alpha-ketoglutaric acid profile

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a central metabolic pathway that generates energy in living organisms. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including:

* **Amino acid metabolism:** α-KG is a precursor for the synthesis of glutamate and glutamine, two important amino acids involved in nitrogen metabolism.
* **Gluconeogenesis:** α-KG can be converted to glucose through the gluconeogenic pathway, providing an alternative energy source for the body.
* **Detoxification:** α-KG is involved in the detoxification of ammonia, a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism.
* **Regulation of gene expression:** α-KG acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in histone and DNA methylation, processes that regulate gene expression.
* **Antioxidant defense:** α-KG has antioxidant properties, protecting cells against oxidative stress.

Research on α-KG is driven by its diverse roles in metabolism and its potential therapeutic applications. For example, α-KG supplementation has been investigated for its potential benefits in:

* **Metabolic diseases:** α-KG may improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation in type 2 diabetes.
* **Cancer:** α-KG has anti-tumor effects and can inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation.
* **Neurodegenerative diseases:** α-KG may protect against neuronal damage and improve cognitive function in neurodegenerative diseases.

Synthesis of α-KG occurs primarily within the citric acid cycle, where it is produced from isocitrate by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. It can also be synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase.

α-KG is a versatile compound with a wide range of biological functions and potential therapeutic applications. Its role in metabolism and its effects on various cellular processes make it a subject of ongoing research.'

2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	51
CHEMBL ID	1686
CHEBI ID	30915
SCHEMBL ID	7400
MeSH ID	M0094667

Synonym
2-oxo-pentanedioic acid
CHEBI:30915 ,
NCI60_001411
pentanedioic acid, 2-oxo-
nsc-17391
.alpha.-oxoglutaric acid
nsc17391 ,
alphaketoglutaric acid
glutaric acid, 2-oxo-
2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioic acid
glutaric acid, alpha keto
.alpha.-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxopentanedioic acid
NCGC00013225
pentanedioic acid, 2-oxo- (9ci)
alpha-oxoglutaric acid
bis(l-arginin)-2-oxoglutarat
alpha-keto-glutaric acid
glutaric acid, 2-oxo- (8ci)
ai3-26938
alpha-oxopentanedioic acid
alpha-ketoglutaric acid alpha
NCGC00090946-01
inchi=1/c5h6o5/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2h2,(h,7,8)(h,9,10
2-oxoglutarate
328-50-7
2-ketoglutaric acid
C00026
oxoglutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric acid
a-ketoglutaric acid
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
alpha-ketoglutaric acid, bioreagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture
DB02926
DB03806
2-oxo-glutaric acid
NCI17391
nsc 17391
einecs 206-330-3
alpha ketoglutarate
NCISTRUC1_001710
NCISTRUC2_000215
NCGC00090946-02
oxogluric acid
K-2400
alpha-ketoglutaric acid, >=98.5% (naoh, titration)
STK002174
15118487-024F-412C-9995-24E8E6CA72EF
BMSE000064
K0005
CHEMBL1686 ,
bdbm50303766
AKOS000120908
34410-46-3
unii-8id597z82x
oxoglurate [inn]
alpha-ketoglutaricum acidum
oxoglurate
8id597z82x ,
BMSE000801
pentanedioic acid, 2-oxo-, sodium salt
NCGC00258472-01
tox21_200918
BBL010614
BMSE000937
cas-328-50-7
dtxsid5033179 ,
NCGC00013225-01
dtxcid3013179
tox21_110016
.alpha.-ketoglutarate
CCG-37641
NCGC00013225-04
NCGC00013225-03
NCGC00013225-02
FT-0670633
FT-0612734
pentanedioic acid, oxo-
AM20090486
3OUJ
S6237
108395-15-9
2-oxopentanedioic acid-13c1
oxoglutarate
gtpl3636
2-oxopentanedioic acid [fhfi]
ketoglutaric acid [inci]
a-ketoglutaricum acidum [hpus]
ketoglutaric acid
.alpha.-ketoglutaric acid [mi]
alfa-ketoglutaric acid
oxogluric acid [who-dd]
oxogluric acid [mart.]
a-ketoglutaricum acidum
AB00640269-03
alpha-oxo-glutaric acid
keto glutaric acid
SCHEMBL7400
NCGC00013225-06
glutaric acid, .alpha.-keto-
2-ketoglutaricacid
378-50-7
CS-W014352
mfcd00004165
alpha ketoglutaric acid
4USI
4NRO
4OCT
4QKD
F2191-0182
alpha-ketoglutaric acid, >=99.0% (t)
D70548
Z57127547
2-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate
HY-W013636
SY004310
Q306140
DB08845
AS-12579
2-oxo-pentanedioicaci
2-oxoglutaric-acid
A855282
NCGC00013225-05
alpha -ketoglutaric acid
EN300-18049

