diminazene profile

Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	2354
CHEMBL ID	35241
CHEBI ID	81724
SCHEMBL ID	120719
MeSH ID	M0006470

Synonym
diminazeno
diminazenum
536-71-0
diminazine
benzenecarboximidamide, 4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bis-
4-[(2e)-2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazino]benzamidine
diminazene
berenil (aceturate 2:1)
4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bis-benzenecarboximidamide
4,4'-(diazoamino)benzamidine
DB03608
BRN ,
diminazene [inn:ban]
diminazeno [inn-spanish]
diminazenum [inn-latin]
einecs 208-644-6
CHEMBL35241
chebi:81724 ,
diminazen
FT-0655564
bdbm50000999
4-[2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazinyl]benzenecarboximidamide
C18388
4-[2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazino]benzamidine;4,4'-(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidamide
A829723
pirocide
AKOS015895569
RB8007
SCHEMBL120719
4-(2-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazinyl)benzenecarboximidamide
diminazene [inn]
1443105-71-2
Y5G36EEA5Z ,
diminazene [who-dd]
4,4'-triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyldibenzenecarboximidamide
DTXSID7043792
AC-22588
AB01563384_01
AB01563384_02
unii-y5g36eea5z
4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bisbenzenecarboximidamide
4-[(1e)-3-(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)triaz-1-en-1-yl]benzenecarboximidamide
diminazine aceturate; 1,3-tris-(4'amidinophenyl)triazine
Q410958
4,4'-(triaz-1-ene-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidamide
BCP13959
gtpl10307
4,4'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)bis[benzenecarboximidamide]
diminazene-aceturate
diminazene [inn:who-dd]
GLXC-25308
CS-0453371
AS-75445

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diminazene aceturate is a small-molecule inhibitor of ASICs with a reported apparent affinity in the low micromolar range, making it an interesting lead compound."	( Diminazene Is a Slow Pore Blocker of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a (ASIC1a). Gründer, S; Joussen, S; Rossetti, G; Schmidt, A, 2017)	2.62
"Diminazene diaceturate is an anti-protozoal therapy that has been suggested for use in the treatment of acute cytauxzoonosis, but which failed to clear the carrier state at the dose used in acute illness."	( Failure of efficacy and adverse events associated with dose-intense diminazene diaceturate treatment of chronic Cytauxzoon felis infection in five cats. Birkenheuer, AJ; Cohn, LA; Lewis, KM; Marr, HS, 2014)	1.36
"Diminazene aceturate is a commonly used antibabesial agent. "	( The effects of diminazene aceturate on systemic blood pressure in clinically healthy adult dogs. Joubert, KE; Kettner, F; Lobetti, RG; Miller, DM, 2003)	2.11

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diminazene aceturate has remained a very important therapeutic drug for trypanosomosis in cattle, sheep and goats since its introduction into the market in 1955. "	( A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diminazene. Karanja, WM; Mdachi, RE; Murilla, GA, 2002)	2.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diminazene aceturate treatment did not induce arrhythmic events in normal, as well as in hyperglycaemic animals."	( Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 improves cardiac electrical changes in ventricular repolarization in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic rats. Coutinho, DC; Ferreira, AJ; Medei, E; Monnerat-Cahli, G, 2014)	1.12
"Diminazene aceturate treatment (15 mg/kg/day) activated ACE2, increased the circulating Ang (1-7) level, and augmented EDR and FMD in db/db mouse arteries."	( Upregulation of Angiotensin (1-7)-Mediated Signaling Preserves Endothelial Function Through Reducing Oxidative Stress in Diabetes. Cheang, WS; Huang, Y; Lan, HY; Lau, CW; Liu, J; Luo, JY; Raizada, MK; Tian, XY; Wang, L; Wong, CM; Wong, WT; Xu, J; Yao, X; Zhang, Y, 2015)	1.14
"Diminazene treatment did not change the lesion size, but ameliorated the composition of aortic root and low SS-induced carotid plaques by increasing collagen content and decreasing both MMP-9 expression and macrophage infiltration."	( Diminazene enhances stability of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient mice. Bragina, ME; Caffa, I; Costa-Fraga, FP; da Silva, RF; Fraga-Silva, RA; Mach, F; Montecucco, F; Nencioni, A; Raizada, MK; Santos, RAS; Stergiopulos, N, 2015)	2.58
"Pretreatment with diminazene aceturate, a small molecule with ability to inhibit acid detection through blockade of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) at the doses provided, did not prevent acid-induced pathologic mucus or transport defects but did mitigate airway obstruction."	( Acid exposure disrupts mucus secretion and impairs mucociliary transport in neonatal piglet airways. Atanasova, KR; Bravo, L; Collins, EN; Dadural, JS; Eken, E; Guevara, MV; Kuan, SP; Liao, YSJ; Reznikov, LR; Schurmann, V; Sponchiado, M; Vogt, K, 2020)	0.88
"Treatment with diminazene significantly inhibited the expression of casein kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, and reduced infarct size in AMI rats."	( Protective effect of diminazene attenuates myocardial infarction in rats via increased inflammation and ACE2 activity. Chen, J; Cui, L; Liu, Q; Ma, R; Sang, H; Shan, L; Yuan, J; Zhang, S, 2017)	1.11
"Treatment with diminazene aceturate reversed the reproductive abnormalities caused by the parasite."	( Effects of Trypanosoma brucei infection and diminazene aceturate therapy on testicular morphology and function of Nigerian local dogs. Ezeh, IO; Ezeokonkwo, RC; Idika, IK; Iheagwam, CN; Obi, CF; Obidike, RI; Omoja, VU, 2013)	0.99
"The treatment with diminazene aceturate had an efficacy of 85.7%."	( Diminazene aceturate in the control of Trypanosoma evansi infection in cats. Costa, MM; Da Silva, AS; Garcia, HA; Lopes, ST; Monteiro, SG; Santurio, JM; Teixeira, MM; Wolkmer, P; Zanette, RA, 2009)	2.11

