Compounds > oxybutynin
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oxybutynin

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Description

Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to treat overactive bladder. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that stimulates bladder muscle contractions. Oxybutynin is typically prescribed as a tablet, extended-release tablet, patch, or oral solution. Its synthesis involves several steps, including the reaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with diethylamine to form the key intermediate, followed by a series of reactions to introduce the desired substituents. Oxybutynin is studied extensively for its effectiveness in treating overactive bladder symptoms, including urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence. The medication has been shown to reduce the number of episodes of urinary incontinence and improve quality of life for many patients with overactive bladder. However, it can cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and dizziness. Its importance lies in its ability to improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from overactive bladder. Further research aims to develop more targeted and effective treatments for overactive bladder, possibly with fewer side effects.'

oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4634
CHEMBL ID1231
CHEBI ID7856
CHEBI ID144551
SCHEMBL ID2992
MeSH IDM0046961

Synonyms (124)

Synonym
AC-2153
oxybutyninum
oxibutinina
oxybutynine
CHEBI:7856 ,
rac-4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetate
kentera
BRD-A65013509-003-03-8
gtpl359
4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate
PRESTWICK2_000287
4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetate
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-cyclohexyl-alpha-hydroxy-, 4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl ester
cyclohexaneglycolic acid, alpha-phenyl-, 4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl ester
hsdb 3270
4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl-alpha-cyclohexyl-alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetate
oxybutyninum [inn-latin]
oxybutynin [usan:inn:ban]
oxybutynine [inn-french]
oxibutinina [inn-spanish]
oxytrol
4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl-alpha-phenylcyclohexaneglycolate
ditropan
oxibutyninum
cystrin
ccris 1923
LOPAC0_000923
BPBIO1_000214
BSPBIO_000194
PRESTWICK3_000287
oxybutynin
5633-20-5
C07360
oxybutinin
4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl alpha-phenylcyclohexaneglycolic acid ester
DB01062
4-diethylamino-2-butinyl alpha-cyclohexylmandelat
4-diethylamino-2-butynyl alpha-phenylcyclohexaneglycolate
oxybutynin (usan/inn)
oxytrol (tn)
anturol (tn)
D00465
SPBIO_002413
PRESTWICK1_000287
PRESTWICK0_000287
NCGC00089795-02
NCGC00015767-06
CHEMBL1231 ,
L000923
bdbm50165019
4-(diethylamino)but-2-ynyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate
alpha-cyclohexyl-alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl ester
CHEBI:144551
A831004
(2r)-2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid 4-(diethylamino)but-2-ynyl ester
CCG-205005
NCGC00015767-04
NCGC00015767-07
NCGC00015767-03
oxybutynin transdermal
anturol
oxybutinyn
oxybutynin transdermal patch
oxytrol for women
k9p6mc7092 ,
unii-k9p6mc7092
lyrinel xl
transdermal patch
oxybutynin topical gel
oxybutynin base
FT-0603679
NCGC00015767-09
S1754
AKOS015896242
oxybutynin [usan]
oxybutynin [vandf]
oxybutynin [hsdb]
oxybutynin [inn]
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-cyclohexyl-alpha-hydroxy-, 4-(diethylamino)-2-butyn-1-yl ester
oxybutynin [mi]
oxybutynin [mart.]
oxybutynin [who-dd]
oxybutynin [ema epar]
oxybutynin [orange book]
4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl cyclohexyl(hydroxy)(phenyl)acetate
HY-B0267
oxybutynin, oxybutynin chloride
MLS006010052
smr001550466
SCHEMBL2992
KS-5221
4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl .alpha.-phenylcyclohexaneglycolate
cyclohexaneglycolic acid, .alpha.-phenyl-, 4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl ester
4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetate #
4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate
mfcd00865252
DTXSID0023406 ,
MRF-0000601
SBI-0050898.P002
SW196787-3
5633-20-5 (free)
oxybutynin (ditropan)
(r)-4-(diethylamino)but-2-ynyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate
119579-36-1
BCP12179
Q1060922
(rs)-oxybutynin
BRD-A65013509-003-13-7
SDCCGSBI-0050898.P003
benzeneacetic acid, a-cyclohexyl-a-hydroxy-,4-(diethylamino)-2-butynyl ester
NCGC00015767-21
HMS3884K08
NCGC00015767-10
(r)-4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate
AB7701
gelnique 3%
dtxcid503406
oxibutinina (inn-spanish)
oxybutynine (inn-french)
oxybutynin (mart.)
g04bd04
oxybutyninum (inn-latin)
EN300-6478839
Z2588038990

Research Excerpts

Overview

Oxybutynin hydrochloride is an antimuscarinic agent prescribed to patients with an overactive bladder (OAB) and symptoms of urinary urge incontinence. It is an effective treatment option for children with PH because it improves clinical symptoms and QOL.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oxybutynin is a mainstay of treatment in pediatric populations despite significant side effects and highly variable bioavailability."( Dosing Variability and Clinical Outcomes of Oxybutynin: A Pediatric Cohort of Patients With Neurogenic Bladder.
Campbell, JG; Koenig, JF; Malik, MF; McLaughlin, MJ; Randall, JH, 2022)		1.7
"Oral oxybutynin (OOx) is an effective and safe treatment for the treatment of hyperhidrosis (HH). "( Tolerance of oral oxybutynin in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.
de Troya Martin, M; Del Boz Gonzalez, J; Millán-Cayetano, JF; Rodríguez Barón, D, 2020)		1.41
"Oxybutynin is a racemic anticholinergic drug used for the symptomatic treatment of detrusor overactivity. "( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of (R)- and (S-) Oxybutynin and Its Active Metabolites After Oral and Intravesical Administration to Healthy Volunteers.
Albrecht, U; Fuhr, U; Krause, P; Kretschmar, M; Rubenwolf, P; Stein, R; Suleiman, AA; Taubert, M, 2021)		2.31
"1. Oxybutynin hydrochloride is an antimuscarinic agent prescribed to patients with an overactive bladder (OAB) and symptoms of urinary urge incontinence. "( New insights in the metabolism of oxybutynin: evidence of N-oxidation of propargylamine moiety and rearrangement to enaminoketone.
Aprile, S; Bellucci, C; Canavesi, R; Del Grosso, E; Grosa, G; Matucci, R, 2018)		1.38
"Oxybutynin is an effective treatment option for children with PH because it improves clinical symptoms and QOL."( Efficacy and quality of life outcomes of oxybutynin for treating palmar hyperhidrosis in children younger than 14 years old.
Campbell, TP; de Campos, JR; Kauffman, P; Krutman, M; Puech-Leão, P; Schvartsman, C; Wolosker, N, )		1.12
"Oxybutynin (OXY) is an antimuscarinic agent that has been available for more than 30 years in the treatment of OAB patients."( Development of long-acting bioadhesive vaginal gels of oxybutynin: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
Acartürk, F; Erdoğan, D; Tuğcu-Demiröz, F, 2013)		1.36
"Oxybutynin is an alternative treatment for hyperhidrosis."( Remarkable improvement of relapsing dyshidrotic eczema after treatment of coexistant hyperhidrosis with oxybutynin.
Armyra, K; Kontochristopoulos, G; Kouris, A; Markantoni, V; Vavouli, C, )		1.07
"Oxybutynin appears to be an effective treatment option for children with hyperhidrosis, and positive results are maintained over the long term (median 19.6 mos)."( Long-Term Efficacy of Oxybutynin for Palmar and Plantar Hyperhidrosis in Children Younger than 14 Years.
de Campos, JR; de Paula, RP; Kauffman, P; Krutman, M; Puech-Leão, P; Schvartsman, C; Teivelis, MP; Wolosker, N, )		1.17
"Oxybutynin is an effective, nonhormonal therapy for moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women."( Extended-release oxybutynin therapy for vasomotor symptoms in women: a randomized clinical trial.
Gaines, T; LaGuardia, KD; Simon, JA, 2016)		2.22
"Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic drug that has not been proven to be effective for treatment of nocturnal enuresis not accompanied by daytime symptoms, such as urgency. "( Oxybutynin for treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children.
Friedman, B; Friedman, BC; Goldman, RD, 2011)		3.25
"Oxybutynin is a good alternative to sympathectomy. "( The use of oxybutynin for treating axillary hyperhidrosis.
BiscegliJatene, F; de Campos, JR; Kauffman, P; Munia, MA; Neves, S; Puech-Leão, P; Wolosker, N, 2011)		2.2
"Oxybutynin is a common antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder. "( Cognitive effects of oxybutynin chloride topical gel in older healthy subjects: a 1-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study.
Dahl, NV; Kay, GG; MacDiarmid, S; McIlwain, M; Staskin, DR, 2012)		2.14
"Oxybutynin is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, which has been available for a number of years in its original immediate-release (IR) formulation. "( A benefit-risk assessment of extended-release oxybutynin.
Michel, MC, 2002)		2.02
"Oxybutynin is a drug of choice in the treatment of the detrusor instability. "( [Therapeutic effects of intrarectal administration of oxybutynin].
Borkowski, A; Radziszewski, P, 2002)		2.01
"Oxybutynin is a powerful anticholinergic drug already known to impair cognition in the elderly. "( The effect of oxybutynin treatment on cognition in children with diurnal incontinence.
Askari, N; Kennedy, WA; Kraemer, HC; O'Hara, R; Sommer, BR, 2005)		2.13
"Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic drug that may have adverse effects on the CNS, including memory impairment, confusion, delirium and hallucinations in elderly patients."( Psychotic disorder induced by oxybutynin: Presentation of two cases.
Gulsun, M; Pinar, M; Sabanci, U, 2006)		1.34
"Oxybutynin chloride is an antispasmodic, anticholinergic agent indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency. "( Adsorptive stripping voltammetric behavior and determination of anticholinergic agent oxybutynin chloride on a mercury electrode.
Jadon, N; Jain, R; Radhapyari, K, 2007)		2.01
"Oxybutynin (1) is a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used clinically for the treatment of urinary incontinence. "( The preparation and human muscarinic receptor profiling of oxybutynin and N-desethyloxybutynin enantiomers.
Gupta, SK; Huang, Y; Parker, MH; Reitz, AB; Ryan, RR, 2007)		2.03
"Oxybutynin is a tertiary amine and has chemical similarities like protamine sulfate. "( Oxybutynin effects on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm production.
Atmaca, S; Ersay, A; Gedik, A; Sener, A, 2008)		3.23
"Oxybutynin is an effective drug to stop detrusor hyperactivity, but it has a high rate of anticholinergic adverse reactions. "( [Management of hyposalivation caused by oxybutynin chloride in the treatment of the unstable bladder].
Arango Toro, O; Castro Santamaría, R; Cortadellas Angel, R; Gelabert Mas, A; Nohales Taurines, G, 1998)		2.01
"Oxybutynin is an effective drug whose frequent adverse effects limit its clinical usefulness."( Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to oxybutynin and placebo in patients with overactive bladder.
Appell, RA; Drutz, HP; Gleason, D; Klimberg, I; Radomski, S, 1999)		1.27
"Oxybutynin is an efficacious pharmacotherapeutic agent for the treatment of urge incontinence. "( Low-dose oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: good efficacy and few side effects.
Bemelmans, BL; Debruyne, FM; Kiemeney, LA, 2000)		2.17
"(S)-Oxybutynin HCl (S-OXY) is a white crystalline solid powder with an acicular particle morphology. "( Preformulation studies on the S-isomer of oxybutynin hydrochloride, an Improved Chemical Entity (ICE).
Joshi, AB; Kirsch, LE; Luner, PE; Majuru, S; Oh, E; Redmon, MP; Wurster, DE, 2001)		1.13
"Oxybutynin is a tertiary amine, which undergoes an extensive first-pass metabolism. "( Oxybutynin and the overactive bladder.
Andersson, KE; Chapple, CR, 2001)		3.2
"Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic agent with mild to moderate cardiovascular activity."( Oxybutynin influence on autonomic measures in dogs.
Korol, B; Miller, LD, 1979)		2.42

Effects

Oxybutynin has a well-documented efficacy in the treatment of detrusor overactivity. It is a drug of first choice in patients with this disorder.

Oxybutynin chloride has been clinically used for the relief of symptoms associated with voiding in patients with uninhibited neurogenic and reflex neurogenic bladder in the USA. It is known to have anti-cholinergic and antispasmodic properties.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oxybutynin has a proved role in correcting uninhibited detrusor contractions in the intact and the bowel augmented bladder. "( Oxybutynin administration diminishes the high gastric muscular tone associated with bladder reconstruction.
Lewis, AG; Reeves, D; Sheldon, CA, 1995)		3.18
"Oxybutynin has an extensive first pass metabolism after oral administration, the main active metabolite being N-desethyloxybutynin. "( Cytochrome P450 specificity of metabolism and interactions of oxybutynin in human liver microsomes.
Juhakoski, A; Lukkari, E; Pelkonen, O; Taavitsainen, P, 1998)		1.98
"Oxybutynin has a well-documented efficacy in the treatment of detrusor overactivity, and is a drug of first choice in patients with this disorder."( Oxybutynin and the overactive bladder.
Andersson, KE; Chapple, CR, 2001)		2.47
"Oral oxybutynin has been associated with the development of cognitive impairment."( Differential Prescribing of Antimuscarinic Agents in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment.
Birge, SJ; Olsen, MA; Schootman, M; Strope, SA; Vouri, SM, 2018)		0.99
"Oxybutynin has provided good results and is an alternative for treating hyperhidrosis at common sites."( Treatment of uncommon sites of focal primary hyperhidrosis: experience with pharmacological therapy using oxybutynin.
Campos, JR; Kauffman, P; Krutman, M; Puech-Leão, P; Teivelis, MP; Wolosker, N, 2014)		1.34
"Oxybutynin has been used as a pharmacological approach to facial hyperhidrosis but the long-term results of this treatment are unclear."( Long-term results of oxybutynin use in treating facial hyperhidrosis.
Campbell, TP; Campos, JR; Kauffman, P; Krutman, M; Puech-Leão, P; Teivelis, MP; Wolosker, N, )		1.17
"Oxybutynin chloride has been effectively used for treating overactive bladder syndrome for more than three decades. "( The evolution of transdermal therapy for overactive bladder.
Sand, PK, 2009)		1.8
"Oxybutynin has been used for treatment of urge urinary incontinence for more than 20 years."( Effectiveness of vaginally administered oxybutynin on rabbit bladder function.
Borow, A; Burden, O; Leggett, RE; Levin, RM; Whitbeck, C, 2003)		1.31
"Oxybutynin has been used for neurogenic bladder disorders and is known to have anti-cholinergic and antispasmodic properties. "( Effects of 4-ethylamino-2-butynyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl)glycolate hydrochloride, a metabolite of oxybutynin, on bladder specimens and rhythmic bladder contraction in rats in comparison with oxybutynin.
Koganei, M; Murata, N; Uchida, M; Yamaji, T, 2004)		1.98
"Oxybutynin has been used for neurogenic bladder disorders in clinic and known to have anti-cholinergic and spasmolytic properties. "( [Effect of 4-ethylamino-2-butynyl(2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl) glycolate, metabolite of oxybutynin, on intra-artery administered acetylcholine-induced urinary bladder contraction in anesthetized dogs].
Koganei, M; Nakajima, M; Uchida, M; Yamaji, T, 2004)		1.99
"Oxybutynin has been used for the management of detrusor overactivity for over 30 years and has withstood medical scrutiny and the test of time throughout the world. "( Oxybutynin in detrusor overactivity.
Diokno, A; Ingber, M, 2006)		3.22
"Oxybutynin has been proven to be effective in patients with generalized hyperhidrosis. "( Effect of oxybutynin on exercise-induced sweating in healthy individuals.
Deneer, VH; Harmsze, AM; Tupker, RA; van Houte, M, 2008)		2.19
"Oxybutynin has a proved role in correcting uninhibited detrusor contractions in the intact and the bowel augmented bladder. "( Oxybutynin administration diminishes the high gastric muscular tone associated with bladder reconstruction.
Lewis, AG; Reeves, D; Sheldon, CA, 1995)		3.18
"Oxybutynin has low oral bioavailability due to an extensive presystemic metabolism. "( Itraconazole moderately increases serum concentrations of oxybutynin but does not affect those of the active metabolite.
Aranko, K; Juhakoski, A; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1997)		1.98
"Oxybutynin has long been used for the treatment of patients with detrusor overactivity and urinary urge incontinence. "( Comparison of a 10-mg controlled release oxybutynin tablet with a 5-mg oxybutynin tablet in urge incontinent patients.
Haarala, M; Hakonen, T; Kiilholma, P; Kivelä, A; Lukkari, E; Nilsson, CG, 1997)		2.01
"Oxybutynin has an extensive first pass metabolism after oral administration, the main active metabolite being N-desethyloxybutynin. "( Cytochrome P450 specificity of metabolism and interactions of oxybutynin in human liver microsomes.
Juhakoski, A; Lukkari, E; Pelkonen, O; Taavitsainen, P, 1998)		1.98
"Oxybutynin has been used for treatment of urge urinary incontinence for more than 20 years. "( Absorption of oxybutynin from vaginal inserts: drug blood levels and the response of the rabbit bladder.
Das, AK; Kay, F; Kogan, BA; Levin, RM; Mahashabde, A; Schröder, A, 2000)		2.11
"Oxybutynin has both an antimuscarinic and a direct muscle relaxant effect, and, in addition, local anesthetic actions."( Oxybutynin and the overactive bladder.
Andersson, KE; Chapple, CR, 2001)		2.47
"Oxybutynin has statistically significant effects on subjective symptoms and objective urodynamic parameters in patients with detrusor hyperactivity compared to propantheline."( Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial on treatment of frequency, urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: oxybutynin versus propantheline versus placebo.
Bunke, B; de Geeter, P; Ebner, A; Faber, P; Hannappel, J; Heidler, H; Madersbacher, H; Melchior, H; Schäfer, W; Thüroff, JW, 1991)		1.21
"Oxybutynin has less anticholinergic activity than propantheline bromide. "( Oxybutynin-induced reflux esophagitis.
Lee, M; Sharifi, R, 1990)		3.16
"Oxybutynin has been widely prescribed in the United Kingdom for more than 5 years on a named patient basis. "( Oxybutynin: is it safe?
Baigrie, RJ; Fawcett, DP; Kelleher, JP; Pengelly, AW, 1988)		3.16
"Oxybutynin chloride has been clinically used for the relief of symptoms associated with voiding in patients with uninhibited neurogenic and reflex neurogenic bladder in the USA. "( Clinical reevaluation of the effect of oxybutynin chloride on uninhibited neurogenic and reflex neurogenic bladder.
Abe, S; Kanda, T; Kawabe, K; Tei, K, 1986)		1.98

Treatment

Oxybutynin patch treatment reduces the number of nocturia episodes and prolongs the hours of undisturbed sleep, thus improving sleep quality and sleep-related quality of life in patients with overactive bladder.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oxybutynin patch treatment reduces the number of nocturia episodes and prolongs the hours of undisturbed sleep, thus improving sleep quality and sleep-related quality of life in patients with overactive bladder."( Once-daily oxybutynin patch improves nocturia and sleep quality in Japanese patients with overactive bladder: Post-hoc analysis of a phase III randomized clinical trial.
Higo, N; Ishizuka, O; Masegi, Y; Minami, H; Seki, N; Takahashi, S; Yamaguchi, A; Yamaguchi, O; Yamanishi, T; Yokoyama, O; Yoshida, M, 2015)		2.25
"The oxybutynin treated patients had a lower overall performance at baseline pretreatment testing."( The effect of oxybutynin treatment on cognition in children with diurnal incontinence.
Askari, N; Kennedy, WA; Kraemer, HC; O'Hara, R; Sommer, BR, 2005)		1.17
"Oxybutynin treated animals also had decreased expression of amyloid beta 1-42 (82.8 +/- 9.0 etag/ml vs 105.6 +/- 5.5 etag/ml, p = 0.05) compared to animals treated with vehicle."( Does oxybutynin alter plaques, amyloid beta peptides and behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease?
Fletcher, S; Klausner, AP; Neff, P; Sharma, S; Son, H; Steers, WD; Tuttle, JB; Yang, SK, 2008)		1.58
"Treatment with oxybutynin decreased isovolumetric detrusor pressure in all 3 stop tests by up to 6 cm."( Which stop test is best? Measuring detrusor contractility in older females.
Bergmann, MA; Griffiths, D; Resnick, NM; Tan, TL, 2003)		0.66
"Oral treatment with oxybutynin (10 mg/kg) did not significantly improve the increased VF due to 0.75% acetic acid."( A new method for producing urinary bladder hyperactivity using a non-invasive transient intravesical infusion of acetic acid in conscious rats.
Higashiyama, H; Inoue, H; Kinoshita, M; Kushida, H; Mitobe, M; Mizuyachi, K; Westfall, TD, )		0.45