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Role	Description
fundamental metabolite	Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
oxo dicarboxylic acid	Any dicarboxylic acid carrying one or more oxo groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)	23	43
Histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, proline and tryptophan catabolism	44	85
Cellular response to hypoxia	62	4
Oxygen-dependent asparagine hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha	1	4
Alanine Metabolism	5	13
Citric Acid Cycle	21	27
Urea Cycle	13	25
Aspartate Metabolism	14	30
beta-Alanine Metabolism	9	27
Glycine and Serine Metabolism	24	52
Arginine and Proline Metabolism	20	47
Glutamate Metabolism	22	44
Cysteine Metabolism	9	23
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine Degradation	28	52
Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids	11	22
Lysine Degradation	13	24
Tryptophan Metabolism	18	55
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle	4	8
Gluconeogenesis	22	32
Tyrosine Metabolism	16	57
Glucose-Alanine Cycle	8	10
Propanoate Metabolism	18	37
Ammonia Recycling	12	27
Carnitine Synthesis	5	17
Phytanic Acid Peroxisomal Oxidation	6	20
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism	11	21
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I	5	13
Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency	5	13
beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency	28	52
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	28	52
Propionic Acidemia	28	52
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency	28	52
Maple Syrup Urine Disease	28	52
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA Carboxylase Deficiency Type I	28	52
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type I	28	52
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type III	28	52
Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	28	52
Methylmalonic Aciduria	28	52
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	22	44
Homocarnosinosis	22	44
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome	22	44
Prolidase Deficiency (PD)	20	47
Arginine: Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency (AGAT Deficiency)	20	47
Hyperprolinemia Type II	20	47
Hyperprolinemia Type I	20	47
Prolinemia Type II	20	47
Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency (GAMT Deficiency)	20	47
Ornithine Aminotransferase Deficiency (OAT Deficiency)	20	47
Isovaleric Aciduria	28	52
Canavan Disease	14	30
Hypoacetylaspartia	14	30
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency	9	27
Saccharopinuria/Hyperlysinemia II	13	24
Lactic Acidemia	5	13
Phenylketonuria	11	21
Tyrosinemia Type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart Syndrome)	11	21
Tyrosinemia Type 3 (TYRO3)	11	21
Refsum Disease	6	20
Alkaptonuria	16	57
Hawkinsinuria	16	57
Tyrosinemia Type I	16	57
Argininemia	13	25
Argininosuccinic Aciduria	13	25
Citrullinemia Type I	13	25
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTC Deficiency)	13	25
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency	13	25
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency	24	52
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (DHPD)	24	52
Sarcosinemia	24	52
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1A (GSD1A) or Von Gierke Disease	22	32
Malonic Aciduria	18	37
Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders	18	37
Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia	24	52
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D and L Form)	22	44
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IV	28	52
Disulfiram Action Pathway	23	66
Hyperglycinemia, Non-Ketotic	24	52
Ureidopropionase Deficiency	9	27
Carnosinuria, Carnosinemia	9	27
Tyrosinemia, Transient, of the Newborn	16	57
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency	16	57
beta-Mercaptolactate-Cysteine Disulfiduria	9	23
Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase Deficiency	18	37
Creatine Deficiency, Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency	20	47
Hyperornithinemia with Gyrate Atrophy (HOGA)	20	47
Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria [HHH-syndrome]	20	47
L-Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency	20	47
3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency	28	52
3-Hydroxyisobutyric Aciduria	28	52
Isobutyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	28	52
Isovaleric Acidemia	28	52
Hyperlysinemia I, Familial	13	24
Hyperlysinemia II or Saccharopinuria	13	24
Monoamine Oxidase-A Deficiency (MAO-A)	16	57
Congenital Lactic Acidosis	21	27
Fumarase Deficiency	21	27
Mitochondrial Complex II Deficiency	21	27
2-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency	21	27
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E3)	21	27
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E2)	21	27
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1 (PEPCK1)	22	32
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase Deficiency	22	32
Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency	22	32
Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	22	44
Pyridoxine Dependency with Seizures	13	24