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Additionally, cats were monitored for adverse drug reactions by daily observation and examination."	( Failure of efficacy and adverse events associated with dose-intense diminazene diaceturate treatment of chronic Cytauxzoon felis infection in five cats. Birkenheuer, AJ; Cohn, LA; Lewis, KM; Marr, HS, 2014)	0.64
"The aims of this study were to develop nerolidol-loaded nanospheres, and to evaluate their efficacy in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma evansi, as well as to determine their physicochemical properties, morphology, and any possible side effect in vitro against peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)."	( Nerolidol nanospheres increases its trypanocidal efficacy against Trypanosoma evansi: New approach against diminazene aceturate resistance and toxicity. Baldissera, MD; Cossetin, LF; da Silva, AP; Da Silva, AS; Dalla Lana, DF; Grando, TH; Monteiro, SG; Nascimento, K; Sagrillo, MR; Souza, CF; Stefani, LM, 2016)	0.65
"The nucleoside antibiotic tubercidin displays strong activity against different target organisms, but it is notoriously toxic to mammalian cells."	( Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity. Caljon, G; Campagnaro, GD; de Koning, HP; Hulpia, F; Maes, L; Scortichini, M; Van Calenbergh, S; Van Hecke, K, 2019)	0.51
" Following randomised trypanocidal treatment (diminazene diaceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride or isometamidium chloride), animals were observed for immediate adverse drug reactions and follow-up assessment was performed at 1 and 2 weeks."	( Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Jallow, S; Raftery, AG; Rodgers, J; Sutton, DGM, 2019)	0.77
" However, DA has been reported to have toxic side effects that limit its application."	( Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effect of a novel diminazene aceturate derivative in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Jia, F; Li, X; Ma, W; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2021)	0.87

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated in which bioequivalence data (n = 10) together with data from an additional four cattle were used."	( A bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two commercial diminazene aceturate formulations administered intramuscularly to cattle. Du Preez, JL; Gummow, B; Swan, GE, 1994)	0.53

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"0 micrograms/ml in combination with diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride."	( The effect of verapamil alone and in combination with trypanocides on multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Kaminsky, R; Zweygarth, E, 1991)	0.56
" Susceptibility patterns of sensitive and resistant parasites were evaluated against calcium antagonists of several chemical classes (verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlopromazine), alone and in combination with suramin, diminazene aceturate or melarsen oxide cyteamine."	( Trypanocidal resistance in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro: effects of verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlorpromazine alone and in combination with trypanocides. Anene, BM; Anika, SM; Chukwu, CC; Ross, CA, 1996)	0.48

