Page last updated: 2024-11-07

bay x 1005

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source; [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID123723
CHEMBL ID88712
SCHEMBL ID1004174
MeSH IDM0212331

Synonyms (50)

Synonym
bay-x-005
CHEMBL88712 ,
(r)-cyclopentyl-[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-acetic acid
cyclopentyl-[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-acetic acid
bdbm50052030
bay-x-1005
veliflapon
dg-031
veliflapon (usan/inn)
128253-31-6
D06664
bay x 1005
bay x1005
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-cyclopentyl-4-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-, (r)-
bayx-1005
bay-x1005
2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid
(2r)-2-cyclopentyl-2-[4-(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]acetic acid
veliflapon [usan:inn]
dg 031
jxh6x663l0 ,
unii-jxh6x663l0
NCGC00250411-01
gtpl5148
SCHEMBL1004174
MLS006010705
smr004701678
(+)-(2r)-cyclopentyl(quinolin-2-ylmethoxy)acetic acid
veliflapon [usan]
benzeneacetic acid, .alpha.-cyclopentyl-4-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-, (.alpha.r)-
veliflapon [inn]
bay x-1005
2-(r)-cyclopentyl-2-(4-(2-quinolylmethoxy)phenyl)acetic acid
ZEYYDOLCHFETHQ-JOCHJYFZSA-N
(r)-2-[4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl]-2-cyclopentyl acetic acid
bay-x 1005
(r)-?-cyclopentyl-4-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzeneacetic acid
AKOS024457673
DTXSID60155843
bay-x-1005, >=98% (hplc)
128253-31-6 (acid)
(r)-2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid
bay 1005
HY-14165
CS-0003243
Q27074919
bay1005
2-cyclopentyl-2-(2-((4-formylquinolin-2-yl)methoxy)phenyl)acetic acid
qy1 ,
(2r)-cyclopentyl{4-[(quinolin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}acetic acid

Research Excerpts

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"BAY X 1005 has been shown to bind to the 18 kD protein FLAP."( Mode of action of the leukotriene synthesis (FLAP) inhibitor BAY X 1005: implications for biological regulation of 5-lipoxygenase.
Fruchtmann, R; Hatzelmann, A; Keldenich, J; Matzke, M; Mohrs, KH; Müller-Peddinghaus, R; Pleiss, U; Raddatz, S, 1994
)
1.25

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from concentrations of BAY x 1005 and theophylline as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma collected before the morning dose on days 5 and 6 and at various times on day 7 of each period until 24 hours after drug administration."( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between theophylline and the leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor BAY x 1005.
Groen, H; Jonkman, JH; Leeuwenkamp, OR; Moesker, HL; Sollie, FA, 1996
)
0.74

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019
)
0.51

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The ratios of maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve for one 12-hour dosing interval (AUC tau) for treatment C versus B for theophylline on day 7 was 98% for both parameters."( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between theophylline and the leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor BAY x 1005.
Groen, H; Jonkman, JH; Leeuwenkamp, OR; Moesker, HL; Sollie, FA, 1996
)
0.5
" Plasma concentration-time relationships and pharmacokinetic parameters for BAY Y 1015 administered intravenously and orally to six horses at a dosage of 10 mg/kg in a two period cross-over study were established."( Pharmacology of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors BAY Y 1015 and BAY X 1005 in the horse.
Andrews, M; Cunningham, FM; Landoni, MF; Lees, P, 1997
)
0.54
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.06000.00011.68479.3200AID89122
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (30)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxygenase pathwayPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic cell migrationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of wound healingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory response to woundingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responsePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
leukotriene A4 biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stressPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesisPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cellPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipoxin biosynthetic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
lipid oxidationPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 12(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonate 8(S)-lipoxygenase activityPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spacePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membranePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenPolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopePolyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (40)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID686947qHTS for small molecule inhibitors of Yes1 kinase: Primary Screen2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Identification of potent Yes1 kinase inhibitors using a library screening approach.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID92725Compound was tested for in vitro inhibition against human whole blood.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID76777Compound was tested for in vivo inhibition against gp antigen bronchospasm.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID160662Compound was tested for in vitro inhibition against Rat PMNL1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID176207In vivo inhibition of ionophore induced rat pleurisy.2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4
Heteroarylmethoxyphenylalkoxyiminoalkylcarboxylic acids as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors.
AID89122Inhibition of calcium ionophore (A-23187)-stimulated LTB4 formation in human neutrophil assay2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4
Heteroarylmethoxyphenylalkoxyiminoalkylcarboxylic acids as leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors.
AID128185Compound was tested for in vivo inhibition against mouse AA ear edema.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID178504Compound was tested for in vivo inhibition against rat zymosan induced exudate.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID160513Compound was tested for in vitro inhibition against human PMNL.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
AID24352phase 1 oral half life at a dose 50 mg - 750 mg.1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14
Modulators of leukotriene biosynthesis and receptor activation.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (55)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's31 (56.36)18.2507
2000's14 (25.45)29.6817
2010's4 (7.27)24.3611
2020's6 (10.91)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.15

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.15 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.17 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.33 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.15)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials6 (10.34%)5.53%
Reviews5 (8.62%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other47 (81.03%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]