Glycogenosis, Type IB	22	32
Glycogenosis, Type IC	22	32
Glycogenosis, Type IA. Von Gierke Disease	22	32
Warburg Effect	46	52
2-Aminoadipic 2-Oxoadipic Aciduria	13	24
3-Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency	24	52
Cystinosis, Ocular Nonnephropathic	9	23
Nitrogen Metabolism	26	22
Lysine Biosynthesis	19	24
Taurine Metabolism	4	12
TCA Cycle	18	25
L-Alanine Metabolism	10	16
L-Glutamate Metabolism	24	20
Arginine Metabolism	28	48
Ornithine Metabolism	16	31
Cysteine Biosynthesis	13	29
Tyrosine Biosynthesis	5	19
Phenylalanine Biosynthesis	3	9
Serine Biosynthesis and Metabolism	10	20
Histidine Biosynthesis	8	21
Leucine Biosynthesis	8	16
Valine Biosynthesis	9	12
Asparagine Biosynthesis	6	12
Threonine Biosynthesis	11	23
Isoleucine Biosynthesis	16	22
Amino Sugar and Nucleotide Sugar Metabolism III	23	40
Phenylalanine Metabolism	10	13
Sulfur Metabolism	28	33
Sulfur Metabolism (Butanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Propanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Ethanesulfonate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Isethionate)	28	34
Sulfur Metabolism (Methanesulfonate)	28	34
Secondary Metabolites: Enterobacterial Common Antigen Biosynthesis	9	17
Secondary Metabolites: Cysteine Biosynthesis from Serine	7	20
Secondary Metabolites: Valine and L-Leucine Biosynthesis from Pyruvate	10	24
Secondary Metabolites: Leucine Biosynthesis	7	16
Secondary Metabolites: Histidine Biosynthesis	8	20
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-2)	18	24
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-3)	18	23
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-4)	18	24
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-5)	18	23
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-6)	18	25
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-7)	18	25
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-8)	18	25
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-9)	18	23
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-10)	18	24
Taurine Metabolism I	4	12
Menaquinol Biosythesis	12	24
TCA cycle (ubiquinol-0)	18	25
Secondary Metabolites: Enterobacterial Common Antigen Biosynthesis 2	9	17
Secondary Metabolites: Enterobacterial Common Antigen Biosynthesis 3	8	20
Polymyxin Resistance	4	18
Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis I	5	11
4-Aminobutanoate Degradation I	3	9
2-Oxoglutarate Decarboxylation to Succinyl-CoA	3	7
Asparagine Metabolism	4	12
The Oncogenic Action of 2-Hydroxyglutarate	27	34
The Oncogenic Action of Succinate	29	33
The Oncogenic Action of Fumarate	29	34
Glutaminolysis and Cancer	35	36
4-Aminobutanoate Degradation	2	9
Glycine Metabolism	11	27
Serine Metabolism	10	25
Lysine Metabolism	7	22
The Oncogenic Action of L-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Hydroxyglutaric aciduria	28	35
The Oncogenic Action of D-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Hydroxyglutaric aciduria	29	36
Vitamin B6	2	28
Valine Degradation	7	10
Leucine Degradation	6	10
Isoleucine Degradation	7	9
Glutamine Metabolism	22	25
Glutamic Acid Metabolism	13	17
Flavonoid Biosynthesis	11	50
Leucopelargonidin and Leucocyanidin Biosynthesis	3	14
Flavone and Flavonol Biosynthesis	6	27
Plastoquinol-9 Biosynthesis	6	16
Gibberellin Biosynthesis I (Early C-3 Hydroxylation)	3	13
Gibberellin Biosynthesis II (Early C-13 Hydroxylation)	3	14
Gibberellin Biosynthesis III (Non C-3, Non C-13 Hydroxylation)	3	14
Isoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis	5	13
Tropane, Piperidine, and Pyridine Alkaloid Biosynthesis	6	17
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutryl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	29	52
Alanine,Aspartic acid and Asparagine metabolism ( Alanine,Aspartic acid and Asparagine metabolism )	22	37
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Aspartic acid = L-Glutamic acid + Oxaloacetic acid ( Alanine,Aspartic acid and Asparagine metabolism )	2	4
L-Alanine + 2-Oxo-glutaric acid = Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamic acid ( Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis )	2	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + beta-Alanine = L-Glutamic acid + Malonate semialdehyde ( Pyrimidine Nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )	1	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + 4-Amino-butanoic acid = L-Glutamic acid + Succinate semialdehyde ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )	1	4
Arginine and Proline metabolism ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	42	55
2-Oxo acid + L-Ornithine = L-Amino acid + L-Glutamate 5-semialdehyde ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	1	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + N2-Succinyl-L-ornithine = L-Glutamic acid + N2-Succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	1	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-erythro-4-Hydroxy-glutamic acid = L-Glutamic acid + D-4-Hydroxy-2-oxo-glutaric acid ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	2	4
NAD+ + L-Glutamic acid + H2O = NADH + 2-Oxo-glutaric acid + NH3 ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )	2	6
Citrate cycle ( Citrate cycle )	21	29