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" It therefore appears that drug bioavailability is altered or drug biotransformation occurs during the in vivo test."	( In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, MelCy, quinapyramine and isometamidium. Baltz, T; Giroud, C; Zhang, ZQ, 1991)	0.51
"The disposition kinetics and bioavailability of diminazene in five healthy heifers were determined after single intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of diminazene in female Boran (Bos indicus) cattle. Aliu, YO; Mamman, M; Peregrine, AS, 1993)	0.87
"Ingestion of proteinase inhibitors leads to hyperproduction of digestive proteinases, limiting the bioavailability of essential amino acids for protein synthesis, which affects insect growth and development."	( Enzymatic response of the eucalypt defoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) to a bis-benzamidine proteinase Inhibitor. i. Guedes, RN; Lourenção, AL; Marinho-Prado, JS; Oliveira, JA; Oliveira, MG; Pallini, A, 2012)	0.38
" In accordance with that, pharmacological ACE2 activation by DIZE treatment reduced ROS production and NADPH oxidase expression, and elevated nNOS and eNOS expression and NO bioavailability in the penis of ApoE(-/-) mice."	( Diminazene protects corpus cavernosum against hypercholesterolemia-induced injury. Costa-Fraga, FP; da Silva, RF; Faye, Y; Fraga-Silva, RA; Mach, F; Montecucco, F; Pelli, G; Raizada, MK; Santos, RA; Shenoy, V; Stergiopulos, N; Sturny, M, 2015)	1.86
"Endogenous ACE2-Ang (1-7) activation or ACE2 overexpression preserves endothelial function in diabetic mice through increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and inhibiting oxidative stress, suggesting the therapeutic potential of ACE2-Ang(1-7) axis activation against diabetic vasculopathy."	( Upregulation of Angiotensin (1-7)-Mediated Signaling Preserves Endothelial Function Through Reducing Oxidative Stress in Diabetes. Cheang, WS; Huang, Y; Lan, HY; Lau, CW; Liu, J; Luo, JY; Raizada, MK; Tian, XY; Wang, L; Wong, CM; Wong, WT; Xu, J; Yao, X; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The activity of each drug was expressed as: 1) in vitro: the minimal effective concentration which killed trypanosome population by 100% within 24 h of drug exposure (MEC100); the maximum tolerated concentration in which trypanosomes could propagate at the same rate as the controls during 48 h of drug exposure (MTC100); 2) in vivo: the curative dosage in 100% of infected mice (CD100); the highest ineffective dosage: 100% of infected mice remain infected (ID100)."	( In vivo and in vitro sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, MelCy, quinapyramine and isometamidium. Baltz, T; Giroud, C; Zhang, ZQ, 1991)	0.51
" These finding indicate that the majority of the relapse trypanosomes were susceptible the the drug dosage used for selecting the population and that, surprisingly, the calculated proportion of organisms which survived drug exposure varied inversely with the inoculum size."	( Frequency of diminazene-resistant trypanosomes in populations of Trypanosoma congolense arising in infected animals following treatment with diminazene aceturate. Gettinby, G; Kemei, S; Mamman, M; Murphy, NB; Peregrine, AS, 1995)	0.66
" When this third group was treated, the frequency of trypanosomes resistant to the drug dosage was estimated to be less than 1 in 10(3)."	( Apparent rarity of diminazene-resistant trypanosomes in goats infected with a diminazene-resistant population of Trypanosoma congolense. Mamman, M; Murphy, NB; Peregrine, AS; Williams, DJ, 1995)	0.62
" The EC50 values calculated by means of dose-response curves were 45, 80, 165, 259 and 600 microM for 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), dibromo propamidine, pentamidine 2-hydroxy stilbamidine and stilbamidine, respectively, although no inhibitory effects on cell growth were found at 1 mM propamidine, phenamidine and amicarbalide."	( Putrescine uptake inhibition by aromatic diamidines in Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Alvarez Bujidos, ML; Balaña Fouce, R; Cubria, JC; Ordoñez, D; Reguera, R, 1994)	0.29
", when the same flies were allowed to feed on clean goats, the resultant infections were sensitive to treatment with the same drug dosage when administered 24 h following infection."	( Variation in sensitivity of Trypanosoma congolense to diminazene during the early phase of tsetse-transmitted infection in goats. Katende, J; Mamman, M; Moloo, SK; Peregrine, AS, 1993)	0.53
" Underdosing with trypanocides appeared to be uncommon and the indications were that farmers generally gave the drugs at dosage rates above the recommended standard dose."	( The use of trypanocides and antibiotics by Maasai pastoralists. Mwendia, C; Okech, G; Roderick, S; Stevenson, P, 2000)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of diminazene were investigated in crossbred male calves following a single intramuscular dose (3."	( Pharmacokinetics, urinary excretion and dosage regimen of diminazene in crossbred calves. Chaudhary, RK; Kaur, G; Srivastava, AK, 2000)	0.79
" Following the free of charge treatment of the adult cattle at intervals of 7 weeks and at a dosage of 15 ml/100 kg body weight, there was an increase in the average packed cell volume in the herd although the decline in the incidence of trypanosomal infections was more prolonged."	( A large-scale trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin (Cylence, Bayer) in controlling bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Zambia. Jooste, R; Lumamba, D; Mubanga, J; Munsimbwe, L; Van den Bossche, P, 2004)	0.32
" Method had the potential to determine these drugs simultaneously from dosage forms without any interference with each other."	( Validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of diminazene diaceturate and phenazone in injectable veterinary granules and bulk powders. Bekhit, AA; Genete, G; Hymete, A; Kassaye, L, 2012)	0.62
" Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level."	( Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. Alusi, PM; Auma, JE; Chemuliti, JK; Kurgat, RK; Mdachi, RE; Mugunieri, LG; Mukiria, PW; Ogolla, KO; Okoth, SO; Wamwiri, FN; Wanjala, KB, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
antiparasitic agent	A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
trypanocidal drug	A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
triazene derivative	A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.
carboxamidine	Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	30.0000	0.0002	1.8453	10.0000	AID312631
Furin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	5.4200	0.0042	1.2544	5.4200	AID1895619
Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0130	0.0130	0.1515	0.2900	AID1124814
Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.4000	2.0000	2.2000	2.4000	AID1124816
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
proteolysis	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generation	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
decidualization	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of nerve growth factor production	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
viral translation	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
blastocyst formation	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
signal peptide processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signal transduction	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
viral life cycle	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
viral protein processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix disassembly	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organization	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic process	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
zymogen activation	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cholesterol transport	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
nerve growth factor production	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion by cell	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein catabolic process	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide biosynthetic process	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturation	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of endopeptidase activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
dibasic protein processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine precursor processing	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine metabolic process	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
amine metabolic process	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
polyamine biosynthetic process	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine catabolic process	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine acetylation	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type peptidase activity	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
proteoglycan binding	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
heparin binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activity	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
nerve growth factor binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
heparan sulfate binding	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
heparin binding	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
quinone binding	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
diamine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
histamine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
methylputrescine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
propane-1,3-diamine oxidase activity	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
diamine N-acetyltransferase activity	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
N-acetyltransferase activity	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine binding	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
endolysosome lumen	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
melanosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrix	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase inhibitor complex	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumen	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Cathepsin B	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membrane	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network transport vesicle	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raft	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Furin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisome	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
bicellular tight junction	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
specific granule lumen	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Diamine acetyltransferase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (144)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1881385	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 to EC50 for wild-type bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID666705	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for diminazene-, pentamidine-, and melaminophenyl arsenical-resistant HAPT1-deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-22, Volume: 55, Issue:6	Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes.
AID1124807	Inhibition of mouse hippocampal neurons ASIC transfected in CHO cells assessed as inhibition of acid-evoked current at -60 mV holding potential by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey.
AID1312508	Binding affinity to 5'-FAM/3'-TAMRA labeled c-MYC 22-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 4 uM after 12 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID466923	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma evansi ITMAV170475 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.
AID336011	Displacement of ethidium bromide from calf thymus type 1 DNA after 24 hrs by microtiter assay	1992	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 55, Issue:11	A colorimetric microassay for the detection of agents that interact with DNA.
AID1688798	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 to antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 blood stream form	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID489462	Cytotoxicity against HEK239 cells after 72 hrs by Alamar blue assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14	7',8'-Dihydroobolactone, a typanocidal alpha-pyrone from the rainforest tree Cryptocarya obovata.
AID1688794	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 blood stream forms assessed as reduction in parasite viability incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID1394622	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 after 48 hrs in presence of 5 mM glycerol by resazurin-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID1312513	Antiproliferative activity against human OVCAR3 cells after 72 hrs by WST-1 assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID565591	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma evansi STIB 806K infected in NMRI mouse assessed as complete cure from microbial infection at 2 mg/kg, ip administered 3 to 6 days after infection for 4 consecutive days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12	In vivo investigations of selected diamidine compounds against Trypanosoma evansi using a mouse model.