Toxicity

Tolterodine was significantly better tolerated than oxybutynin when adverse events (particularly frequency and intensity of dry mouth), dose reduction and patient withdrawals were considered. There was a significantly more favourable tolerability to propiverine than oxy butynin for the overall rate of adverse events. All 3 formulations of oxybutyne are safe and effective in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Safety and tolerability were assessed from adverse events and laboratory measures."( Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis.
Appell, RA, 1997)		0.3
" Tolterodine at doses of 1 mg and 2 mg were tolerated significantly better than oxybutynin when adverse events, dry mouth (both frequency and intensity), dose reductions, and patient withdrawals were considered."( Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis.
Appell, RA, 1997)		0.52
" Patients receiving tolterodine should not experience these limitations and instead will get safe and long-term effective treatment for their condition."( Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis.
Appell, RA, 1997)		0.3
"Describing a therapeutic index for a drug is important for evaluating safe and effective dosage regimens."( Quantitative characterization of therapeutic index: application of mixed-effects modeling to evaluate oxybutynin dose-efficacy and dose-side effect relationships.
Aarons, L; Gupta, SK; Ho, PL; Lindemulder, EA; Sathyan, G; Sheiner, LB, 1999)		0.52
" Tolterodine was significantly better tolerated than oxybutynin when adverse events (particularly frequency and intensity of dry mouth), dose reduction and patient withdrawals were considered."( Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to oxybutynin and placebo in patients with overactive bladder.
Appell, RA; Drutz, HP; Gleason, D; Klimberg, I; Radomski, S, 1999)		0.8
" Adverse events possibly related to the use of oxybutynin were specifically asked for."( Low-dose oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: good efficacy and few side effects.
Bemelmans, BL; Debruyne, FM; Kiemeney, LA, 2000)		0.98
" Safety monitoring included adverse events and skin tolerability of the transdermal system."( A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutynin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence.
Daugherty, CA; Davila, GW; Sanders, SW, 2001)		0.5
"Transdermal delivery of oxybutynin resulted in comparable efficacy and a significantly improved anticholinergic side effect profile compared with oral administration in adults with urge urinary incontinence."( A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutynin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence.
Daugherty, CA; Davila, GW; Sanders, SW, 2001)		0.81
"Extended-release oxybutynin is safe and efficacious in children."( Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of extended-release oxybutynin in children.
Kogan, BA; Youdim, K, 2002)		0.89
" The safety was measured by recording adverse events on questionnaires."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of intravesical formulation of oxybutynin in patients with detrusor overactivity.
Hakonen, T; Lehtoranta, K; Lukkari-Lax, E; Tainio, H; Tammela, TL, 2002)		0.55
" The most common adverse event was application site pruritus (oxybutynin TDS 10."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal oxybutynin in patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence.
Davila, GW; Dmochowski, RR; Gittelman, MC; Lyttle, S; Saltzstein, DR; Sanders, SW; Zinner, NR, 2002)		0.83
" The majority of discontinuations were for adverse events; dry mouth was the most frequently cited event leading to discontinuation (8."( Long-term safety of extended-release oxybutynin chloride in a community-dwelling population of participants with overactive bladder: a one-year study.
Albrecht, D; Antoci, J; Atkinson, L; Diokno, A; Labasky, R; Leach, G; Sand, P; Sieber, P, 2002)		0.59
"Modified intravesical oxybutynin is an effective and relatively safe option of therapy for overactive bladder patients."( Urodynamic effects and safety of modified intravesical oxybutynin chloride in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: 3 years experience.
Miyagawa, I; Otsubo, K; Saito, M; Satoh, K; Tabuchi, F; Watanabe, T, 2004)		0.89
" There were no serious treatment related adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
Adams, RC; Albrecht, D; de Jong, TP; Franco, I; Grady, R; Horowitz, M; Lindert, K, 2005)		0.64
"All 3 formulations of oxybutynin are safe and effective in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
Adams, RC; Albrecht, D; de Jong, TP; Franco, I; Grady, R; Horowitz, M; Lindert, K, 2005)		0.95
" The primary outcome measure was reduction in ureteral stent symptoms, and the secondary outcome measure was the safety of intravesical instillation of each agent through assessment of drug-related adverse events."( Double-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of intravesical agents for ureteral stent symptoms after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
Beiko, DT; Brock, GB; Denstedt, JD; Knudsen, BE; Nott, L; Pautler, SE; Razvi, H; Watterson, JD, 2004)		0.32
" From our results, ketorolac appears to be the most effective intravesical agent in reducing stent-related patient discomfort, and we have established that intravesical instillation of ketorolac is safe in humans."( Double-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of intravesical agents for ureteral stent symptoms after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
Beiko, DT; Brock, GB; Denstedt, JD; Knudsen, BE; Nott, L; Pautler, SE; Razvi, H; Watterson, JD, 2004)		0.32
"7% of patients cited adverse events as the reason for discontinuing."( Efficacy and safety of extended release oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: an analysis of data from 3 flexible dosing studies.
Anderson, RU; Armstrong, RB; Dmochowski, RR; MacDiarmid, SA, 2005)		0.6
" The primary differences between the two drugs were the incidence and type of adverse events, which varied with the antimuscarinic receptor specificity of each agent."( Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of propiverine and oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.
Abrams, P; Cardozo, L; Chapple, C; Hargreaves, K; Khullar, V; Serdarevic, D, 2006)		0.57
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar in the three treatment groups (extended-release oxybutynin, 70%; extended-release tolterodine, 64%; and immediate-release tolterodine, 79%)."( Safety and tolerability of extended-release oxybutynin once daily in urinary incontinence: combined results from two phase 4 controlled clinical trials.
Armstrong, RB; Dmochowski, RR; Macdiarmid, S; Sand, PK, 2007)		0.82
"2%) reported no treatment-related adverse events; two men (0."( Effects of oxybutynin transdermal system on health-related quality of life and safety in men with overactive bladder and prostate conditions.
Dahl, NV; Polishuk, PV; Rosenberg, MT; Staskin, DR; Zinner, NR, 2008)		0.74
" The Brief Agitation Rating Scale, adverse events, falls incidence, and serum anticholinergic activity change with treatment were also assessed."( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the cognitive effect, safety, and tolerability of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence.
Davey, C; Lackner, TE; McCarthy, TC; Monigold, M; Wyman, JF, 2008)		0.56
" Mild adverse events occurred in 38."( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the cognitive effect, safety, and tolerability of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence.
Davey, C; Lackner, TE; McCarthy, TC; Monigold, M; Wyman, JF, 2008)		0.56
"Short-term treatment using oral extended-release oxybutynin 5 mg once daily was safe and well tolerated, with no delirium, in older female nursing home participants with mild to severe dementia."( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the cognitive effect, safety, and tolerability of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence.
Davey, C; Lackner, TE; McCarthy, TC; Monigold, M; Wyman, JF, 2008)		0.81
" Safety was monitored through adverse event reporting."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin chloride topical gel for overactive bladder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Macdiarmid, SA; Sand, PK; Staskin, DR; Thomas, H, 2009)		0.66
" No serious treatment related adverse events occurred."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin chloride topical gel for overactive bladder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Macdiarmid, SA; Sand, PK; Staskin, DR; Thomas, H, 2009)		0.66
" A sample was composed of 135 outpatients with signs of lower urinary tract dysfunction and urodynamically documented detrusor overactivity; 20 patients left the study prematurely, chiefly (n=10) because of adverse events."( Cizolirtine citrate is safe and effective for treating urinary incontinence secondary to overactive bladder: a phase 2 proof-of-concept study.
Abadías, M; Brod'ák, M; Pavlík, I; Schraml, P; Sust, M; Villoria, J; Vsetica, J; Zát'ura, F, 2010)		0.36
" Adverse events were systematically recorded."( Cizolirtine citrate is safe and effective for treating urinary incontinence secondary to overactive bladder: a phase 2 proof-of-concept study.
Abadías, M; Brod'ák, M; Pavlík, I; Schraml, P; Sust, M; Villoria, J; Vsetica, J; Zát'ura, F, 2010)		0.36
" Cizolirtine citrate caused fewer antimuscarinic but more gastrointestinal (nausea) and neurologic (headache and vertigo) adverse events than oxybutynin."( Cizolirtine citrate is safe and effective for treating urinary incontinence secondary to overactive bladder: a phase 2 proof-of-concept study.
Abadías, M; Brod'ák, M; Pavlík, I; Schraml, P; Sust, M; Villoria, J; Vsetica, J; Zát'ura, F, 2010)		0.56
" The most common adverse events were application site reaction (12."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin transdermal system in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence: an open-label, dose-titration study.
Foote, JE; Kennelly, MJ; Lemack, GE; Trop, CS, 2009)		0.66
" There were 12 treatment related adverse events noted with transdermal oxybutynin (mild skin reaction) and 1 with oral oxybutynin (vasodilatation)."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal and oral oxybutynin in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
Cartwright, PC; Coplen, DE; Finan, E; Hoel, G; Kogan, BA; Volinn, W, 2009)		0.85
" Taking domestic usage by age group into account, there is a disproportionately higher number of CNS adverse event cases reported in pediatric patients as compared with adult patients."( Spectrum of central anticholinergic adverse effects associated with oxybutynin: comparison of pediatric and adult cases.
Gish, P; Johann-Liang, R; Mosholder, AD; Truffa, M, 2009)		0.59
" Tolerability was evaluated by the rate of adverse events, adverse drug reactions caused by antimuscarinics and premature treatment termination."( Efficacy, tolerability and safety of propiverine hydrochloride in comparison to oxybutynin in children with urge incontinence due to overactive bladder: Results of a multicentre observational cohort study.
Alloussi, S; Bock, P; Braun, R; Gerhardt, U; Heinrich, M; Hellmis, E; Horn, W; Madersbacher, H; Marschall-Kehrel, D; Mürtz, G; Niklas, K; Raabe, M; Rössler, T; Schultz-Lampel, D; Seibt, B; Siemer, S; Strugala, G; Walter, H; Wiedeking, B, 2010)		0.59
" There was a significantly more favourable tolerability to propiverine than oxybutynin for the overall rate of adverse events (3."( Efficacy, tolerability and safety of propiverine hydrochloride in comparison to oxybutynin in children with urge incontinence due to overactive bladder: Results of a multicentre observational cohort study.
Alloussi, S; Bock, P; Braun, R; Gerhardt, U; Heinrich, M; Hellmis, E; Horn, W; Madersbacher, H; Marschall-Kehrel, D; Mürtz, G; Niklas, K; Raabe, M; Rössler, T; Schultz-Lampel, D; Seibt, B; Siemer, S; Strugala, G; Walter, H; Wiedeking, B, 2010)		0.82
"Using Medline, Embase, and the Science Citation Index, we summarize the cutaneous adverse effects of transdermal and parenteral fentanyl."( Fentanyl transdermal patches: overview of cutaneous adverse effects in humans.
Hostynek, JJ; Maibach, HI, 2010)		0.36
" A total of 383 patients completed the Patient Global Assessment of Treatment Satisfaction scale and measures of pain, interference with physical and emotional functioning, sleep interference, and adverse events."( Treatment satisfaction in osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain: the role of pain, physical and emotional functioning, sleep, and adverse events.
Dworkin, RH; Galer, BS; Gammaitoni, AR; Gould, E; Jensen, MP; Jones, BA; Xiang, Q, 2011)		0.37
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and efficacy was measured by the International RLS Study Group Severity Rating Scale (IRLS), RLS-6 scales and Clinical Global Impression (CGI)."( Treatment of moderate to severe restless legs syndrome: 2-year safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch.
Beneš, H; García-Borreguero, D; Geisler, P; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, WH; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2010)		0.36
" The incidence of adverse events in the tolterodine-treated group (28%) was significantly lower than that in the oxybutnin-treated group (57%) (P<0."( [Comparisons of efficacy and safety of tolterodine and oxybutynin in children with idiopathic overactive bladder].
Chen, CJ; Deng, YJ; Ge, Z; Guo, YF; Lu, RG; Ma, G; Wang, LX; Zhu, HB, 2011)		0.62
" Fifteen patients experienced a total of 19 adverse events (AEs), 17 of which were mild to moderate, and 2 of which were severe."( Effectiveness and safety of diclofenac epolamine topical patch 1.3% for the treatment of acute pain due to back strain: an open-label, uncontrolled study.
Gimbel, J; Jacobs, D; Paterson, C; Pixton, G, 2011)		0.37
" Adverse events (AEs), laboratory parameters, vital signs, neurosensory examinations, dermal assessments, treatment-related pain scores, and medication use for treatment-related pain were collected."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of NGX-4010, capsaicin 8% patch, in an open-label study of patients with peripheral neuropathic pain.
Lu, B; Murphy, FT; Peppin, JF; Tobias, JK; Vanhove, GF; Webster, LR, 2011)		0.37
"NGX-4010 in conjunction with any of the three topical anesthetics tested was generally safe and well tolerated and reduced pain over a 12-week period in patients with PDN and PHN."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of NGX-4010, capsaicin 8% patch, in an open-label study of patients with peripheral neuropathic pain.
Lu, B; Murphy, FT; Peppin, JF; Tobias, JK; Vanhove, GF; Webster, LR, 2011)		0.37
" Rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is commonly used as a treatment for dementia due to its ability to moderate cholinergic neurotransmission; however, treatment with oral rivastigmine can lead to gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting."( Transdermal rivastigmine: management of cutaneous adverse events and review of the literature.
Adam, DN; Greenspoon, J; Herrmann, N, 2011)		0.37
" Primary safety outcomes included occurrence of adverse events and dropouts."( Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study.
Beneš, H; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, W; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2011)		0.37
" 169 (57%) patients discontinued treatment, 89 (30%) because of adverse events and 31 (11%) because of lack of efficacy."( Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study.
Beneš, H; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Kohnen, R; Oertel, W; Poewe, W; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K; Trenkwalder, C, 2011)		0.37
" Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were 56% during the open-label period, and 59, 77, and 73% for the BTDS 5, BTDS 20, and oxycodone 40 mg/day treatment groups, respectively, during the double-blind phase."( Efficacy and safety of buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) for chronic moderate to severe low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study.
Hale, M; Landau, C; Munera, C; Ripa, S; Steiner, D, 2011)		0.37
" Dry mouth was the only drug-related adverse event significantly more common with OTG (7."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin chloride topical gel for women with overactive bladder syndrome.
Caramelli, KE; Davila, GW; Hoel, G; Lucente, VR; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2012)		0.69
" TCI using a hydrogel patch induced few local and systemic adverse reactions."( Compositional optimization and safety assessment of a hydrogel patch as a transcutaneous immunization device.
Asada, H; Ishii, Y; Kamiyama, F; Matsuo, K; Mukai, Y; Nakagawa, S; Okada, N; Quan, YS, 2011)		0.37
"The findings indicate comparability of transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for pain measures with significantly fewer adverse events (nausea and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events) caused by transdermal buprenorphine."( Systematic review of efficacy and safety of buprenorphine versus fentanyl or morphine in patients with chronic moderate to severe pain.
Aune, D; Hernandez, AV; Kleijnen, J; Misso, K; Riemsma, R; Truyers, C; Wolff, RF, 2012)		0.38
" Overall, these trials have shown that rotigotine has a similar adverse event (AE) profile as other non-ergolinic dopamine agonists such as pramipexole or ropinirole, inducing typical dopaminergic effects like nausea, daytime somnolence, peripheral edema or impulse control disorders."( Drug safety evaluation of rotigotine.
Poewe, W; Seppi, K; Sprenger, FS, 2012)		0.38
"It has been confirmed by several clinical trials that the fentanyl patch causes less adverse events than sustained-release oral morphine, and after rotation."( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer].
Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)		0.38
"We prospectively investigated the reduced effects of adverse events caused by sustained-release oral morphine and controlled-release oxycodone after rotating to the fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer."( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer].
Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)		0.38
" Those experiencing adverse events from oral morphine or oral oxycodone were administered a fentanyl patch."( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer].
Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)		0.38
"This study suggested that the fentanyl patch can reduce adverse events caused by sustained-release oral morphine as well as controlled-release oral oxycodone."( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer].
Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)		0.38
"Aggravation of asthmatic response (asthmatic attack, 2 cases) and adverse events (tremor, 1 case) due to a switch from a brand-name tulobuterol tape to a generic tape were recently reported."( [Questionnaire survey on the change of asthmatic response, adverse events and product usability due to drug switching between name-brand and generic tulobuterol tapes].
Hori, S; Izumi, T; Miki, A; Satoh, H; Sawada, Y, 2012)		0.38
" The AMs used to treat OAB differ in their pharmacological profiles, which may affect their potential for causing adverse effects (AEs)."( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of antimuscarinic drugs for overactive bladder treatment in females.
Alessandri, F; Candiani, M; Ferrero, S; Leone Roberti Maggiore, U; Origoni, M; Remorgida, V; Salvatore, S; Venturini, PL, 2012)		0.38
"Safety and tolerability assessment included the monitoring and recording of adverse events and withdrawals at any time during the study."( Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch formulation in newly diagnosed patients with Alzheimer's dementia in naturalistic conditions.
Pregelj, P, 2012)		0.38
"54%) suffered serious adverse events."( Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch formulation in newly diagnosed patients with Alzheimer's dementia in naturalistic conditions.
Pregelj, P, 2012)		0.38
"The results of this study suggest that the rivastigmine transdermal patch is safe and tolerable for Alzheimer's dementia patients in naturalistic conditions."( Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch formulation in newly diagnosed patients with Alzheimer's dementia in naturalistic conditions.
Pregelj, P, 2012)		0.38
"Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and efficacy was assessed by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS)."( Safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch in patients with restless legs syndrome: a post-hoc analysis of patients taking 1 - 3 mg/24 h for up to 5 years.
Bauer, L; Dohin, E; Ferini-Strambi, L; Fichtner, A; García-Borreguero, D; Högl, B; Schollmayer, E, 2013)		0.39
" Primary outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and extent of rotigotine exposure."( The safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system over a 6-year period in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease.
Boroojerdi, B; Giladi, N; Surmann, E, 2013)		0.39
" The transdermal patches did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites."( Acute dermal irritation, sensitization, and acute toxicity studies of a transdermal patch for prophylaxis against ({+/-}) anatoxin-a poisoning.
Banerjee, S; Chattopadhyay, P; Ghosh, A; Pathak, MP; Singh, S; Veer, V, 2013)		0.39
" Overall, MN patches can offer an effective and safe means of ATRA delivery into the skin, and the ATRA-loaded MN patch appears to be an effective pharmaceutical product providing a novel therapeutic option for seborrheic keratosis."( Development of a novel therapeutic approach using a retinoic acid-loaded microneedle patch for seborrheic keratosis treatment and safety study in humans.
Asada, H; Hiraishi, Y; Hirobe, S; Iioka, H; Kamiyama, F; Nakagawa, S; Okada, N; Quan, YS, 2013)		0.39
"Because oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have adverse effects on kidney function, patients with kidney diseases are administered these drugs as transdermal patches."( Safety and efficacy of skin patches containing loxoprofen sodium in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy.
Araki, H; Araki, S; Isshiki, K; Kashiwagi, A; Kume, S; Kuwagata, S; Maegawa, H; Morita, Y; Soumura, M; Uzu, T; Yamahara, K, 2014)		0.4
" Adverse events (AEs) were monitored."( Efficacy and safety of oxybutynin topical gel 3% in patients with urgency and/or mixed urinary incontinence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Goldfischer, ER; Peters-Gee, J; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2015)		0.73
" Most adverse events were mild in intensity and typical for dopamine agonists or for transdermal therapeutics."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)		0.4
" Safety was measured in terms of treatment emergent adverse events, laboratory, physical, gynecologic examinations, electrocardiogram and vital signs."( A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, efficacy and safety study of oxybutynin vaginal ring for alleviation of overactive bladder symptoms in women.
Gittelman, M; Seidman, L; Weiss, H, 2014)		0.64
"The oxybutynin vaginal ring appears to be an effective and safe once monthly treatment option for women with overactive bladder characterized primarily by urinary urge incontinence that merits further evaluation in a phase 3 study."( A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, efficacy and safety study of oxybutynin vaginal ring for alleviation of overactive bladder symptoms in women.
Gittelman, M; Seidman, L; Weiss, H, 2014)		1.2
" Primary outcomes included incidence of, and discontinuation due to, predefined adverse events (AEs) potentially arising from worsening of Parkinson disease motor symptoms with capsules."( Long-term safety of rivastigmine in parkinson disease dementia: an open-label, randomized study.
Barone, P; Burn, D; Callegari, F; De Deyn, PP; Durif, F; Emre, M; Kulisevsky, J; Micheli, F; Pahwa, R; Poewe, W; Pourcher, E; Storch, A; Strohmaier, C; Tenenbaum, N; van Laar, T, )		0.13
" The most frequent adverse events were headache (9."( Effect of a low-dose contraceptive patch on efficacy, bleeding pattern, and safety: a 1-year, multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study.
Bassol, S; Mellinger, U; Merz, M; Weisberg, E; Wiegratz, I, 2014)		0.4
" A lower incidence of adverse events was observed in LX-P group; however, the difference was not statistically significant."( Efficacy and safety of loxoprofen hydrogel patch versus loxoprofen tablet in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial.
Bao, CD; Chen, ZW; Hu, SX; Li, YJ; Li, ZG; Mu, R; Shao, ZW; Wang, GC; Xiao, WG; Zhang, W; Zhang, ZY; Zhao, DB; Zheng, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Overall adverse events in the 2 treatment groups were also compared."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy.
Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)		0.4
" Total number of patients who reported adverse events was significantly higher in the fentanyl group (P=0."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy.
Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)		0.4
"TDF was more effective in the control of postoperative pain after PRK than tramadol/acetaminophen and no irreversible or severe adverse effect was reported with 12 μg/h concentration."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy.
Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)		0.4
"Treatment-emergent adverse events of 2% or greater in the LNG/EE contraceptive patch were nasopharyngitis (5."( Safety and tolerability of a new low-dose contraceptive patch in obese and nonobese women.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Kaunitz, AM; Mishell, DR, 2015)		0.42
"The LNG/EE contraceptive patch and combination oral contraceptives were well tolerated and associated with similar treatment-emergent adverse event incidences in obese and nonobese women."( Safety and tolerability of a new low-dose contraceptive patch in obese and nonobese women.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Kaunitz, AM; Mishell, DR, 2015)		0.42
" Central nervous system adverse effects are rare."( Neuropsychiatric side effects due to a transdermal fentanyl patch: hallucinations.
Afacan, MA; Aktas, S; Colak, S; Erdogan, MO; Kandis, H; Kosargelir, M; Tayfur, İ, 2015)		0.42
" In this study, we retrospectively investigated 12 gastrointestinal cancer patients to evaluate the efficacy and frequency of adverse effects of TDF patches compared to oral oxycodone (OXY) for opioid initiation."( [Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl patches for opioid initiation in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction].
Goto, T; Hasuo, Y; Kai, S; Misumi, N; Miyoshi, T; Nishino, T; Yamauchi, H; Yoshida, E, 2014)		0.4
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and discontinuations due to AEs was similar in patients who continued on, and patients who uptitrated to, 13."( A 24-Week, Open-Label Extension Study to Investigate the Long-term Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of 13.3 mg/24 h Rivastigmine Patch in Patients With Severe Alzheimer Disease.
Farlow, MR; Grossberg, GT; Meng, X; Sadowsky, CH; Velting, DM, )		0.13
" Data on tolerability, compliance, and adverse events (AEs) were also analyzed."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of oxybutynin chloride in pediatric neurogenic bladder with spinal dysraphism: a retrospective, multicenter, observational study.
Baek, M; Han, SW; Kim, KR; Kim, KS; Lee, JH; Lee, YS; Park, K; Song, SH, 2014)		0.67
"OC is safe and efficacious in treating pediatric neurogenic bladder associated with SD."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of oxybutynin chloride in pediatric neurogenic bladder with spinal dysraphism: a retrospective, multicenter, observational study.
Baek, M; Han, SW; Kim, KR; Kim, KS; Lee, JH; Lee, YS; Park, K; Song, SH, 2014)		0.67
" Adverse drug reactions (ADR) were collected and an evaluation of anticholinergic effects was conducted."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravesically administered 0.1% oxybutynin hydrochloride solution in adult patients with neurogenic bladder: A randomized, prospective, controlled multi-center trial.
Albrecht, U; Reitz, A; Schnitker, J; Schröder, A; Stein, R, 2016)		0.67
" No serious adverse drug reactions were reported."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravesically administered 0.1% oxybutynin hydrochloride solution in adult patients with neurogenic bladder: A randomized, prospective, controlled multi-center trial.
Albrecht, U; Reitz, A; Schnitker, J; Schröder, A; Stein, R, 2016)		0.67
"Increases in testosterone use and mixed reports of adverse events have raised concerns about the cardiovascular safety of testosterone."( Comparative Safety of Testosterone Dosage Forms.
Brookhart, MA; Jick, SS; Layton, JB; Meier, CR; Sharpless, JL; Stürmer, T, 2015)		0.42
" However, they may evoke a variety of adverse reactions (such as dry mouth and constipation, but also drowsiness and confusion), and therefore unnecessary use of drugs with anticholinergic properties should be avoided."( Central Anticholinergic Adverse Effects and Their Measurement.
Hartikainen, S; Huupponen, R; Lampela, P; Paajanen, T, 2015)		0.42
" The majority of drug-related adverse events (AEs) included mild dermatitis at the application sites and occurred in 46."( The Long-Term Safety of S-Flurbiprofen Plaster for Osteoarthritis Patients: An Open-Label, 52-Week Study.
Hoshino, Y; Matsumoto, H; Matsushita, I; Otsuka, N; Yataba, I, 2016)		0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
"To identify and characterize cases of chemical leukoderma, an underrecognized adverse event, associated with the methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) reported to the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)."( Chemical Leukoderma Associated with Methylphenidate Transdermal System: Data From the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.
Brinker, A; Cheng, C; Diak, IL; La Grenade, L; Levin, RL, 2017)		0.46
"We searched the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System for reports of chemical leukoderma associated with MTS, received by the Food and Drug Administration from April 6, 2006 to December 23, 2014."( Chemical Leukoderma Associated with Methylphenidate Transdermal System: Data From the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.
Brinker, A; Cheng, C; Diak, IL; La Grenade, L; Levin, RL, 2017)		0.46
"sexual activity, orgasm, Profile of Female Sexual Function domains (desire), personal distress score, adverse events, acne, increased hair growth, facial hair, alopecia, voice deepening, urinary symptoms, breast pain, headache, site reaction, total adverse events, serious adverse events, withdrawal from study, and follow-up rate."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Achilli, C; Hamoda, H; Panay, N; Pundir, J; Ramanathan, P; Sabatini, L, 2017)		0.46
"The T group had significantly more satisfying sexual episodes, sexual activity, orgasms, desire, significant change in Personal Distress Scale score, androgenic adverse events, acne, and hair growth compared with the placebo group."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Achilli, C; Hamoda, H; Panay, N; Pundir, J; Ramanathan, P; Sabatini, L, 2017)		0.46
" The use of transdermal T is associated with increase in androgenic adverse events such as acne but is not associated with any serious adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Achilli, C; Hamoda, H; Panay, N; Pundir, J; Ramanathan, P; Sabatini, L, 2017)		0.46
"625% CP may prove to be an effective and safe alternative with which to treat patients with peripheral neuropathy and could replace the high concentration (8%) CP."( Efficacy and Safety of 0.625% and 1.25% Capsaicin Patch in Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: Multi-Center, Randomized, and Semi-Double Blind Controlled Study.
Choi, E; Kim, YC; Lee, PB; Lee, SC; Moon, JY; Nahm, FS, 2017)		0.46
" It also demonstrates a rare drug adverse effect with successful treatment."( Glycopyrrolate-induced craniofacial compensatory hyperhidrosis successfully treated with oxybutynin: report of a novel adverse effect and subsequent successful treatment.
Fischer, R; Liu, D; Prouty, ME, 2016)		0.66
" The safety profile was consistent with the application method and known side-effect profile of oxycodone and naltrexone."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a novel tocopheryl phosphate mixture/oxycodone transdermal patch system: a Phase I study.
Gavin, PD; Schlagheck, T; Shakib, S; Simon, LS; Smith, AJ, 2017)		0.46
" No adverse effects were reported, and primary irritation and human repeated insult patch tests revealed no irritation from the test product."( Efficacy and safety of a new microneedle patch for skin brightening: A Randomized, split-face, single-blind study.
Kim, BJ; Kim, D; Kim, MN; Kwon, HJ; Lee, C; Park, KY; Yoon, JJ, 2017)		0.46
"A newly developed microneedle patch was effective and safe for skin brightening and would be a promising functional cosmetic product."( Efficacy and safety of a new microneedle patch for skin brightening: A Randomized, split-face, single-blind study.
Kim, BJ; Kim, D; Kim, MN; Kwon, HJ; Lee, C; Park, KY; Yoon, JJ, 2017)		0.46
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and drug-related TEAEs were reported by 252 (82."( Capsaicin 8% Patch Repeat Treatment in Nondiabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A 52-Week, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Safety Study.
Attal, N; Ernault, E; Gálvez, R; Maihöfner, C; Moyle, G; Navez, ML; Nurmikko, TJ; Stoker, M, 2017)		0.46
" No serious adverse effects were observed during the follow-up period."( Efficacy and safety of a novel, soluble microneedle patch for the improvement of facial wrinkle.
Choi, SY; Hong, JY; Kim, AR; Kim, BJ; Ko, EJ; Li, K; Park, JO, 2018)		0.48
" Systemic adverse events were consistent with previous triptan trials, and included dizziness, paresthesia, muscle tightness, and nausea, all of which occurred in < 5% of patients in any group."( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center study of the safety and efficacy of ADAM zolmitriptan for the acute treatment of migraine.
Brandes, JL; Kellerman, DJ; Kudrow, DB; Schmidt, PC; Spierings, EL; Tepper, SJ; Weintraub, J, 2018)		0.48
" The primary outcomes were pain relief for RCTs and risk of adverse effects (AEs) for observational studies."( Relative efficacy and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Doherty, M; Lei, G; Li, J; Li, X; Long, H; Persson, MSM; Sarmanova, A; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xie, D; Zeng, C; Zhang, W, 2018)		0.48
"Topical NSAIDs were effective and safe for OA."( Relative efficacy and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Doherty, M; Lei, G; Li, J; Li, X; Long, H; Persson, MSM; Sarmanova, A; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xie, D; Zeng, C; Zhang, W, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events and adverse drug reactions, the concentrations of FIT039, and surface area of cutaneous warts were evaluated."( Safety and Plasma Concentrations of a Cyclin-dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) Inhibitor, FIT039, Administered by a Single Adhesive Skin Patch Applied on Normal Skin and Cutaneous Warts.
Amino, Y; Asada, R; Hagiwara, M; Kabashima, K; Nomura, T; Sawada, T; Sumi, E; Tada, H; Uozumi, R; Yonezawa, A, 2019)		0.51
"The FIT039 patch showed no topical or systemic adverse reactions when applied on normal skin or cutaneous warts."( Safety and Plasma Concentrations of a Cyclin-dependent Kinase 9 (CDK9) Inhibitor, FIT039, Administered by a Single Adhesive Skin Patch Applied on Normal Skin and Cutaneous Warts.
Amino, Y; Asada, R; Hagiwara, M; Kabashima, K; Nomura, T; Sawada, T; Sumi, E; Tada, H; Uozumi, R; Yonezawa, A, 2019)		0.51
" Patient reported adverse events were evaluated."( Perfluorodecalin-infused patch in picosecond and Q-switched laser-assisted tattoo removal: Safety in Fitzpatrick IV-VI skin types.
Friedman, PM; Hamill, SS; Vangipuram, R, 2019)		0.51
" No adverse effects were reported."( Perfluorodecalin-infused patch in picosecond and Q-switched laser-assisted tattoo removal: Safety in Fitzpatrick IV-VI skin types.
Friedman, PM; Hamill, SS; Vangipuram, R, 2019)		0.51
" As of 2018, the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System public dashboard lists a total of 2889 reports of safety problems with the patch, 904 of which were classified as serious."( Safety Problems With a Transdermal Patch for Migraine: Lessons From the Development, Approval, and Marketing Process.
Burch, RC; Loder, EW; Rayhill, M, 2018)		0.48
" Approval was based on 1 clinical trial and 2 open label studies in which reporting of adverse events was suboptimal."( Safety Problems With a Transdermal Patch for Migraine: Lessons From the Development, Approval, and Marketing Process.
Burch, RC; Loder, EW; Rayhill, M, 2018)		0.48
" The incidence of adverse events did not differ between the groups."( Comparison of heart rate reduction effect and safety between bisoprolol transdermal patch and bisoprolol fumarate oral formulation in Japanese patients with persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation (BISONO-AF study).
Akita, Y; Ikeda, T; Yamashita, T, 2019)		0.51
" No serious adverse events occurred in either group."( Efficacy and Safety of Loxoprofen Hydrogel Transdermal Patch Versus Loxoprofen Tablet in Chinese Patients with Myalgia: A Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-Group, Randomized, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial.
Chen, Z; Hu, S; Li, Z; Lin, J; Shao, Z; Shi, Y; Wang, G; Xiao, W; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zheng, Y, 2019)		0.51
" However, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause several adverse events, with topical formulations arising as an important alternative."( Efficacy and safety of loxoprofen sodium topical patch for the treatment of pain in patients with minor acute traumatic limb injuries in Brazil: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial.
Daher, MT; Fujiki, EN; Kraychete, DC; Lopes, DG; Nakamoto, A; Netto, NA; Tardini, R, 2019)		0.51
" GTN appears safe in ipsilateral or bilateral carotid stenosis, and might improve outcome in severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis."( It is safe to use transdermal glyceryl trinitrate to lower blood pressure in patients with acute ischaemic stroke with carotid stenosis.
Appleton, JP; Bath, PM; Belcher, A; Bereczki, D; Berge, E; Caso, V; Chang, HM; Christensen, HK; Collins, R; Gommans, J; Laska, AC; Ntaios, G; Ozturk, S; Sare, GM; Sprigg, N; Szatmari, S; Wang, Y; Wardlaw, JM; Woodhouse, LJ, 2019)		0.51
" Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( Efficacy and safety of blonanserin transdermal patch in patients with schizophrenia: A 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.
Agarkov, A; Correll, CU; Cosca, R; Higuchi, T; Inoue, Y; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kane, JM; Kim, WH; Lin, SK; Matsui, T; Sato, T; Suchkov, Y; Sulaiman, AH; Wang, L; Watabe, K; Yoon, BH, 2020)		0.56
" Safety endpoints included the incidence of adverse events (AEs), treatment-related AEs, extrapyramidal AEs [also assessed using the change in Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) score], the use of any concomitant antiparkinsonian drugs, and skin-related AEs, including skin irritation."( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A 52-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Study.
Higuchi, T; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kanamori, Y; Matsumoto, M; Nakamura, H; Naoi, I, 2020)		0.56
"Blonanserin transdermal patches are safe and effective in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia."( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A 52-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Study.
Higuchi, T; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kanamori, Y; Matsumoto, M; Nakamura, H; Naoi, I, 2020)		0.56
" HD-MAP vaccination was safe and well tolerated; any systemic or local adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."( Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial.
Bodle, J; Depelsenaire, ACI; Fernando, GJP; Forster, AH; Francis, B; Hickling, J; Lickliter, JD; Pryor, M; Rockman, S; Treasure, P; Veitch, M; Wells, JW; Wheatley, A; Witham, K, 2020)		0.56
" Vaccination using the HD-MAP was safe and well tolerated and resulted in immune responses that were similar to or significantly enhanced compared with IM injection."( Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial.
Bodle, J; Depelsenaire, ACI; Fernando, GJP; Forster, AH; Francis, B; Hickling, J; Lickliter, JD; Pryor, M; Rockman, S; Treasure, P; Veitch, M; Wells, JW; Wheatley, A; Witham, K, 2020)		0.56
" For each study, efficacy, effectiveness, and adverse events data were extracted."( The Efficacy, Effectiveness and Safety of 5% Transdermal Lidocaine Patch for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review.
Felix, ER; Klass, S; Santana, JA, 2020)		0.56
" Safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and dermal assessments."( Efficacy and Safety of HP-3070, an Asenapine Transdermal System, in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Citrome, L; Komaroff, M; Kuriki, M; Park, AS; Starling, BR; Terahara, T; Walling, DP; Zeni, CM, 2020)		0.56
"Intravesical instillation of TRG-100 was found to be safe and efficient in reducing pain and irritative bladder symptoms in our study population."( Open Label, Pilot Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Intravesical Sustained Release System of Lidocaine and Oxybutynin (TRG-100) for Patients With Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome, Overactive Bladder and Patients With Retained Ureteral St
Ala-Adin, N; Chertin, B; Dothan, D; Gordon, A; Hatumi, S; Kafka, I; Malchi, N; Moldwin, R; Nassar, T; Perez, D; Raisin, G; Shenfeld, O; Touitou, D, 2023)		1.12
"In men with hypogonadism and preexisting or a high risk of cardiovascular disease, testosterone-replacement therapy was noninferior to placebo with respect to the incidence of major adverse cardiac events."( Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy.
Basaria, S; Bhasin, S; Boden, WE; Chan, A; Cunningham, GR; Davey, D; Dubcenco, E; Flevaris, P; Granger, CB; Huang, B; Kalahasti, V; Khan, N; Khera, M; Li, X; Lincoff, AM; Miller, MG; Mitchell, LM; Nissen, SE; Pencina, KM; Snabes, MC; Thompson, IM; Travison, TG; Wang, Q; Wolski, K; Yi, T, 2023)		0.91
" In the safety analysis population (125 patients), the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was 79."( Long-term evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a novel 20% oxybutynin hydrochloride lotion for primary palmar hyperhidrosis: An open-label extension study.
Fujimoto, T; Hirayama, Y; Inakura, H; Okawa, K; Terahara, T; Yokozeki, H, 2023)		1.15