NAD+ + Isocitric acid = NADH + 2-Oxo-glutaric acid + CO2 ( Citrate cycle )	3	5
2-oxoglutarate + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] lipoyllysine = [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase] S-succinyldihydrolipoyllysine + CO2 ( Citrate cycle )	1	6
Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )	19	26
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Cysteine = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Mercapto-pyruvic acid ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )	2	4
Glycine and Serine metabolism ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )	36	49
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-O-Phospho-serine = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Phospho-hydroxy-pyruvic acid ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )	1	4
Lysine degradation ( Lysine degradation )	20	29
L-2-Amino-adipic acid + 2-Oxo-glutaric acid = 2-Oxo-adipic acid + L-Glutamic acid ( Lysine degradation )	1	4
N6-Acetyl-L-lysine + 2-Oxo-glutaric acid = 6-Acetamido-2-oxo-hexanoic acid + L-Glutamic acid ( Lysine degradation )	1	4
Methionine and Cysteine metabolism ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	23	42
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Cysteine = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Mercapto-pyruvic acid ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	2	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Cysteine-sulfinic acid = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Sulfinyl-pyruvic acid ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	2	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Cysteic acid = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Sulfo-pyruvic acid ( Methionine and Cysteine metabolism )	2	4
Phenylalanine degradation ( Phenylalanine degradation )	13	14
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Phenylalanine = L-Glutamic acid + Phenyl-pyruvic acid ( Phenylalanine degradation )	1	4
Tyrosine metabolism ( Tyrosine metabolism )	28	41
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Tyrosine = L-Glutamic acid + 4-Hydroxy-phenyl-pyruvic acid ( Tyrosine metabolism )	1	4
Valine,Leucine and Isoleucine degradation ( Valine,Leucine and Isoleucine degradation )	29	36
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Valine = L-Glutamic acid + 3-Methyl-2-oxo-butanoic acid ( Valine,Leucine and Isoleucine degradation )	2	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Leucine = L-Glutamic acid + 4-Methyl-2-oxo-pentanoic acid ( Valine,Leucine and Isoleucine degradation )	2	4
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + L-Isoleucine = L-Glutamic acid + (R)-2-Oxo-3-methyl-pentanoic acid ( Valine,Leucine and Isoleucine degradation )	2	4
Vitamin B6 metabolism ( Vitamin B6 metabolism )	4	17
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis	0	12
22q11.2 copy number variation syndrome	2	28
Succinate Signalling	6	7
Citrate Cycle	19	30
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-2)	4	24
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-3)	4	23
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-4)	4	24
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-5)	4	23
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-6)	4	25
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-7)	4	25
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-8)	4	25
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-9)	4	23
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-10)	4	24
TCA Cycle (Ubiquinol-0)	4	25
Amino acid metabolism in triple-negative breast cancer cells	0	16
Metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer	42	23
Metabolic pathways of fibroblasts	17	18
TCA cycle (plant)	1	21
Metabolic Epileptic Disorders	25	89
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis	6	10
lysine degradation VI	1	5
4-hydroxyproline degradation II	1	5
(5R)-carbapenem biosynthesis	2	5
TCA cycle variation IV	16	9
superpathway of histidine, purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis	0	31
lysine biosynthesis	0	9
beta-alanine degradation	0	6
lysine degradation	0	10
glutamate degradation to ammonia	0	5
2-keto glutarate dehydrogenase complex	0	7
cysteine degradation	0	6
TCA cycle, aerobic respiration	0	20
alanine degradation	0	2
GABA degradation	0	9
tyrosol biosynthesis	0	6
phenylalanine biosynthesis	0	6
pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis	0	22
glutamine degradation	0	7
arginine degradation (arginase pathway)	0	4
Carbon assimilation C4 pathway	0	30
Central carbon metabolism	0	19
TCA cycle	0	10
Principal pathways of carbon metabolism	0	7
Glutamate degradation III	0	5
Primary carbon metabolism	23	30
Krebs cycle	1	10
TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)	30	19
AtMetExpress overview	0	109
Alanine and aspartate metabolism	0	15
TCA cycle and deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc)	0	15
Methionine de novo and salvage pathway	1	48
Metabolism overview	0	78
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Cerebral organic acidurias, including diseases	5	27
TCA cycle (aka Krebs or citric acid cycle)	0	24