AID1821420	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma evansi assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID1543056	Inhibition of pH 6.6-stimulated mouse ASIC1a homomer expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as reduction in channel activation by VSD fluorescence assay	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Identification of Isoform 2 Acid-Sensing Ion Channel Inhibitors as Tool Compounds for Target Validation Studies in CNS.
AID1624255	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei TbAT1-KO after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID1688795	Antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei harboring TbAT1 deficient assessed as reduction in parasite viability incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID152454	Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 10 ug/mL	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7	An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID1688796	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei harboring TbAT1 deficient to antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 blood stream form	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID1431830	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense IL3000 after 48 hrs by alamar blue based fluorescence assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-23, Volume: 60, Issue:4	Conjugates of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate and Salicylhydroxamate and Lipocations Display Potent Antiparasite Effects by Efficiently Targeting the Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense Mitochondrion.
AID644198	Antitrypanosomal activity against wild type Trypanosoma brucei after 3 days by resazurin-based fluorescence assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4	Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.
AID279551	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes in presence of 100 uM spermidine	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID1431829	Anti-parasitic activity against diminazene, pentamidine and melaminophenyl arsenical-resistant bloodstream trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 harboring TbAT1 deletion mutant after 48 hrs by alamar blue based fluorescence assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-23, Volume: 60, Issue:4	Conjugates of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate and Salicylhydroxamate and Lipocations Display Potent Antiparasite Effects by Efficiently Targeting the Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense Mitochondrion.
AID1821411	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei GUTat3.1 assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID1679081	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for human HEK293 cells to IC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Dec-17, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Investigation of thiazolyl-benzothiophenamides as potential agents for African sleeping sickness.
AID1881380	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream form of diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma congolense DimR to EC50 for bloodstream form of wild-type Trypanosoma congolense	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID279546	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID1881378	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma congolense DimR measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID279547	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes overproducing ODC enzyme	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID1543058	Inhibition of pH 6.25-stimulated mouse ASIC1a/2a heterodimer expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as reduction in channel activation by VSD fluorescence assay	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Identification of Isoform 2 Acid-Sensing Ion Channel Inhibitors as Tool Compounds for Target Validation Studies in CNS.
AID1124816	Inhibition of human SSAT using spermidine as substrate	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey.
AID1394624	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 in presence of 5 mM glycerol to EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID1821417	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense IL1501 assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID1182805	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 grown in HMI-9 medium after 48 hrs by Alamar blue assay	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 57, Issue:15	Structure-based design and synthesis of antiparasitic pyrrolopyrimidines targeting pteridine reductase 1.
AID666703	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for diminazene aceturate-resistant TbAT1 gene-deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei AT1-KO to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-22, Volume: 55, Issue:6	Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes.
AID1808246	Antitrypanosomal activity against pentamidine-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 assessed as reduction in parasite viability by resazurin-based assay	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-10, Volume: 13, Issue:2	Imidazoline- and Benzamidine-Based Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies.
AID1394621	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 after 48 hrs by resazurin-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID1624257	Antitrypanosomal activity against isometamidium resistant Trypanosoma brucei ISMR1 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID466918	Antitrypanosomal activity against diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei deltaTbat1-KO after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.
AID1624256	Antitrypanosomal activity against pentamidine/diminazene/melaminophenyl arsenical resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID1124814	Mixed type inhibition of recombinant human DAO expressed in drosophila S2 cells	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey.
AID478755	Binding affinity to d(CGCGATATCGCG)2 dodecamer assessed as change in melting temperature	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Theoretical models of pentamidine analogs activity based on their DNA minor groove complexes.
AID152455	Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 1 ug/mL	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7	An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID565593	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma evansi STIB 806K infected in NMRI mouse assessed as host survival days at 1 mg/kg, ip administered 3 to 6 days after infection for 4 consecutive days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12	In vivo investigations of selected diamidine compounds against Trypanosoma evansi using a mouse model.
AID312631	Inhibition of human liver cathepsin B	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 51, Issue:3	Development of potent purine-derived nitrile inhibitors of the trypanosomal protease TbcatB.
AID1312517	Antiproliferative activity against human MCR5A cells after 72 hrs by WST-1 assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1202924	Antitrypanosomal activity against AT1 knock out Trypanosoma brucei brucei assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 6, Issue:2	SAR Studies of Diphenyl Cationic Trypanocides: Superior Activity of Phosphonium over Ammonium Salts.
AID1431844	Resistant factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 assessed as inhibition of respiration in presence of glycerol to EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma bruc	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-23, Volume: 60, Issue:4	Conjugates of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate and Salicylhydroxamate and Lipocations Display Potent Antiparasite Effects by Efficiently Targeting the Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense Mitochondrion.
AID441755	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB 795 infected in NMRI mouse African trypanosomiasis model assessed as parasite free mouse survival at 10 mg/kg, ip qd administered for 4 consecutive days from day 3 to 6 postinfection me	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Antitrypanosomal activity of 1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ols and their ester derivatives.
AID1394629	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream trypomastigote stage of pentamidine/diminazene/melaminophenyl arsenical resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 after 48 hrs by resazurin-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID336010	Displacement of methyl green from DNA after 24 hrs by microtiter assay	1992	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 55, Issue:11	A colorimetric microassay for the detection of agents that interact with DNA.
AID395133	Binding affinity to poly(dA).poly(dT) duplex DNA assessed as ratio of KA to KB by ESI-MS analysis	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Ligand binding to nucleic acids and proteins: Does selectivity increase with strength?
AID1312512	Binding affinity to 5'-FAM/3'-TAMRA labeled 26-mer duplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 4 uM after 12 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1312551	Binding affinity to wild type Bcl2 27-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) by isothermal titration calorimetry	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1394632	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of pentamidine/diminazene/melaminophenyl arsenical resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 to EC50 for bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID1202925	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for AT1 knock out Trypanosoma brucei brucei to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 trypomastigotes	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 6, Issue:2	SAR Studies of Diphenyl Cationic Trypanocides: Superior Activity of Phosphonium over Ammonium Salts.
AID1202923	Antitrypanosomal activity against wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 trypomastigotes assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 6, Issue:2	SAR Studies of Diphenyl Cationic Trypanocides: Superior Activity of Phosphonium over Ammonium Salts.
AID215159	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, exposure of parasites to compound prior to injection into mice at 10 e-6 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID1312509	Binding affinity to 5'-FAM/3'-TAMRA labeled F21T 21-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 4 uM after 12 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1881379	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma congolense EMS MUT DimR measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID1821419	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei congolense IL3000 assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID1808248	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against pentamidine-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 to EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form trypomastigotes of wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-10, Volume: 13, Issue:2	Imidazoline- and Benzamidine-Based Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies.
AID1394623	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense IL3000 after 48 hrs by resazurin-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Inhibition of trypanosome alternative oxidase without its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (ΔMTS-TAO) by cationic and non-cationic 4-hydroxybenzoate and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde derivatives active against T. brucei and T. congolense.
AID1881392	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID1312511	Binding affinity to 5'-FAM/3'-TAMRA labeled k-RAS21R 21-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 4 uM after 12 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1312534	Stabilization of c-MYC template Pu27 mutant DNA (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of Taq polymerase-mediated polymerization/extension of Pu27 mutant and Pu27rev oligomers at 1 to 25 uM preincubated for 6 hrs followed by Taq polymerase addition by PC	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1688800	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei ISMR1 to antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 blood stream form	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID489459	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 20, Issue:14	7',8'-Dihydroobolactone, a typanocidal alpha-pyrone from the rainforest tree Cryptocarya obovata.
