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.5920tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4620cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.2850retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.8630retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.5920macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4620dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.5920dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		13.876114benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.59202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.8630
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.5920epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.0840macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		4.4422benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.4720olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0710N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
decitabine
[no description available]		3.59202'-deoxyribonucleoside
teniposide
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.8730actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.8630L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8630nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.8630flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.5920one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.0410triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.0510enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.1510stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		3.6420olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		4.1320morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.2310vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0510indolyl carboxylic acid
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0710oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.8730pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.8630ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.0840aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
bemesetron
[no description available]		1.9910
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene: an allosteric adenosine modulator		2.0510
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5820N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.6240diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		3.59201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		3.8730monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.0510capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
levocetirizine
[no description available]		2.110diarylmethane
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.8630acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.59202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.1110one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.9521cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.5720thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.0840cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.5920
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.0840stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.5920pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.2310carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		3.5920
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.2310tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8630aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.2310beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		8.6320alkali metal atom
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
thiophanate
thiophanate-methyl : A member of the class of thioureas that is the dimethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		2.0510benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal agrochemical
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
adrafinil
[no description available]		5.8481diarylmethane
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		11.6762salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5920indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.5920beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		3.2310cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.0410primary aliphatic amine
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.8230benzazepine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0510
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.6620long-chain fatty acid
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0410organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.08402-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.0410biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0510prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.8630D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4520carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4720prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.8730antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.7530oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		3.873011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.5920
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.5820dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.8730aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.59202-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.4520homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.4520enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		3.5920retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4520
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5820prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.23101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.5820N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer
2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.		2.0510enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		5.231morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		3.8730homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.5920acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.462017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.5820piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.1310aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0710morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8730morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.0840pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		3.8830morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.2310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		4.0840morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0410organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		6.1651cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		3.2310
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		9.8190morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4720carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.620organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.620phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.5920acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		3.5920dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		13.0682cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		5.28316-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0840morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		3.8630cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.5920dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.5920azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		3.8730dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.5820styrenes
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.5920dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0410cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.2110morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.5920dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.23103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.08401,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.2310cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.8630cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8630dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6320gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
famotidine
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.8730beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		3.3110
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.520maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
n-iodoallyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
N-iodoallyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane: a SPECT imaging agent for viewing dopamine transporter sites; structure in first source		4.3611azabicycloalkane
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.0840imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.8730
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.2310macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.8730diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.4120phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.110magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8630
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.89302-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
dov 216303
[no description available]		3.2710
osu 6162
OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia		3.2110
dibutyl phthalate
6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide: GSK-189254 is the HCl salt; an H3 receptor antagonist; putative cognitive enhancer; structure in first source		2.0510
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1310
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
ispronicline
ispronicline: a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator; has antidepressant, neuroprotective, and cognitive effects; structure in first source		3.2310
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		4.36111,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.2510aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4720
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		9.88133organochlorine compound
methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate
methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate: a dopamine transporter ligand; structure in first source; do not confuse with CPCA cpd		2.0210
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		2.110
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
opc-14857
OPC-14857: metabolite of aripiprazole; structure in first source		3.511
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate
[no description available]		3.2710
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.4620
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.5120
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		2.110
baci-im
[no description available]		3.5920homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		3.2110
lurasidone hydrochloride
Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		4.1120hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.2310nystatins
psn 632408
PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source		2.0510
8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-2-(3-(4-methylphenyl)-5-isoxazolyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1), (1r,2s,3s,5s)-
3beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane-2beta-(3-(4'-methylphenyl) isoxazol-5-yl) hydrochloride: a potent and selective dopamine transporter inhibitor		3.3110
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		8.35122
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5920acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
mk-0249
MK-0249: a histamine-3 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source		5.9121
mln8054
[no description available]		4.3711benzazepine
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.6140
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.9571
ns 9283
3-(3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)benzonitrile: an alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist		2.110
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.0410
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.2510oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.411peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.1310
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.1310
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.0610organotin acaricide
chitosan
[no description available]		7.1310
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.5920organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		14.684910
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		6.3241fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.4711
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		2.110tartrate salt
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		12.3265
abemaciclib
[no description available]		2.2510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.8830ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4520carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.0840
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.4520
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.5920
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.6140
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.8730benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		10.6351benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.2310
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.2310
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
pf-06463922
lorlatinib: inhibits both anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) protein. lorlatinib : A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.		4.6211aminopyridine;
aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
benzamides;
cyclic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
cibinetide
cibinetide: a synthetic 11-mer peptide that binds the tissue-protective receptor		3.2510
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.0510
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		6.9910
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.1105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.8630folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.0510nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.2450cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		7.79112benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.0840dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		3.8730purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.2310L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5920piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		13.3583benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.05102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.2310imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.7750nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.5920formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0510citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
rifabutin
[no description available]		3.5920
febantel
febantel: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
olanzapine-fluoxetine combination
olanzapine-fluoxetine combination: used to treat bipolar depression		3.1810
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0510ureas
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		10.6732
technetium tc 99m bicisate
[no description available]		2.0410
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		3.1410