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	0.3853	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	52.2730	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259381; AID588516
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.9811	0.0398	16.7842	39.8107	AID995
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	66.8242	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	740.0000	0.1800	3.6857	8.8000	AID681159
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	700.0000	1.0000	4.4467	10.0000	AID681158
Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	800.0000	0.1600	2.3677	6.9000	AID1652965
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.3714	0.4200	1.9586	3.4000	AID446352; AID446354; AID446355; AID446356; AID446357; AID721526; AID721527
Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0055	0.0000	0.0780	0.5700	AID1639697
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 7	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Km	17.8000	0.3660	0.3900	0.4140	AID681575
Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	2.0000	2.0000	2.0000	2.0000	AID506732
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
collagen fibril organization	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell growth	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell redox homeostasis	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular iron ion homeostasis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular oxygen homeostasis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of angiogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heart trabecula formation	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular septum morphogenesis	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
labyrinthine layer development	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nitric oxide	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell migration	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte differentiation	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressure	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fatty acid	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte proliferation	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renin secretion into blood stream	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein hydroxylation	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferation	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasculogenesis	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
single fertilization	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic development	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
mammary duct terminal end bud growth	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fungicide	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
uterus morphogenesis	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
lens fiber cell differentiation	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of estradiol secretion	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen sensor activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activity	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
olfactory receptor activity	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activity	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase activity	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
Notch binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen sensor activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-histidine dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
[protein]-asparagine 3-dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-aspartic acid 3-dioxygenase activity	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
ankyrin repeat binding	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleic acid binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
histone demethylase activity	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K4 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K4me/H3K4me2/H3K4me3 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
histone binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
mitochondrion	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase complex	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Egl nine homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular organelle	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Olfactory receptor 51E2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Prolyl hydroxylase EGLN3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Lysine-specific demethylase 5B	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (44)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID723880	Binding affinity to Escherichia coli AspAT by Michaelis-Menten model	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4	Chemoenzymatic synthesis of new 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues and structure-activity relationship studies at ionotropic glutamate receptors and excitatory amino acid transporters.
AID506735	Activity of collagen prolyl 4 hydroxylase-1	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID446353	Inhibition of human PHD2 at 293K temperature by solvent relaxation technique	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID1714493	Displacement of sodium 5-(3-(8-(3-carboxy-N-hydroxyacrylamido)octyl)thioureido)-2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoate from Naegleria Tet-1 incubated for 20 mins followed by sodium 5-(3-(8-(3-carboxy-N-hydroxyacrylamido)octyl)thioureido)-2-(6-hydroxy	2016	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-11, Volume: 7, Issue:2	A Fluorescence Polarization Biophysical Assay for the Naegleria DNA Hydroxylase Tet1.
AID446357	Binding affinity to human PHD2-Mn(II) using 12.5% H2O/87.5% D2O MQC spectrometer operated at 500 MHz at 298K temperature in presence of HIF1alpha (556-574) CODD fragment	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID678813	TP_TRANSPORTER: trans-stimulation in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, , Volume: 13, Issue:5	Human organic anion transporter 3 (hOAT3) can operate as an exchanger and mediate secretory urate flux.
AID680952	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (alpha-KG: 500 uM) in OAT2-expressing EcR293 cells	2001	Biochemical and biophysical research communications, May-04, Volume: 283, Issue:2	Isolation of a family of organic anion transporters from human liver and kidney.
AID682054	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (PAH: 50 uM, alpha-KG: 1000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1999	Molecular pharmacology, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:3	The antiviral nucleotide analogs cidofovir and adefovir are novel substrates for human and rat renal organic anion transporter 1.
AID349747	Inhibition of human recombinant PHD2 (181-426) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by TR-FRET assay	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Application of a proteolysis/mass spectrometry method for investigating the effects of inhibitors on hydroxylase structure.
AID446352	Binding affinity to human PHD2 by nondenaturing ESI-MS	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID678961	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT2-expressing EcR293 cells	2001	Biochemical and biophysical research communications, May-04, Volume: 283, Issue:2	Isolation of a family of organic anion transporters from human liver and kidney.
AID679394	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (alpha,-KG: 200 uM) in OAT1-expressing HeLa cells	1999	The American journal of physiology, 02, Volume: 276, Issue:2	Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C.