Pharmacokinetics

Oxybutynin and its pharmacokinetic profile are not greatly affected by application site selection, post-application showering or sunscreen use shortly before or after dosing with OTG.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained after a single oral dose of OB and after administration two or three times daily to frail elderly and elderly volunteer groups respectively."( Measurement of oxybutynin and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in young, elderly and frail elderly volunteers.
Geraint, M; Gordon, D; Hughes, KM; Lang, JC; Lazare, R; Malone-Lee, J; Stanton, SL, 1992)		0.64
" In addition, 4 healthy dogs underwent intravesical instillation for pharmacokinetic studies."( The pharmacokinetics of intravesical and oral oxybutynin chloride.
Kogan, BA; Massad, CA; Trigo-Rocha, FE, 1992)		0.54
"Intake of oral contraceptive steroids had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxybutynin or its metabolite."( The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin is unaffected by gender and contraceptive steroids.
Hakonen, T; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)		0.82
" Results showed that concomitant use of contraceptive steroids had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxybutynin or its metabolite."( The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin is unaffected by gender and contraceptive steroids.
Hakonen, T; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)		0.81
" The mean AUC and Cmax values for each of the four analytes in the fed treatment were within +/- 20% of the fasting treatment values."( Lack of effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of an extended-release oxybutynin formulation.
Gupta, SK; Hu, W; Sathyan, G, 2001)		0.54
" Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of the R-enantiomers of OXY and DEO were slightly lower than the S-enantiomers following transdermal OXY."( Pharmacokinetics of the R- and S-enantiomers of oxybutynin and N-desethyloxybutynin following oral and transdermal administration of the racemate in healthy volunteers.
Feick, A; Quan, D; Sanders, SW; Schmid, B; Zobrist, RH, 2001)		0.57
" Dry mouth as the pharmacodynamic measure was compared between Oxy-XL and IR-Oxy administration."( Effect of OROS controlled-release delivery on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxybutynin chloride.
Chancellor, MB; Gupta, SK; Sathyan, G, 2001)		0.53
" The third, open study period was designed for pharmacokinetic purposes with all patients on the active drug."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of intravesical formulation of oxybutynin in patients with detrusor overactivity.
Hakonen, T; Lehtoranta, K; Lukkari-Lax, E; Tainio, H; Tammela, TL, 2002)		0.55
" Pharmacokinetic parameters and total salivary output were assessed."( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and saliva output during transdermal and extended-release oral oxybutynin administration in healthy subjects.
Appell, RA; Chancellor, MB; Sanders, SW; Thomas, H; Zobrist, RH, 2003)		0.54
"We propose a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model with time-dependent covariates measured with errors."( A population pharmacokinetic model with time-dependent covariates measured with errors.
Brown, MB; Gupta, S; Lee, KH; Li, L; Lin, X, 2004)		0.32
", Mountain View, CA) at different dosages, compared with immediate-release oxybutynin (IR-O), and to determine the pharmacodynamic properties in the severity-dependent reduction of urge urinary incontinence (UUI)."( Effect of controlled-release delivery on the pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin at different dosages: severity-dependent treatment of the overactive bladder.
Albrecht, D; Anderson, R; Hampel, C; O'Connell, M; Preik, M, 2004)		0.79
" The peak concentration ratios for oxybutynin and metabolite also conformed to this range; those for tolterodine did not."( Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of extended-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine.
Chen, A; Dmochowski, R; Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; MacDiarmid, S; Sathyan, G, 2005)		0.82
"At equivalent daily doses and typical patterns of compliance, fortnightly intramuscular depot administrations of risperidone provide better pharmacokinetic coverage than once-daily oral dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.35
"At therapeutic concentrations and with typical patterns of noncompliance, intramuscular injections of risperidone resulted in a 41% (SD 12%) greater pharmacokinetic coverage than the oral dose, 76% (SD 10%) vs."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.35
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
"Repeated discrete outcome variables such as count measurements often arise in pharmacodynamic experiments."( Sample size/power calculations for population pharmacodynamic experiments involving repeated-count measurements.
Aarons, L; Ogungbenro, K, 2010)		0.36
" Fentanyl concentrations were quantified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic values were estimated."( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered transdermally and intravenously in sheep.
Ahern, BJ; Rudy, JA; Schaer, TP; Soma, LR; Uboh, CE, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from measurements of the concentration of imidafenacin in serum, the bladder, and the submaxillary gland by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry."( Selective binding of bladder muscarinic receptors in relation to the pharmacokinetics of a novel antimuscarinic agent, imidafenacin, to treat overactive bladder.
Fukata, A; Ito, Y; Nakamura, M; Ogoda, M; Seki, M; Yamada, S, 2011)		0.37
"To explore the pharmacokinetic of Sinomenine transdermal patch."( [The pharmacokinetics study on Sinomenine transdermal patch on anaesthetized Beagle dogs].
Yu, Y; Zhang, YF; Zhou, LL, 2010)		0.36
"Point estimates for the ratios between the groups with moderate to severe renal impairment and healthy subjects for the pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0,t(last) ) and C(max) for the active substance unconjugated rotigotine were near 1:0."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function.
Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)		0.38
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of unconjugated rotigotine were similar in healthy subjects and subjects with impaired renal function indicating that no dose adjustments are required for transdermal rotigotine in patients with different stages of chronic renal insufficiency including patients on haemodialysis."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function.
Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)		0.38
" Clinical visits were required for pharmacokinetic sampling, supervision of OTG self-application on pharmacokinetic sampling days, showering, sunscreen application and transference experiments."( Pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin chloride topical gel: effects of application site, baths, sunscreen and person-to-person transference.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Newman, DK; Rudy, DC; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2011)		0.69
"The bioavailability of oxybutynin and its pharmacokinetic profile are not greatly affected by application site selection, post-application showering or sunscreen use shortly before or after dosing with OTG."( Pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin chloride topical gel: effects of application site, baths, sunscreen and person-to-person transference.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Newman, DK; Rudy, DC; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2011)		1
" Pharmacokinetic software 3p97 was applied to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and the area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC) in various tissues."( Pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine ethosome patch in rats and anti-myocardial ischemia and anti-ischemic reperfusion injury effect.
He, Z; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, X; Zeng, Z; Zhou, W, 2011)		0.37
" Oral and topical diclofenac had no pharmacokinetic effects on furosemide."( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers.
Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)		0.37
" Furosemide also affected plasma and urine pharmacokinetic profiles."( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers.
Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)		0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine."( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly.
Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)		0.39
" The potential exists for the use of multiple heated patches for longer application times, but the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of these multiple and/or longer applications have not been assessed."( Effects of application durations and heat on the pharmacokinetic properties of drug delivered by a lidocaine/tetracaine patch: a randomized, open-label, controlled study in healthy volunteers.
Charney, MR; Marriott, TB; Stanworth, S, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to assess the effects of heat and application time on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of the patch after the application of 4 lidocaine/tetracaine (70/70 mg) heated patches applied at the same time in healthy volunteers for up to 12 hours."( Effects of application durations and heat on the pharmacokinetic properties of drug delivered by a lidocaine/tetracaine patch: a randomized, open-label, controlled study in healthy volunteers.
Charney, MR; Marriott, TB; Stanworth, S, 2012)		0.38
"This study compares the pharmacokinetic profile, adhesion and safety of the AG200-15 Agile Patch (AP), a novel contraceptive patch releasing low-dose ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG), during wear under external conditions of heat, humidity and exercise versus normal activities."( Pharmacokinetics and adhesion of the Agile transdermal contraceptive patch (AG200-15) during daily exposure to external conditions of heat, humidity and exercise.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Rubin, A; Stanczyk, FZ, 2013)		0.39
" Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic evaluations."( Pharmacokinetics and adhesion of the Agile transdermal contraceptive patch (AG200-15) during daily exposure to external conditions of heat, humidity and exercise.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Rubin, A; Stanczyk, FZ, 2013)		0.39
" This study determined whether application of the AP to three different anatomical sites (lower abdomen, buttock and upper torso) influences the pharmacokinetic profile of EE and levonorgestrel (LNG)."( Therapeutically equivalent pharmacokinetic profile across three application sites for AG200-15, a novel low-estrogen dose contraceptive patch.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Rubin, A; Stanczyk, FZ, 2013)		0.39
" For plasma LNG levels, median Tmax (72-120 h) and mean Cmax (1436-1589 pg/mL) were similar across application sites."( Therapeutically equivalent pharmacokinetic profile across three application sites for AG200-15, a novel low-estrogen dose contraceptive patch.
Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Rubin, A; Stanczyk, FZ, 2013)		0.39
"To investigate the effect of dose on pharmacokinetic properties of brucine hydrogel patch."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
" After transdermal administration of different dose brucine hydrogel patch; Plasma concentration versus time profiles were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS program."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
"The pharmacokinetic properties of brucine do not vary with the dose of brucine hydrogel patch."( [Preparation and pharmacokinetics of brucine hydrogel patch].
Cai, BC; Chen, J; Chen, ZP; Li, L; Qi, Y, 2012)		0.38
" Relevant pharmacokinetic parameters of rasagiline obtained after transdermal administration to minipigs were compared with those of rasagiline after oral administration."( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of rasagiline in minipigs after oral dosing or transdermal administration via a newly developed patch.
Deng, J; Lin, J; Lin, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were studied and recorded on animals."( Development of matrix-type transdermal delivery of lornoxicam: in vitro evaluation and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in albino rats.
Baviskar, DT; Jain, DJ; Parik, VB, )		0.13
" The formulations showing best results (A3 and B3) were selected further for in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies on animals."( Development of matrix-type transdermal delivery of lornoxicam: in vitro evaluation and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in albino rats.
Baviskar, DT; Jain, DJ; Parik, VB, )		0.13
" The single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic profiles of TMP administrated by TMP transdermal patch were characterized in healthy volunteers using an in vivo, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover design."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of a novel tetramethylpyrazine reservoir-type transdermal patch versus tetramethylpyrazine phosphate oral tablets in healthy normal volunteers, and in vitro/in vivo correlation.
Shen, T; Weng, W; Xu, H; Zhang, J, 2013)		0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods, analyzed by descriptive statistics and compared using the average bioequivalence approach."( Pharmacokinetics of intravesical versus oral oxybutynin in healthy adults: results of an open label, randomized, prospective clinical study.
Albrecht, U; Fuhr, U; Krause, P; Rubenwolf, P; Schnitker, J; Stein, R, 2013)		0.65
" Blood and urine samples were collected to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing drug bioavailability and elimination."( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine agonist rotigotine.
Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Fichtner, A, 2014)		0.4
" The main outcome measures were the plasma concentrations of unconjugated and total rotigotine and its desalkyl metabolites and derived pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to last quantifiable concentration [AUClast], maximum plasma concentration [Cmax], and body weight- and dose-normalized values)."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)		0.4
"The pharmacokinetic analysis included 48 subjects (24 Japanese, 24 Caucasian)."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)		0.4
"Administration of a single patch delivering 2 mg/24 h rotigotine resulted in comparable pharmacokinetic profiles in Japanese and Caucasian subjects."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR, 2014)		0.4
"In the present study, a simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and quantification of eserine and pralidoxime chloride in rabbit plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study of eserine and pralidoxime chloride in rabbits following a single application of a transdermal patch.
Banerjee, S; Bhatnagar, A; Chattopadhyay, P; Ghosh, A; Veer, V, 2016)		0.43
" 12 Japanese and 12 Caucasian subjects were included in the pharmacokinetic analyses."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects following multiple-dose administration.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR; Masahiro, T, 2016)		0.43
" The objective of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch after repeated-dose application in healthy male and female Korean subjects."( Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch after repeated-dose application in healthy korean volunteers.
Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Jang, IJ; Kim, BH; Kim, JR; Soo Lim, K; Yu, KS, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)		0.42
" Median time to Cmax was ~74-76 hours (~2-4 hours after patch removal), and mean t1/2β was ~63."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of the donepezil patch demonstrated linear kinetics."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)		0.42
"This narrative review reports on the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of rotigotine, a non-ergolinic D₃/D₂/D₁ dopamine receptor agonist approved for the treatment of early- and advanced-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) and moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (RLS)."( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.
Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)		0.42
"The study aimed to prepare a transdermal patch for flurbiprofen using isopulegol decanoate (ISO-C10) as a permeation enhancer, and to evaluate the in-vitro and in-vivo percutaneous permeation of the drug, as well as the pharmacodynamic efficacy of the formulation."( Enhancement of skin permeation of flurbiprofen via its transdermal patches using isopulegol decanoate (ISO-C10) as an absorption enhancer: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Chen, Y; Cun, D; Fang, L; Guo, W; Liu, X; Quan, P; Song, W; Wang, Z, 2015)		0.42
"The permeation experiments were conducted on rabbit skin, and the pharmacokinetic profiles and synovial fluid drug concentration were measured after in-vivo transdermal administration."( Enhancement of skin permeation of flurbiprofen via its transdermal patches using isopulegol decanoate (ISO-C10) as an absorption enhancer: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Chen, Y; Cun, D; Fang, L; Guo, W; Liu, X; Quan, P; Song, W; Wang, Z, 2015)		0.42
" Meanwhile, the ISO-C10 contained patches increased the drug disposition in synovial fluid and enhanced the pharmacodynamic efficacy of the formulation."( Enhancement of skin permeation of flurbiprofen via its transdermal patches using isopulegol decanoate (ISO-C10) as an absorption enhancer: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Chen, Y; Cun, D; Fang, L; Guo, W; Liu, X; Quan, P; Song, W; Wang, Z, 2015)		0.42
"We performed population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of a novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy subjects who participated in a phase I trial."( Therapeutic dosage assessment based on population pharmacokinetics of a novel single-dose transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Hong, D; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lim, HS, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters such as AUC last and C max were predicted with the established in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) models."( Lidocaine Transdermal Patch: Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC).
Kondamudi, PK; Malayandi, R; Mutalik, S; Pillai, R; Tirumalasetty, PP, 2016)		0.43
" The maximum plasma concentration was lower and the half-life longer after patch administration than oral and IV administration."( Pharmacokinetics of Memantine after a Single and Multiple Dose of Oral and Patch Administration in Rats.
Bae, CS; Cho, IH; Choi, BM; Kim, EJ; Kim, SH; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Noh, YH; Park, WD, 2016)		0.43
" Cmax and AUC0-∞ were dose-proportional."( Plasma pharmacokinetics and synovial concentrations of S-flurbiprofen plaster in humans.
Hoshino, Y; Kamezawa, M; Matsumoto, H; Matsushita, I; Otsuka, N; Sasaki, S; Uebaba, K; Yamada, I; Yataba, I, 2016)		0.43
" Blood and urine samples were collected on days 6 and 12 to evaluate rotigotine pharmacokinetic parameters alone and in the presence of omeprazole."( No influence of the CYP2C19-selective inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine receptor agonist rotigotine.
Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP, 2014)		0.4
" Thirty-one women completed the study; 23 yielded evaluable pharmacokinetic data."( Pharmacokinetics and adhesion of a transdermal patch containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene under conditions of heat, humidity, and exercise: A single-center, open-label, randomized, crossover study.
Casjens, M; Ludwig, M; Schuett, B; Waellnitz, K; Zurth, C, 2015)		0.42
" A dermal absorption pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to simulate the plasma concentration-time profile of rivastigmine to answer questions relative to the efficacy and safety risks after misuse of the patch (e."( Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Simulate the Concentration-Time Profiles After Dermal Application of Rivastigmine Patch.
Lefèvre, G; Nozaki, S; Yamaguchi, M, 2016)		0.43
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic profile and evaluate the safety and tolerability of a transdermal oxycodone patch containing tocopheryl phosphate mixture (TPM)."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a novel tocopheryl phosphate mixture/oxycodone transdermal patch system: a Phase I study.
Gavin, PD; Schlagheck, T; Shakib, S; Simon, LS; Smith, AJ, 2017)		0.46
" The aim of this investigation was to use population pharmacokinetic techniques to describe this variability, particularly as it pertains to the absorption of nicotine from the transdermal patch."( Population pharmacokinetic model of transdermal nicotine delivered from a matrix-type patch.
Linakis, MW; Miller, EI; Roberts, JK; Rower, JE; Sherwin, CMT; Wilkins, DG, 2017)		0.46
"A population pharmacokinetic parent-metabolite model was developed using plasma concentrations from 25 participants treated with transdermal nicotine."( Population pharmacokinetic model of transdermal nicotine delivered from a matrix-type patch.
Linakis, MW; Miller, EI; Roberts, JK; Rower, JE; Sherwin, CMT; Wilkins, DG, 2017)		0.46
"This is the first population pharmacokinetic model to describe the absorption and disposition of transdermal nicotine and its metabolism to cotinine and the pharmacokinetic variability between individuals who were administered the patch."( Population pharmacokinetic model of transdermal nicotine delivered from a matrix-type patch.
Linakis, MW; Miller, EI; Roberts, JK; Rower, JE; Sherwin, CMT; Wilkins, DG, 2017)		0.46
"Predictions using in vitro skin permeability data in Göttingen minipig skin can reproduce the human pharmacokinetic profile, although the prediction of in vivo skin absorption underestimates human absorption."( Utility of Göttingen minipigs for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Profiles After Dermal Drug Application.
Amano, N; Arai, Y; Fukushi, C; Hirabayashi, H; Karashima, M; Sano, N; Tohyama, K; Yamamoto, S, 2017)		0.46
" In this study, we performed IVPT studies using excised human skin (in vitro) and harmonized in vivo human serum pharmacokinetic (PK) studies to evaluate the potential in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of nicotine BA from two, matrix-type, nicotine transdermal delivery systems (TDS)."( In vitro-in vivo correlations for nicotine transdermal delivery systems evaluated by both in vitro skin permeation (IVPT) and in vivo serum pharmacokinetics under the influence of transient heat application.
Billington, MM; Chen, WH; El-Kamary, SS; Ghosh, P; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Raney, SG; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Thomas, S, 2018)		0.48
" A transdermal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (TPBPK) model was developed and was integrated in a compartmental pharmacokinetic model to predict the plasma drug concentrations in rats."( In Depth Analysis of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Patch-Assisted Delivery of Memantine and Donepezil Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and in Vitro/in Vivo Correlations.
Arfi, S; Bhatta, RS; Mishra, PR; Mittapelly, N; Pandey, G; Tulsankar, SL, 2018)		0.48
" Two-compartment pharmacokinetic simulations yielded systemic drug concentrations consistent with the human pharmacokinetic data."( Modeling Temperature-Dependent Dermal Absorption and Clearance for Transdermal and Topical Drug Applications.
Ghosh, P; Hao, J; Kasting, GB; LaCount, TD; Li, SK; Raney, SG; Talattof, A; Zhang, Q, 2020)		0.56
" In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic study parameters were compared between carvedilol loaded NLC transdermal patch and a conventional formulation (Coreg CR)."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.56
" The objective of this evaluation was to develop a pharmacokinetic model for oral/intravesical administration as the basis for simulations with different dosages."( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of (R)- and (S-) Oxybutynin and Its Active Metabolites After Oral and Intravesical Administration to Healthy Volunteers.
Albrecht, U; Fuhr, U; Krause, P; Kretschmar, M; Rubenwolf, P; Stein, R; Suleiman, AA; Taubert, M, 2021)		0.87
"Three phase 1, open-label, randomized studies characterized the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of HP-3070 by assessing its relative bioavailability compared with sublingual asenapine, its single-/multiple-dose PK and dose proportionality, and the effects of application site, ethnicity, and external heat on bioavailability."( Pharmacokinetic Profile of the Asenapine Transdermal System (HP-3070).
Castelli, M; Citrome, L; Komaroff, M; Starling, B; Suzuki, K; Terahara, T, )		0.13
" Commercially available transdermal patches, such as Scopoderm (Novartis Consumer Health UK), offer an opportunity to test these experimental approaches as systemic pharmacokinetic data are available with which to validate a predictive model."( Skin Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Scopolamine: Measurements and Modeling.
Bunge, AL; Delgado-Charro, MB; Guy, RH; Hattam, L; McGrogan, A; Pensado, A; White, KAJ, 2021)		0.62
" Maternal pharmacokinetics were modelled with a population pharmacokinetic method using the data from this study and our previous intravenous administration study."( MATERNAL AND FETAL BUPRENORPHINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN PREGNANT SHEEP DURING TRANSDERMAL PATCH DOSING: Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep.
Hakomäki, H; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

The use of escalating doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin achieved an overall response rate of 96.7%. This is considerably higher than the response rates on fixed dose combination therapy quoted in the literature.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Because older individuals typically take multiple medications, clinicians must pay special attention to potential drug-drug interactions that may cause adverse events or alter drug efficacy."( Treatment of overactive bladder: selective use of anticholinergic agents with low drug-drug interaction potential.
Chancellor, MB; de Miguel, F, 2007)		0.34
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of extended-release oxybutynin in combination with the alpha1-blocker tamsulosin in reducing lower urinary tract symptoms in men."( Efficacy and safety of extended-release oxybutynin in combination with tamsulosin for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Aquilina, JW; Armstrong, RB; Chen, A; MacDiarmid, SA; Nitti, VW; Orman, C; Peters, KM, 2008)		0.85
"Tamsulosin combined with extended-release oxybutynin resulted in significantly greater improvement in total IPSS compared with tamsulosin and placebo after 8 (P=."( Efficacy and safety of extended-release oxybutynin in combination with tamsulosin for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Aquilina, JW; Armstrong, RB; Chen, A; MacDiarmid, SA; Nitti, VW; Orman, C; Peters, KM, 2008)		0.88
"To investigate the efficacy of CO2 laser combined with 32P-patch contact brachyradiotherapy for the treatment of keloids."( [Efficacy of CO2 laser combined with 32P-patch contact brachyradiotherapy for the treatment of keloids].
Yan, DJ; Yang, HP, 2012)		0.38
"CO2 laser combined with 32P-patch contact brachyradiotherapy is an effective and safe method for the treatment of recalcitrant keloids."( [Efficacy of CO2 laser combined with 32P-patch contact brachyradiotherapy for the treatment of keloids].
Yan, DJ; Yang, HP, 2012)		0.38
"This study compared the therapeutic effect of monotherapy with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) patch vs an NSAID patch combined with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), a heating pad, or topical capsaicin in the treatment of patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) of the upper trapezius."( Comparison of NSAID patch given as monotherapy and NSAID patch in combination with transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, a heating pad, or topical capsaicin in the treatment of patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius: a pilot st
An, YJ; Jin, TE; Kim, DH; Park, S; Schepis, EA; Yoon, DM; Yoon, KB, 2014)		0.4
" Combined with penetration enhancers, the cumulative amounts were further increased in presence of 5% IPM, which exhibited a flux of 840."( The effect of ion-pair formation combined with penetration enhancers on the skin permeation of loxoprofen.
Fang, L; Hui, M; Quan, P; Yang, Y, 2016)		0.43
" No clinically relevant drug-drug interactions were observed following co-administration of rotigotine with levodopa/carbidopa, domperidone, or the CYP450 inhibitors cimetidine or omeprazole."( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.
Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)		0.42
" Desmopressin in combination with a fixed dose anticholinergic has been shown to be useful in individuals who fail desmopressin monotherapy, but still fails to achieve success rates greater than 60%."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		0.72
"The use of escalating doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin achieved an overall response rate of 96."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		1.01
"7% with titrated doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin is considerably higher than the response rates on fixed dose combination therapy quoted in the literature and supports the need for further evaluation in larger studies."( Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.
Berkenwald, A; Ellsworth, P; Pires, J, 2016)		1.02
" The children received active or placebo transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation over the sacral S2 to S3 outflow for 2 hours daily in combination with 5 mg active or placebo oxybutynin twice daily."( Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Combined with Oxybutynin is Superior to Monotherapy in Children with Urge Incontinence: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study.
Borch, L; Hagstroem, S; Kamperis, K; Rittig, S; Siggaard, CV, 2017)		0.89
"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in combination with oxybutynin for childhood urge incontinence was superior to monotherapy consisting of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or oxybutynin, although the latter only reached borderline statistical significance."( Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Combined with Oxybutynin is Superior to Monotherapy in Children with Urge Incontinence: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study.
Borch, L; Hagstroem, S; Kamperis, K; Rittig, S; Siggaard, CV, 2017)		0.94
"To compare the results of the standard urotherapy alone and associated with pelvic floor muscle training alone, and in combination with oxybutynin in treatment of nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis."( Pelvic floor muscle training alone or in combination with oxybutynin in treatment of nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. A randomized controlled trial with 2-year follow up.
Campos, RM; D'Ancona, CAL; Glazer, HI; Hacad, CR; Lopes, MHBM; Lúcio, AC; Perissinotto, MCR, 2019)		0.96
"Its goal was to see how a transdermal fentanyl patch combined with accelerated recovery after surgery (ERAS) affected the treatment efficacy and analgesic effect of liver cancer, as well as to help patients with liver cancer choose the right analgesic treatment and nursing mode."( Effect of Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery on the Curative Effect and Analgesic Effect of Liver Cancer.
Fang, S; Lu, G; Xiao, H; Zhu, H, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