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.0850
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.0850
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.28128
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.28128
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		015.664013
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		015.664013
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		011.03542
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Hypomania
[description not available]		03.2310
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		012.54415
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		017.54415
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.6620
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.140
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.6620
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.140
Lassitude
[description not available]		021.85226101
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		123.85226101
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		024.1419347
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		121.1419347
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		017.711561
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.55101
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.3110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		014.995924
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		012.914315
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		114.914315
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		019.1814953
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.64135
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		019.1814953
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		111.64135
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		017.556632
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		119.556632
Hypersomnolence, CNS, Idiopathic
[description not available]		011.11205
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
A sleep disorder of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with CATAPLEXY, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. (From Chokroverty, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, pp319-20; Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Apr:52(2):125-129)		011.11205
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		08.6866
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		06.0232
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		110.6866
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.3110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.3110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.3110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.3110
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.3110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		07.6454
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.6454
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.9940
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		013.433616
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		08.1395
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		013.433616
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		014.254615
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		013.87344
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		116.254615
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		07.5220
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.4110
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.5120
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.5220
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.5120
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.4110
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		07.4110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		010.8193
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		112.8193
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		015.334132
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		117.334132
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		010.53173
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		112.53173
ADDH
[description not available]		013.225115
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		115.225115
Amentia
[description not available]		08.03101
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		013.03101
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.5240
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.9871
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.9871
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		09.96183
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.1630
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.610
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.3350
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.29160
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.610
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		08.41260
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		110.41260
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		015.316226
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		117.316226
Autism
[description not available]		07.610
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.610
Psychoses
[description not available]		09.67158
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		111.67158
Paraphilias
[description not available]		02.610
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		014.234321
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		116.234321
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.6320
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.6320
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		012.37416
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		116.958212
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		04.150
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.37145
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.37145
Impotence
[description not available]		02.2110
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.2110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		011.37175
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.7530
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.7530
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		113.37175
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		05.2941
Jet Lag
[description not available]		011.2141
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		03.1210
Air Sickness
[description not available]		05.341
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		03.1210
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		010.341
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.5520
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		02.5520
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.0840
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.8530
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.8530
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.081311
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.081311
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.1710
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		010.26189
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0140
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.1131
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		03.1710
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		015.26189
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		04.0140
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.1240
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.2510
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.2510
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.2510
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		09.75150
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		09.75150
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		011.75394
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		05.1352
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		05.1352
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.2510
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.2510
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.2510
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		04.1631
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		04.1631
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		05.4851
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		05.4851
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.2510
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.830
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.830
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.2510
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.2510
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.2510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2510
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.3820
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.2510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.3110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		010.73126
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		010.73126
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.9821
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.3110
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		019.95428
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		07.26129
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		114.26129
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		116.95428
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.3110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.3110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.3110
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		08.3455
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		08.3455
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		07.3282
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		07.3282
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		07.0343
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		07.0343
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		07.0343
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		07.0343
Nycturia
[description not available]		03.5311
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		08.5311
Metastase
[description not available]		07.9255
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		07.9255
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		07.9255
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		07.9255
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		03.7130
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		03.7130
Ache
[description not available]		06.1662
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		011.1662
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.830
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.830
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4920
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		017.583015
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		114.583015
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.1510
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		06.84101
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		04.7232
Compulsive Eating
[description not available]		02.1510
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		06.84101
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		04.7232
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.1510
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1510
Alogia
[description not available]		02.1510
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.1510
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.1710
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.1710
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.5220
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		06.17113
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		06.17113
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.9931
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		05.9931
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.7530
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		02.7530
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.1710
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.1710
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		05.4853
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.1710
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		010.16115
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		112.16115
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		010.561910
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		112.561910
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		05.8542
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		06.0152
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		010.8542
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.14170
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		06.9151
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		06.9151
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.1710
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.1710
Fibrillary Chorea
[description not available]		02.1710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.1550
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		08.1550
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		04.1731
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.1710
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		04.1731
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		02.1710
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.2510
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		02.1710
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.2110
Delusional Parasitosis
A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.		02.2110
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.2110
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.2110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		09.591911
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		09.591911
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.7830
Carditis
[description not available]		07.7630
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.7830
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		07.7630
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.1210
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		03.1210
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.1210
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		03.4320
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		05.7741
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		15.4320
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		17.7741
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		03.5911
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		03.5911
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		07.9105
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		07.9105
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		07.0810
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0810
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		07.0810
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		02.0810
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		02.0810
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.4711