AID1312510	Binding affinity to 5'-FAM/3'-TAMRA labeled c-kit2 26-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as change in melting temperature at 4 uM after 12 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1624260	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for isometamidium resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID1821416	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense IL1922 assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID152453	Inhibitory activity against adenosine uptake through P2 adenosine transporter of blood stream Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigotes at the concentration 100 ug/mL	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7	An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID225778	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay with [poly(dG-dC)]2 (synthetic oligonucleotide)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID54990	Change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1881384	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream form of tbat1-/- deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei to EC50 for wild-type bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID666702	Antitrypanosomal activity against diminazene aceturate-resistant TbAT1 gene-deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei AT1-KO after 3 days by alamar blue assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-22, Volume: 55, Issue:6	Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes.
AID396382	Antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 by [3H]hypoxanthine uptake	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 43, Issue:12	Pharmacophore based discovery of potential antimalarial agent targeting haem detoxification pathway.
AID552699	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 infected in NMRI mouse assessed as suppression of parasitemia level in mouse tail blood at 10 mg/kg, ip qd for 4 consecutive days measured 5 days post infection	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1	Synthesis and antitrypanosomal evaluation of derivatives of N-benzyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ols: Effect of core substitutions and salt formation.
AID54988	Change in DNA-melting (deltaTm) with calf thymus DNA at pH 65.0	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1881372	Antiparasitic activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID644201	Selectivity ratio of EC50 for P2/AT1 double knockout Trypanosoma brucei to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4	Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.
AID1881383	Antiparasitic activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID1624259	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for pentamidine/diminazene/melaminophenyl arsenical resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID1679073	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin dye based assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Dec-17, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Investigation of thiazolyl-benzothiophenamides as potential agents for African sleeping sickness.
AID1244568	Resistant factor, ratio of EC50 for diminazene/pentamidine/melaminophenyl arsenicals-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 to EC50 for wild type bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 trypomastigotes	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101	Lowering the pKa of a bisimidazoline lead with halogen atoms results in improved activity and selectivity against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro.
AID1881374	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense IL3000 measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID1312528	Stabilization of c-MYC Pu27 G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of Taq polymerase-mediated polymerization/extension of Pu27 and Pu27rev oligomers at 10 uM preincubated for 6 hrs followed by Taq polymerase addition by PCR stop assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID53471	Compound was evaluated for 50% inhibitory dose against oncornaviral DNA polymerase activity of moloney murine leukemia virus	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Diaryl amidine derivatives as oncornaviral DNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1312520	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability at 20 uM after 72 hrs by WST-1 assay relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1312553	Selectivity ratio of Kd for 8-bp AT rich duplex DNA (unknown origin) to Kd for wild type Bcl2 27-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1543057	Inhibition of pH 5.5-stimulated mouse ASIC2a homomer expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as reduction in channel activation by VSD fluorescence assay	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Identification of Isoform 2 Acid-Sensing Ion Channel Inhibitors as Tool Compounds for Target Validation Studies in CNS.
AID1881381	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for bloodstream form of diminazene-resistant Trypanosoma congolense EMS MUT DimR to EC50 for wild-type bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID279550	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes in presence of 100 uM putrescine	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID372443	Biphasic antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 by alamar blue fluorescent dye assay	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 51, Issue:11	2,N6-disubstituted adenosine analogs with antitrypanosomal and antimalarial activities.
AID55303	Inhibitory concentration against DNA-bound ethidium for cytotoxicity	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1624258	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for Trypanosoma brucei TbAT1-KO to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID225777	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay with [poly(dA-dT)]2 (synthetic oligonucleotide)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1124815	Inhibition of mouse polyamine oxidase assessed as conversion of N-acetylspermine to N-acetylspermidine	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Some non-conventional biomolecular targets for diamidines. A short survey.
AID279548	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes overproducing SPDSYN enzyme	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID552695	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1	Synthesis and antitrypanosomal evaluation of derivatives of N-benzyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ols: Effect of core substitutions and salt formation.
AID565595	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma evansi STIB 806K infected in NMRI mouse assessed as host survival days at 0.2 mg/kg, ip administered 3 to 6 days after infection for 4 consecutive days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12	In vivo investigations of selected diamidine compounds against Trypanosoma evansi using a mouse model.
AID1312519	Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells assessed as cell viability at 20 uM after 72 hrs by WST-1 assay relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1312550	Binding affinity to wild type c-MYC 24-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin) by isothermal titration calorimetry	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID279549	Antiproliferative activity against Leishmania donovani DI700 promastigotes overproducing ADOMETDC enzyme	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Leishmania donovani polyamine biosynthetic enzyme overproducers as tools to investigate the mode of action of cytotoxic polyamine analogs.
AID215161	Compound is evaluated for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, by exposing the parasites directly to compound prior to injection to mice at 10 e-7 M concentration in dark	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID628481	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells at 70 uM after 48 hrs by by alamar blue assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22	Convolutamines I and J, antitrypanosomal alkaloids from the bryozoan Amathia tortusa.
AID1297650	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 bloodstream forms incubated for 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 116	An evaluation of Minor Groove Binders as anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei therapeutics.
AID565594	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma evansi STIB 806K infected in NMRI mouse assessed as complete cure from microbial infection at 0.2 mg/kg, ip administered 3 to 6 days after infection for 4 consecutive days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12	In vivo investigations of selected diamidine compounds against Trypanosoma evansi using a mouse model.
AID644197	Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 3 days by resazurin-based fluorescence assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4	Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.
AID1688797	Antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei B48 assessed as reduction in parasite viability incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID1881375	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma vivax STIB 719 by [3H]-hypoxanthine incorporation assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID1881382	Antiparasitic activity against bloodstream form of tbat1-/- deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID466919	Antitrypanosomal activity against multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.
AID1312516	Antiproliferative activity against human bone marrow cells after 72 hrs by WST-1 assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID98558	Concentration required to inhibit the cell growth by 50 % after 48 hr in L1210 leukemic cells.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1312552	Selectivity ratio of Kd for 8-bp AT rich duplex DNA (unknown origin) to Kd for wild type c-MYC 24-mer G-quadruplex DNA (unknown origin)	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1244566	Trypanocidal activity against wild type bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 trypomastigotes after 70 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101	Lowering the pKa of a bisimidazoline lead with halogen atoms results in improved activity and selectivity against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro.
AID215864	In vitro activity against bloodstream from trypomastigotes.	1998	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-07, Volume: 8, Issue:7	An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes.
AID1182806	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 grown in Creek's minimal medium after 48 hrs by Alamar blue assay	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 57, Issue:15	Structure-based design and synthesis of antiparasitic pyrrolopyrimidines targeting pteridine reductase 1.
AID1431828	Anti-parasitic activity against bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 after 48 hrs by alamar blue based fluorescence assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-23, Volume: 60, Issue:4	Conjugates of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate and Salicylhydroxamate and Lipocations Display Potent Antiparasite Effects by Efficiently Targeting the Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense Mitochondrion.
AID1881391	Antiparasitic activity against wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei measured after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2021	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 12, Issue:8	Truncated S-MGBs: towards a parasite-specific and low aggregation chemotype.
AID565592	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma evansi STIB 806K infected in NMRI mouse assessed as host survival days at 2 mg/kg, ip administered 3 to 6 days after infection for 4 consecutive days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12	In vivo investigations of selected diamidine compounds against Trypanosoma evansi using a mouse model.
AID1431843	Trypanocidal activity against bloodstream trypomastigote stage of wild-type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 assessed as inhibition of respiration in presence of glycerol	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-23, Volume: 60, Issue:4	Conjugates of 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate and Salicylhydroxamate and Lipocations Display Potent Antiparasite Effects by Efficiently Targeting the Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense Mitochondrion.
AID666704	Antitrypanosomal activity against diminazene-, pentamidine-, and melaminophenyl arsenical-resistant HAPT1-deficient Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 after 3 days by alamar blue assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-22, Volume: 55, Issue:6	Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes.
AID1624292	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma congolense by resazurin assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID1688799	Antitrypanosomal activity against drug resistant Trypanosoma brucei ISMR1 assessed as reduction in parasite viability incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin dye based fluorescence assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	C6-O-alkylated 7-deazainosine nucleoside analogues: Discovery of potent and selective anti-sleeping sickness agents.