The wide dosing variability and high DLPPs despite maximal dosing indicate a need for further investigation of oxybutynin's bioavailability in this population compared to its side effects and clinical outcomes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A trend of increasing peak plasma levels and bioavailability was observed with increasing age and frailty, with the differences more apparent between the active elderly and frail elderly groups than between the active elderly and young volunteers."( Measurement of oxybutynin and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in young, elderly and frail elderly volunteers.
Geraint, M; Gordon, D; Hughes, KM; Lang, JC; Lazare, R; Malone-Lee, J; Stanton, SL, 1992)		0.64
" OH is well absorbed from the bladder, however absorption seems to be protracted compared to oral intake."( Control of detrusor hyperreflexia by the intravesical instillation of oxybutynine hydrochloride.
Jilg, G; Madersbacher, H, 1991)		0.52
"The effect of food on the bioavailability of oxybutynin was assessed in a randomised cross-over study in 23 healthy volunteers."( Effect of food on the bioavailability of oxybutynin from a controlled release tablet.
Aranko, K; Castrèn-Kortekangas, P; Juhakoski, A; Löyttyniemi, E; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1996)		0.82
"The effect of time interval between food and drug ingestion on the bioavailability of oxybutynin was investigated in a randomized, three-phase cross-over study in 31 healthy volunteers."( Effect of time interval between food and drug ingestion on the absorption of oxybutynin from a controlled-release tablet.
Aranko, K; Hakonen, T; Juhakoski, A; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1997)		0.75
"Oxybutynin has low oral bioavailability due to an extensive presystemic metabolism."( Itraconazole moderately increases serum concentrations of oxybutynin but does not affect those of the active metabolite.
Aranko, K; Juhakoski, A; Lukkari, E; Neuvonen, PJ, 1997)		1.98
" With OROS oxybutynin chloride, mean relative bioavailability was higher (153%) for oxybutynin and lower (69%) for N-desethyloxybutynin compared with IR oxybutynin."( Pharmacokinetics of an oral once-a-day controlled-release oxybutynin formulation compared with immediate-release oxybutynin.
Gupta, SK; Sathyan, G, 1999)		0.94
" Improvements in drug delivery systems have altered drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetics."( Advancements in pharmacologic management of the overactive bladder.
Appell, RA; Dmochowski, RR, 2000)		0.31
"Accelerated intravesical administration results in greater bioavailability and increased objective benefits without side effects in previously unresponsive patients compared with oral and intravesical passive diffusion oxybutynin administration."( Intravesical electromotive administration of oxybutynin in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia unresponsive to standard anticholinergic regimens.
Capelli, G; Di Stasi, SM; Giannantoni, A; Massoud, R; Navarra, P; Stephen, RL; Vespasiani, G, 2001)		0.76
" These studies present a particular challenging case; that is, the relative bioavailability for the OROS administration is >100% compared with that of the immediate-release form."( A semiparametric deconvolution model to establish in vivo-in vitro correlation applied to OROS oxybutynin.
Gupta, S; Pitsiu, M; Sathyan, G; Verotta, D, 2001)		0.53
" In direct comparison to oxybutynin IR, oxybutynin ER has an increased oral bioavailability for the parent compound oxybutynin which is accompanied by a reduced bioavailability for the active metabolite N-desethyl-oxybutynin."( A benefit-risk assessment of extended-release oxybutynin.
Michel, MC, 2002)		0.88
"Alterations in drug delivery produce substantial changes in the bioavailability of anticholinergic agents."( Advances in drug delivery: improved bioavailability and drug effect.
Dmochowski, RR; Staskin, DR, 2002)		0.31
"Oxybutynin, a drug of choice in the treatment of urinary incontinence, has low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism."( Design of a silicone reservoir intravaginal ring for the delivery of oxybutynin.
Gallagher, RJ; Malcolm, RK; Woolfson, AD, 2003)		2
"TCl, a quaternary amine, exhibits high solubility in water but low oral bioavailability (9."( Trospium chloride for the treatment of overactive bladder with urge incontinence.
Machado, C; Singh-Franco, D; Tuteja, S; Zapantis, A, 2005)		0.33
"This study assessed the effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the bioavailability of the extended-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine."( Effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of extended-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine.
Chen, A; Dmochowski, R; Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; MacDiarmid, S; Sathyan, G, 2005)		0.75
" It compares the bioavailability of these two study drugs from a TDDS with conventional immediate release oral tablets in healthy volunteers."( Randomised, cross-over, comparative bioavailability trial of matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide combination in healthy human volunteers: a pilot study.
Aggarwal, A; Agrawal, SS, 2010)		0.36
" Specifically, we asked: (1) will ethanol increase d-MPH biological concentrations, (2) will MTS facilitate the systemic bioavailability of l-MPH, and (3) will l-MPH enantioselectively interact with ethanol to yield l-ethylphenidate (l-EPH)? Mice were dosed with MTS (¼ of a 12."( Transdermal and oral dl-methylphenidate-ethanol interactions in C57BL/6J mice: transesterification to ethylphenidate and elevation of d-methylphenidate concentrations.
Bell, GH; Griffin, WC; Novak, AJ; Patrick, KS, 2011)		0.37
" The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the relative bioavailability was 209."( Preparation of a ligustrazine ethosome patch and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
Ding, C; He, Z; Huang, G; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, X; Zhou, L; Zhou, W, 2011)		0.37
" Main evaluations included relative bioavailability and renal elimination of rotigotine and its metabolites."( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the transdermal rotigotine patch in patients with impaired renal function.
Ahrweiler, S; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Sulowicz, W; Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska, A, 2012)		0.38
"In four phase I studies, we separately assessed the effects of OTG application site selection on oxybutynin bioavailability (site-to-site study); the effects of post-application showering on oxybutynin steady-state pharmacokinetics (showering study); the effects of sunscreen application on oxybutynin absorption (sunscreen study); and the person-to-person transfer of oxybutynin through skin-to-skin contact at the application site (transference study)."( Pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin chloride topical gel: effects of application site, baths, sunscreen and person-to-person transference.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Newman, DK; Rudy, DC; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2011)		0.91
"The bioavailability of oxybutynin and its pharmacokinetic profile are not greatly affected by application site selection, post-application showering or sunscreen use shortly before or after dosing with OTG."( Pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin chloride topical gel: effects of application site, baths, sunscreen and person-to-person transference.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Newman, DK; Rudy, DC; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2011)		1
" In the pharmacokinetic study, the relative bioavailability of TMP-O/W-EVA-TTS was 350."( Microemulsion-based novel transdermal delivery system of tetramethylpyrazine: preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
Chen, ZQ; Feng, NP; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, YT; Zhao, JH, 2011)		0.37
" The calculated relative bioavailability of TDDS was 113."( Natural oils as skin permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of olanzapine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Aggarwal, G; Dhawan, S; HariKumar, SL, 2012)		0.38
" To determine in vivo transdermal absorption rate of naloxone, the iontophoretic patch system was applied to the dorsal skin of conscious rat with a constant current supply for 24h."( In vitro and in vivo transdermal iontophoretic delivery of naloxone, an opioid antagonist.
Ito, M; Kanamura, K; Kato, Y; Kinoshita, M; Kominami, K; Mafune, S; Sutoh, C; Takasuga, S; Yamamoto, R; Yamauchi, M; Yoshida, Y, 2012)		0.38
"49 mg/L, and the absolute bioavailability was 27."( Silicone adhesive, a better matrix for tolterodine patches-a research based on in vitro/in vivo studies.
Chen, Y; Fang, L; Li, C; Liu, C; Liu, J; Mu, L; Sun, L; Wang, Z; Xi, H, 2012)		0.38
" Bioavailability studies in rabbits demonstrated that [F9 (P3)] significantly higher C(max) (67."( Bilayered transmucosal drug delivery system of pravastatin sodium: statistical optimization, in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo and stability assessment.
Bali, V; Maurya, SK; Pathak, K, 2012)		0.38
" Although the plasma fentanyl concentration was significantly correlated with its measured absorption rate, the measured absorption rate normalized fentanyl concentration showed a large inter-individual variation."( Simple and rapid HPLC-UV method using an ultrafine particle octadecylsilane for determination of residual fentanyl in applied Durotep MT transdermal matrix patches and its clinical application.
Kawakami, J; Naito, T; Takashina, Y; Yagi, T, 2012)		0.38
" The calculated relative bioavailability of risperidone transdermal patch was 115."( Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of transdermal patches containing risperidone.
Aggarwal, G; Dhawan, S; Hari Kumar, SL, 2013)		0.39
" Migraine-associated gastroparesis can impair absorption and reduce bioavailability of oral migraine medications and thereby reduce and delay therapeutic efficacy."( Twelve-month tolerability and efficacy study of NP101, the sumatriptan iontophoretic transdermal system.
Goldstein, J; Pierce, MW; Pugach, N; Silberstein, S; Singer, R; Smith, TR, 2012)		0.38
"The transdermal drug delivery system was prepared and the bioavailability of the selected drug was enhanced by reducing first-pass metabolism."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.38
"The objective of this study was to enhance the bioavailability of carvedilol through transdermal patches."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.38
" The bioavailability studies in rats indicated that the carvedilol-loaded transdermal patches provided steady-state plasma concentration and improved bioavailability of 72% in comparison to oral administration."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.38
"The developed patch increases the efficacy of carvedilol through enhancement of bioavailability for the therapy of hypertension."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.38
"Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) utilizes the skin as executable route for drug administration but the foremost barrier against drug permeability is the stratum corneum and therefore, it limits therapeutic bioavailability of the bioactive."( Approaches for breaking the barriers of drug permeation through transdermal drug delivery.
Alexander, A; Dwivedi, S; Giri, TK; Saraf, S; Tripathi, DK, 2012)		0.38
" After that the selected formula of PAX liposomal gel transdermal patch was applied to rabbits for in vivo bioavailability study in comparison with oral administration of the marketed PAX tablet."( Transdermal drug delivery of paroxetine through lipid-vesicular formulation to augment its bioavailability.
Abary, MY; Bendas, ER; El Rehem, RT; El-Nabarawi, MA, 2013)		0.39
" The dose-normalized relative bioavailability of rasagiline patch in minipig were 178."( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of rasagiline in minipigs after oral dosing or transdermal administration via a newly developed patch.
Deng, J; Lin, J; Lin, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, Y, 2013)		0.39
" The calculated relative bioavailability of the aceclofenac DIA patch was 18."( Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of a transdermal patch containing aceclofenac.
Chi, SC; Nguyen, T; Park, ES; Rhee, YS, 2013)		0.39
"Our study provides evidence of significantly higher bioavailability of intravesical vs oral administration of oxybutynin due to circumvention of the intestinal first pass metabolism."( Pharmacokinetics of intravesical versus oral oxybutynin in healthy adults: results of an open label, randomized, prospective clinical study.
Albrecht, U; Fuhr, U; Krause, P; Rubenwolf, P; Schnitker, J; Stein, R, 2013)		0.86
" Based on in vivo hypoglycemic results, bioavailability parameters like AUC, AUMC, Cmax, Tmax, MRT, t1/2 and relative bioavailability were found to be 2218."( Optimization and charaterization of repaglinide biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle loaded transdermal patchs: in vitro and in vivo studies.
Reddy, KR; Sakthivel, S; Swetha, C; Vijayan, V, 2013)		0.39
" The three studies reported here were conducted to determine whether the new room temperature stable patch demonstrated similar bioavailability and adhesiveness to the original and intermediate patches."( Comparison of the bioavailability and adhesiveness of different rotigotine transdermal patch formulations.
Arth, C; Bauer, L; Brunnert, M; Elshoff, JP; Komenda, M; Schmid, M; Timmermann, L, 2013)		0.39
" Comparative bioavailability studies were carried out on rabbits with vaginal HPMC gel, vaginal chitosan gel, vaginal OXY solution and commercially available oral Üropan tablets."( Development of long-acting bioadhesive vaginal gels of oxybutynin: formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
Acartürk, F; Erdoğan, D; Tuğcu-Demiröz, F, 2013)		0.64
" Blood and urine samples were collected to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters characterizing drug bioavailability and elimination."( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dopamine agonist rotigotine.
Boekens, H; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Fichtner, A, 2014)		0.4
" This study evaluated the relative bioavailability of EE and GSD after application of this patch to three different sites."( Implications of different application sites on the bioavailability of a transdermal contraceptive patch containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene: an open-label, randomized, crossover study.
Höchel, J; Ludwig, M; Schuett, B; Zurth, C, 2014)		0.4
" The primary objective was to investigate the relative bioavailability of transdermally administered EE and GSD between test and comparator sites using the primary variable area under the concentration- time curve (AUC(0-168)) during week 4 of each period."( Implications of different application sites on the bioavailability of a transdermal contraceptive patch containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene: an open-label, randomized, crossover study.
Höchel, J; Ludwig, M; Schuett, B; Zurth, C, 2014)		0.4
" Under physiological temperature conditions, a sufficient bioavailability of capsaicin in the cutaneous target compartments can be found."( Cutaneous drug delivery of capsaicin after in vitro administration of the 8% capsaicin dermal patch system.
Heskamp, ML; Michael, J; Neubert, RH; Wohlrab, J, 2015)		0.42
"After 30 min of application, a sufficient cutaneous bioavailability of capsaicin is reached in thick as well as thin skin."( Cutaneous drug delivery of capsaicin after in vitro administration of the 8% capsaicin dermal patch system.
Heskamp, ML; Michael, J; Neubert, RH; Wohlrab, J, 2015)		0.42
"To determine the relative bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and gestodene (GSD) after application of a novel transdermal contraceptive patch vs."( Pharmacokinetic overview of ethinyl estradiol dose and bioavailability using two transdermal contraceptive systems and a standard combined oral contraceptive.
Hofmann, B; Merz, M; Reinecke, I; Schuett, B; Zurth, C, 2014)		0.4
" Our aim is to develop a patient-friendly dosage form that is capable of extending release of short elimination half-life drugs so to decrease dosing frequency and to increase the bioavailability of highly-metabolized drugs with the ultimate aim of dose reduction."( Hot-melts in buccoadhesive patches: an approach for bioavailability enhancement of highly-metabolized drugs with short elimination half-life.
Aboelwafa, AA; El Mahrouk, GM; ElGazayerly, ON; Taha, MS, 2014)		0.4
" The aim of the present study is to assess the relative bioavailability of fentanyl from two different transdermal systems by evaluating plasma drug concentrations after single administration of Fentalgon® (test), a novel bilayer matrix type patch, and Durogesic SMAT (reference), a monolayer matrix type patch."( Pharmacokinetic study between a bilayer matrix fentalyl patch and a monolayer matrix fentanyl patch: single dose administration in healthy volunteers.
Bonizzoni, E; Caraceni, A; Centurioni, F; Farina, A; Manzoni, A; Perrone, T; Seiler, D; Zecca, E, 2015)		0.42
" The results revealed that the absolute bioavailability was about 63%."( Drug in Adhesive Patch of Zolmitriptan: Formulation and In vitro /In vivo Correlation.
Fang, L; Liu, C, 2015)		0.42
" Absolute bioavailability after 24 h transdermal delivery is 37 % of the applied rotigotine dose."( An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome.
Andreas, JO; Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Mathy, FX, 2015)		0.42
" The established method in this study could be a potential approach for predicting the bioavailability and/or bioequivalence for transdermal drug delivery systems."( Lidocaine Transdermal Patch: Pharmacokinetic Modeling and In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC).
Kondamudi, PK; Malayandi, R; Mutalik, S; Pillai, R; Tirumalasetty, PP, 2016)		0.43
" Memantine bioavailability was 41 and 63% for oral and patch administration, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of Memantine after a Single and Multiple Dose of Oral and Patch Administration in Rats.
Bae, CS; Cho, IH; Choi, BM; Kim, EJ; Kim, SH; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Noh, YH; Park, WD, 2016)		0.43
" The stochastic model adequately characterized the concentration-time and effect-time courses for both the skin heat stimulation and the resting EEG outcomes with variations in the drug's absorption rate during the 144-hour treatment period."( Stochastic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Transdermal Buprenorphine on Electroencephalogram and Analgesia.
Andresen, T; Dahan, A; Drewes, AM; Graversen, C; Olesen, AE; Olofsen, E, 2015)		0.42
" Residual and absolute bioavailability methods were used to estimate 7-day flux of buprenorphine."( Dose-Dependent Flux of Buprenorphine Following Transdermal Administration in Healthy Subjects.
Cipriano, A; Harris, SC; Munera, C; Wang, Y, 2016)		0.43
"Poor transdermal penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) impairs both bioavailability and therapeutic benefits and is a major challenge in the development of transdermal drug delivery systems."( Lidocaine self-sacrificially improves the skin permeation of the acidic and poorly water-soluble drug etodolac via its transformation into an ionic liquid.
Hamamoto, H; Ishida, T; Miwa, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The absolute bioavailability of the optimized patch was 43 % in rabbit and a good in vitro-in vivo correlation coefficient was obtained (R(2)=0."( Drug in adhesive patch of palonosetron: Effect of pressure sensitive adhesive on drug skin permeation and in vitro-in vivo correlation.
Fang, L; Hui, M; Liu, C; Quan, P, 2016)		0.43
" Deconvolution of bioavailability data using the Wagner-Nelson method enabled the fraction of RV absorbed to be determined and a point-to-point IVIVC to be established."( Comparative evaluation of rivastigmine permeation from a transdermal system in the Franz cell using synthetic membranes and pig ear skin with in vivo-in vitro correlation.
Amaro, MI; Cabral, LM; de Sousa, VP; Healy, AM; Simon, A, 2016)		0.43
" Thus, ionic interaction reduced the thermodynamic activity of PRO and mobility of AACOOH, which made PRO-AACOOH obtain a significant lower bioavailability (11."( A systemic evaluation of drug in acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive patch in vitro and in vivo: The roles of intermolecular interaction and adhesive mobility variation in drug controlled release.
Fang, L; Li, S; Liu, C; Quan, P; Zhao, Y, 2017)		0.46
"The goal of the present investigation was to improve ATV bioavailability and overcome complications attendant with peroral administration by developing a new nanovesicular system encapsulating ATV for its delivery via the transdermal route."( Transdermal delivery of atorvastatin calcium from novel nanovesicular systems using polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters: Ameliorated effect without liver toxicity in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rats.
Aboud, HM; Ali, AA; Hassan, AH; Johnston, TP; Mahmoud, MO, 2017)		0.46
" Results depicted that fabricated polymeric microneedle arrays with mechanical strength of above 5 N and good insertion ratio exhibited similar systemic bioavailability of α-choriogonadotropin in comparison to marketed subcutaneous injection formulation of α-choriogonadotropin."( Fabrication, Physicochemical Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymeric Microneedle Patch System for Enhanced Transcutaneous Flux of High Molecular Weight Therapeutics.
Choudhury, BK; Shah, V, 2017)		0.46
" Bioavailability was approximately 3-fold lower than in vitro permeated fraction."( Utility of Göttingen minipigs for Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic Profiles After Dermal Drug Application.
Amano, N; Arai, Y; Fukushi, C; Hirabayashi, H; Karashima, M; Sano, N; Tohyama, K; Yamamoto, S, 2017)		0.46
"The in vitro permeation test (IVPT) has been widely used to characterize the bioavailability (BA) of compounds applied on the skin."( In vitro-in vivo correlations for nicotine transdermal delivery systems evaluated by both in vitro skin permeation (IVPT) and in vivo serum pharmacokinetics under the influence of transient heat application.
Billington, MM; Chen, WH; El-Kamary, SS; Ghosh, P; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Raney, SG; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Thomas, S, 2018)		0.48
"Felodipine has a very low bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism."( Dry Gel Containing Optimized Felodipine-Loaded Transferosomes: a Promising Transdermal Delivery System to Enhance Drug Bioavailability.
Aboul-Einien, MH; El Taweel, MM; Kassem, MA, 2018)		0.48
"9-mg zolmitriptan was delivered with high efficiency (85%) and high absolute bioavailability (77%)."( Pharmacokinetics and Skin Tolerability of Intracutaneous Zolmitriptan Delivery in Swine Using Adhesive Dermally Applied Microarray.
Ameri, M; Diep, AN; Hochart, G; Lewis, H; Nguyen, J; Queja, A, 2018)		0.48
" The results of our study suggested that the implementation of mechanistic modeling along with IVIVC can be a valuable tool to evaluate the relative effects of formulation variables on the bioavailability from transdermal delivery systems."( In Depth Analysis of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Patch-Assisted Delivery of Memantine and Donepezil Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and in Vitro/in Vivo Correlations.
Arfi, S; Bhatta, RS; Mishra, PR; Mittapelly, N; Pandey, G; Tulsankar, SL, 2018)		0.48
" TDME achieved two fold increase in bioavailability as compared to oral administration in pharmacokinetic studies."( Positive effect of alendronate on bone turnover in ovariectomised rats' osteoporosis: comparison of transdermal lipid-based delivery with conventional oral administration.
Boche, M; Pokharkar, V, 2018)		0.48
"A strong need exists for the development of transdermal patch having improved bioavailability at the site of action with fewer side effects at off-target organs."( Fabrication and characterization of matrix type transdermal patches loaded with tizanidine hydrochloride: potential sustained release delivery system.
Katas, H; Rahman, KU; Razzaq, Z; Shahid, N; Siddique, MI; Waqas, MK, 2018)		0.48
"The present study aimed to develop nanolipid carrier (NLC) loaded transdermal system of rivastigmine for bioavailability enhancement."( Optimization and characterization of rivastigmine nanolipid carrier loaded transdermal patches for the treatment of dementia.
Chauhan, MK; Sharma, PK, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Thus, the TCS microneedle patch has the potential to be developed as a transdermal delivery system for tacrolimus with improved bioavailability and sustained release over a longer period."( Fabrication and Characterization of Thiolated Chitosan Microneedle Patch for Transdermal Delivery of Tacrolimus.
Ahmad, Z; Bukhari, NI; Hussain, I; Hussain, SZ; Khan, MI; Sarwar, HS; Shahnaz, G; Siddique, MI; Sohail, MF, 2020)		0.56
" Nearly six-time enhancement of bioavailability was observed when alendronate was used in the nanoparticulate form in transdermal patches used with sonophoresis."( Ultrasound-assisted transdermal delivery of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Huang, G; Li, B; Ma, Z; Qin, S, 2020)		0.56
"Rasagiline mesylate is used as first line agent for early management of Parkinson's disease but its water soluble nature creates hurdles to cross blood brain barrier also its low oral bioavailability and rapid elimination requires frequent dosing."( Impact of rasagiline nanoparticles on brain targeting efficiency via gellan gum based transdermal patch: A nanotheranostic perspective for Parkinsonism.
Bali, NR; Salve, PS, 2020)		0.56
"The hypothesis is to augment the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of low bioavailable Carvedilol (25-35%) through Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) loaded Transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes)."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.56
" This data reveals the impact of NLC on the enhancement of bioavailability through a transdermal patch."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.56
"This research data concludes that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) was a suitable candidate to enhance the bioavailability of low bioavailable drug-like Carvedilol."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.56
" Bioavailability of the more active (R)-enantiomer was 7% for oral and 10%-22% for intravesical administration."( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of (R)- and (S-) Oxybutynin and Its Active Metabolites After Oral and Intravesical Administration to Healthy Volunteers.
Albrecht, U; Fuhr, U; Krause, P; Kretschmar, M; Rubenwolf, P; Stein, R; Suleiman, AA; Taubert, M, 2021)		0.87
"Three phase 1, open-label, randomized studies characterized the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of HP-3070 by assessing its relative bioavailability compared with sublingual asenapine, its single-/multiple-dose PK and dose proportionality, and the effects of application site, ethnicity, and external heat on bioavailability."( Pharmacokinetic Profile of the Asenapine Transdermal System (HP-3070).
Castelli, M; Citrome, L; Komaroff, M; Starling, B; Suzuki, K; Terahara, T, )		0.13
"Prediction of skin absorption and local bioavailability from topical formulations remains a difficult task."( Skin Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Scopolamine: Measurements and Modeling.
Bunge, AL; Delgado-Charro, MB; Guy, RH; Hattam, L; McGrogan, A; Pensado, A; White, KAJ, 2021)		0.62
" The relative bioavailability of optimized transdermal patch was determined and it was observed that improved bioavailability as compared to marketed conventional tablets."( Influence of chitosan thioglycolic acid conjugate in improving bioavailability of an antiparkinson drug; Rasagiline Mesylate from transdermal patch.
Rohith, G; Satheesha Babu, BK, 2021)		0.62
" Hence, we hypothesized that the microneedles (MN) containing drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) may be able to improve its bioavailability and efficacy."( Transdermal Delivery of Curcumin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Microneedle Patch: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study.
Jose, J; Kumar, L; Nabavi, SM; Prabhu, A; Salwa, S; Vijay Kumar, M, 2022)		0.72
" Transdermal administration is a more ideal route replacing oral administration to resolve problems of low bioavailability and severe side effects."( Oxybutynin nanosuspension gel for enhanced transdermal treatment for overactive bladder syndrome.
Hu, C; Ling, J; Lv, H; Sheng, Y; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z, 2022)		2.16
" This study was designed to evaluate the bioavailability and to assess the bioequivalence of two rivastigmine transdermal patches at steady state (RIV-TDS Test Product versus Exelon Marketed Reference Product), with a release rate of 13."( Bioavailability Study of a Transdermal Patch Formulation of Rivastigmine Compared with Exelon in Healthy Subjects.
De la Torre, R; Iniesta, M; Koch, C; Morte, A; Schug, B; Schurad, B; Vaqué, A, 2022)		0.72
" However, due to the low oral bioavailability and narrow response window of oral everolimus, a new delivery system is urgently needed to overcome the above problems."( Tip-concentrated microneedle patch delivering everolimus for therapy of multiple sclerosis.
Liu, H; Ren, Y; Song, W; Wang, N; Yang, Y, 2022)		0.72
"The wide dosing variability and high DLPPs despite maximal dosing indicate a need for further investigation of oxybutynin's bioavailability in this population compared to its side effects and clinical outcomes."( Dosing Variability and Clinical Outcomes of Oxybutynin: A Pediatric Cohort of Patients With Neurogenic Bladder.
Campbell, JG; Koenig, JF; Malik, MF; McLaughlin, MJ; Randall, JH, 2022)		1.19
" However, its low bioavailability and short half-life have restricted its use."( Design, development and evaluation of Resveratrol transdermal patches for breast cancer therapy.
Gadag, S; Garg, S; Narayan, R; Nayak, UY; Nayak, Y, 2023)		0.91
" In vivo animal studies using a Sprague Dawley rat model showed antibiotic administration using HF-MAP achieved a sustained release profile, in comparison with animals receiving oral gavage and intravenous (IV) injection, with a transdermal bioavailability of 19."( Hydrogel-forming microarray patch mediated transdermal delivery of tetracycline hydrochloride.
Donnelly, RF; Kelly, SA; Larrañeta, E; Li, L; McCarthy, HO; Vora, LK; Zhao, L, 2023)		0.91
" Further research may be warranted to evaluate factors, beyond cutaneous bioavailability (BA) assessed using an IVPT study, that can influence plasma exposure in vivo for a given drug product."( In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation of Buprenorphine Transdermal Systems Under Normal and Elevated Skin Temperature.
Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Stinchcomb, AL; Thomas, S, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