AID681371	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Molecular pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 62, Issue:1	Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice.
AID446356	Binding affinity to human PHD2-Mn(II) using 12.5% H2O/87.5% D2O MQC spectrometer operated at 500 MHz at 298K temperature	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID721527	Binding affinity to human PHD2 catalytic domain (181 to 426) Mn2 expressed in Escherichia coli by 1H-15N HSQC titration assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 56, Issue:2	Reporter ligand NMR screening method for 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitors.
AID681362	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1997	The Journal of biological chemistry, Jul-25, Volume: 272, Issue:30	Expression cloning and characterization of a novel multispecific organic anion transporter.
AID681747	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1997	The Journal of biological chemistry, Jul-25, Volume: 272, Issue:30	Expression cloning and characterization of a novel multispecific organic anion transporter.
AID446354	Binding affinity to human PHD2-Mn(II) using 100% H2O MQC spectrometer operated at 23 MHz at 313K temperature	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID681159	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 10 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2001	American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, Sep, Volume: 281, Issue:3	Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1.
AID680526	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Carnitine uptake (Carnitine: 0.01 uM, alpha-KG: 500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HEK293 cells	2001	Molecular pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 59, Issue:2	Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2.
AID679388	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Urate uptake (Urate: 300 uM, alpha-KG: 2000 uM) in OAT1-expressing S2 cells	2003	Kidney international, Jan, Volume: 63, Issue:1	Urate transport via human PAH transporter hOAT1 and its gene structure.
AID506732	Activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-2	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID681016	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (PAH: 20 uM, alpha-KG: 1000 uM) in OAT-expressing COS-7 cells	1999	The Journal of biological chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 274, Issue:3	Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a mouse renal organic anion transporter in mammalian cells.
AID506733	Activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-3	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID681158	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 10 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2001	American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, Sep, Volume: 281, Issue:3	Interaction of cations, anions, and weak base quinine with rat renal cation transporter rOCT2 compared with rOCT1.
AID506734	Activity of FIH-1	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID446355	Binding affinity to human PHD2-Mn(II) using 12.5% H2O/87.5% D2O MQC spectrometer operated at 500 MHz at 313K temperature	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2	Using NMR solvent water relaxation to investigate metalloenzyme-ligand binding interactions.
AID679458	TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport (basal to apical) in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells	2001	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 363, Issue:3	P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of digitoxin, alpha-methyldigoxin and beta-acetyldigoxin.
AID721526	Binding affinity to human PHD2 catalytic domain (181 to 426) Zn2 expressed in Escherichia coli by 1H-15N HSQC titration assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 56, Issue:2	Reporter ligand NMR screening method for 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitors.
AID723879	Binding affinity to Escherichia coli AspAT by Michaelis-Menten model relative to natural substrate alpha-ketoglutarate	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4	Chemoenzymatic synthesis of new 2,4-syn-functionalized (S)-glutamate analogues and structure-activity relationship studies at ionotropic glutamate receptors and excitatory amino acid transporters.
AID681575	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1998	FEBS letters, Jun-12, Volume: 429, Issue:2	Identification of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 expressed predominantly in the liver.
AID679321	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT1-expressing HeLa cells	1999	The American journal of physiology, 02, Volume: 276, Issue:2	Cloning of the human kidney PAH transporter: narrow substrate specificity and regulation by protein kinase C.
AID682287	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Carnitine uptake (Carnitine: 0.010? uM, alphaKG: 500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HEK293 cells	1999	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 291, Issue:2	Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance.
AID506731	Activity of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-1	2007	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 3, Issue:3	Non-heme dioxygenases: cellular sensors and regulators jelly rolled into one?
AID1652965	Inhibition of KDM5B (unknown origin)	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 161	Lysine demethylase 5B (KDM5B): A potential anti-cancer drug target.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1345440	Human oxoglutarate receptor (Oxoglutarate receptor)	2004	Nature, May-13, Volume: 429, Issue:6988	Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors.
AID1345440	Human oxoglutarate receptor (Oxoglutarate receptor)	2013	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jun, Volume: 18, Issue:5	Screening β-arrestin recruitment for the identification of natural ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2014	Cell, Nov-20, Volume: 159, Issue:5	A widespread glutamine-sensing mechanism in the plant kingdom.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2014	The Journal of biological chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 289, Issue:25	Structures of human ALKBH5 demethylase reveal a unique binding mode for specific single-stranded N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylation.
AID977611	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Kd) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 56, Issue:2	Reporter ligand NMR screening method for 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	6 (22.22)	18.2507
2000's	10 (37.04)	29.6817
2010's	10 (37.04)	24.3611
2020's	1 (3.70)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (7.41%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	25 (92.59%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.08	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.08	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.08	1	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
carnitine [no description available]	2	1	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.08	1	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