AID552696	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei s427 after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1	Synthesis and antitrypanosomal evaluation of derivatives of N-benzyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ols: Effect of core substitutions and salt formation.
AID644196	Antitrypanosomal activity against blood stream form of Trypanosoma brucei after 69 hrs by resazurin-based fluorescence assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4	Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.
AID1821418	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as parasite growth inhibition incubated for 3 days by Celltiter-Glo luminescence assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 01-28, Volume: 85, Issue:1	Benzophenone Glucosides and B-Type Proanthocyanidin Dimers from Zambian
AID54658	Inhibitory concentration against ethidium in DNA-binding assay	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 38, Issue:18	Novel acridine-triazenes as prototype combilexins: synthesis, DNA binding, and biological activity.
AID1895619	Inhibition of furin (unknown origin) using Pyr-RTKR-MCA as substrate incubated for 30 mins and measured by FRET assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-24, Volume: 65, Issue:4	Why All the Fury over Furin?
AID1244567	Trypanocidal activity against diminazene/pentamidine/melaminophenyl arsenicals-resistant bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 trypomastigotes after 70 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101	Lowering the pKa of a bisimidazoline lead with halogen atoms results in improved activity and selectivity against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro.
AID215154	Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, exposure of parasites to compound prior to injection into mice at 10 e-5 M concentration in dark conditions	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Identification of an acridine photoaffinity probe for trypanocidal action.
AID1202926	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 with nonfunctional high affinity pentamidine transporter assessed as cell viability after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 6, Issue:2	SAR Studies of Diphenyl Cationic Trypanocides: Superior Activity of Phosphonium over Ammonium Salts.
AID1312533	Stabilization of c-MYC template Pu27-13,14 mutant DNA (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of Taq polymerase-mediated polymerization/extension of Pu27-13,14 mutant and Pu27rev oligomers at 25 uM preincubated for 6 hrs followed by Taq polymerase additio	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID312629	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 51, Issue:3	Development of potent purine-derived nitrile inhibitors of the trypanosomal protease TbcatB.
AID628473	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei after 48 hrs by by alamar blue assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22	Convolutamines I and J, antitrypanosomal alkaloids from the bryozoan Amathia tortusa.
AID1312554	Binding affinity to 8-bp AT rich duplex DNA (unknown origin) by isothermal titration calorimetry	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-08, Volume: 118	Alkyne-substituted diminazene as G-quadruplex binders with anticancer activities.
AID1808247	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form trypomastigotes of wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 assessed as reduction in parasite viability by resazurin-based assay	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-10, Volume: 13, Issue:2	Imidazoline- and Benzamidine-Based Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies.
AID1624254	Antitrypanosomal activity against wild type Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity.
AID466917	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 after 48 hrs by alamar blue assay	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3	Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.
AID666701	Antitrypanosomal activity against wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei Lister 427 after 3 days by alamar blue assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-22, Volume: 55, Issue:6	Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes.
AID644199	Antitrypanosomal activity against P2/AT1 double knockout Trypanosoma brucei after 3 days by resazurin-based fluorescence assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 20, Issue:4	Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents.
AID1202927	Resistance factor, ratio of EC50 for Trypanosoma brucei brucei B48 to EC50 for wild type Trypanosoma brucei brucei s427 trypomastigotes	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-12, Volume: 6, Issue:2	SAR Studies of Diphenyl Cationic Trypanocides: Superior Activity of Phosphonium over Ammonium Salts.
AID552697	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1	Synthesis and antitrypanosomal evaluation of derivatives of N-benzyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-ols: Effect of core substitutions and salt formation.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	195 (26.35)	18.7374
1990's	187 (25.27)	18.2507
2000's	99 (13.38)	29.6817
2010's	197 (26.62)	24.3611
2020's	62 (8.38)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	24 (3.17%)	5.53%
Reviews	22 (2.90%)	6.00%
Case Studies	11 (1.45%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	701 (92.48%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.58	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	8.27	6	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.04	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.03	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.78	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.21	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.4	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.7	3	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.25	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.25	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.41	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.06	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.25	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
putrescine [no description available]	3.76	11	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.07	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.07	5	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	3.5	2	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
beta-resorcylic acid beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.57	2	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.98	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.01	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
albendazole [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	1.98	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	9.33	4	1	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.98	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.45	2	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	6.01	15	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.35	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
caffeine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	3.86	2	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.9	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.54	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	7.59	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	7.72	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	1.99	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	5.86	18	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.21	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.99	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	5.1	14	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.17	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dimetridazole Dimetridazole: A compound used to treat histomoniasis in poultry.. dimetridazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl groups. An antiprotozoal drug, it has been banned by both the Government of Canada and the European Union as a livestock feed additive owing to suspicions of it being carcinogenic.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
stallimycin [no description available]	5.8	12	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.61	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.1	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	1.96	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	3.86	2	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.25	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.25	1	0	methoxybenzenes
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	7.55	43	1	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.25	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	3.19	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	3.19	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	7.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.14	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	7.89	3	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.37	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	6.48	19	0
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.41	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	1.97	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	3.19	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	2.05	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	7.2	71	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.01	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	3.57	8	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.21	1	0	isoquinolines
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	1.98	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	3.19	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.97	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	6.84	36	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	1.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.15	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.02	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
thymidine [no description available]	3.08	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.65	3	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.98	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.95	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.17	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.41	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.96	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline [no description available]	3.18	6	0	anilines; primary arylamine
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.97	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.05	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.63	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.97	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
acriflavine chloride 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; histological dye; intercalator
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	1.93	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.11	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.4	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.67	3	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.05	1	0	xanthene
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.04	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	2.13	1	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.9	4	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.86	3	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.01	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
quinuronium sulfate quinuronium sulfate: structure	8.07	5	0
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.41	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	1.96	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.67	3	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.4	2	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	1.95	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.15	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.08	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.06	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.19	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rhein [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.1	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.21	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	10.67	25	0	triazines
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3	4	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.36	7	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.19	5	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.05	1	0	phenoxazine
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.13	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
dibrompropamidine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.44	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.37	2	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.65	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
etonitazene etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals	3.14	1	0
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethidium bromide [no description available]	3.49	2	0	organic bromide salt	geroprotector; intercalator; trypanocidal drug