Once-daily dosing of oxybutynin is no better at maintaining pharmacokinetic exposure than twice- daily dosing at half strength. With more preparations available and more dosing flexibility than any other anticholinergic medication on the market, oxy butynin remains the "gold standard" for first-line therapy for patients who have detrusor overactivity.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" More rigid dosage schedules with longer time intervals between doses are needed."( [Overdose of anticholinergic agents and confusional syndrome].
Choulot, JJ; Mensire, A; Saint Martin, J, 1989)		0.28
") was not statistically different than the mean peak level reported after the same dosage in young healthy men (8."( Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of oxybutynin in geriatric patients.
Blaustein, J; Connor, A; Orzeck, S; Ouslander, JG; Yong, CL, 1988)		0.54
"Clinical effects of oxybutynin hydrochloride on lower urinary tract function at a dosage of 2 mg given orally three times daily (6 mg/day), were studied on 10 patients with neurogenic bladder by cystometry and measurement of residual urine."( [Clinical effects of oxybutynin hydrochloride on neurogenic bladder].
Nakamura, R; Toma, H, 1986)		0.91
" Terodiline (10(-6) M) parallelly shifted the dose-response curve for carbachol in rabbit detrusor to the right, and high doses of terodiline (3 X 10(-6)-3 X 10(-5) M) inhibited the maximal contraction."( [Effect of terodiline hydrochloride in isolated rabbit detrusor].
Abe, M; Ikeda, S; Ono, Y; Ujiie, A; Yamazaki, Y, 1987)		0.27
" The results of the study argue against the dosage regimen proposed before these adverse events were detected."( Plasma levels of oxybutynine chloride in children.
Autret, E; Averous, M; Bertiere, MC; Couet, W; Dutertre, JP; Jonville, AP; Robert, M, 1994)		0.63
"The higher frequency of atropinic reactions in children may be due to the higher dosage of the drug used and/or to differences in hydroxylation metabolism, that is genetically determined in adults."( [Adverse effects of oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) in pediatrics].
Autret, E; Barbellion, M; Dutertre, JP; Jonville, AP, 1993)		0.61
" The short half-life of oxybutynin administered as a conventional tablet formulation or syrup requires 2-3 times daily dosage to be effective."( Comparison of a 10-mg controlled release oxybutynin tablet with a 5-mg oxybutynin tablet in urge incontinent patients.
Haarala, M; Hakonen, T; Kiilholma, P; Kivelä, A; Lukkari, E; Nilsson, CG, 1997)		0.87
" Nearly half of the patients with side effects required a reduction of the dosage or withdrawal of the drug."( [Medical treatment of bladder instability. Our experience].
Arciniega García, JM; Flores Corral, N; García Sastre, E; Infante Riaño, R; Loizaga Iriarte, A; Ullate Jaime, V; Zubiaur Líbano, C, )		0.13
" If the reduction of at least the 50% of the basal number of the wet nights is not achieved, the dosage must be increased until 40 micrograms."( [An update on clinical and therapeutic aspects of nocturnal enuresis].
Chiozza, ML, )		0.13
" In all cases patients had been treated according to a normal dosage regimen."( [Neuropsychiatric adverse effects attributed to use of oxybutynin].
Kwee-Zuiderwijk, WJ; Stricker, BH; t'Veld, BA; van Puijenbroek, EP, 1998)		0.55
" Despite short terminal disposition half-lives of 2-3 and 3-4 hours for tolterodine and its active 5-hydroxy metabolite, respectively, twice/day dosing is effective due to the drug's prolonged pharmacodynamic effects."( Tolterodine, a new antimuscarinic drug for treatment of bladder overactivity.
Guay, DR, 1999)		0.3
" At doses of 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M, propiverine caused both a rightward shift and inhibition of the maximum response in the acetylcholine (ACh) dose-response curve."( [Effects of propiverine hydrochloride (propiverine) on isolated rat and dog urinary bladder].
Kaneko, S; Nakano, D; Nishimori, T; Ohara, M, 1999)		0.3
"To find the efficacy and optimal dosage of oxybutynin HC1 in a group of enuretic children, who were non-responsive to imipramine."( Effectiveness of oxybutynin hydrochloride in the treatment of enuresis nocturna--a clinical and urodynamic study.
Arikan, N; Dinçel, C; Koşar, A, 1999)		0.91
" Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated a slow rise in mean plasma concentration of the isomer R-oxybutynin for 4 to 6 hours after a single dose of OROS oxybutynin, followed by maintenance of steady concentrations for up to 24 hours, minimizing the fluctuations between peak and trough associated with TID dosing of 5-mg immediate-release oxybutynin tablets."( An extended-release formulation of oxybutynin chloride for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder.
Goldenberg, MM, 1999)		0.8
"Describing a therapeutic index for a drug is important for evaluating safe and effective dosage regimens."( Quantitative characterization of therapeutic index: application of mixed-effects modeling to evaluate oxybutynin dose-efficacy and dose-side effect relationships.
Aarons, L; Gupta, SK; Ho, PL; Lindemulder, EA; Sathyan, G; Sheiner, LB, 1999)		0.52
" The dosages were selected specifically to compare the tolerability profile of propiverine with the commonly used therapeutic dosage of oxybutynin."( A placebo-controlled, multicentre study comparing the tolerability and efficacy of propiverine and oxybutynin in patients with urgency and urge incontinence.
Alloussi, S; Halaska, M; Höfner, K; Madersbacher, H; Voigt, R, 1999)		0.72
" Four patients had stopped the medication and there was no difference in the distribution of maximum dosage achieved between the groups."( Oxybutynin for detrusor instability with adjuvant salivary stimulant pastilles to improve compliance: results of a multicentre, randomized controlled trial.
Adams, EJ; Richmond, DH; Sutherst, JR; Tincello, DG, 2000)		1.75
" Similarly, the potential improvements in tolerability associated with different dosage formulations of oxybutynin, and the clinical utility of S-oxybutynin, are yet to be conclusively demonstrated."( Muscarinic receptor antagonists in the treatment of overactive bladder.
Chapple, CR, 2000)		0.52
" After an initial placebo run-in period, dosing in each began at 5 mg per day and increased weekly by 5 mg per day to a maximum of 20 mg per day or when a balance between improvement of incontinence symptoms and tolerability of side effects was achieved."( Dry mouth with conventional and controlled-release oxybutynin in urinary incontinence. The Ditropan XL Study Group.
Appell, R; Mobley, D; Patton, W; Saltzstein, D; Versi, E, 2000)		0.56
" There was no evidence of the accumulation of oxybutynin or N-desethyloxybutynin during the multiple dosing of CR or conventional oxybutynin tablets."( A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of controlled-release oxybutynin tablets (10 mg once daily) with conventional oxybutynin tablets (5 mg twice daily) in patients whose symptoms were stabilized on 5 mg twice daily of oxybutynin.
Birns, J; Lukkari, E; Malone-Lee, JG, 2000)		0.8
" In addition, CR oxybutynin appeared to maintain therapeutic blood levels over the 24 h dosing interval with no accumulation of oxybutynin or its active metabolite."( A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of controlled-release oxybutynin tablets (10 mg once daily) with conventional oxybutynin tablets (5 mg twice daily) in patients whose symptoms were stabilized on 5 mg twice daily of oxybutynin.
Birns, J; Lukkari, E; Malone-Lee, JG, 2000)		0.88
" 21/32 patients became totally continent with the dosage (A)."( Dosage escalation of intravesical oxybutynin in the treatment of neurogenic bladder patients.
Dörsam, J; Gerner, HJ; Haferkamp, A; Staehler, G, 2000)		0.59
" The topical oxybutynin therapy dosage (A) was efficient in 66% of our selected patients, the escalating dosage titration (B) could increase the efficiency to 87%."( Dosage escalation of intravesical oxybutynin in the treatment of neurogenic bladder patients.
Dörsam, J; Gerner, HJ; Haferkamp, A; Staehler, G, 2000)		0.96
" Ditropan XL [(Oxy-XL), a controlled-release formulation of oxybutynin chloride, is a once-daily oral dosage form that incorporates the OROS technology."( Effect of OROS controlled-release delivery on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxybutynin chloride.
Chancellor, MB; Gupta, SK; Sathyan, G, 2001)		0.77
" A major limitation to long-term compliance with immediate-release oxybutynin remains the necessity for twice- or thrice-daily dosing regimens to provide sustained pharmacological efficacy."( Oxybutynin chloride: alterations in drug delivery and improved therapeutic index.
Dmochowski, R; Kell, S; Staskin, D, 2002)		1.99
" The convenience of once-daily dosing of antimuscarinic agents would be expected to improve patient compliance and further relieve the symptoms of OAB."( Once-daily, extended-release formulations of antimuscarinic agents in the treatment of overactive bladder: a review.
Rovner, ES; Wein, AJ, 2002)		0.31
" Therefore, these results suggest that the normal dosage of tolterodine (2 mg twice daily) may have less effect on visual accommodation than the equivalent dosage of oxybutynin (5 mg three times daily) in patients with an overactive bladder."( Tolterodine: selectivity for the urinary bladder over the eye (as measured by visual accommodation) in healthy volunteers.
Chapple, CR; Nilvebrant, L, 2002)		0.51
"To determine the pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin and its main active metabolite, N-desethyloxybutynin, after multiple dosage (5 mg/30 ml three times daily) of intravesical oxybutynin formulation."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of intravesical formulation of oxybutynin in patients with detrusor overactivity.
Hakonen, T; Lehtoranta, K; Lukkari-Lax, E; Tainio, H; Tammela, TL, 2002)		0.82
"One of the aims of Phase II clinical trials is to determine the dosage regimen(s) that will be investigated during a confirmatory Phase III clinical trial."( Determination of an optimal dosage regimen using a Bayesian decision analysis of efficacy and adverse effect data.
Aarons, L; Graham, G; Gupta, S, 2002)		0.31
" The dose was titrated until effective (onset of complete diurnal urinary continence), maximal recommended dosage was achieved or bothersome anticholinergic side effects developed."( Therapeutic efficacy of extended release oxybutynin chloride, and immediate release and long acting tolterodine tartrate in children with diurnal urinary incontinence.
Crocker, J; Reinberg, Y; Vandersteen, D; Wolpert, J, 2003)		0.58
" Controlled drug delivery systems seen in commercially available OAB formulations alter the pharmacokinetics of antimuscarinic medications in ways that maintain efficacy and allow once-daily dosing and reduction of adverse events."( New perspectives on the overactive bladder: pharmacokinetics and bioavailability.
Gupta, S; Mori, T; Sathyan, G, 2002)		0.31
" Following a 7-day washout period, patients were evaluated via video-urodynamic study and then treatment was initiated at a dosage of 10 mg per day."( Effect of controlled-release oxybutynin on neurogenic bladder function in spinal cord injury.
Chancellor, MB; Erickson, JR; Horton, J; McDermott, C; O'Leary, M; Smith, CP, 2003)		0.61
" All patients chose a final effective dosage of greater than 10 mg, with 4 patients taking the maximum of 30 mg per day."( Effect of controlled-release oxybutynin on neurogenic bladder function in spinal cord injury.
Chancellor, MB; Erickson, JR; Horton, J; McDermott, C; O'Leary, M; Smith, CP, 2003)		0.61
" Peak plasma concentrations of oxybutynin and the major active metabolite, N-desethyloxybutynin, are reached 24 - 48 hours after a single application and therapeutic concentrations are maintained throughout the dosage interval."( Transdermal oxybutynin: for overactive bladder.
Bang, LM; Easthope, SE; Perry, CM, 2003)		0.98
" New antimuscarinic anticholinergic medications have improved the treatment of OAB, offering patients efficacy equal to that of immediate-release oxybutynin with fewer side effects and an improved dosing schedule."( Overactive bladder: improving the efficacy of anticholinergics by dose escalation.
MacDiarmid, SA, 2003)		0.52
"Aggressive dosing of OXY-XL is safe and effective in patients with neurogenic bladder."( Can higher doses of oxybutynin improve efficacy in neurogenic bladder?
Bennett, N; Chancellor, MB; Erickson, JR; O'Leary, M; Patel, AS; Xavier, M, 2004)		0.65
" Moreover, oxybutynin ER offers greater flexibility in dosage (5-30 mg/day) than the other available treatment options."( Oxybutynin extended-release: a review of its use in the management of overactive bladder.
Perry, CM; Scott, LJ; Siddiqui, MA, 2004)		2.16
" Pre-dose plasma levels before dosing were obtained as the minimum concentrations achieved at steady state during the dosing regimen."( Effect of controlled-release delivery on the pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin at different dosages: severity-dependent treatment of the overactive bladder.
Albrecht, D; Anderson, R; Hampel, C; O'Connell, M; Preik, M, 2004)		0.56
" Tolterodine at the recommended dosage of 2 mg twice daily improves incontinence and bladder volumes compared with placebo, and without significant dry mouth."( Efficacy and safety of tolterodine in people with neurogenic detrusor overactivity.
Bard, RJ; Casey, AR; Ethans, KD; Nance, PW; Schryvers, OI, 2004)		0.32
" While trospium chloride dosage adjustments based on age or sex appear unwarranted, such adjustments may be needed in patients with severe renal impairment."( Trospium chloride in the management of overactive bladder.
Rovner, ES, 2004)		0.32
" Although the suppression induced by solifenacin was more persistent than that due to oxybutynin, the antagonistic effect of solifenacin on the dose-response curves to pilocarpine was significantly weaker than that of oxybutynin."( Muscarinic receptor binding, plasma concentration and inhibition of salivation after oral administration of a novel antimuscarinic agent, solifenacin succinate in mice.
Miyata, K; Oki, T; Sato, S; Yamada, S, 2005)		0.55
"Methods for optimizing dosing strategies for individualization with a limited number of discrete doses, in terms of maximizing the expected utility of treatment or responder probability, are presented."( Estimation of dosing strategies aiming at maximizing utility or responder probability, using oxybutynin as an example drug.
Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO, 2005)		0.55
"Data were combined from 3 flexible dosing studies of a total of 420 patients with urge urinary incontinence or mixed incontinence in whom ER oxybutynin dose adjustments were made to achieve the optimal balance between efficacy and tolerability, as judged by each participant."( Efficacy and safety of extended release oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: an analysis of data from 3 flexible dosing studies.
Anderson, RU; Armstrong, RB; Dmochowski, RR; MacDiarmid, SA, 2005)		0.8
"Individualized dosing with ER oxybutynin was associated with highly effective and well tolerated control of urinary incontinence with more than 40% of patients achieving total dryness."( Efficacy and safety of extended release oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: an analysis of data from 3 flexible dosing studies.
Anderson, RU; Armstrong, RB; Dmochowski, RR; MacDiarmid, SA, 2005)		0.88
" They represent an improvement compared with transdermal delivery by patches because they offer more dosage flexibility, less irritation potential and a better cosmetic appearance."( Pharmaceutical development and clinical effectiveness of a novel gel technology for transdermal drug delivery.
Alberti, I; Carrara, DN; Grenier, A; Kraus, H, 2005)		0.33
" The antagonistic effect of oral tolterodine on the dose-response curves to pilocarpine was significantly weaker than that of oxybutynin."( Characterization of muscarinic receptor binding and inhibition of salivation after oral administration of tolterodine in mice.
Maruyama, S; Oki, T; Takagi, Y; Yamada, S; Yamamura, HI, 2006)		0.54
"There were significant dose-response relationships with CR oxybutynin for both UI episodes and dry mouth."( A double-blind randomized dose-response study comparing daily doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg controlled-release oxybutynin: balancing efficacy with severity of dry mouth.
Andreou, C; Casey, R; Corcos, J; Darke, AC; Harsanyi, Z; Miceli, PC; Patrick, A; Reiz, JL, 2006)		0.79
" Our results suggest that the association between an antimuscarinic drug and an antagonist of P2X purinoceptors such as suramin might be helpful to reduce the therapeutic dosage of the antimuscarinic drug, along with its side effects."( Altered neurogenic and mechanical responses to acetylcholine, ATP and substance P in detrusor from rat with outlet obstruction.
Pinna, C; Puglisi, L; Sanvito, P, 2006)		0.33
"Although the anticholinergic dosage was low, the present results suggest that naftopidil monotherapy was as useful as combination therapy of naftopidil and an anticholinergic agent."( Naftopidil monotherapy vs naftopidil and an anticholinergic agent combined therapy for storage symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A prospective randomized controlled study.
Hanazawa, K; Honda, S; Kawachi, Y; Koizumi, K; Maruyama, O; Noto, K; Saitoh, T; Sugimura, S; Sugiyama, Y; Yamashita, R, 2006)		0.33
" With more preparations available and more dosing flexibility than any other anticholinergic medication on the market, oxybutynin remains the "gold standard" for first-line therapy for patients who have detrusor overactivity."( Oxybutynin in detrusor overactivity.
Diokno, A; Ingber, M, 2006)		1.99
"A retrospective review of patients with daytime wetting who switched from Ditropan to Ditropan XL included patient age, sex, reason for the change in medication, uroflowmetry findings before and after the change, side effects, and duration and dosage of the medication."( Improved efficacy of extended release oxybutynin in children with persistent daytime urinary incontinence converted from regular oxybutynin.
Austin, JC; Cooper, CS; Knudson, MJ; Van Arendonk, KJ, 2006)		0.6
" The mean dosage of Ditropan and Ditropan XL did not differ significantly (0."( Improved efficacy of extended release oxybutynin in children with persistent daytime urinary incontinence converted from regular oxybutynin.
Austin, JC; Cooper, CS; Knudson, MJ; Van Arendonk, KJ, 2006)		0.6
" One means of improving user adherence with hormonal contraception is to minimize the dosing schedule."( A review of transdermal hormonal contraception : focus on the ethinylestradiol/norelgestromin contraceptive patch.
Graziottin, A, 2006)		0.33
" The dosage regimen of oxybutynin is one 5-mg tablet 2 to 3 times a day."( Formulation and optimization of porous osmotic pump-based controlled release system of oxybutynin.
Davadra, P; Kanagale, P; Kini, R; Lohray, BB; Misra, A, 2007)		0.87
" This article summarizes the efficacy, contraindications, precautions, dosing and common side effects of these agents."( Pharmacologic management of overactive bladder.
Hilas, O; Lam, S, 2007)		0.34
"14]) but did not resolve urinary incontinence, with no significant dose-response association."( Systematic review: randomized, controlled trials of nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women.
Kane, RL; Shamliyan, TA; Wilt, TJ; Wyman, J, 2008)		0.35
"Patient compliance is better with formulations that require less frequent dosing than with formulations that require more frequent dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.35
" Once-daily dosing of oxybutynin is no better at maintaining pharmacokinetic exposure than twice-daily dosing at half strength."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.66
"To determine whether, for oxybutynin and risperidone, drug exposure is better with less frequent dosing regimens than with regimens that require more frequent dosing."( Estimation of the impact of noncompliance on pharmacokinetics: an analysis of the influence of dosing regimens.
Hughes, DA, 2008)		0.65
" This might be an effect of the convenience of the weekly dosing schedule."( Evaluation of the contraceptive efficacy, compliance, and satisfaction with the transdermal contraceptive patch system Evra: a comparison between adolescent and adult users.
Bodner, K; Bodner-Adler, B; Grünberger, W, 2011)		0.37
"Flexible dosing of anticholinergics used for overactive bladder (OAB) treatment is a useful strategy in clinical practice for achieving a maximum effective and maximum tolerated level of therapeutic benefit."( Dose escalation improves therapeutic outcome: post hoc analysis of data from a 12-week, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group trial of trospium chloride in patients with urinary urge incontinence.
Bödeker, RH; Madersbacher, H; Neumeister, C; Zellner, M, 2010)		0.36
"Flexible dosing of trospium was proven to be as effective, but better tolerated as the officially approved adjusted dose of oxybutynin."( Dose escalation improves therapeutic outcome: post hoc analysis of data from a 12-week, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group trial of trospium chloride in patients with urinary urge incontinence.
Bödeker, RH; Madersbacher, H; Neumeister, C; Zellner, M, 2010)		0.57
"Sensitive and simple spectrophotometric (Method I) and spectrofluorimetric (Method II) methods were developed and validated for the determination of oxybutynin HCl (OXB) in its dosage forms."( Determination of oxybutynin in pharmaceuticals via reaction with mixed acids anhydrides: application to content uniformity testing.
Belal, F; El-Enany, N; Elmansi, H; Walash, MI, 2011)		0.91
" Specifically, we asked: (1) will ethanol increase d-MPH biological concentrations, (2) will MTS facilitate the systemic bioavailability of l-MPH, and (3) will l-MPH enantioselectively interact with ethanol to yield l-ethylphenidate (l-EPH)? Mice were dosed with MTS (¼ of a 12."( Transdermal and oral dl-methylphenidate-ethanol interactions in C57BL/6J mice: transesterification to ethylphenidate and elevation of d-methylphenidate concentrations.
Bell, GH; Griffin, WC; Novak, AJ; Patrick, KS, 2011)		0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" This review will focus on the rationale underlying the development of these dosage forms, critically discussing their performance and potential."( Patches for improving gastrointestinal absorption: an overview.
Ponchel, G; Teutonico, D, 2011)		0.37
" Here we present a novel intraepidermal delivery technology (delivered site at epidermis layer, <150 μm) by combining skin pretreatment with short microneedles (<150 μm in length) and iontophoresis transdermal patch (enhanced transport via electrical field) that can provide a continuous basal dose and on-demand bolus dosing for mealtime insulin needs."( Simultaneous basal-bolus delivery of fast-acting insulin and its significance in diabetes management.
Gao, Y; Li, F; Qin, G; Qiu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, B; Zhang, S, 2012)		0.38
"The bioavailability of oxybutynin and its pharmacokinetic profile are not greatly affected by application site selection, post-application showering or sunscreen use shortly before or after dosing with OTG."( Pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin chloride topical gel: effects of application site, baths, sunscreen and person-to-person transference.
Caramelli, KE; Dmochowski, RR; Hoel, G; Newman, DK; Rudy, DC; Sand, PK; Thomas, H, 2011)		1
" Thus, developed formulation of olanzapine is expected to improve the patient compliance, form better dosage regimen, and provide maintenance therapy to psychotic patients."( Formulation, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation of matrix-type transdermal patches containing olanzapine.
Aggarwal, G; Dhawan, S; Harikumar, SL, )		0.13
" The transdermal formulation provides continuous delivery of buprenorphine, resulting in relatively consistent plasma drug concentrations throughout the 7-day dosing interval."( Buprenorphine 5, 10 and 20 μg/h transdermal patch: a review of its use in the management of chronic non-malignant pain.
Plosker, GL, 2011)		0.37
"Transdermal patches and medicated plasters (patch) represent well-established prolonged release dosage forms."( Adhesive properties: a critical issue in transdermal patch development.
Cilurzo, F; Gennari, CG; Minghetti, P, 2012)		0.38
"In this multicentre, prospective, observational, flexible-dosing study, the dosage of oxybutynin ER for each patient was adjusted after discussions of efficacy and tolerability between doctor and patient, over a 12 week treatment period."( Prescription pattern of oxybutynin ER in patients with overactive bladder in real life practice: a multicentre, open-label, prospective observational study.
Choo, MS; Han, JY; Lee, KS; Yoo, DS, 2012)		0.91
" In addition to recommendations on the site and duration of TDDS application and proper patch disposal, clinicians must consider (1) potential problems with cutting patches as a method of dosage adjustment, (2) safety concerns related to the electric conductivity of metal-containing patches, (3) appropriate strategies for managing patch adhesion failures, and (4) the advisability of writing on patches for medication safety or compliance reasons."( Practical considerations for optimal transdermal drug delivery.
Alhammad, A; Durand, C; Willett, KC, 2012)		0.38
" In 11 patients, oxybutynin could be stopped, and in 2 the dosage could be reduced to once daily."( Detrusorectomy reduces the need for augmentation and use of antimuscarinics in children with neuropathic bladders.
Chrzan, R; de Jong, TP; Dik, P; Klijn, AJ; Kuijper, CF, 2013)		0.73
"Adult patients with pain from osteoarthritis receiving a stable dosage of HCD/APAP (i."( A randomized, 14-day, double-blind study evaluating conversion from hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin) to buprenorphine transdermal system 10 μg/h or 20 μg/h in patients with osteoarthritis pain.
Landau, CJ; McCarberg, BH; Munera, C; Ripa, SR; Wen, W, 2012)		0.38
" Rasagiline mesylate dosed either via the oral or transdermal routes had comparable plasma exposure and, unexpectedly, significantly reduced absolute tumor volumes and tumor growth rates in the nude mouse SKMEL28 xenograft model."( Comparison of oral and transdermal administration of rasagiline mesylate on human melanoma tumor growth in vivo.
Arjmand, FM; Christianson, C; Dines, K; Hamlin, R; Huang, B; Meier-Davis, SR; Nagata, T; Shudo, J; Wen, J, 2012)		0.38
" A second technical innovation is our nonwoven (patch) disc matrix-supported drying technology, which allows efficient drying of our patch formulation blend to produce dry stable dosage forms of VDP or VEP."( Transcutaneous immunization with Intercell's vaccine delivery system.
Ellingsworth, L; Flyer, D; Frolov, V; Look, JL; Ruiz, C; Schafer, J; Seid, RC, 2012)		0.38
"The area under the plasma concentration-time curve at steady state (AUC(tau)), measured over one dosing interval, was similar for elderly [mean ± standard deviation (SD) 9,940 pg/h/ml (4,827 pg/h/ml] and younger [mean ± SD 11,309 (3,670 pg/h/ml] individuals."( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly.
Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)		0.39
"No dosage alterations are necessary for PK reasons when treating elderly people with buprenorphine transdermal patches."( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly.
Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)		0.39
" The results suggest that the transdermal application of galantamine drug-in-adhesive patches might be the alternative dosage form to have good efficacy and tolerability for the treatment of Alzheimer disease."( Investigation of formulation factors affecting in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a galantamine transdermal system.
Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Son, DD, 2012)		0.38
" Profiles of each drug and dosage differ and should be considered in making treatment choices."( An overview on mixed action drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity.
Artibani, W; Asimakopoulos, AD; Carone, R; Cerruto, MA; Del Popolo, G; Finazzi-Agrò, E; La Martina, M, 2012)		0.38
" Our analysis suggests a relationship between total patch dosage and mean postmortem fentanyl concentration up to the 100-μg/h dose."( Reliability of postmortem fentanyl concentrations in determining the cause of death.
Gill, JR; Lin, PT; Nelson, L, 2013)		0.39
"Oxybutynin is being increasingly being prescribed in the treatment of hyperhidrosis but currently, there is no precise dosage for this treatment."( [Use of oral oxybutynin at 7.5 mg per day in primary hyperhidrosis].
Aubin, F; Elkhyat, A; Humbert, RP; Messikh, R; Try, C, 2012)		2.19
" Patients continued prescribed analgesic dosing regimens."( Effectiveness of a heated lidocaine/tetracaine topical patch for pain associated with myofascial trigger points: results of an open-label pilot study.
Busch, M; Marriott, T; Rauck, R, 2013)		0.39
" Various retrospective studies comparing dosage changes of buprenorphine and fentanyl patches in persistent pain patients have been completed; however, no long-term prospective, randomized, clinical study has compared the effectiveness of these patches."( A feasibility study of transdermal buprenorphine versus transdermal fentanyl in the long-term management of persistent non-cancer pain.
Chowdhury, S; Mitra, F; Shelley, M; Williams, G, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate cognitive effects during chronic stable dosing with solifenacin and oxybutynin versus placebo in older (≥75 yr) subjects with MCI."( Randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study investigating the effect of solifenacin and oxybutynin in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: the SENIOR study.
Compion, G; Dale, M; Stow, B; Tretter, R; Wagg, A, 2013)		0.83
" The prolonged t1/2 and increased bioavailability of rasagiline patch suggested a possible longer dosing interval compared with oral tablet."( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of rasagiline in minipigs after oral dosing or transdermal administration via a newly developed patch.
Deng, J; Lin, J; Lin, Y; Zhang, T; Zou, Y, 2013)		0.39
"7 times, respectively, with reference to the oral dosage form."( Development of matrix-type transdermal delivery of lornoxicam: in vitro evaluation and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in albino rats.
Baviskar, DT; Jain, DJ; Parik, VB, )		0.13
" It could be also used with reliability for the determination of the drug in other pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Development and validation of a reverse phase liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of eserine and pralidoxime chloride in drugs-in-adhesive matrix type transdermal patches.
Banerjee, S; Chattopadhyay, P; Ghosh, A; Kaity, S; Veer, V, 2013)		0.39
" The full analysis set (FAS) comprised 564 patients (106 de novo; 458 pretreated [454 had complete rotigotine dosing data])."( Effectiveness and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal patch for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in a routine clinical practice setting in Germany.
Bachmann, CG; Berg, D; Berkels, R; Grieger, F; Hofmann, WE; Lauterbach, T; Schollmayer, E; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2013)		0.39
"Our objective was to assess metabolic effects of oral vs transdermal (TD) 17β-E₂ replacement using estrogen concentration-based dosing in girls with Turner syndrome (TS)."( Metabolic effects of oral versus transdermal 17β-estradiol (E₂): a randomized clinical trial in girls with Turner syndrome.
Hossain, J; Klein, KO; Mauras, N; Mericq, V; Ross, JL; Santen, RJ; Singh, R; Taboada, M; Torres-Santiago, L; Unanue, N, 2013)		0.39
", whereas 47 (45,2%) used a lower dosage and 28 (26."( The use of oxybutynin in patients treated by means of botulinum neurotoxin A for neurogenic detrusor overactivity: an observational study.
De Nunzio, C; Del Popolo, G; Finazzi-Agrò, E; Finita Celso, M; Lombardi, G; Perugia, C; Topazio, L, 2013)		0.78
"This study provides some important insights on the use of oral antimuscarinics in patients treated by means of BONT-A intradetrusor administration for NDO; in particular, it suggests that, after an initial reduction in the use of oxybutynin, patients tend to increase the dosage of this drug during the follow-up after the BONT-A treatment."( The use of oxybutynin in patients treated by means of botulinum neurotoxin A for neurogenic detrusor overactivity: an observational study.
De Nunzio, C; Del Popolo, G; Finazzi-Agrò, E; Finita Celso, M; Lombardi, G; Perugia, C; Topazio, L, 2013)		0.96
"5 mg/24 h patch on ADL, including autonomy and HLF factors, supports this additional dosing option to prolong patients' independence."( Efficacy of higher dose 13.3 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch on instrumental activities of daily living in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease.
Bellelli, G; Cummings, J; Frölich, L; Grossberg, G; Krahnke, T; Molinuevo, JL; Strohmaier, C, 2013)		0.39
" Two open-label bioequivalence studies investigated the 2 mg/24 h dosage in healthy individuals (SP951, n = 52 [Clinicaltrials."( Comparison of the bioavailability and adhesiveness of different rotigotine transdermal patch formulations.
Arth, C; Bauer, L; Brunnert, M; Elshoff, JP; Komenda, M; Schmid, M; Timmermann, L, 2013)		0.39
" To compare the transdermal with oral dosage forms, physicians were asked to enrol patients who recently switched from oral to transdermal medication."( The transdermal formulation of rivastigmine improves caregiver burden and treatment adherence of patients with Alzheimer's disease under daily practice conditions.
Adler, G; Articus, K; Mueller, B, 2014)		0.4
" Initial BTDS dosing strength, receipt of approved initial BTDS dose per the FPI, and concomitant medications were assessed in the post-index 6 month period."( US practitioner prescribing practices and patient characteristics of those newly treated with a buprenorphine transdermal patch system.
Ben-Joseph, R; Chang, CL; Hess, G; Pergolizzi, JV, 2014)		0.4
" Further extensive pre/clinical studies are necessary prior to use transdermal GMD as a valuable alternative to peroral dosage forms with improved bioavailability, longer duration of action and more patient convenience."( Optimization of self-nanoemulsifying systems for the enhancement of in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy of glimepiride transdermal patches.
Abdel-Naim, AB; Afouna, MI; Ahmed, OA; Banjar, ZM; El-Say, KM; Khedr, A, 2014)		0.4
"The article reviews the information regarding the application of Eudragits in the design and development of these dosage forms focusing on the impact of formulative variables on the skin drug penetration and the patch adhesive properties."( Application of methyl methacrylate copolymers to the development of transdermal or loco-regional drug delivery systems.
Cilurzo, F; Gennari, CG; Minghetti, P; Montanari, L; Selmin, F, 2014)		0.4
" However, medication administration errors abound with this dosage form and frequently result in harm or treatment failure."( A systematic review of medication administration errors with transdermal patches.
Haefeli, WE; Lampert, A; Seiberth, J; Seidling, HM, 2014)		0.4
"To determine the differences between continuous or extended-cycle CHCs (pills, patch, ring) in regimens of greater than 28 days of active hormone compared with traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active hormone and 7 days of placebo, or 24 days of active hormones and 4 days of placebo)."( Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception.
Edelman, A; Gallo, MF; Grimes, DA; Jensen, JT; Micks, E, 2014)		0.4
" Participants reported high satisfaction with both dosing regimens, but this was not an outcome universally studied."( Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception.
Edelman, A; Gallo, MF; Grimes, DA; Jensen, JT; Micks, E, 2014)		0.4
" Evidence from existing randomized control trials comparing continuous or extended-cycle CHCs (greater than 28 days of active combined hormones) to traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active hormone and 7 days of placebo, or 24 days of active hormone and 4 days of placebo) is of good quality."( Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception.
Edelman, A; Gallo, MF; Grimes, DA; Jensen, JT; Micks, E, 2014)		0.4
" Although the recommended dosing interval is 72 hours, many references discuss the use of 48-hour intervals in select patients, and no published reference recommends dosing intervals shorter than 48 hours."( Daily application of transdermal fentanyl patches in patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Pawasauskas, J; Perdrizet, G, 2014)		0.4
"TSS is easily applied, delivering flexible drug dosage and associated with lower incidence of skin irritation."( Spray-on transdermal drug delivery systems.
Ibrahim, SA, 2015)		0.42
" The present research work pertains to the preparation of transdermal patches of donepezil with the objective to improve its patient compliance, therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the frequency of dosing and side effects as well as to avoid its extensive first pass metabolism."( Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches of donepezil.
Argade, NS; Dua, K; Madan, JR, 2015)		0.42
" Our aim is to develop a patient-friendly dosage form that is capable of extending release of short elimination half-life drugs so to decrease dosing frequency and to increase the bioavailability of highly-metabolized drugs with the ultimate aim of dose reduction."( Hot-melts in buccoadhesive patches: an approach for bioavailability enhancement of highly-metabolized drugs with short elimination half-life.
Aboelwafa, AA; El Mahrouk, GM; ElGazayerly, ON; Taha, MS, 2014)		0.4
" The drug is also tolerable and the safety profile suggests that adjustment of dosage for age may not be strictly observed."( Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of oxybutynin chloride in pediatric neurogenic bladder with spinal dysraphism: a retrospective, multicenter, observational study.
Baek, M; Han, SW; Kim, KR; Kim, KS; Lee, JH; Lee, YS; Park, K; Song, SH, 2014)		0.67
" Transdermal drug delivery offers several distinct advantages over traditional dosage forms."( Current and emerging formulation strategies for the effective transdermal delivery of HIV inhibitors.
Buckheit, RW; Ham, AS, 2015)		0.42
" These findings suggest similar dosage requirements for rotigotine transdermal system in Japanese and Caucasian populations."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects following multiple-dose administration.
Braun, M; Cawello, W; Elshoff, JP; Funaki, T; Ikeda, J; Kim, SR; Masahiro, T, 2016)		0.43
" Scopolamine is metabolized primarily in the liver and excreted by the kidneys, so renal and hepatic impairment should be considered when initiating and dosing this medication."( An unusual case of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.
Brandt, JC; Harman, E; Winchester, D, 2015)		0.42
" The potential efficacy of these MN for paediatric dosing was investigated via in vitro and in vivo studies."( Potential of hydrogel-forming and dissolving microneedles for use in paediatric populations.
Caffarel-Salvador, E; Donnelly, RF; McCarthy, HO; McElnay, JC; Mooney, K; Tuan-Mahmood, TM; Woolfson, AD, 2015)		0.42
"New initiation of a testosterone dosage form, with use monitored for up to 1 year."( Comparative Safety of Testosterone Dosage Forms.
Brookhart, MA; Jick, SS; Layton, JB; Meier, CR; Sharpless, JL; Stürmer, T, 2015)		0.42
" We also studied the optimal dosage regimen with repeated patch application for achieving a therapeutic range using a PK simulation model."( Therapeutic dosage assessment based on population pharmacokinetics of a novel single-dose transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Hong, D; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lim, HS, 2015)		0.42
" Patient adherence theoretically could be improved due to ease of use and once-daily dosing when compared to oral counterparts' need for multiple daily doses."( A critical appraisal of the selegiline transdermal system for major depressive disorder.
Bied, AM; Kim, J; Schwartz, TL, 2015)		0.42
" Thus, the patch may serve as an alternative therapy to oral dosage form of simvastatin with outmost patient compliance."( Application of Response Surface Methodology for Design and Optimization of Reservoir-type Transdermal Patch of Simvastatin.
Parhi, R; Patnaik, S; Suresh, P, 2016)		0.43
"Creating in situ phase separation in solid dispersion based formulations to allow enhanced functionality of the dosage form, such as improving dissolution of poorly soluble model drug as well as being mucoadhesive, can significantly maximize the in vitro and in vivo performance of the dosage form."( Creating Drug Solubilization Compartments via Phase Separation in Multicomponent Buccal Patches Prepared by Direct Hot Melt Extrusion-Injection Molding.
Alhijjaj, M; Belton, P; Bouman, J; Qi, S; Wellner, N, 2015)		0.42
" Also, impact of patch components on resulting tensile strength and in vitro permeation were used to predict an optimal patch formulation using a quality-by-design (QbD) approach, which was subsequently evaluated and further compared with a commercial oral tablet dosage form for in vitro and in vivo release (rabbit model)."( Formulation and evaluation of anti-rheumatic dexibuprofen transdermal patches: a quality-by-design approach.
Ahmad, Z; Akhlaq, M; Arshad, MS; Haj-Ahmad, R; Hussain, A; Kucuk, I; Mudassir, AM; Rasekh, M, 2016)		0.43
" Other advantages of transdermal drug delivery include convenience, improved patient compliance, prompt termination of dosing and avoidance of the first-pass effect."( Transdermal delivery of heparin: Physical enhancement techniques.
Ita, K, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness, optimal dosage regimen and long-term safety of oral oxybutynin in the treatment of hyperhidrosis."( Oral oxybutynin for the treatment of hyperhidrosis: outcomes after one-year follow-up.
Blázquez-Sánchez, N; de Troya-Martín, M; Del Boz, J; Hernández Ibáñez, C; Millán-Cayetano, JF; Rivas-Ruiz, F, 2017)		1.18
" To improve treatment adherence, oxybutynin dosing regimens should be individualised on the basis of the patient's tolerance and response."( Oral oxybutynin for the treatment of hyperhidrosis: outcomes after one-year follow-up.
Blázquez-Sánchez, N; de Troya-Martín, M; Del Boz, J; Hernández Ibáñez, C; Millán-Cayetano, JF; Rivas-Ruiz, F, 2017)		1.25
"Oral anticholinergic drugs, such as oxybutynin, are often used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis, but few studies have focused on dosing strategies for children."( Individualized Dosing of Oral Oxybutynin for the Treatment of Primary Focal Hyperhidrosis in Children and Teenagers.
Blázquez-Sánchez, N; de Troya, M; Del Boz, J; Millán-Cayetano, JF, 2016)		1
" This study reported the results of treatment with a high dosage of a single drug in children with refractory detrusor overactivity (DO)."( Combined low-dose antimuscarinics for refractory detrusor overactivity in children.
Fahmy, A; Mahfouz, W; Mokhless, I; Rhashad, H; Youssif, M, 2016)		0.43
" They had persistent urgency and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), even with behavioral bowel therapy, and used an optimized dosage of oxybutynine."( Combined low-dose antimuscarinics for refractory detrusor overactivity in children.
Fahmy, A; Mahfouz, W; Mokhless, I; Rhashad, H; Youssif, M, 2016)		0.64
" Spinal, epidural and intravenous fentanyl has been studied in pregnant women and neonates, but foetal safety of fentanyl dosing with transdermal patch during pregnancy and labour is not sufficiently studied."( Foetal Fentanyl Exposure and Ion Trapping after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe.
Heikkinen, A; Heikkinen, EM; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2017)		0.46
"One study compared patch dosage (100 vs 200 µg oestrogen, with progestogen in both arms) and had a high risk of performance bias, detection bias and attrition bias."( Non-contraceptive oestrogen-containing preparations for controlling symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
Kuiper, JH; Naheed, B; O'Brien, PM; O'Mahony, F; Uthman, OA, 2017)		0.46
" The present research was focused on designing an efficient dosage form for transdermal delivery of α-choriogonadotropin (high molecular weight biologic), through biodegradable polymeric microneedles."( Fabrication, Physicochemical Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymeric Microneedle Patch System for Enhanced Transcutaneous Flux of High Molecular Weight Therapeutics.
Choudhury, BK; Shah, V, 2017)		0.46
"Understanding the varied delivery systems of today's medications can not only simplify dosing schedules but also improve medication adherence, reduce adverse events and polypharmacy, and increase patients' overall quality of life."( From Immediate Release to Long Acting Drug Delivery Systems: What Do They Mean and Why Do They Matter?
Leahy, LG, 2017)		0.46
", switching medications within the same class when dosing is not a one-to-one ratio."( Switching from an oral dopamine receptor agonist to rotigotine transdermal patch: a review of clinical data with a focus on patient perspective.
Asgharnejad, M; Bauer, L; Benitez, A; Boroojerdi, B; Chung, SJ; Heidbrede, T; Kim, HJ; Little, A, 2017)		0.46
" WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although therapeutically dosed scopolamine transdermal patches rarely cause complications, incomplete toxidromes can be insidiously common in polypharmacy settings."( Postoperative Anticholinergic Poisoning: Concealed Complications of a Commonly Used Medication.
Farrell, N; Hack, J; Haronian, T; Zhang, XC, 2017)		0.46
"The transdermal patch formulation has many advantages, including noninvasiveness, an ability to bypass the first-pass metabolism, low dosage requirements, and prolonged drug delivery."( Solid-State Stability Issues of Drugs in Transdermal Patch Formulations.
Murthy, SN; Panda, A; Pradhan, A; Repka, MA; Sharma, PK; Thakkar, R; Whang, CH; Zhang, J, 2018)		0.48
"Since the effect of a percutaneous absorption-type dopamine agonist (DA) preparation, rotigotine patch, stably persists by once-a-day application, this dosage form is appropriate for Parkinson's disease patients showing levodopa induced wearing off phenomenon."( [Efficacy of Topical Agents for Symptomatic Treatment of Rotigotine Patch-Induced Skin Disorders].
Fujioka, S; Hara, K; Kamimura, H; Kiyomi, F; Ogata, K; Shibaguchi, H; Tsuboi, Y; Yasutaka, Y, 2017)		0.46
" This dosage was maintained for 28 weeks (W39) and then reduced over 6 weeks."( High-dose transdermal nicotine in Parkinson's disease patients: a randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint evaluation phase 2 study.
Audureau, E; Cormier-Dequaire, F; Damier, P; Defer, G; Evangelista, E; Fénelon, G; Gurruchaga, JM; Itti, E; Kerschen, P; Paul, M; Quéré-Carne, M; Remy, P; Straczek, C; Thiriez, C; Van Der Gucht, A; Villafane, G, 2018)		0.48
" Transdermal drug delivery system is the main route with discrete, self-contained dosage forms when placed on the skin, transporting the medicament through the skin into the systemic circulation in a wellcontrolled manner."( Design and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Timolol Maleate.
Jamakandi, VG; Panchayya Hiremath, SS; Reddy, JJ, 2018)		0.48
" Variable dosage regimen and poor pharmacokinetic parameters have led to the development of transdermal drug delivery system."( Enhanced Both in vitro and in vivo Kinetics by SLNs Induced Transdermal System of Furosemide: A Novel Approach.
Mannam, R; Yallamalli, IM, 2017)		0.46
" Many patients do not understand how to correctly apply a transdermal dosage patch."( PATIENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF MEDICAL PATCHES IN HUNGARY.
Somogyi, O; Zelko, R, 2016)		0.43
") injection provide reproducible dosing and good cost- and delivery efficiency, the major objective to avoid sharps and the need for enhanced storage stability have renewed the interest in alternative needle-free delivery strategies."( Application of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol-based film patches on laser microporated skin facilitates intradermal macromolecule and nanoparticle delivery.
Engelke, L; Engert, J; Winter, G, 2018)		0.48
" The purpose of this study is to identify the proportion of new FTS users who had evidence of prior opioid tolerance, by dosage strength, in FDA's Sentinel System."( Assessment of prior opioid tolerance among new users of fentanyl transdermal system in FDA's Sentinel System.
Cocoros, NM; Ju, J; Kornegay, C; Larochelle, MR; Petrone, AB; Popovic, J; Racoosin, JA, 2019)		0.51
" We assessed the proportion of users with prior tolerance stratified by dosage strength of FTS using four definitions of opioid tolerance: ≥30-mg oxycodone equivalents/day in each of 7 consecutive days immediately prior to index; ≥30-mg oxycodone equivalents/day for any 7 days in the 30 days prior to index (secondary); any dose in each of 7 days in the 7 consecutive days immediately prior to index (tertiary); and any dose for any 7 days in the 30 days prior to index (quaternary)."( Assessment of prior opioid tolerance among new users of fentanyl transdermal system in FDA's Sentinel System.
Cocoros, NM; Ju, J; Kornegay, C; Larochelle, MR; Petrone, AB; Popovic, J; Racoosin, JA, 2019)		0.51
" In the long-term, regulatory requirements for package inserts should include standardized and dosage form-specific recommendations for correct medication administration."( [Information Gaps in Package Inserts Cause Insufficient Patient Information on Correct Handling of Transdermal Patches].
Haefeli, WE; Lampert, A; Seidling, HM, 2019)		0.51
"134) were clinically meaningfully greater, and mean rotigotine dosage higher (4."( Effect of using a wearable device on clinical decision-making and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease starting transdermal rotigotine patch: A pilot study.
Boroojerdi, B; Carson, S; Heldman, D; Isaacson, SH; Klos, K; Kreitzman, DL; Markowitz, M; McGraw, M; Phillips, M; Revilla, FJ; Terricabras, D; Truong, D; Waln, O; Woltering, F, 2019)		0.51
"The medical condition and baseline opioid requirements must all be carefully considered when dosing a fentanyl patch."( Consensus Perioperative Management Best Practices for Patients on Transdermal Fentanyl Patches Undergoing Surgery.
Cornett, EM; Ehrhardt, KP; Fox, CJ; Gennuso, SA; Kaye, AD; Menard, BL; Okereke, EC; Tirumala, SR, 2019)		0.51
" Patients with psychiatric illnesses have many unmet needs that may be filled through the benefits gained from transdermal treatments, such as reduced dosing frequency, effective control of plasma medication concentrations, improved tolerability, ability to check compliance visually, and avoidance of first-pass hepatic metabolism."( Patches: Established and Emerging Transdermal Treatments in Psychiatry.
Citrome, L; Correll, CU; Zeni, CM, 2019)		0.51
" Other endpoints included total Drug Attitude Inventory 10 (DAI-10) scores, EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) effect values, and a patient questionnaire about the dosage form."( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A 52-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Study.
Higuchi, T; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kanamori, Y; Matsumoto, M; Nakamura, H; Naoi, I, 2020)		0.56
"Amifostine is a cytoprotective agent against the hematopoietic damage induced by ionizing radiation, although the intravenous injection of amifostine is a unique administration method with strict dosing time limitation."( Amifostine-loaded armored dissolving microneedles for long-term prevention of ionizing radiation-induced injury.
Fang, R; Jin, Y; Li, J; Li, M; Wu, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, G; Zhu, L, 2020)		0.56
" A sequencing therapeutic approach to palmar hyperhidrosis increases both efficacy and safety compared with the use of oral oxybutynin chloride alone, and allows clinicians to keep lower dosage of oxybutynin chloride reducing generalized side effects and increasing the retention rate to the treatment."( Combined treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A and oxybutynin chloride: Results of a clinical, multicenter, prospective study.
Bobyr, I; Campanati, A; Consales, V; Diotallevi, F; Gregoriou, S; Kontochristopoulos, G; Martina, E; Offidani, A; Platsidaki, E; Rizzetto, G, 2020)		1
" In addition, the mock patches were formulated with typical ester ingredients for transdermal dosage forms."( [Pharmaceutical Properties of Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Patches Using Acrylic Polymer].
Fukami, T; Gato, K; Kato, S; Koide, T; Shikaku, R; Yoshimura-Fujii, M, 2020)		0.56
"05) in the parameter (increased AUC0-α, MRT with decreased Cmax, Tmax) when administered through the transdermal patch and on compared to the conventional dosage form."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.56
" Transdermal asenapine is a new first-in-class dosage form and provides a novel modality of administration."( Asenapine Transdermal Patch for the Management of Schizophrenia.
Barlow, R; Bertrand, S; Cornett, EM; DeGraw, C; Derakhshanian, S; Hasoon, J; Kaye, AD; Kaye, AM; Menard, A; Rath, A; Urits, I; Viswanath, O; Zhou, M, 2020)		0.56
"Aim of the study was to reduce the dose and dosing frequency of duloxetine HCl (DXT) by complexation with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD), an anionic cyclodextrin through permeation enhancement for more effective management of depression."( Transdermal delivery of duloxetine-sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin complex for effective management of depression.
Dahiya, L; Kumar, R; Sarwal, A; Sinha, VR, 2021)		0.62
" Long-term therapy with oral oxybutynin for severe hyperhidrosis, continuously administered at a mean daily dosage of 5 to 10 mg, allowed the majority of our patients to reach both clinical and Qol complete improvement, without significant adverse events."( Real-life experience with oral oxybutynin long-term continuous therapy in severe hyperhidrosis and systematic review of the literature.
Argenziano, G; Babino, G; Briatico, G; Caccavale, S; D'Ambra, I; Fulgione, E; Giorgio, CM; Longo, C; Pampena, R, 2021)		1.2
" Efforts to develop existing drugs into user-friendly dosage forms with a number of advantages in major depressive states, including but not limited to: sustained drug release, reduced drug dosing frequency, improved tolerance and adherence, suitability for use in diverse populations and different treatment scenarios, as well as less central nervous system side effects are required."( Transdermal Route: A Viable Option for Systemic Delivery of Antidepressants.
Khanna, G; Nunez, E; Puri, A; Singh, K; Tijani, AO, 2021)		0.62
"To assess: (1) symptom prevalence from the use of anticipatory medicines in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, (2) the prescribing of antiparkinsonian medication at the end of life; and (3) the accuracy of conversion from oral antiparkinsonian medicines to transdermal rotigotine and any associations between rotigotine dosing and end-of-life symptoms."( Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease at the End of Life: A Retrospective Evaluation of Symptom Prevalence, Pharmacological Symptom Management and Transdermal Rotigotine Dosing.
Hindmarsh, J; Hindmarsh, S; Lee, M, 2021)		0.62
" The aim of our study was to determine the buprenorphine pharmacokinetics during transdermal patch dosing to pregnant sheep and, to determine the extent of transplacental transfer of buprenorphine to the fetus."( MATERNAL AND FETAL BUPRENORPHINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN PREGNANT SHEEP DURING TRANSDERMAL PATCH DOSING: Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep.
Hakomäki, H; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2021)		0.62
" However, the conventional approaches to apply browning agents systematically suffer from off-target effects, multiple dosage requirements, and poor patient compliance."( Strategies for Browning Agent Delivery.
Gu, Z; Sheng, T; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2021)		0.62
" This article will review the research progress of MNs in insulin transdermal delivery, including hollow MNs, dissolving MNs, hydrogel MNs, and glucose-responsive MN patches, in which insulin dosage can be strictly controlled."( Microneedle-based insulin transdermal delivery system: current status and translation challenges.
Lyu, B; Pei, S; Wen, P; Xu, G; Yao, X; Zhao, J; Zhou, H, 2022)		0.72
" The dose-response relationship and prolonged onset to ASR emergence may be suggestive of an allergic delayed hypersensitivity reaction."( Application Site Reactions from the Buprenorphine Transdermal Patch: A Case Series.
Fudin, J; Mendoza, K; Meyer-Junco, L; Rea, B, 2022)		0.72
" In addition to descriptive statistics, a linear regression model of oxybutynin dose versus age and sex was developed to examine the impact of age on dosing variability."( Dosing Variability and Clinical Outcomes of Oxybutynin: A Pediatric Cohort of Patients With Neurogenic Bladder.
Campbell, JG; Koenig, JF; Malik, MF; McLaughlin, MJ; Randall, JH, 2022)		1.22
"The wide dosing variability and high DLPPs despite maximal dosing indicate a need for further investigation of oxybutynin's bioavailability in this population compared to its side effects and clinical outcomes."( Dosing Variability and Clinical Outcomes of Oxybutynin: A Pediatric Cohort of Patients With Neurogenic Bladder.
Campbell, JG; Koenig, JF; Malik, MF; McLaughlin, MJ; Randall, JH, 2022)		1.19
" Patch adhesion favored RID-TDS despite the longer dosing interval."( Comparative Bioavailability Study of a Novel Multi-Day Patch Formulation of Rivastigmine (Twice Weekly) with Exelon® Transdermal Patch (Daily)- A Randomized Clinical Trial.
De la Torre, R; Iniesta, M; Koch, C; Morte, A; Schug, B; Schurad, B; Vaqué, A, 2022)		0.72
" The dosage forms currently on the market for OZP are administered via oral or intramuscular routes."( Development and evaluation of a drug-in-adhesive transdermal delivery system for delivery of olanzapine.
Banga, AK; Vora, D, 2022)		0.72
" Besides, DMNP presented better therapeutic performance than cream or intragastric administration at the same dosage of MTX."( Dissolving microneedle patch-assisted transdermal delivery of methotrexate improve the therapeutic efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis.
Ma, Z; Tao, X; Wang, Q; Yang, J; Zhao, W; Zheng, L, 2023)		0.91
"Ato-Trazo has the potential to become a useful drug combination, however, longer trials are needed to determine the best dosage and the subgroup of patients who may benefit most from this combination."( Effects of atomoxetine plus a hypnotic on obstructive sleep apnea severity in patients with a moderately collapsible pharyngeal airway.
Corser, B; Eves, E; Rucosky, G; Warren-McCormick, J, 2023)		0.91
"Although recent investigations combining noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs have shown promising short-term results to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the mid-term effect and optimal dosage remain uncertain."( Effect of oxybutynin and reboxetine on obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.
Bayon, V; Berger, M; Bradley, B; Dussez, R; Haba-Rubio, J; Heiniger, G; Heinzer, R; Lecciso, G; Marchi, NA; Siclari, F; Solelhac, G; Van Den Broecke, S, 2023)		1.31
"Several Testosterone Replacement Therapies exist for hypogonadism, but an in-depth analysis of these products reveals a high dosing frequency and a high drug loading, up to 120 mg for a potent drug like Testosterone."( Two Sustained Release Membranes Used in Formulating Low Strength Testosterone Reservoir Transdermal Patches.
Chuong, MC; Duarte, JC; Gharat, Y; Kerr, SG; Vashishth, R, 2024)		1.44
" This can be delivered orally or via nasogastric tube with dosing each hour until resolution of symptoms."( Oral and Transdermal Rivastigmine for the Treatment of Anticholinergic Delirium: A Case Report.
Fratta, KA; Ginder, M; Haggerty, DA, 2023)		0.91
" A transdermal patch of Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) nanoparticles was aimed to provide sustained release of the drug and lower dosage frequency."( Formulation and characterization of nanoparticle-based ethinyl estradiol transdermal drug delivery system for contraception and menopausal disorders.
Afzal, A; Bibi, S; Hussain, T; Javaid, Z; Kainat, -; Tabassum, M; Zaman, K, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (6)