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		03.4711
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.5251
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		04.5251
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		07.8855
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		03.4711
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		07.8855
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		03.4711
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		09.5499
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		0143014
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		1163014
Habit Chorea
[description not available]		02.0810
Tics
Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)		07.0810
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		013.4266
Emesis
[description not available]		07.5244
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		08.4266
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		09.12108
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		07.5244
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.420
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		08.420
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.110
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.5220
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.5220
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5220
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.110
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.9310
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.9310
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.9310
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.9310
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.5251
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.5251
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		03.4811
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.1110
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		07.5244
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		03.511
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		08.511
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.9693
Ejaculatio Praecox
[description not available]		02.5320
Premature Ejaculation
The emission of SEMEN and seminal fluid during the act of preparation for sexual intercourse, i.e. before there is penetration, or shortly after penetration.		02.5320
Aura
[description not available]		02.9940
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.9940
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.1310
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.1310
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.511
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.511
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.511
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.511
Binge-Eating Disorder
A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.4111
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.7920
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.7920
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.5111
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.5111
Paranoia
[description not available]		07.1310
Recrudescence
[description not available]		06.9352
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.1310
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.1310
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1310
Bleb
[description not available]		02.1310
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.1310
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.1310
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.1310
Stomatitis, Herpetic
Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.		02.1310
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.1310
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.1510
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.1510
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		04.8221
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		09.8221
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.1310
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		14.1310
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		02.1510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.4620
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.4730
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.7430
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		04.5151
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		04.1231
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		04.5151
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		04.1231
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0410
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0510
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.8121
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.8121
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.0510
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.6530
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.0510
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.6530
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		05.4451
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		05.4451
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		08.8421
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		02.0510
Anochlesia
[description not available]		04.3241
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		02.7330
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		02.7330
Dizzyness
[description not available]		05.5932
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		05.3122
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		05.5932
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		05.3122
Paralysis, Sleep
[description not available]		04.1230
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.0510
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.0510
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.0510
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0510
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		04.3511
Dysthymia
[description not available]		09.7421
Dysthymic Disorder
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)		04.7421
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.7721
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		03.4311
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		02.0510
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.9710
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.9710
Orthostatic Intolerance
Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)		07.0610
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Brain Injury, Chronic
Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.		02.0510
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		08.8521
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.9710
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		012.62525
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		012.62525
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0510
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0510
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0710
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0710
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		03.4411
Phimosis
A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.		01.9210
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9210
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		02.0510
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0510
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		02.9810
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		02.9810
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		04.3711
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		04.3711
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		08.8421
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		03.8421
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		05.0331
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.0610
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0610
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.9140
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		05.0331
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0610
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.0610
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.4511
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		03.8221
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		03.8221
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.4511
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		03.8320
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.4511
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.4511
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		03.3720
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		03.3720
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0710
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		07.4520
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.8220
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.8220
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.6930
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.6930
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.0610
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.0610
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.0610
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0710
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.0710
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		09.0390
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic
[description not available]		09.0390
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		09.0390
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0710
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		02.0110
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		02.0110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.9310
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.3320
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.9310
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.0110
Maggot Infestations
[description not available]		02.8540
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		01.9310
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9310
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9310
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		01.9310
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9310
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		01.9310
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0150
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.7321
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		04.7321
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.0210
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0210
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		14.0210
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.0210
Seasonal Affective Disorders
[description not available]		03.411
Seasonal Affective Disorder
A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.		08.411
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		07.4444
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.		02.0210
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.4320
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.4111
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		011.271616
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		02.0210
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		07.0210
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.0210
Muscular Atrophy, Postpoliomyelitis
[description not available]		04.6732
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)		16.6732
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		03.4111
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.9410
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.9410
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.9410
Glioma, Subependymal
Rare, slow-growing, benign intraventricular tumors, often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. The tumors are classified histologically as ependymomas and demonstrate a proliferation of subependymal fibrillary astrocytes among the ependymal tumor cells. (From Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997 Feb;99(1):17-22)		02.0210
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.0310
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.0310
Drooling
[description not available]		07.0310
Articulation Disorders
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.		02.0310
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		02.0310
Fatigue, Mental
[description not available]		02.9410
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.0310
Night Terrors
A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)		02.0310
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.0310
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.0310
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0310
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		03.4111
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0310
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		14.4320
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6930
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		02.6930
Bedwetting
[description not available]		02.0310
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		07.0310
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		07.0310
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.0310
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.0310
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.0310
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.0310
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		02.0310
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.0310
Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.0310
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.4420
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.4420
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.4420
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.0310
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.4420
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.4420
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.4420
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.0310
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.0310
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.6930
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.4311
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.4311
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.0410
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.0410
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0410
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0410
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3120
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9910
Sore Throat
[description not available]		03.3811
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		03.3811
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		0210
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		0210
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		0210
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.3911
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		03.3911
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		03.3911