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	7.13	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.31	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.06	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	2.65	3	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.22	5	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	1.98	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
streptomycin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride	intercalator
nitracrine Nitracrine: Acridine antineoplastic agent used in mammary and ovarian tumors. It inhibits RNA synthesis.	1.96	1	0	acridines
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	5.57	17	1	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
coralyne [no description available]	3.14	1	0
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.41	2	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.25	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.41	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.83	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.17	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phosphoryl chloride phosphoryl chloride: structure	2	1	0	phosphorus coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
melarsonic acid melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	9.32	4	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
ipronidazole Ipronidazole: An antihistomonal agent with low toxicity. It also promotes growth and feed utilization in poultry.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.37	2	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
melarsen oxide melarsen oxide: inhibits glutathione reductase	2.41	2	0
ethonium Ethonium: Russian drug; RN given refers to dichloride	1.96	1	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.43	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.25	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	1.98	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	1.97	1	0	pyrroline
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	3.19	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.17	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
4-(9-acridinylamino)aniline 4-(9-acridinylamino)aniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4',6-bis(2'imidazolinyl-4',5'-h)-2-phenylindole 4',6-bis(2'imidazolinyl-4',5'-H)-2-phenylindole: used to produce distinct fluorescent bands in human chromosomes; structure	1.95	1	0
fenoxaprop ethyl Puma: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising one species, Puma concolor. It is a large, long-tailed, feline of uniform color. The names puma, cougar, and mountain lion are used interchangeably for this species. There are more than 20 subspecies.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether
1,2-di(5-amidino-2-benzofuranyl)ethane 1,2-di(5-amidino-2-benzofuranyl)ethane: preferential inhibitor of bovine factor Xa; structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	2.15	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.73	10	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
halofuginone [no description available]	6.96	1	0	quinazolines
phenamidine phenamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.88	4	0
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allicin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
diminazene aceturate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
melarsomine melarsomine: structure given in first source	4.41	4	1
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.21	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	1.97	1	0	steroid ester
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.57	2	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
orsellinic acid orsellinic acid: from the Sonoran desert endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum; structure in first source. o-orsellinic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite; metabolite
fexinidazole fexinidazole: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	7.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
parvaquone parvaquone: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pyrithidium bromide [no description available]	2.36	2	0
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	1.98	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
tebuquine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
epicatechin (-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.41	1	0	catechin; polyphenol	antioxidant
gallocatechol (-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.41	1	0	catechin; flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol	antioxidant; food component; plant metabolite
trypan red [no description available]	2.34	2	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.02	4	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
melarsen melarsen: product of the decomposition in aqueous solution of melarsamine HCl; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	1.98	1	0
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	7.13	1	0
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	10.4	98	4	organic molecular entity
nimbolide nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aminoquinoline
mk 436 MK 436: structure	1.95	1	0
lexitropsin lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide	1.99	1	0
n,n-dideethylchloroquine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
quinapyramine quinapyramine: RN given refers to hydride; structure	5.38	19	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.03	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
melarsomine dihydrochloride [no description available]	7.29	18	2
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	5.53	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.05	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
sn 18071 SN 18071: bisquarternary ammonium heterocycle; RN given refers to 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid[1:2] salt; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	3.4	7	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	1.98	1	0
ro 15-0216 [no description available]	6.97	1	0
1-nitro-9-aminoacridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-(4-amidinophenyl)-1-benzofuran-5-carboxamidine 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-1-benzofuran-5-carboxamidine: structure given in first source	1.95	1	0
cryptolepine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.68	3	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
4,4'-(2,2-bis((4-(aminoiminomethyl)-2-bromophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(3-bromobenzenecarboximidamide 4,4'-(2,2-bis((4-(aminoiminomethyl)-2-bromophenoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl)bis(oxy))bis(3-bromobenzenecarboximidamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	4.21	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	3.47	2	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.97	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.41	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.39	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
puromycin [no description available]	2.81	3	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.04	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
afzelechin afzelechin: from Hovenia dulcis; structure in first source. afzelechin : A tetrahydroxyflavan that is (2S)-flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.41	1	0	catechin; tetrahydroxyflavan	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.66	3	0
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.92	4	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.25	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mln 4760 2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid: MLN-4760 is the (S,S)-isomer; an ACE2 inhibitor; structure in first source. MLN-4760 : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which a hydrogen of the primary amino group is substituted by a (1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl group and the ring NH group is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorobenzyl group. It is a potent and selective human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) which was in clinical development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.	2.82	3	0	dichlorobenzene; L-histidine derivative; L-leucine derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.17.23 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor
furimidazoline furimidazoline: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.96	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.44	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	1.95	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
pmx 464 PMX 464: induces Nrf2; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
hirsutanone hirsutanone: from methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Viscum cruciatum (Viscaceae)	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-4h-pyran 2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
8-azidoethidium 8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.08	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.35	2	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.15	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
quinine [no description available]	3.81	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.13	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.9	4	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	1.97	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.05	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.7	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.19	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
diosmin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
gingerenone a gingerenone A: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Zingiber officinale; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.1	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
n,n-dimethylsphingenine N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; sphingoid; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	15.63	533	15	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.58	2	0
anthramycin [no description available]	3.06	1	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.05	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
hexahydrocurcumin hexahydrocurcumin: from Zingiber officinale; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	7.13	1	0	nerolidol
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	3.48	8	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.36	7	0
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	1.95	1	0
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8	26	3	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	3.19	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.6	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	7.21	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.02	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
tetrahydroxycurcumin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-diketone; catechols; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
oxymorphindole oxymorphindole: no other info avail 9/91	3.14	1	0
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	3.14	1	0	isoquinolines
gedunin gedunin: isolated from neem (Azadirachta indica); structure in first source. gedunin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product found particularly in Azadirachta indica and Cedrela odorata.	2.1	1	0	limonoid
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.06	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.13	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
ascofuranone ascofuranone: structure. ascofuranone : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (2E,6E)-7-[(2S)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by the soil fungus, Acremonium sclerotigenum. It is a promising drug candidate against the tropical disease, African trypanosomiasis.	2.66	2	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid; tetrahydrofuranone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
mdl 73811 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sibiromycin [no description available]	3.06	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; hemiaminal; phenols; pyrrolobenzodiazepine	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
diacetylcurcumin diacetylcurcumin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	4.18	5	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	3.36	1	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
bis((3-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl)methylene)carbonimidic dihydrazide trihydrochloride bis((3-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl)methylene)carbonimidic dihydrazide trihydrochloride: structure given in first source	2	1	0
norleu3-a(1-7) norLeu3-A(1-7): accelerates healing, reduction of fibrotic scar, and normalization of tissue architecture	2.11	1	0
db 820 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.41	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.63	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.1	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	3.47	2	0