RoleDescription
muscarinic antagonistA drug that binds to but does not activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous acetylcholine or exogenous agonists.
muscle relaxantA drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis.
antispasmodic drugA drug that suppresses spasms. These are usually caused by smooth muscle contraction, especially in tubular organs. The effect is to prevent spasms of the stomach, intestine or urinary bladder.
parasympatholyticAny cholinergic antagonist that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the muscarinic antagonists.
calcium channel blockerOne of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
local anaestheticAny member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
tertiary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
racemateA racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
acetylenic compoundAny organic molecule containing a C#C bond.
carboxylic esterAn ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
tertiary alcoholA tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
tertiary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (40)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Fumarate hydrataseHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.17340.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.35487.935539.8107AID624146
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.68370.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency7.56370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.01120.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
polyproteinZika virusPotency33.17340.00308.794948.0869AID1347053
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency37.68580.035520.977089.1251AID504332
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.58040.02245.944922.3872AID488982
flap endonuclease 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.43680.133725.412989.1251AID588795
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.56370.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.56370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency22.38720.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.56370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.56370.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)27.40000.11007.190310.0000AID1443980; AID1443989; AID1473738
Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00590.00010.08560.8900AID254416
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)2.59510.00041.877310.0000AID625207
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki2.57370.00322.28879.3160AID625207
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02700.00001.23267.7930AID625152
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.01140.00000.690210.0000AID258309; AID293391; AID625152; AID668956
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00200.00001.15467.5858AID625154
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00200.00000.79519.1201AID625154; AID668958
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00590.00010.579710.0000AID254416
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00310.00011.48339.1400AID238319; AID254442
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00320.00010.99178.0000AID625155
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00820.00000.72926.9183AID625155; AID668959
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01050.00010.58908.2600AID238318; AID254432
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00350.00001.403910.0000AID625151
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00140.00000.59729.1201AID293390; AID625151; AID668955
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00270.00011.01049.9280AID625153
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00100.00000.54057.7600AID258308; AID293392; AID625153; AID668957
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.59510.00081.541620.0000AID625207
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki2.57370.00031.465610.0000AID625207
Cytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.60000.00002.398310.0000AID625247
Mu-type opioid receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00080.00000.38458.6000AID293392
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.42880.00011.01788.7960AID625254
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.14560.00000.602010.0000AID625254
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.79200.00011.18738.9125AID625217
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.50400.00030.769310.0000AID625217
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.08550.00071.841946.0000AID625256
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.06790.00021.11158.0280AID625256
MBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00009.00009.00009.0000AID537070
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)54.00000.02401.40964.7000AID537068
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02420.00030.70285.3660AID625223
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.01020.00000.490110.0000AID625223
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)100.00000.09804.29968.9000AID537067
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Kd0.03980.00050.16230.9300AID258310
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Kd0.07940.00090.92823.5481AID258311
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)Kb0.09800.00150.05940.4100AID142110
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)Kb0.01000.00040.00520.0100AID141438
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (306)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglial cell activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
suckling behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activation involved in immune responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular copper ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endocytosisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Notch signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axo-dendritic transportAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglia developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axon midline choice point recognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron remodelingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of Wnt signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
forebrain developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
collateral sprouting in absence of injuryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structure or activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling balanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
NMDA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmissionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolic mRNA polyadenylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynapse assemblyAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection maintenanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell migrationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
central nervous system developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
response to virusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferationMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transportMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergicMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification processMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex actionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
heart morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
embryonic morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell division5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to temperature stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
lactationSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair via homologous recombinationMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic skeletal system developmentMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombinationMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of double-strand break repairMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage differentiationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
granulocyte differentiationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
erythrocyte maturationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic processLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
lipid transportSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathwaySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of neuron apoptotic processSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerizationSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
hemopoiesisLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
heterochromatin formationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of megakaryocyte differentiationLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (101)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
heparin bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
transition metal ion bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor ligand activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
PTB domain bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activator activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activityMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protease bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
methylated histone bindingMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex bindingMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
histone bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
methylation-dependent protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
histone bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activitySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleosome bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
SAM domain bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
methylated histone bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
histone bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (93)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated pitAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
growth coneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosome lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary rootletAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
spindle midzoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
synapseMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
cytoplasmSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
flotillin complexSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleosomeMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complexMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusMBT domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelopeSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear outer membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
lipid dropletSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densitySigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
growth coneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
anchoring junctionSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
condensed chromosomeLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin lock complexLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusLethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (154)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1443995Hepatotoxicity in human assessed as drug-induced liver injury2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID293395Inhibition of rhythmic bladder contraction in unanesthetized rat2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID254442Binding affinity for rat salivary gland muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 using [3H]N-methylscopolamine2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID238319Affinity for rat Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M32005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 15, Issue:8
Design, synthesis and activity of novel derivatives of oxybutynin and tolterodine.
AID256015Intravenous dose required to inhibit oxotremorine induced salivary secretion in urethane (1.2 g/kg i.p.) anesthetized male wistar rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID537070Inhibition of MBTD1 by alpha-screening2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Identification of non-peptide malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat antagonists by virtual screening of commercially available compounds.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID141438Antimuscarinic activity test against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 from rabbit vas deferens1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID293394Ratio of Ki for muscarinic M2 receptor to Ki for muscarinic M3 receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID256471Selectivity index calculated as ID50/ED502005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID258309Binding affinity to human muscarinic M2 receptor2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
Potent anti-muscarinic activity in a novel series of quinuclidine derivatives.
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID678718Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as high signal/noise ratio (S/N of >100) by measuring GSH adduct formation at 100 uM after 90 mins by HPLC-MS analysis2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID625278FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of no concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID293391Displacement of 1-[N-methyl- 3H]scopolamine from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in Sf9 cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1443980Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch2010Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2
Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID668971Cardiovascular toxicity in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as changes in heart rate at 1 ug/kg, iv2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1443991Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rat liver mitochondria assessed as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration per mg mitochondrial protein measured for 20 mins by A65N-1 oxygen probe based fluorescence assay2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID238318Affinity for rat Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M22005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 15, Issue:8
Design, synthesis and activity of novel derivatives of oxybutynin and tolterodine.
AID293390Displacement of 1-[N-methyl- 3H]scopolamine from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in Sf9 cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID668957Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 120 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID293396Inhibition of methacholine induced salivation in anesthetized rat2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1636463Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 131.3 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of 2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID668955Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 120 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID293393Ratio of Ki for muscarinic M1 receptor to Ki for muscarinic M3 receptor2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID77004Salivation inhibitory activity in guinea pig1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID250135Inhibition of compound against MES-SA/DX5 cell line was determined using P-glycoprotein assay2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 48, Issue:8
A pharmacophore hypothesis for P-glycoprotein substrate recognition using GRIND-based 3D-QSAR.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID668956Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 120 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID537066Activity at L3MBTL1 at 100 uM2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Identification of non-peptide malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat antagonists by virtual screening of commercially available compounds.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID77410The compound was tested for mydriasis in guinea pig. 1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID1636404Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 10.7 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of N2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1473769Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 5 to 30 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID744641Inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cortex2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9
Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID1636514Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 77.6 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of N2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID668970Cardiovascular toxicity in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as changes in mean arterial pressure at 1 ug/kg, iv2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID255384Selectivity index as binding affinity for M2 and M3 receptors2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID668968Antagonist activity at muscarinic M4 receptor in guinea pig lung strips assessed as dissociation constant after 45 mins2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID668961Antagonist activity at muscarinic M2 receptor in guinea pig left atrium assessed as dissociation constant after 45 mins2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1473768Drug concentration at steady state in human at 5 to 30 mg, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID537068Inhibition of L3MBTL3 by alpha-screening2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Identification of non-peptide malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat antagonists by virtual screening of commercially available compounds.
AID258311Antagonism in muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea pig left atria2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
Potent anti-muscarinic activity in a novel series of quinuclidine derivatives.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID255675Intravenous dose required to inhibit rhythmic contraction of urinary bladder in urethane (1.0 g/kg s.c.) anesthetized female wistar rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID258310Antagonism at muscarinic M2 receptor in isolated guinea pig urinary bladder2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
Potent anti-muscarinic activity in a novel series of quinuclidine derivatives.
AID1443989Inhibition of recombinant human BSEP expressed in baculovirus infected sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate uptake in to vesicles preincubated for 10 mins followed by ATP addition measured after 10 to 2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID1473767AUC in human at 5 to 30 mg, po QD after 24 hrs2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID668959Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 120 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID668958Displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 120 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID293392Displacement of 1-[N-methyl- 3H]scopolamine from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in Sf9 cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID256014M1 antagonism measured as effect (i.v.) on McN-A343 induced pressor response in pithed rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID141076Antimuscarinic activity against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 from the ileum of guinea pig1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID537069Inhibition of L3MBTL4 by alpha-screening2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Identification of non-peptide malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat antagonists by virtual screening of commercially available compounds.
AID311932Inhibition of ASM in human H4 cells assessed as residual activity at 10 uM2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 51, Issue:2
Identification of new functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase using a structure-property-activity relation model.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID254432Binding affinity for rat heart muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID537067Inhibition of L3MBTL1 by alpha-screening2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Identification of non-peptide malignant brain tumor (MBT) repeat antagonists by virtual screening of commercially available compounds.
AID142110Antimuscarinic activity to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 from atria of guinea pig.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID77009The compound was tested for urinary bladder contraction ability in guinea pig. 1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID293397Ratio of ID50 for methacholine induced salivation to ID50 rhythmic bladder contraction in rat2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
1,5-Benzodioxepin derivatives as a novel class of muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists.
AID258308Binding affinity to human muscarinic M3 receptor2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 16, Issue:2
Potent anti-muscarinic activity in a novel series of quinuclidine derivatives.
AID668962Intrinsic activity at muscarinic M2 receptor in guinea pig left atrium after 45 mins relative to bethanechol2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1207683Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in guinea pig ventricular myocytes2012Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Oct, Volume: 32, Issue:10
Predictive model for L-type channel inhibition: multichannel block in QT prolongation risk assessment.
AID668973Reduction in volume induced contraction of iv dosed anaesthetized Wistar rat urinary bladder assessed as inhibition of VIBC amplitudes relative to untreated control2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID254416Binding affinity for rat cortex muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 using [3H]pirenzepine2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID668965Intrinsic activity at muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea pig ileum after 45 mins relative to bethanechol2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID255629M2 antagonism measured as effect (i.v.) on oxotremorine induced bradycardia in pithed rats2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID668972Reduction in volume induced contraction of iv dosed anaesthetized Wistar rat urinary bladder assessed as inhibition of AUC peaks from saline baseline2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID668964Antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea pig ileum assessed as dissociation constant after 45 mins2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1443992Total Cmax in human administered as single dose2014Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3
Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1345465Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2010British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 160, Issue:5
AE9C90CB: a novel, bladder-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1345189Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21
Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of quinuclidin-3-yl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives as novel muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-23, Volume: 55, Issue:4
1,4-dioxane, a suitable scaffold for the development of novel M₃ muscarinic receptor antagonists.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2002Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Aug, Volume: 366, Issue:2
M(3) receptor antagonism by the novel antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in the urinary bladder and salivary gland.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2010British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 160, Issue:5
AE9C90CB: a novel, bladder-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.
AID1345326Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2010British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 160, Issue:5
AE9C90CB: a novel, bladder-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2010British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 160, Issue:5
AE9C90CB: a novel, bladder-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.
AID1345286Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2002Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Aug, Volume: 366, Issue:2
M(3) receptor antagonism by the novel antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in the urinary bladder and salivary gland.
AID1345543Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2010British journal of pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 160, Issue:5
AE9C90CB: a novel, bladder-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.
AID1345343Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))2002Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Aug, Volume: 366, Issue:2
M(3) receptor antagonism by the novel antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in the urinary bladder and salivary gland.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,475)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990110 (4.44)18.7374
1990's188 (7.60)18.2507
2000's430 (17.37)29.6817
2010's1420 (57.37)24.3611
2020's327 (13.21)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 110.23

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index110.23 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.08 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.17 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index206.81 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.01 (0.95)

This Compound (110.23)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials619 (23.74%)5.53%
Reviews338 (12.97%)6.00%
Case Studies198 (7.59%)4.05%
Observational46 (1.76%)0.25%
Other1,406 (53.93%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (86)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase III, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial of Oxybutynin in the Management of Hot Flashes [NCT02961790]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-09Completed
A Prospective, Non-interventional, Registry Study of Patients Initiating a Course of DrugTherapy for Overactive Bladder (OAB) [NCT02386072]1,524 participants (Actual)Observational2015-01-05Completed
Phase 2 Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled 4-Period Single-Dose Crossover Factorial Study to Evaluate the Contribution of the Individual Drug Components to the Efficacy of AD109 in Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT04580394]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-27Completed
An Oxytrol Transdermal System Actual Use Study (Consumer Trial of Oxytrol, Control) [NCT04534491]Phase 3855 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-25Completed
Treatment Persistence Among Patients With Overactive Bladder: A Retrospective Secondary Data Analysis in Asia Oceania [NCT03602508]5,589 participants (Actual)Observational2018-07-20Completed
A Multi-Center, Open-Label (OL), Active-Controlled, Dose-Titration Study Evaluating the Safety, Efficacy and PK of Oxybutynin Transdermal Systems in the Treatment of Detrusor Overactivity in Pediatric Patients [NCT00224016]Phase 457 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Evaluation of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children With Down Syndrome [NCT04115878]Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-21Completed
Effect of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin on Phenotype Traits and OSA Severity [NCT02908529]Phase 1/Phase 222 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Determination of Serum Oxybutynin Levels After Using Oxybutynin Transdermal Delivery System and Transdermal Gel With and Without Standardized Heat Application in Healthy Human Volunteers [NCT03205605]Early Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-02Completed
Efficacy and Tolerability of Fesoterodine and Oxybutynin XL for Overactive Bladder Syndrome in Children: a Comparative Study. [NCT02327936]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
The Effect of Ditropan XL on Vasomotor Symptoms in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: a Double-blind Placebo Controlled Pilot Study [NCT00990886]Phase 2148 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
An Open-Label, Dose Escalating Study to Evaluate the Safety of Intravaginal Oxybutynin in Subjects With Urge Urinary Incontinence [NCT00749632]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Use of Oxybutynin for Treating Hyperhidrosis: A Placebo-control Study. [NCT01310712]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-31Completed
The Use of Oxybutynin in Women After Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy and the Effect on Plantar Hyperhidrosis [NCT01328015]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
A Randomized Intrapatient Cross-over Study to Assess the Efficacy of Oxybutynin Versus Venlafaxine in Reducing Hot Flashes in Women Using Endocrine Therapy After Breast Cancer. [NCT06106529]Phase 3260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-08Not yet recruiting
Use of Oxybutynin to Treat Axillary Hyperhidrosis [NCT01118429]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Comparison of Oxybutynin and Solifenacin in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder: a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial [NCT01423838]Phase 4500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-09-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Solifenacin Succinate (5 and 10mg Once Daily) Against Placebo and Oxybutynin Hydrochloride (5 mg Three Times Daily) in the Treatment of Subjects With [NCT00629642]Phase 4249 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-14Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride Extended-Release Tablets (5 mg; Mylan) and Ditropan XL® Tablets (5 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00648843]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
The Efficacy of Oxybutynin Chloride OROS in Patient-Reported Outcomes With Dose Escalation in Korean Overactive Bladder Patients [NCT00613327]Phase 4345 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Topical Oxybutynin Deodorant for Axillary Hyperhidrosis: a Local or a Systemic Effect? The TODAY Trial [NCT05102396]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-31Not yet recruiting
Randomized Prospective Trial Comparing Oxybutynin and Tamsulosin for Stent Discomfort in the Pediatric Population [NCT02483793]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Not yet recruiting
Clinical Trial Phase III, Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, National, Comparative Between Oxybutynin Chloride With Placebo to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety for Systemic Treatment of Primary Hyperhidrosis. [NCT02099695]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Withdrawn(stopped due to The company changed the strategy.)
A Prospective, Non-interventional, Registry Study of Patients Initiating Pharmacologic Therapy for Overactive Bladder in Taiwan, Korea and China [NCT03572231]805 participants (Actual)Observational2018-07-19Completed
Inflammation in Women With Urgency Urinary Incontinence Treated With Anticholinergics [NCT04090190]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-10-30Completed
Identifying Sleep Apnea Patients That Best Respond to Atomoxetine Plus Oxybutynin Therapy [NCT05550246]Phase 1/Phase 222 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-05Recruiting
Minirin Versus Oxybutynin for Nocturnal Enuresis in Children [NCT02538302]Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Cognitive Effects of Oral Oxybutynin and Oxybutynin Chloride Topical Gel in Older Volunteers [NCT00752141]Phase 1153 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Medications for Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Improve Cognition in Children With Down Syndrome [NCT05933603]Phase 236 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Recruiting
Oxybutynin for Post-surgical Bladder Pain and Urgency [NCT03952299]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-01Recruiting
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride Extended-Release Tablets (5 mg; Mylan) and Ditropan XL® Tablets (5 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00650481]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-12-31Completed
Single-Dose Fasting Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride Extended-Release Tablets (15 mg; Mylan)and Ditropan XL® Tablets (15 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649272]Phase 180 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Phase IV, Longitudinal, Observational Study Examining Real-World Outcomes of Non-Hormonal Pharmacotherapies Among Individuals Treated for Bothersome Vasomotor Symptoms [NCT06049797]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-11-15Recruiting
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride ER Tablets (10 mg; Mylan) and Ditropan XL® Tablets (10 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649259]Phase 139 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride Extended-Release Tablets (10 mg; Mylan) and Ditropan XL® Tablets(10 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649727]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Pharyngeal Muscle Control Mechanisms of Atomoxetine-plus-oxybutynin in Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT05944965]Phase 1/Phase 225 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-22Not yet recruiting
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Oxybutynin Chloride ER Tablets (10 mg; Mylan) and Ditropan XL® Tablets (10 mg; ALZA) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649129]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
Anticholinergic Therapy for Overactive Bladder in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Pilot Study [NCT00892450]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
A Multidisciplinary, Multimodal Bundled Care Approach to Chronic Pelvic Pain [NCT05658874]Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Recruiting
Effect of Oxybutynin Chloride Topical Gel on Gastric Emptying, Using the Acetaminophen Absorption Test [NCT00926926]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Pilot Efficacy and Safety Field Trial of Desloratadine Administered Concomitantly With Oxybutynin, in Subjects With Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis and Post-Nasal Drip [NCT00816972]Phase 2540 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Comparative Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Antagonists in the Treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity [NCT00800462]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Multi-center, Open-label, Dose-titration Pilot Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Oxybutynin Transdermal Systems in Patients With Neurogenic Bladder Resulting From Spinal Cord Injury [NCT00224029]Phase 424 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized Study of the Safety and Efficacy of OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnaBoNT-A) Versus Oral Oxybutynin in Spinal Cord Injured Patients With Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity (Protocol Number 11-09-10-04) [NCT01050114]Phase 336 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-08-31Recruiting
Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Daily Dosing With Oxybutynin Topical Gel to Treat the Symptoms of Overactive Bladder With a 14-Week Open-Label Safety Extension [NCT00350636]Phase 3789 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Retrospective Evaluation of Long Term Use of Oxybutynin in the Pharmacological Treatment of Primary Hyperhidrosis [NCT01956591]1,100 participants (Actual)Observational2007-09-30Completed
Role of Urinary Neurotrophin and Cytokine Levels in Diagnosis and Management of Overactive Bladder in Children [NCT02704013]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-04-30Not yet recruiting
A Study to Compare the Cognitive Effect of Solifenacin 5mg Once-daily and Oxybutynin 5mg Twice-daily After Chronic Dosing Versus Placebo in Subjects 75 Years and Over With Mild Cognitive Impairment - A Double-blind, Randomized, Multi-center Study [NCT01126424]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Treatment of Hyperhidrosis With Oxybutynin: a Randomized Controlled Double Blind Against Placebo [NCT01855256]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
A Comparison Study of Oxybutynin and Botulinum Toxin for Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity [NCT01477736]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel Group Trial of Ditropan XL (Oxybutynin Chloride) Extended Release Tablets or Placebo in Combination With FLOMAX (Tamsulosin Hydrochloride) for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. [NCT00338624]Phase 3420 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Repeat Dose Study to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Solabegron (GW427353) in Combination With Oxybutynin in Healthy Adult Subjects. [NCT00501267]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Novel Pharmacological Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT03919955]Phase 275 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-03Recruiting
Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of DITROPAN XL and DETROL LA in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder [NCT00293839]Phase 3790 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
A 8 Weeks, Randomized, Open Label, Parallel Group, Active Control Trial Evaluating the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Hibero SR (Mirabegron) 50 mg and Ditropan (Oxybutynin Chloride) 10 mg in Children Between 5 and 18 Years With Overactive Bladder (OAB) [NCT06181591]Phase 244 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-15Not yet recruiting
Behavioral Treatment of Overactive Bladder in Men [NCT01187498]Phase 3143 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Cognitive Effects of Darifenacin and Oxybutynin Extended Release in Volunteers Aged 60 and Over [NCT00170768]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Three Arm Study To Evaluate The Effects Of Tolterodine ER 4 mg Vs. Placebo Vs. Oxybutynin ER On Memory And Other Cognitive Abilities In Elderly Subjects [NCT00411437]Phase 4220 participants Interventional2006-12-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study Evaluating the Effect of Treatment With Topically Administered Oxybutynin Gel in Patients With Urinary Frequency, and Urge and Mixed Urinary Incontinence With a Predominance of Ur [NCT00909181]Phase 3626 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
The Therapeutic Effect of Beta-3 Agonist and Anti-muscarinic Agent on Overactive Bladder Among Sjogren's Syndrome Patient [NCT04909255]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-23Recruiting
Multicenter Assessment of Transdermal Therapy in Overactive Bladder With Oxybutynin TDS (MATRIX) [NCT00224146]Phase 42,878 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
VECTOR: A Randomized Double-blind Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Solifenacin (Vesicare®) in Comparison to Oxybutynin for Overactive Bladder Patients [NCT00431041]Phase 4132 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
[NCT01178827]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Open-Label Safety And Dose Conversion/Determination Study of OROS® Oxybutynin Chloride for Urge Urinary Incontinence [NCT00269724]Phase 3250 participants Interventional1997-03-31Completed
The Maximum Tolerated Dose and Minimum Effective Dose of OROS® Oxybutynin Compared to Ditropan® (Immediate-release Oxybutynin) in the Treatment of Patients With Urge or Mixed Urinary Incontinence [NCT00269750]Phase 3100 participants Interventional1996-07-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of OROS® Oxybutynin and TTS Oxybutynin in Middle-Aged and Elderly Women With Urinary Incontinence [NCT00304499]Phase 3176 participants Interventional1995-12-31Completed
A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Botulinum Toxin A and Standard Oxybutynin Therapy as First Line Treatment for the Poorly Compliant Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder [NCT01716624]Phase 320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
Flexibly adding-on Second Antimuscarinic Agent to the First Antimuscarinics for Refractory Overactive Bladder Syndrome - A Prospective Randomized Controlled Comparative Study With Mono-antimuscarinic Therapy [NCT01824420]Phase 4129 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Oxybutynin Versus Paroxetine in Breast Cancer Patients With Aromatase Inhibitor-induced Vasomotor Symptoms. [NCT05637671]Phase 3146 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-10Recruiting
A Two-part, Multicenter, Dose-titration Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Oxybutynin Chloride 10% Gel for the Treatment of Detrusor Overactivity Associated With a Neurological Condition in Pediatric Patients [NCT01192568]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-02Active, not recruiting
A Phase II, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled 4-way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Relative Efficacy and Safety of OC Oral Solution (Oxybutynin and Clonidine) for Sialorrhoea in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT01370811]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
A Double Blind, Randomized Four Way Cross Over Study to Compare the Effect of Fesoterodine 4mg and 8mg Once Daily and Oxybutynin 5mg Twice Daily After Steady State Dosing Versus Placebo on Cognitive Function in Subjects With Overactive Bladder, Over the A [NCT02240459]Phase 247 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
Effectiveness of Oral Boldo in Improving Urinary Symptoms and Body Stability in Women Diagnosed With Overactive Bladder [NCT06162065]Phase 110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-01Enrolling by invitation
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists as a Therapy for Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT03050827]Phase 351 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-01Completed
Methocarbamol vs Oxybutynin for Management of Pain and Discomfort S/P Ureteroscopy Procedure [NCT05100017]126 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Recruiting
The Use of Topical Oxybutynin 10% for Treating Primary Focal Hyperhidrosis-axillary, Palmar and Plantar. [NCT02973659]61 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
A Pilot Study Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Oxybutynin 3% Gel for Primary Focal Hyperhidrosis in Adolescents and Young Adults [NCT02633371]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Extended Release Oxybutynin Versus Placebo in Women Receiving Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Urgency Urinary Incontinence [NCT02176642]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Terminated
Efficacy and Tolerability of Mirabegron Compared to Oxybutynin Chloride Immediate Release for Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity in Persons With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Cross-Over Clinical Trial [NCT03187795]Phase 262 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-03Recruiting
Efficacy of a Combined Surgical and Pharmacological Therapy to Treat Mixed Urinary Incontinence [NCT01899794]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Protocol for Brain-Centered Therapy Versus Medication for Urgency Urinary Incontinence An RCT: Hypnotherapy Or Pharmacotherapy [NCT01829425]165 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-22Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Oxybutynin Versus Placebo for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT04600336]Phase 287 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-30Recruiting
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of Early Oxybutinin Treatment for Boys With Posterior Urethral Valves [NCT04526353]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-10Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Oxybutynin in Paediatric Cystitis [NCT03877289]Phase 481 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Enhancing Conservative Treatment for Urge Incontinence [NCT00223821]166 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A 24-WEEK RANDOMIZED, OPEN-LABEL, STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF FESOTERODINE IN SUBJECTS AGED 6 TO 17 YEARS WITH SYMPTOMS OF DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH A NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION (NEUROGENIC DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY) [NCT01557244]Phase 3181 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-02Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00223821 (2) [back to overview]Change in Incontinent Episodes Immediately Post-treatment
NCT00223821 (2) [back to overview]Change in Incontinent Episodes at 12-month Follow-up
NCT00224016 (2) [back to overview]Catheterizations Without Leakage
NCT00224016 (2) [back to overview]Average Catheterization Urine Volume
NCT00224029 (1) [back to overview]Average Number of Catheterizations Without Leaking Per Day
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Average Daily Urinary Frequency
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Average Number of Daily Incontinence Episodes
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Average Urine Void Volume
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Number of Incontinence Episodes
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Urinary Frequency
NCT00350636 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Urine Void Volume
NCT00431041 (4) [back to overview]The Severity of Dry Mouth Reported as an Adverse Event
NCT00431041 (4) [back to overview]The Number of Subjects Reporting Incidence of Dry Mouth as an Adverse Event
NCT00431041 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Micturition Frequency as Reported in Subject 3-day Diary
NCT00431041 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Urgency Episodes as Reported in Subject 3-day Diary
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Frequent Daytime Urination at Week 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Frequent Nighttime Urination at Week 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Urge Urinary Incontinence at Week 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response to Patient's Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) Questionnaire
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Mean Voiding Frequency at Week 6 and 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Patient's Perception of Symptom Improvement (PPSI) Score for Overactive Bladder
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Dry Mouth at Week 6 and 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Dry Mouth
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Frequency of Urinary Urgency and Urinary Incontinence at Week 6 and 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Urinary Urgency at Week 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Treatment Goal
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) Score at Week 6 and 12
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Frequency of Urinary Urgency and Urinary Incontinence
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Mean Voiding Frequency
NCT00613327 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Response to Patient's Perception of Treatment Benefit (PPTB) Questionnaire
NCT00909181 (1) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Weekly Frequency of Urinary Incontinence Episodes at Week 12
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Continuity of Attention
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Power of Attention
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Quality of Working Memory
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Speed of Memory
NCT01126424 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Postural Stability Test
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Delayed Recall Score as Measured by the HVLT-R up to Day 10
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Cerebral Spinal Fluid Levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 Post-dose
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 Post-dose
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Cerebral Spinal Fluid Levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin at Day 2 Post-dose
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Delayed Recall Score as Measured by the BVMT-R up to Day 10
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Recall Score as Measured by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) up to Day 10
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Recall Score as Measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) up to Day 10
NCT01178827 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin at Day 2 Post-dose
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Report of Symptom Distress
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Global Rating of Bothersomeness of Side Effects
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Satisfaction
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]24-hour Voiding Frequency
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Change in Nocturia Frequency
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Change in Urgency Severity
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Change on American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Desire for Alternate Treatment
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Percent Change in Frequency of Urge Incontinence
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Global Perception of Improvement (GPI)
NCT01187498 (11) [back to overview]Patient Global Rating of Activity Restriction
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Evaluation of the Safety and Tolerability of Different Combinations of Oxybutynin and Clonidine (OC Oral Solution) in Patients Suffering From Parkinson's Disease With Excessive Salivation
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Saliva Secreted Rate
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Measurements of Subjective Judgment of Excessive Saliva Production
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Post-Void Residual (PVR) Volume at Weeks 4, 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Accommodation at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Accommodation at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Acuity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Acuity at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants Meeting Pre-defined Criteria for Vital Signs Values From Baseline Through Week 12: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants Meeting Pre-defined Criteria for Vital Signs Values From Baseline Through Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Shift From Baseline at Week 12 in Involuntary Detrusor Contractions (IDC): Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Absorption Rate Constant (Ka) of Fesoterodine
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) of Fesoterodine
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bladder Compliance at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bladder Volume at First Involuntary Detrusor Contraction (IDC) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Detrusor Pressure at Maximum Bladder Capacity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Maximum Cystometric Bladder Capacity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Catheterizations Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Incontinence Episodes Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Micturitions or Catheterizations Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Micturitions Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Urgency Episodes Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Catheterization at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Micturition at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Micturition or Catheterization at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Post-Void Residual Volume at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Abnormalities: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Abnormalities: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Changes in Physical Examination Findings From Baseline to Week 12: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Changes in Physical Examination Findings From Baseline to Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution (Vd) of Fesoterodine
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) T Score (Derived Score) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) T Score (Derived Score) at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist Total Score (Raw Score) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist Total Score (Raw Score) at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase
NCT01557244 (48) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Voids on Bladder Diary
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Voids on Bladder Diary
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Voids on Bladder Diary
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes
NCT01829425 (12) [back to overview]Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in Median Number of UUI Episodes Per Day
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in 24hr Pad Weight
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7)
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form (OABq-SF) Part 1
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form (OABq-SF) Part 2
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6)
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, Version Two (TSQMvII) - Side Effects Domain
NCT02176642 (9) [back to overview]Change in Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, Version Two (TSQMvII) - Global Satisfaction Domain
NCT02633371 (1) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Improvement in Hyperhidrosis Severity at Week 1 or Week 4 as Measured by the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS).
NCT02908529 (2) [back to overview]Genioglossus Muscle Responsiveness to Increased Ventilatory Drive (Esophageal Pressure Swings)
NCT02908529 (2) [back to overview]Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI, Events/Hour of Sleep)
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Average Change in Hot Flash Activity Score From Baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and for High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Average Change in Hot Flash Score From Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing High Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Average Change in Hot Flash Score From Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing Low Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Average Change of Daily Interference (Work) From Baseline to Week 7 as Measured by the Hot Flash-Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS) Comparing Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Average Change of Severity of Stomach Pain/Cramps Symptoms as Measured by the Symptom Experience Questionnaire From Baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and for High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo
NCT02961790 (6) [back to overview]Toxicity, Assessed Using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0 (v4)
NCT03205605 (5) [back to overview]PK Parameter
NCT03205605 (5) [back to overview]PK Parameter
NCT03205605 (5) [back to overview]PK Parameter
NCT03205605 (5) [back to overview]PK Parameter
NCT03205605 (5) [back to overview]PK Parameter
NCT04090190 (2) [back to overview]Inflammatory Markers in Urine Will be Measured Using Immunoenzyme Assays to Measure the Interaction of Anticholinergic Treatment and the Inflammatory Milieu.
NCT04090190 (2) [back to overview]The Effectiveness of Anticholinergic Treatment in Relation to the Urinary Microbiome. Culture to Standard Culture Media Will Pickup Aerobic Bacteria and Yeasts After DNA Extraction and End Point PCR for 16S rDNA Genes.
NCT04534491 (5) [back to overview]The Median Time Taken to Discontinue Oxytrol Use by Verified Users Who Did Not Experience Improvement in Their Symptoms After Two Weeks of Treatment.
NCT04534491 (5) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants Who Did Not Stop Use When They Either Developed a New Symptom Referred to Anywhere in the Labeling or When Their Condition Worsened Including Abdominal and/or Pelvic Pain.
NCT04534491 (5) [back to overview]The Percentage of Verified Users Who Did Not Stop Oxytrol Use Within Two Weeks After Experiencing no Improvement in Their Symptoms.
NCT04534491 (5) [back to overview]The Percentage of Verified Users Who Misused the Patch (Incorrect Duration of Use or Simultaneous Use).
NCT04534491 (5) [back to overview]The Percentage of Verified Users Who Did Not Stop Use When Their Condition Worsened or They Developed a New Symptom Referred to in the Labeling.
NCT04580394 (1) [back to overview]Change in Hypoxic Burden (HB) Log10HB[(%*Min)/Hour]