choline [no description available]	2.41	2	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.49	2	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.41	2	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.93	1	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.08	1	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.7	3	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.41	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.01	1	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.07	5	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.7	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.08	1	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2	1	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.87	12	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.4	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.01	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
bumetanide [no description available]	1.99	1	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.41	2	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.7	3	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2	1	clonidine; imidazoline
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.08	1	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2	1	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.69	3	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	1.99	1	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	2	1	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.4	2	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.69	3	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.4	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	1.99	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.08	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
nalidixic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.1	5	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.69	3	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.41	2	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.25	6	quaternary ammonium ion
corticosterone [no description available]	2.41	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aldosterone [no description available]	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2	1	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.69	3	organic sodium salt	dye
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
tetramethylammonium chloride [no description available]	2	1	organic molecular entity
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	2	1	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	2	1	benzofurans
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.4	2	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
tetrapropylammonium tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2	1	quaternary ammonium ion
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2	1	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.08	1	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid lutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4.	4.11	4	pyridinedicarboxylic acid
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.01	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	quaternary ammonium ion
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	2	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.08	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2	1	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.69	3	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.41	2	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2	1	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2	1	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.69	3	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
metiprenaline metiprenaline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	2	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
ethyl protocatechuate ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.	2.08	1	catechols; ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2	1	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
l-lactic acid (S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.	2.08	1	(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	3.09	5	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3,4-dihydroxybenzophenone 3,4-dihydroxybenzophenone: structure in first source	2.08	1
5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine monophosphate 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine: structure in first source	2.13	1
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
d-2-hydroxyglutarate (R)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid : The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.	2.13	1	2-hydroxyglutaric acid	algal metabolite
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.13	1	2'-deoxycytidine
trimethyllysine trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2	1	alpha-amino-acid cation	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.69	3	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2	1	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.01	1	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.93	1	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.47	2	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2	1	actinomycin	mutagen
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	quinolines
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	2	1	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.08	1	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2	1	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
quinine [no description available]	2.41	2	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.99	4	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.91	4	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2	1	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.08	1	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.69	3	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid [no description available]	2.08	1
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.41	2	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tan 67 [no description available]	2.08	1	quinolines
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2	1	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
prosomatostatin [no description available]	2.08	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
bam 22p [no description available]	2.08	1
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.13	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyanine 863 [no description available]	2	1
lysophosphatidylinositol [no description available]	2.08	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	1.99	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	1.99	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.01	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine 9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl)guanine: structure given in first source	2	1	phosphoethanolamine

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.01	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.01	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.93	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.93	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.12	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.12	1

alpha-ketoglutaric acid

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (125)

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (262)

Protein Targets (14)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (55)

Molecular Functions (33)

Ceullar Components (17)

Bioassays (44)

Research

Studies (27)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 51.50

Study Types

alpha-ketoglutaric acid

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (125)

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (262)

Protein Targets (14)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (55)

Molecular Functions (33)

Ceullar Components (17)

Bioassays (44)

Research

Studies (27)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 51.50

Study Types

Related Drugs (122)

Related Conditions (6)