dimethoxycurcumin dimethoxycurcumin: has antineoplsatic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	8.51	8	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.51	2	0
glucosyringic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one: from Curcuma longa; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
obolactone obolactone: structure in first source. obolactone : A pyranone isolated from the trunk barks of Cryptocarya obovata and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity against the KB cell line.	2.05	1	0	2-pyranones; 4-pyranones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.48	2	0
amicarbalide diisethionate amicarbalide diisethionate: structure	3.35	7	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.41	2	0
mdl 73811 MDL 73811: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.99	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.39	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	1.95	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.49	2	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.91	4	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.1	1	0
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	2	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.58	2	0
lincospectin [no description available]	1.95	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.02	1	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	1.97	1	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	3.48	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide
(E)-1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.4	2	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3-di-(4-amidinophenoxy)-2,2-bis-(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)propane 1,3-di-(4-amidinophenoxy)-2,2-bis-(4-amidinophenoxymethyl)propane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	1.96	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.58	2	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coumermycin coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.	2.38	2	0	aromatic amide; coumarins; glycoside; heteroarenecarboxylate ester; pyrroles	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.36	2	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.17	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.36	7	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	1.95	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.38	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	1.95	1	0
tetrocarcin a tetrocarcin A: from cultures of strain No. T-90 designated as Micromonospora chalcea subsp. kazunoensis	2.37	2	0
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	7.36	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.41	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.52	2	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
pyrethrins [no description available]	4.82	7	1
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	5.53	22	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.02	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.96	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.88	3	0
guanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	1.99	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.1	5	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7-deazainosine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	7.37	2	0
3'-deoxyinosine 3'-deoxyinosine: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.98	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.05	1	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.03	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.1	41	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	9.25	70	3
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	12.35	217	11
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	12.35	217	11
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.34	8	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.94	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.42	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.34	8	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	3.01	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.94	2	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	3.01	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.01	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.92	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.35	5	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.69	2	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	7.91	56	4
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.31	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	8.12	51	2
Arrhythmia [description not available]	4.52	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.86	3	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.52	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.86	3	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.41	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.53	2	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	6.35	14	3
Corridor Disease [description not available]	5.15	11	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.41	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.12	39	7
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.41	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.41	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.6	1	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.21	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.21	1	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.33	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	5.17	11	1
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.21	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.91	3	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.66	2	0
Ache [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.25	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.25	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.25	1	0
Dourine A disease of horses and donkeys caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease occurs in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.	7.25	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	5.31	13	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	3.57	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.57	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.31	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.55	2	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.55	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.09	5	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.82	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.25	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	2.25	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	7.25	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	7.25	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.92	4	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.25	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.25	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.66	2	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.02	4	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.25	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.04	15	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.82	11	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	9.82	11	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	4.18	5	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.23	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	4.18	5	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	8	81	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.31	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.58	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	7.42	34	4
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	3.12	5	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.93	4	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.17	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	7.17	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.17	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.71	3	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.17	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.17	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.17	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.17	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.17	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	5.97	26	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	6.79	14	5
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.57	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.21	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	7.55	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.21	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.57	2	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.21	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.37	7	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.57	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.41	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.08	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.5	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.5	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.08	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.92	4	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.1	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.36	7	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.9	4	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.1	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.51	2	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	8.42	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.1	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	3.03	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.78	3	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.11	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.13	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.13	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.53	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.13	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.13	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.26	6	0
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.43	2	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.71	3	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	2.39	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.06	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.06	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Infection [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.33	2	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Diathesis [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2.69	3	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.7	3	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.38	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.96	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.96	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	1.98	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	4.06	3	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	1.98	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	1.99	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.99	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	1.99	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.07	5	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	1.99	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.38	2	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Cattle Plague [description not available]	2	1	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	2	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	2	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	1.95	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	1.95	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.95	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	1.98	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	1.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.98	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	1.98	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	3.36	1	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.97	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.97	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	1.97	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	1.97	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	1.97	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.97	1	0
Chromosomal Fragility [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	1.96	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid.	1.96	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.96	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	1.96	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.96	1	0

diminazene

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Research Demand Index: 55.63

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diminazene

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (6)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (45)

Molecular Functions (30)

Ceullar Components (26)

Bioassays (144)

Research

Studies (740)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 55.63

Study Types

Related Drugs (365)

Related Conditions (273)