Change in Incontinent Episodes Immediately Post-treatment

Percent change from baseline in weekly frequency of incontinent episodes immediately post-treatment, derived from baseline and week 8 seven-day bladder diaries. (NCT00223821)
Timeframe: Baseline and immediately post-treatment - week 8

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Drug Therapy Alone-88.5
Drug Therapy + Behavioral Training-78.3

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Change in Incontinent Episodes at 12-month Follow-up

Percent change from baseline in weekly frequency of incontinent episodes at 12-months post-treatment, derived from baseline and 12-month seven-day bladder diaries (NCT00223821)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months post-treatment

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Drug Therapy Alone-82.0
Drug Therapy + Behavioral Training-75.2

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Catheterizations Without Leakage

Percentage of catherizations without leakage (NCT00224016)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

,
Intervention% of participants (Mean)
Baseline % Catheterizations without leakageEndpoint % Catheterizations without leakage
Oral Oxybutynin38.172.6
Oxybutynin TDS28.753.8

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Average Catheterization Urine Volume

Change from baseline in average volume of urine collected by catheterization (NCT00224016)
Timeframe: 14 weeks

,
InterventionmL (Mean)
Baseline Catheterization VolumeChange from Baseline in Cath Volume
Oral Oxybutynin114.052.4
Oxybutynin TDS95.330.0

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Average Number of Catheterizations Without Leaking Per Day

Baseline in number of daily catheterizations without leaking per day as recorded in a 3-day urinary diary. (NCT00224029)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionNumber of Dry Catheterizations per Day (Mean)
Baseline at Week 0Change from baseline at Week 8
Oxybutynin Transdermal System2.41.5

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Baseline Average Daily Urinary Frequency

Number of daily urinary voids (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionNumber of urinary episodes (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel12.4
Placebo Topical Gel12.2

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Baseline Average Number of Daily Incontinence Episodes

Average number of daily incontinence episodes at baseline (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionNumber of episodes (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel5.4
Placebo Topical Gel5.4

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Baseline Average Urine Void Volume

Baseline average urine void volume (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionmL (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel163.4
Placebo Topical Gel167.9

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Number of Incontinence Episodes

Change from Baseline to Week 12 in average daily number of incontinence episodes (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12

InterventionNumber of episodes (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel-3.0
Placebo Topical Gel-2.5

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Urinary Frequency

Change from baseline in average daily urinary frequency (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks

InterventionNumber of urinary episodes (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel-2.7
Placebo Topical Gel-2.0

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Change From Baseline in Average Urine Void Volume

Change from baseline to Week 12 in average urine void volume (NCT00350636)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline to Week 12

InterventionmL (Mean)
Oxybutynin Topical Gel21.0
Placebo Topical Gel3.8

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The Severity of Dry Mouth Reported as an Adverse Event

"The number of subjects reporting dry mouth at each severity level when dry mouth was reported as an Adverse Event (AE).~Dry mouth severity was categorized as mild (relieved with fluid/hard candy), moderate (dry mouth and throat with no difficulty swallowing solid food/water) & severe (very dry mouth & throat, difficulty swallowing solid food without water)" (NCT00431041)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
MildModerateSevere
Oxybutynin IR162215
Solifenacin1833

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The Number of Subjects Reporting Incidence of Dry Mouth as an Adverse Event

The number of subjects reporting incidence of dry mouth as an adverse event (AE) following direct questioning at each patient follow-up visit (NCT00431041)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Solifenacin24
Oxybutynin IR53

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Change From Baseline in Micturition Frequency as Reported in Subject 3-day Diary

"Subjects were instructed to complete the diary in the 3 day period immediately proceding the visit. Subjects recorded each micturition or instance of passing urine in the toliet.~The mean was calculated for each time point as the average of the day 1-3 measurements from the associated 3 day diary. Change from baseline was calculated as Week 8- Baseline." (NCT00431041)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks

,
InterventionMicturitions per day (Mean)
Change in micturition frequency at 8 wks(N=52; 40)Micturition frequency at Baseline (N=68; 64)Micturition frequency at 8 weeks (N=52; 40)
Oxybutynin IR-3.112.59.0
Solifenacin-2.312.49.9

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Change From Baseline in Urgency Episodes as Reported in Subject 3-day Diary

"Subjects were instructed to complete the diary in the 3 day period immediately preceding the visit. Subjects recorded each urgency episode or instance of strong desire to pass urine.~The mean was calculated for each time point as the average of the day 1-3 measurements from the associated 3 day diary. Change from Baseline was calculated as Week 8- Baseline." (NCT00431041)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

,
Interventionurgency episodes per day (Mean)
Change in urgency episodes at 8 weeks (N=52; 40)Urgency episodes at Baseline (N= 68; 64)Urgency episodes at 8 weeks (N=52; 40)
Oxybutynin IR-3.706.62.1
Solifenacin-2.656.33.8

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Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Frequent Daytime Urination at Week 12

Participants assessed their bothering for overactive bladder symptom by completing POSQ rated on a 5-point scale: how much they were bothered by daytime frequent urination (frequent urination was required more than the frequency desired during daytime) in the past two weeks. The responses were indicated as: 1 (not bothered at all), 2 (slightly bothered), 3 (average), 4 (strongly bothered) and 5 (very strongly bothered). Number of participants with change from Baseline in the response to this question at Week 12 was reported. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Average, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Average, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Average, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Very strongly
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS3300071510201922216021363622441712123

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Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Frequent Nighttime Urination at Week 12

Participants assessed their bothering for overactive bladder symptom by completing POSQ rated on a 5-point scale: how much they were bothered by nighttime frequent urination (waking up from sleep in order to void urine at nighttime [period from time of going to bed to time planned to wake up in the morning]) in the past two weeks. The responses were indicated as: 1 (not bothered at all), 2 (slightly bothered), 3 (average), 4 (strongly bothered) and 5 (very strongly bothered). Number of participants with change from Baseline in the response to this question at Week 12 was reported. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Average, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Average, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Average, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Very strongly
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS1531001822801172422201632231836237114

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Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Urge Urinary Incontinence at Week 12

Participants assessed their bothering for overactive bladder symptom by completing POSQ rated on a 5-point scale: how much they were bothered by urge urinary incontinence (involuntary voiding or urinary leakage due to sudden micturition desire, not by sneezing, coughing or laughing) in the past two weeks. The responses were indicated as: 1 (not bothered at all), 2 (slightly bothered), 3 (average), 4 (strongly bothered) and 5 (very strongly bothered). Number of participants with change from Baseline in the response to this question at Week 12 was reported. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Average, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Average, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Average, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Very strongly
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS637533281922119137201422131011517451

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Number of Participants With Response to Patient's Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) Questionnaire

"Participant's perception about bladder condition was evaluated by using self administered PPBC questionnaire. Participants answered Which of the following statements describes your bladder condition best at the moment? on a 6-point scale: 1= not problematic at all, 2=mild problem, 3=more or less a mild problem, 4=moderate problem, 5=severe problem and 6=very severe problem." (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Not problematic at all (n=309)Baseline: Mild problem (n=309)Baseline: More or less a mild problem (n=309)Baseline: Moderate problem (n=309)Baseline: Severe problem (n=309)Baseline:Very severe problem (n=309)Week 12: Not problematic at all (n=275)Week 12: Mild problem (n=275)Week 12: More or less a mild problem (n=275)Week 12: Moderate problem (n=275)Week 12: Severe problem (n=275)Week 12: Very severe problem (n=275)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS04258113762206685633011

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Percent Change From Baseline in Mean Voiding Frequency at Week 6 and 12

Mean voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Participants completed micturition chart for 3 days at Baseline, Week 6 and 12/ED. Mean daytime voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total daytime voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Mean nighttime voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total nighttime voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Nighttime voiding was defined as voiding during the sleep cycle. Percent change was calculated as (change value/Baseline value)*100. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Daytime: Percent change at Week 6 (n=244)Daytime: Percent change at Week 12/ED (n=245)Nighttime: Percent change at Week 6 (n=223)Nighttime:Percent change at Week 12/ED (n=224)Total: Percent change at Week 6 (n=244)Total: Percent change at Week 12/ED (n=245)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS-20.36-22.47-13.91-21.54-22.19-24.90

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Patient's Perception of Symptom Improvement (PPSI) Score for Overactive Bladder

Participant's perception about decrease in the most bothering symptom of overactive bladder (defined at Baseline) was evaluated by using visual analogue scale (VAS) at Week 12. The total score range was 0 to 100 where 0=symptom disappeared and 100=symptom unchanged or worsened compared to Baseline. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS38.66

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Percent Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Dry Mouth at Week 6 and 12

Severity of dry mouth was evaluated in participants by using VAS: how much dry mouth they experienced in the past one week. The total score range was 0 (no dry mouth) to 100 (unimaginably most severe dry mouth). Percent change was calculated as (change value/Baseline value)*100. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Percent change at Week 6 (n=159)Percent change at Week 12/ED (n=181)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS210.96171.90

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Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score for Dry Mouth

Severity of dry mouth was evaluated in participants by using VAS: how much dry mouth they have experienced in the past one week. The total score range was 0 (no dry mouth) to 100 (unimaginably most severe dry mouth). (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=308)Week 6 (n=250)Week 12/ED (n=277)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS20.3046.2643.85

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Percent Change From Baseline in Frequency of Urinary Urgency and Urinary Incontinence at Week 6 and 12

Urinary urgency means sudden and strong urge to urinate. It was rated by participant on 5-point scale (1=no urinary urgency and 5=urge urinary incontinence). Total frequency of UI for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total frequency of incontinence divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Participants completed micturition chart for 3 days at Baseline, Week 6 and 12/ED. Mean frequency of urinary urgency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total frequency of urinary urgency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Urinary urgency was defined as voiding with urinary sensation scale score greater than or equal to 3. Percent change was calculated as (change value/Baseline value)*100. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionPercent change (Mean)
Urinary urgency: Percent change at Week 6 (n=244)Urinary urgency:Percent change at Week12/ED(n=245)UI: Percent change at Week 6 (n=75)UI: Percent change at Week 12/ED (n=75)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS-39.16-46.19-56.42-74.64

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Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Response to Primary Overactive Bladder (OAB) Symptom Questionnaire (POSQ): Urinary Urgency at Week 12

Participants assessed their bothering for overactive bladder symptom by completing POSQ rated on a 5-point scale: how much they were bothered by urinary urgency (strong micturition desire indicated) in the past two weeks. The responses were indicated as: 1 (not bothered at all), 2 (slightly bothered), 3 (average), 4 (strongly bothered) and 5 (very strongly bothered). Number of participants with change from Baseline in the response to this question at Week 12 was reported. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Not bothered, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Slightly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Average, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Average, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Average, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Average, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Strongly, Week 12: Very stronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Not botheredBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: SlightlyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: AverageBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: StronglyBaseline: Very strongly, Week 12: Very strongly
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS120001729126113221720184140165514446

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Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Treatment Goal

Goal achievement was measured by using the 6-point Likert scale (0=not achieved at all and 5=completely achieved). Achievement of treatment goal was defined by a score of 4 or 5 in the Likert scale. Percentage of participants who achieved their treatment goal defined at Baseline (for a maximum of 3 items among the 10 items including incontinence, urinary urgency, frequent urination, nocturnal frequent urination, tenesmus, general health, life habit, activity, pain/pressure pain, and sexual function) was reported. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Week 12

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS40.45

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Change From Baseline in Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q) Score at Week 6 and 12

The OAB-q was used to evaluate influence of overactive bladder symptom on health-related quality of life (HRQL). It consisted of 2 parts: Symptom bother (6 items) evaluating how much symptoms related to overactive bladder were bothering in the last 4 weeks and HRQL (13 items) evaluating how general symptoms related to the bladder influenced life in the last 4 weeks. Each item was rated on 6-point Likert scale: 1 (not at all) to 6 (a very great deal). Total score range: 6 to 36 for symptom bother and 13 to 78 for HRQL. Transformed score calculated as ([Actual total raw score - lowest possible value of raw score]/range)*100 for symptom bother where higher score indicates greater symptom bother and as ([Highest possible raw score-Actual total raw score]/Raw score range)*100 for HRQL where higher scores indicate better HRQL. Transformed score range: 0-100 for both, symptom bother and HRQL. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or early discontinuation (ED)

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Symptom bother: Baseline (n=309)Symptom bother: Change at Week 6 (n=251)Symptom bother: Change at Week 12/ED (n=276)HRQL: Baseline (n=309)HRQL: Change at Week 6 (n=251)HRQL: Change at Week 12/ED (n=276)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS50.08-23.73-25.6353.4618.9621.32

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Frequency of Urinary Urgency and Urinary Incontinence

Urinary urgency means sudden and strong urge to urinate. It was rated by participant on 5-point scale (1=no urinary urgency and 5=urge urinary incontinence). Total frequency of urinary incontinence (UI) for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total frequency of incontinence divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Participants completed micturition chart for 3 days at Baseline, Week 6 and 12/ED. Mean frequency of urinary urgency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total frequency of urinary urgency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Urinary urgency was defined as voiding with urinary sensation scale score greater than or equal to 3. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionEpisodes per day (Mean)
Urinary urgency: Baseline (n=309)Urinary urgency: Week 6 (n=244)Urinary urgency: Week 12/ED (n=245)UI: Baseline (n=309)UI: Week 6 (n=244)UI: Week 12/ED (n=245)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS9.405.114.310.9110.2130.224

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Mean Voiding Frequency

Mean voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Participants completed micturition chart for 3 days at Baseline, Week 6 and 12/ED. Mean daytime voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total daytime voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Mean nighttime voiding frequency for 24 hours was calculated as sum of total nighttime voiding frequency divided by the number of days when micturition chart was completed. Nighttime voiding was defined as voiding during the sleep cycle. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6, 12 or ED

InterventionUrinations per day (Mean)
Daytime: Baseline (n=309)Daytime: Week 6 (n=244)Daytime: Week 12/ED (n=245)Nighttime: Baseline (n=309)Nighttime: Week 6 (n=244)Nighttime: Week 12/ED (n=245)Total: Baseline (n=309)Total: Week 6 (n=244)Total: Week 12/ED (n=245)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS10.758.228.081.961.341.2612.719.569.34

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Number of Participants With Response to Patient's Perception of Treatment Benefit (PPTB) Questionnaire

The PPTB was used to assess participant's perception about treatment benefit and satisfaction of the study drug. Regarding benefit, participants indicated whether they had any benefit obtained from the treatment. If yes, then the participants indicated whether it was weak benefit or strong benefit. Regarding satisfaction, participants indicated whether they were satisfied with the treatment. If yes, then they indicated if the treatment was slightly satisfactory or very satisfactory. If no, then they indicated if the treatment was slightly unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory. (NCT00613327)
Timeframe: Week 2, 4, 6 and 12

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Benefit: Week 2, Weak benefit (n=303)Benefit: Week 2, Strong benefit (n=303)Benefit: Week 2, No benefit (n=303)Benefit: Week 2, Missing (n=303)Benefit: Week 4, Weak benefit (n=281)Benefit: Week 4, Strong benefit (n=281)Benefit: Week 4, No benefit (n=281)Benefit: Week 4, Missing (n=281)Benefit: Week 6, Weak benefit (n=252)Benefit: Week 6, Strong benefit (n=252)Benefit: Week 6, No benefit (n=252)Benefit: Week 6, Missing (n=252)Benefit: Week 12, Weak benefit (n=277)Benefit: Week 12, Strong benefit (n=277)Benefit: Week 12, No benefit (n=277)Benefit: Week 12, Missing (n=277)Satisfaction: Week 2,Slightly satisfactory(n=302)Satisfaction: Week 2,Very satisfactory(n=302)Satisfaction:Week 2,Slightly unsatisfactory(n=302)Satisfaction: Week 2, Very unsatisfactory (n=302)Satisfaction: Week 4,Slightly satisfactory(n=282)Satisfaction: Week 4, Very satisfactory (n=282)Satisfaction:Week 4,Slightly unsatisfactory(n=282)Satisfaction: Week 4, Very unsatisfactory (n=282)Satisfaction: Week 4, Missing (n=282)Satisfaction: Week 6,Slightly satisfactory(n=251)Satisfaction: Week 6, Very satisfactory (n=251)Satisfaction:Week 6,Slightly unsatisfactory(n=251)Satisfaction: Week 6, Very unsatisfactory (n=251)Satisfaction: Week 6, Missing (n=251)Satisfaction: Week 12,Slightly satisfactory(n=277)Satisfaction: Week 12, Very satisfactory (n=277)Satisfaction:Week12,Slightly unsatisfactory(n=277)Satisfaction: Week 12, Very unsatisfactory (n=277)Satisfaction: Week 12, Missing (n=277)
Oxybutynin Chloride OROS184457311558639113597191117127321168275255160573726214068231911368719341

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Change From Baseline in Mean Weekly Frequency of Urinary Incontinence Episodes at Week 12

Reduction in number of incontinent episodes, evaluated as mITT (modified intention to treat), after 12 weeks of treatment compared to baseline. (NCT00909181)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionEpisodes (Mean)
Oxybutynin Gel 56 mg/Day-24.8
Oxybutynin Gel 84 mg/Day-21.9
Placebo Gel-20.0

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Continuity of Attention

Cognitive effects were assessed using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time of maximum plasma concentration for solifenacin and oxybutynin. For continuity of attention, the number of correct responses (out of 50) for choice reaction time was added to the total number of targets correctly identified (out of 45) digit vigilance minus the number of false alarms (total score of -45 to 95). A high score reflects someone able to keep his/her mind on a single task for a prolonged period. A negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to baseline. (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin91.3000.15091.9010.100
Placebo91.3640.90991.728-0.045
Solifenacin91.5910.54591.228-0.318

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Power of Attention

Cognitive effects were assessed at the end of each treatment period using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time to attain maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) for solifenacin (6 hours) and oxybutynin (2 hours). Power of attention is calculated from the sum of three cognitive function speed tests: Simple Reaction Time, Choice Reaction Time and the Speed of Detections in Digit Vigilance task. A low score reflects a fast reaction time and a high intensity of concentration. A positive change from baseline reflects impairment compared to the baseline assessment. (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin1423.3817.811405.41-0.74
Placebo1401.211.991393.9811.77
Solifenacin1413.67-5.861421.80-14.80

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory

Cognitive effects were assessed at the end of each treatment period using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time of maximum plasma concentration for solifenacin and oxybutynin. Quality of episodic secondary memory is calculated from the sum of 4 tests: Immediate and delayed word recall, and word and picture recognition, and ranges from -200 to 400. A high score reflects a good ability to store, hold and retrieve information of an episodic nature (i.e. an event or a name) and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to baseline. (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin107.666333-0.917833104.917167-3.502000
Placebo110.0001520.531515106.5150001.589394
Solifenacin111.893636-3.788636101.3634857.728182

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Quality of Working Memory

Cognitive effects were assessed at the end of each treatment period using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time to attain maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) for solifenacin (6 hours) and oxybutynin (2 hours). Quality of working memory is calculated from the sum of two cognitive function sensitivity tests: Numeric Working Memory Sensitivity and Spatial Working Memory Sensitivity, and ranges from -2 to 2. A higher score reflects a good working memory and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to the baseline assessment. (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin1.7251-0.00431.64410.0633
Placebo1.70870.04921.75480.0047
Solifenacin1.7921-0.08671.66660.0580

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Function Composite Score - Speed of Memory

Cognitive effects were assessed at the end of each treatment period using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time to attain maximum plasma concentration for solifenacin and oxybutynin. Speed of Memory was calculated from the sum of 4 cognitive function speed tests: numeric and spatial working memory and word and picture recognition. A low score reflects that a person is able to recall a name, a face or any other item fast from the episodic secondary memory; a positive change from baseline reflects impairment compared to baseline. (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
Interventionmsec (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin4545.75-11.564606.51-118.14
Placebo4741.30-240.624655.29-126.04
Solifenacin4505.9624.094496.65-149.79

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Change From Baseline in Postural Stability Test

"The postural stability test measures the ability to stand upright without moving, and was assessed at the end of each treatment period using a computerized assessment system at time points close to the predicted time to attain maximum plasma concentration for solifenacin and oxybutynin. Using apparatus modeled on the Wright Ataxia-meter, a cord from the meter is attached to the patient who is required to stand as still as possible with feet apart and eyes closed for 1 minute.~The amount of sway is expressed as the total angular movement, summed regardless of sign, in the antero-posterior plane and calibrated in units of one-third degree of angle of sway. Wright (1971) described a range of 20-30 units as a normal range for adults with eyes wide open, increasing by 50 to 100% with eyes shut." (NCT01126424)
Timeframe: Assessed at each treatment period baseline visit (the day prior to the first dose of each treatment; Days -1, 42, 84) and at the end of each treatment period (Days 21, 63 and 105). At each visit, tests were performed at 2 and 6 hours post-dose.

,,
Intervention1/3 degree of angle of sway (Mean)
Baseline at 2 hours [Oxybutynin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 2 hoursBaseline at 6 hours [Solifenacin Tmax]Change from Baseline at 6 hours
Oxybutynin36.22.738.90.7
Placebo37.50.440.0-0.1
Solifenacin37.75.237.79.9

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Change From Baseline in Delayed Recall Score as Measured by the HVLT-R up to Day 10

Change from Baseline in Delayed Recall Score as Measured by the HVLT-R up to Day 10. The HVLT-R is an instrument used to measure verbal learning and memory (recognition and recall). It consists of 3 learning trials: free recall, delayed recall, and yes/no delayed recognition. The total recall score was the sum of 3 'free recall' learning trials, and reflects the patient's ability to learn. The total score ranges from 0 (no memory) to 12 (best memory). A positive change from baseline indicates improved memory. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 Days

,,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline up to Day 10
Oxybutynin IR9.4-1.3
Oxybutynin IR Placebo8.8-0.3
Sanctura XR®8.2-1.2

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Cerebral Spinal Fluid Levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 Post-dose

Cerebral spinal fluid levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 Post-dose. Cerebral spinal fluid is the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and the inside of the brain. Samples were drawn from patients who received Sanctura XR®. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Day 10 Post-Dose

InterventionNanograms (ng) per milliliter (mL) (Mean)
Sanctura XR®NA

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Plasma Levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 Post-dose

Plasma levels of Sanctura XR® at Day 10 post-dose. Plasma is the liquid component of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended. Plasma samples were collected from each patient and analyzed for the drug the patient received. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Day 10 Post-Dose

InterventionNanograms (ng) per milliliter (mL) (Mean)
Sanctura XR®1.47

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Cerebral Spinal Fluid Levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin at Day 2 Post-dose

Cerebral spinal fluid levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin (metabolite of Oxybutynin) at Day 2 Post-dose. Cerebral spinal fluid is the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and the inside of the brain. Samples were drawn from patients who received Oxybutynin IR. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Day 2 Post-Dose

InterventionNanograms (ng) per milliliter (mL) (Mean)
OxybutyninN-Desethyl-Oxybutynin
Oxybutynin IR0.05970.386

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Change From Baseline in Delayed Recall Score as Measured by the BVMT-R up to Day 10

Change from Baseline in delayed recall score as measured by the BVMT-R up to Day 10. The BVMT-R is an instrument used to measure visual learning and memory (recognition and recall). It consists of 3 learning trials: free recall, delayed recall, and yes/no delayed recognition trial. The total recall score is the sum of 3 free recall learning trials, and reflects the patient's ability to learn. The total score ranges from 0 (no memory) to 12 (best memory). A positive change from baseline indicates improved memory. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 Days

,,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline up to Day 10
Oxybutynin IR8.0-1.8
Oxybutynin IR Placebo4.52.3
Sanctura XR®6.00.2

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Change From Baseline in Total Recall Score as Measured by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) up to Day 10

Change from Baseline in total recall score as measured by the BVMT-R up to Day 10. The BVMT-R is an instrument used to measure visual learning and memory (recognition and recall). It consists of 3 learning trials: free recall, delayed recall, and yes/no delayed recognition trial. The total recall score is the sum of 3 free recall learning trials, and reflects the patient's ability to learn. The total score ranges from 0 (no memory) to 36 (best memory). A positive change from baseline indicates improved memory. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 Days

,,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline up to Day 10
Oxybutynin IR20.3-1.1
Oxybutynin IR Placebo16.80.0
Sanctura XR®15.81.2

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Change From Baseline in Total Recall Score as Measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) up to Day 10

Change from Baseline in Total Recall Score as Measured by the HVLT-R up to Day 10. The HVLT-R is an instrument used to measure verbal learning and memory (recognition and recall). It consists of 3 learning trials: free recall, delayed recall, and yes/no delayed recognition. The total recall score was the sum of 3 'free recall' learning trials, and reflects the patient's ability to learn. The total score ranges from 0 (no memory) to 36 (best memory). A positive change from baseline indicates improved memory and a negative change from baseline indicates worsened memory. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 Days

,,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline up to Day 10
Oxybutynin IR24.4-3.3
Oxybutynin IR Placebo24.0-2.0
Sanctura XR®22.5-0.3

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Plasma Levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin at Day 2 Post-dose

Plasma levels of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyl-Oxybutynin (metabolite of Oxybutynin) at Day 2 post-dose. Plasma is the liquid component of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended. Plasma samples were collected from each patient and analyzed for the drug the patient received. (NCT01178827)
Timeframe: Day 2 Post-Dose

InterventionNanograms (ng) per milliliter (mL) (Mean)
OxybutyninN-Desethyl-Oxybutynin
Oxybutynin IR8.8047.0

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Patient Report of Symptom Distress

"Patient report of how disturbed they were by symptoms (not at all to extremely)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Not at allSlightlySomewhatAll the time
Behavioral Training1930140
Drug Therapy173571

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Patient Global Rating of Bothersomeness of Side Effects

"Patient global rating of how bothersome their side effects were (no side effects to extremely bothersome)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No side effectsNot at all bothersomeA LittleSomewhatExtremely
Behavioral Training23161671
Drug Therapy111319134

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Patient Satisfaction

"Patient global rating of satisfaction with progress in treatment (completely satisfied to very dissatisfied)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Completely satisfiedSomewhat satisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery Dissatisfied
Behavioral Training362520
Drug Therapy253320

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24-hour Voiding Frequency

Mean voiding frequency per 24 hours derived from 7-day bladder dairy (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

Interventionvoids per 24-hour day (Mean)
Behavioral Training9.1
Drug Therapy9.5

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Change in Nocturia Frequency

Change in frequency of nocturia episodes based on 7-day bladder diary (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: baseline to post-treatment (week 8)

Interventionnocturia episodes per night (Mean)
Behavioral Training-0.70
Drug Therapy-.32

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Change in Urgency Severity

"Indevus Urgency Severity Scale incorporated into the 7-day bladder diary. Scores for urgency severity ranged from 0 to 3:~0: None-no urgency~Mild-awareness of urgency, but is easily tolerated.~Moderate-enough urgency discomfort that it interferes with or shortens usual activity~Severe-extreme urgency discomfort that abruptly stops all activities or tasks." (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: baseline to post-treatment (week 8)

InterventionScore on scale (Mean)
Behavioral Training.04
Drug Therapy-.15

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Change on American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index

Change in score on American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index (baseline to week 8). The index measures lower urinary tract symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 35, with higher scores indicating worse symptoms. (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: baseline to post-treatment (week 8)

InterventionScores on the scale (Mean)
Behavioral Training3.4
Drug Therapy3.2

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Patient Desire for Alternate Treatment

"Patient response to Do you wish to receive another form of treatment? (yes)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Behavioral Training18
Drug Therapy30

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Percent Change in Frequency of Urge Incontinence

Percent change in frequency of urge incontinence episodes based on 7-day bladder diary. Percent change was calculated as ([frequency at baseline] - [frequency at 8 weeks]) / (frequency at baseline). (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: baseline to post-treatment (week 8)

InterventionPercent change in episodes per week (Mean)
Behavioral Training87.2
Drug Therapy75.6

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Patient Global Perception of Improvement (GPI)

"Patient global perception of improvement (much better to much worse)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Much betterBetterAbout the sameWorseMuch worse
Behavioral Training23301000
Drug Therapy1834710

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Patient Global Rating of Activity Restriction

"Patient global rating of activity restriction (not at all to all the time)" (NCT01187498)
Timeframe: post-treatment (week 8)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Not at allSlightlySome of the timeAll the time
Behavioral Training2919114
Drug Therapy3115131

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Evaluation of the Safety and Tolerability of Different Combinations of Oxybutynin and Clonidine (OC Oral Solution) in Patients Suffering From Parkinson's Disease With Excessive Salivation

Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of different combinations of oxybutynin and clonidine (OC Oral solution) in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease with excessive salivation. Calculate the treatment Emergent Adverse Events number during the study treatment period and follow up period up to at least 23 days excluding the screening period. (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: during the study treatment period and follow up period at least 23 days excluding the screening period.

InterventionTreatment Emergent Adverse Events (Number)
OC Oral Solution Treatment A6
OC Oral Solution Treatment B6
OC Oral Solution Treatment C5
OC Oral Solution Treatment D4

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Saliva Secreted Rate

Change from baseline, negative mean reduce secret rate from baseline, positive mean not reduce secretion. (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-dose

Interventionpercentage of change from baseline (Mean)
OC Oral Solution Treatment B-6.508
OC Oral Solution Treatment C-34.512
OC Oral Solution Treatment D83.695
OC Oral Solution Treatment A7.414

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Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Measurements of Subjective Judgment of Excessive Saliva Production

"Evaluation of change from baseline the subjective assessment of saliva production after administration of a single dose of different combinations of oxybutynin and clonidine (OC Oral solution) in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease with excessive salivation. Compare with baseline the number of rate scale was more production with baseline or reduce from baseline.~The min and max of the score is 0 and 10, the total range is 0~10, and higher value is represented more worse outcome." (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-dose

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
OC Oral Solution Treatment A-0.8
OC Oral Solution Treatment B-1.2
OC Oral Solution Treatment C-1.6
OC Oral Solution Treatment D-1.1

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs placed correctly while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg25.00-0.0724.450.53
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg24.560.4224.750.26
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin25.00-0.1224.880.03
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg25.00-0.1324.500.63
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg23.220.1124.25-0.63

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs placed correctly while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at Week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.000.60
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg0.500.21
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg0.000.14
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.000.00
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.000.60
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.11-0.50

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Change From Baseline in Post-Void Residual (PVR) Volume at Weeks 4, 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Post-void residual volume measurement was measured by an ultrasound. PVR volume was only assessed for participants who did not perform clean intermittent catheterization or in any participants who had >1 UTI during the study. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, 12

,,,,
Interventionmilliliter (Mean)
BaselineChange at Week 4Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg7.005.4025.60
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg9.57-7.33-4.00
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin5.7819.1112.86
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg14.7-2.002.50
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg10.710.250.75

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Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. In this outcome measure participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. Time taken to complete the test was inversely correlated to the cognitive ability. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg61.11-7.7180.44-21.71
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg56.5010.14114.0015.33
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin46.43-5.3348.00-2.00
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg69.56-11.2091.29-19.36
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg52.20-10.2676.29-3.25

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Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. In this outcome measure participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. Time taken to complete the test was inversely correlated to the cognitive ability. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at Week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-11.33-2.00
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg-3.71-4.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg-2.001.50
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-6.33-11.00
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-7.07-9.14
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-15.00-18.47

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Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. In this outcome measure participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. Time taken to complete the test was inversely correlated to the cognitive ability. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg88.85-5.40110.61-9.10
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg92.15-8.88109.00-4.10
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin82.641.2192.94-1.97
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg106.7-14.38130.30-13.50
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg124.7-18.44126.1-12.50

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Change From Baseline in Time to Completion Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. In this outcome measure participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. Time taken to complete the test was inversely correlated to the cognitive ability. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at Week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-8.20-9.24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg-12.27-8.46
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg-5.71-3.79
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-7.00-11.87
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-38.20-38.00
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-17.00-15.50

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Change From Baseline in Visual Accommodation at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The visual accommodation was the distance for each eye at which vision became blurred and was calculated as the mean of triplicate measurements. The participants focused on a single letter of the 20/40 line of an eye chart and chart was moved slowly towards the participant until letter was blurred. At this point, the distance from eye to letter was measured for each eye. In this outcome measure data have been reported for right and left eye separately. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventioncentimeter (Mean)
Right Eye: BaselineRight Eye: Change at Week 12Left Eye: BaselineLeft Eye: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg11.881.7412.310.27
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg15.947.7715.835.79
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin9.590.509.690.81
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg9.67-1.048.81-1.45
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg8.171.028.040.90

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Change From Baseline in Visual Accommodation at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The visual accommodation is the distance for each eye at which vision became blurred and was calculated as the mean of triplicate measurements. The participants focused on a single letter of the 20/40 line of an eye chart and chart was moved slowly towards the participant until letter was blurred. At this point, the distance from eye to letter was measured for each eye. In this outcome measure data have been reported for right and left eye separately. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventioncentimeter (Mean)
Right Eye: Change at Week 24Left Eye: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.730.90
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg4.333.79
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg1.501.66
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.500.58
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-1.350.43
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.961.12

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Change From Baseline in Visual Acuity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Visual acuity (VA) was assessed using the Snellen method, where logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units were derived from the Snellen ratios. Participants had to read letters from the chart at a distance of 20 feet/6 meter or 4 meter. VA/Snellen ratio = distance between the chart and participant, divided by the distance at which participant was able to see or read chart without impairment; expressed as decimal. logMAR = log10 (1/decimal VA). In this outcome measure data have been reported for right and left eye separately. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
InterventionlogMAR unit (Mean)
Right Eye: BaselineRight Eye: Change at Week 12Left Eye: BaselineLeft Eye: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.090.010.080.00
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.11-0.010.10-0.01
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin0.030.020.020.00
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.150.030.16-0.02
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg0.10-0.000.140.00

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Change From Baseline in Visual Acuity at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

VA was assessed using the Snellen method, where logMAR units were derived from the Snellen ratios. Participants had to read letters from the chart at a distance of 20 feet/6 meter or 4 meter. VA/Snellen ratio = distance between the chart and participant, divided by the distance at which participant was able to see or read chart without impairment; expressed as decimal. logMAR = log10 (1/decimal VA). In this outcome measure data have been reported for right and left eye separately. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
InterventionlogMAR unit (Mean)
Right Eye: Change at Week 24Left Eye: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.040.01
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg-0.02-0.01
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.010.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.02-0.04
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.00-0.02
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.010.03

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Number of Participants Meeting Pre-defined Criteria for Vital Signs Values From Baseline Through Week 12: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase

Pre-defined criteria for vital signs: 1) a) systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <90 millimeter of mercury (mmHg), b) change >=30 mmHg increase, c) change >=30 mmHg decrease; 2) a) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of <50 mmHg, b) change >=20 mmHg increase, c) change >=20 mmHg decrease; 3) a) pulse rate value of <40 beats per minute (bpm), b) pulse rate value >120 bpm. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 12

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SBP: <90 mmHgSBP: Change >=30 mmHg increaseSBP: Change >=30 mmHg decreaseDBP: <50 mmHgDBP: Change >=20 mmHg increaseDBP: Change >=20 mmHg decreasePulse rate: <40 bpmPulse rate: >120 bpm
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg21121102
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg22012104
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin01021100
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg70033202
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg41014003

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Number of Participants Meeting Pre-defined Criteria for Vital Signs Values From Baseline Through Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

Pre-defined criteria for vital signs: 1) a) systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <90 millimeter of mercury (mmHg), b) change >=30 mmHg increase, c) change >=30 mmHg decrease; 2) a) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of <50 mmHg, b) change >=20 mmHg increase, c) change >=20 mmHg decrease; 3) a) pulse rate value of <40 beats per minute (bpm), b) pulse rate value >120 bpm. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 24

,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SBP: <90 mmHgSBP: Change >=30 mmHg increaseSBP: Change >=30 mmHg decreaseDBP: <50 mmHgDBP: Change >=20 mmHg increaseDBP: Change >=20 mmHg decreasePulse rate: <40 bpmPulse rate: >120 bpm
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg01001100
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg30120000
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg20000000
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg10000000
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg40021000
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg20002001

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Number of Participants With Shift From Baseline at Week 12 in Involuntary Detrusor Contractions (IDC): Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

In this outcome measure, shift data have been reported using 4 categories: (1) number of participants who did not have IDC at Baseline and at Week 12, (2) number of participants who did not have IDC at Baseline but had IDC at Week 12, (3) number of participants who had IDC at Baseline but no IDC at Week 12, and (4) number of participants who had IDC at Baseline and at Week 12. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline IDC = No; Week 12 IDC = NoBaseline IDC = No; Week 12 IDC = YesBaseline IDC = Yes; Week 12 IDC = NoBaseline IDC = Yes; Week 12 IDC = Yes
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg122918
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg411818
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin601418
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg00619
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg101116

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received investigational product without regard to possibility of causal relationship. SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly; medically important events. A treatment emergent AE was defined as an event that emerged during the treatment period that was absent before treatment, or worsened during the treatment period relative to the pretreatment state. AEs included both all serious and non-serious adverse events. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 12

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Emergent AEsTreatment Emergent SAEs
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg263
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg202
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin301
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg192
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg182

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs): Safety Extension Phase

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received investigational product without regard to possibility of causal relationship. SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly; medically important events. A treatment emergent AE was defined as an event that emerged during the treatment period that was absent before treatment, or worsened during the treatment period relative to the pretreatment state. AEs included both all serious and non-serious adverse events. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 12 up to Week 26 (including 2 weeks of follow up after last dose)

,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment emergent AEsTreatment emergent SAEs
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase (SEP): Fesoterodine 8 mg132
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg140
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg90
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg110
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg110
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg162

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs dropped while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at Week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.00-0.28
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg0.630.68
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg0.140.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.250.27
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.000.60
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.44-0.13

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Absorption Rate Constant (Ka) of Fesoterodine

Absorption rate constant is used to determine rate at which drug is entering into body. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was not done separately for each dose of fesoterodine in respective cohorts and were combined for PK analysis using PK modelling approach. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 4, Day 1: pre-dose (when dose administered at clinic) or if dose taken at home up to 3 hours before coming to the clinic, sampling just after arrival at clinic, 5 hours post-dose, 8-10 hours post-dose (if participants remained at clinic)

Interventionper hour (Mean)
Fesoterodine Pooled0.0897

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Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) of Fesoterodine

Clearance determines the rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes. PK analysis was not done separately for each dose of fesoterodine in respective cohorts and were combined for PK analysis using PK modelling approach. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 4, Day 1: pre-dose (when dose administered at clinic) or if dose taken at home up to 3 hours before coming to the clinic, sampling just after arrival at clinic, 5 hours post-dose, 8-10 hours post-dose (if participants remained at clinic)

Interventionliter per hour (Mean)
Fesoterodine Pooled71.6

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Change From Baseline in Bladder Compliance at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Bladder compliance was defined as change in bladder volume in milliliter (mL) divided by change in bladder pressure in cm H2O (during the same time when change in bladder volume was estimated). (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionmL per cm H2O (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg6.40
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg5.41
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin11.36
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg12.44
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg16.44

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Change From Baseline in Bladder Volume at First Involuntary Detrusor Contraction (IDC) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Bladder volume (in milliliter) at first IDC was measured using urodynamic testing. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmilliliter (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg30.53
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg26.06
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin41.31
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg23.80
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg31.26

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Change From Baseline in Detrusor Pressure at Maximum Bladder Capacity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Detrusor pressure (in cm H2O) at maximum urinary bladder capacity was measured using urodynamic testing. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventioncm H2O (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-2.86
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-1.57
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-2.39
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-2.74
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-9.73

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Change From Baseline in Maximum Cystometric Bladder Capacity at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

Maximum cystometric bladder capacity (in milliliter) was defined as maximal tolerable cystometric capacity, until voiding or leaking begins or at a pressure of >=40 centimeter (cm) water (H2O). (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmilliliter (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg58.12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg83.36
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin87.17
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg23.49
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg40.17

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Catheterizations Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean number of catheterizations per 24 hours were calculated as the total number of catheterizations divided by the total number of diary days collected at the assessment time point. Number of diary days collected at the assessment time point = number of calendar days when the diary was completed on; even if it was not a full 24 hours period. This outcome measure was only calculated for participants with >0 catheterizations at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventioncatheterizations per 24 hours (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.30
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-0.32
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-0.34
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.10
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-0.22

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Incontinence Episodes Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 hours were calculated as the total number of incontinence episodes divided by the total number of diary days collected at the assessment time point. Number of diary days collected at the assessment time point = number of calendar days when the diary was completed; even if it was not a full 24 hours period. This outcome measure was only calculated for participants with >0 incontinence episodes at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionincontinence episodes per 24 hours (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.46
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-0.89
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-1.01
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.38
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-0.69

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Micturitions or Catheterizations Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean number of micturitions or catheterizations combined per 24 hours were calculated as the total number of micturitions and catheterizations combined divided by the total number of diary days collected at the assessment point. Number of diary days collected at the assessment time point = number of calendar days when the diary was completed; even if it was not a full 24 hour (hrs) period. This outcome was evaluated in those participants who had micturitions or catheterizations >0 at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmicturitions and catheterizations/24 hrs (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.61
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-0.60
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-0.75
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.24
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-0.28

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Micturitions Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean number of micturitions per 24 hours were calculated as the total number of micturitions divided by the total number of diary days collected at the assessment time point. Number of diary days collected at the assessment time point = number of calendar days when the diary was completed on, even if it was not a full 24 hour period. This outcome measure was only calculated for participants with >0 micturitions at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmicturitions per 24 hours (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.07
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-0.68
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-0.97
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.37
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-0.70

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Change From Baseline in Mean Number of Urgency Episodes Per 24 Hours at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean number of urgency episodes per 24 hours were calculated as the total number of urgency episodes divided by the total number of diary days collected at the assessment time point. Number of diary days collected at the assessment time point = number of calendar days when the diary was completed; even if it was not a full 24 hours period. Urgency episodes were defined as urgency marked as 'yes' in the diary. This outcome measure was only calculated for participants with >0 urgency episodes at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionurgency episodes per 24 hours (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.62
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-0.50
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin-0.14
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.23
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-0.62

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Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Catheterization at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean volume per catheterization was calculated as sum of voided volume divided by the total number of catheterization, with a recorded voided volume greater than 0. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmilliliter per catheterization (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg29.47
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg47.18
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin45.90
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg11.50
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg1.74

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Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Micturition at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean voided volume per micturition was calculated as sum of voided volume divided by the total number of micturition episodes with a recorded voided volume greater than 0. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Interventionmilliliter per micturition (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg4.10
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg19.21
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin4.15
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-12.72
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-8.41

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Change From Baseline in Mean Volume Voided Per Micturition or Catheterization at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The mean voided volume per micturition or catheterization was calculated as sum of voided volume divided by the total number of micturition or catheterization episodes with a recorded voided volume greater than 0. This outcome was evaluated in those participants who had micturitions or catheterizations >0 at Baseline. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

InterventionmL per micturition or catheterization (Least Squares Mean)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg18.45
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg55.55
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin36.69
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg7.12
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg-2.65

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Change From Baseline in Post-Void Residual Volume at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

Post-void residual volume measurement was measured by an ultrasound. PVR volume was only assessed for participants who did not perform clean intermittent catheterization or in any participants who had >1 UTI during the study. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Interventionmilliliter (Mean)
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg11.50
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg11.60
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg18.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg36.67
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg21.67
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg2.75

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Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Abnormalities: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase

Hematology: hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes <0.8*lower limit of normal (LLN), platelets<0.5*LLN>1.75*upper limit of normal (ULN), leukocytes <0.6*LLN>1.5*ULN, lymphocytes, neutrophils, <0.8*LLN >1.2*ULN, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes monocytes/leukocytes >1.2*ULN. Clinical chemistry: bilirubin, direct, bilirubin >1.5*ULN, aspartate aminotransferase (AT), alanine AT, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase>3.0*ULN, protein, albumin, phosphate <0.8*LLN >1.2*ULN, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine >1.3*ULN, urate >1.2*ULN, sodium<0.95*LLN>1.05*ULN, potassium, chloride, calcium bicarbonate<0.9*LLN>1.1*ULN, glucose<0.6*LLN>1.5*ULN, creatine kinase >2.0*ULN. Urinalysis: specific gravity <1.003>1.030, pH <4.5>8, urine glucose, ketones, urine protein, urine hemoglobin, urine bilirubin, nitrite, >=1, urine erythrocytes, urine leukocytes >=20, epithelial cells >=6, bacteria >20. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 1 up to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg30
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg29
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin27
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg19
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg19

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Number of Participants With Clinical Laboratory Abnormalities: Safety Extension Phase

Hematology: hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes <0.8*lower limit of normal (LLN), platelets<0.5*LLN>1.75*upper limit of normal (ULN), leukocytes <0.6*LLN>1.5*ULN, lymphocytes, neutrophils, <0.8*LLN >1.2*ULN, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes monocytes/leukocytes >1.2*ULN. Clinical chemistry: bilirubin, direct, bilirubin >1.5*ULN, aspartate aminotransferase (AT), alanine AT, gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase>3.0*ULN, protein, albumin, phosphate <0.8*LLN >1.2*ULN, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine >1.3*ULN, urate >1.2*ULN, sodium<0.95*LLN>1.05*ULN, potassium, chloride, calcium bicarbonate<0.9*LLN>1.1*ULN, glucose<0.6*LLN>1.5*ULN, creatine kinase >2.0*ULN. Urinalysis: specific gravity <1.003>1.030, pH <4.5>8, urine glucose, ketones, urine protein, urine hemoglobin, urine bilirubin, nitrite, >=1, urine erythrocytes, urine leukocytes >=20, epithelial cells >=6, bacteria >20. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 12 up to Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg19
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg22
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg7
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg12
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg15
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg21

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Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Changes in Physical Examination Findings From Baseline to Week 12: Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase

Physical examination included assessment of the general appearance and the skin, head, ears, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and neurological systems. Clinically relevant changes in physical findings were assessed by the investigator. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg2
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg1
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin1
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg1
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Relevant Changes in Physical Examination Findings From Baseline to Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

Physical examination included assessment of the general appearance and the skin, head, ears, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and neurological systems. Clinically relevant changes in physical findings were assessed by the investigator. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg3
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg2
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg0
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg2

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Active Comparator/Efficacy Phase

Clinically significant UTI, counted as an adverse event was defined as: positive urine culture with a uropathogen (defined as >=10^5 colony forming unit per milliliter [CFU/mL]) and the presence of symptoms, or pyuria (defined as >50 white blood cells [WBC] per high-pass filter [hpf]) and the presence of symptoms, or positive urine culture with a uropathogen (defined as >=10^5 CFU/mL) with or without symptoms in a participant with a documented history of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 1 up to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg4
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg1
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin4
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg3
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg4

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Urinary Tract Infections (UTI): Safety Extension Phase

Clinically significant UTI, counted as an adverse event was defined as: positive urine culture with a uropathogen (defined as >=10^5 CFU/mL) and the presence of symptoms, or pyuria (defined as >50 WBC per hpf and the presence of symptoms, or positive urine culture with a uropathogen (defined as >=10^5 CFU/mL) with or without symptoms in a participants with a documented history of VUR. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 12 up to Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg1
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg2
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg1
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg5

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Volume of Distribution (Vd) of Fesoterodine

Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired plasma concentration of a drug. PK analysis was not done separately for each dose of fesoterodine in respective cohorts and were combined for PK analysis using PK modelling approach. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Week 4, Day 1: pre-dose (when dose administered at clinic) or if dose taken at home up to 3 hours before coming to the clinic, sampling just after arrival at clinic, 5 hours post-dose, 8-10 hours post-dose (if participants remained at clinic)

Interventionliter (Mean)
Fesoterodine Pooled68.1

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Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) T Score (Derived Score) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

CBCL: 120 items questionnaire answered by parent/caregiver of child to assess a child's behavioral, emotional problems. Scale for each item: 0= not true, 1= somewhat/sometimes true, 2= very true/often true. Out of 120 items, 103 were categorized into 8 domains; aggressive behavior, anxious/depressed, attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, social problems, somatic complaints, thought problems, withdrawn. Summary scores: Internalizing problems=anxious/depressed + withdrawn + somatic complaints; Externalizing problems=rule-breaking + aggressive behavior. Total problems=8 domains + other 17 items. Raw scores for each domain, summary and total problems=sum of scores of related items. Using Assessment Data Manager (ADM) tool raw scores transformed/derived into standard T-scores, range: each domain=50 to 100, internalizing problems=34 to 100, externalizing problems=33 to 100, total problems=24 to 100. Lower T-score for each 8 domains, 2 summary and total problems scores=better outcomes. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
InterventionT score (Mean)
Aggressive behavior: BaselineAggressive behavior: Change at Week 12Anxious/depressed: BaselineAnxious/depressed: Change at Week 12Attention problems: BaselineAttention problems: Change at week 12Rule-breaking behavior: BaselineRule-breaking behavior: Change at Week 12Social problems : BaselineSocial problems : Change at Week 12Somatic complaints: BaselineSomatic complaints: Change at Week 12Thought problems: BaselineThought problems: Change at Week 12Withdrawn: BaselineWithdrawn: Change at Week 12Externalizing: BaselineExternalizing: Change at Week 12Internalizing: BaselineInternalizing: Change at Week 12Total Problems: BaselineTotal Problems: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg53.86-1.0356.07-1.7356.29-1.9753.26-0.9257.52-1.3561.14-0.4655.00-0.9254.600.3549.48-2.0856.45-2.1455.05-2.51
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg54.32-0.9557.00-1.3856.66-1.4053.80-0.8858.54-2.5560.46-1.2853.54-0.4857.54-1.2549.46-2.3355.93-2.3553.61-3.23
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin54.58-1.2856.75-1.9256.30-1.2853.43-0.7257.95-0.6760.58-0.8756.73-1.5958.25-1.9250.10-1.9557.25-3.0555.45-2.36
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg54.9-1.2955.5-0.7955.4-1.2954.5-1.7157.9-2.2157.1-0.3851.9-0.4255.7-1.7551.1-2.6353.9-1.9653.4-2.17
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg52.8-0.0356.3-3.2155.3-1.4552.3-0.1055.8-1.1058.4-1.6954.9-1.3855.0-0.5948.0-1.4554.6-3.5252.7-3.38

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Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) T Score (Derived Score) at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

CBCL: 120 items questionnaire answered by parent/caregiver of child to assess a child's behavioral, emotional problems. Scale for each item: 0= not true, 1= somewhat/sometimes true, 2= very true/often true. Out of 120 items, 103 were categorized into 8 domains; aggressive behavior, anxious/depressed, attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, social problems, somatic complaints, thought problems, withdrawn. Summary scores: Internalizing problems=anxious/depressed + withdrawn + somatic complaints; Externalizing problems=rule-breaking + aggressive behavior. Total problems=8 domains + other 17 items. Raw scores for each domain, summary and total problems=sum of scores of related items. Using Assessment Data Manager (ADM) tool raw scores transformed/derived into standard T-scores, range: each domain=50 to 100, internalizing problems=34 to 100, externalizing problems=33 to 100, total problems=24 to 100. Lower T-score for each 8 domains, 2 summary and total problems scores=better outcomes. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
InterventionT score (Mean)
Aggressive behavior: Change at Week 24Anxious/depressed: Change at Week 24Attention problems: Change at Week 24Rule-breaking behavior: Change at Week 24Social problems : Change at Week 24Somatic complaints: Change at Week 24Thought problems: Change at Week 24Withdrawn: Change at Week 24Externalizing: Change at Week 24Internalizing: Change at Week 24Total Problems: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.59-3.45-2.21-1.59-2.83-4.38-3.10-0.69-5.21-7.69-7.03
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg-1.31-2.31-2.64-1.47-2.56-2.64-1.03-1.50-2.89-4.14-4.44
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.25-1.50-3.38-1.31-3.19-1.69-3.25-2.19-1.81-3.25-3.69
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-2.40-3.25-1.70-0.90-2.65-1.50-2.30-4.35-4.15-5.35-4.90
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-1.70-2.60-1.50-2.15-3.90-0.60-1.40-1.80-4.20-4.40-5.20
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.86-3.89-1.71-0.36-2.36-1.96-1.75-0.43-4.21-4.32-5.25

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Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist Total Score (Raw Score) at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

CBCL: It consisted of 120 items on behavior and emotional problems. Parent/caregiver of child answered 120 items, each on scale: 0= not true, 1= somewhat/sometimes true, 2= very/often true. 103 items were classified in 8 domains: aggressive behavior: total score range (TSR)= 0 to 36, anxious/depressed: TSR= 0 to 26, attention problems: TSR= 0 to 20, rule-breaking behavior: TSR= 0 to 34, social problems: TSR= 0 to 22, somatic complaints: TSR= 0 to 22, thought problems: TSR= 0 to 30, withdrawn (TSR)= 0 to 16. Rule-breaking and aggressive behavior summarized to externalizing problems with a TSR= 0 to 70. Anxious/depressed, withdrawn, somatic complaints summarized to internalizing problems with a TSR= 0 to 64. All 103 items of 8 domains and other 17 remaining items were combined to give total problems TSR = 0 to 240. TSR for each domain, summary and total problems was sum of scores of related items respectively. Lower scores for each domain, summary and total problems= better outcomes. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Aggressive behavior: BaselineAggressive behavior: Change at Week 12Anxious/depressed: BaselineAnxious/depressed: Change at Week 12Attention problems: BaselineAttention problems: Change at Week 12Rule-breaking behavior: BaselineRule-breaking behavior: Change at Week 12Social problems: BaselineSocial problems: Change at Week 12Somatic complaints: BaselineSomatic complaints: Change at Week 12Thought problems: BaselineThought problems: Change at Week 12Withdrawn: BaselineWithdrawn: Change at Week 12Externalizing: BaselineExternalizing: Change at Week 12Internalizing: BaselineInternalizing: Change at Week 12Total Problems: BaselineTotal Problems: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg4.19-0.623.83-0.974.79-1.051.64-0.433.60-0.543.40-0.052.05-0.461.520.145.83-1.058.76-0.8931.52-4.92
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg4.66-0.904.20-0.734.49-0.731.66-0.304.07-1.133.46-0.531.46-0.102.49-0.356.32-1.2010.15-1.7031.88-5.83
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin4.88-0.974.10-1.054.85-0.771.70-0.383.80-0.263.40-0.512.58-0.512.75-0.646.53-1.3110.25-2.2134.18-5.85
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg5.1-0.923.8-0.584.2-0.711.9-0.633.9-0.832.1-0.041.0-0.211.7-0.506.9-1.547.5-1.1329.5-5.33
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg3.5-0.174.0-1.483.9-0.831.00.523.2-0.622.6-0.552.0-0.451.6-0.174.5-0.318.2-2.2127.0-5.10

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Change From Baseline in Child Behavior Checklist Total Score (Raw Score) at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

CBCL: It consisted of 120 items on behavior and emotional problems. Parent/caregiver of child answered 120 items, each on scale: 0= not true, 1= somewhat/sometimes true, 2= very/often true. 103 items were classified in 8 domains: aggressive behavior: total score range (TSR)= 0 to 36, anxious/depressed: TSR= 0 to 26, attention problems: TSR= 0 to 20, rule-breaking behavior: TSR= 0 to 34, social problems: TSR= 0 to 22, somatic complaints: TSR= 0 to 22, thought problems: TSR= 0 to 30, withdrawn (TSR)= 0 to 16. Rule-breaking and aggressive behavior summarized to externalizing problems with a TSR= 0 to 70. Anxious/depressed, withdrawn, somatic complaints summarized to internalizing problems with a TSR= 0 to 64. All 103 items of 8 domains and other 17 remaining items were combined to give total problems TSR = 0 to 240. TSR for each domain, summary and total problems was sum of scores of related items respectively. Lower scores for each domain, summary and total problems= better outcomes. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Aggressive behavior: Change at Week 24Anxious/depressed: Change at Week 24Attention problems: Change at Week 24Rule-breaking behavior: Change at Week 24Social problems: Change at Week 24Somatic complaints: Change at Week 24Thought problems: Change at Week 24Withdrawn: Change at Week 24Externalizing: Change at Week 24Internalizing: Change at Week 24Total Problems: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.34-1.93-1.41-0.62-1.28-1.34-1.31-0.24-1.97-3.52-10.90
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg-1.17-1.28-1.36-0.50-1.19-0.89-0.36-0.44-1.67-2.61-8.58
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.81-1.06-1.94-0.50-1.13-0.88-1.06-0.69-1.19-2.63-9.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg-1.75-1.60-1.25-0.55-1.20-0.45-0.90-1.35-2.30-3.40-10.10
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-1.40-1.70-1.15-0.80-1.65-0.15-0.65-0.45-2.20-2.30-9.45
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-1.57-1.75-0.89-0.18-1.14-0.68-0.64-0.14-1.79-2.57-8.39

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs dropped while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.110.290.440.43
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.750.571.221.00
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin0.29-0.170.000.17
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.390.000.350.00
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg0.100.050.760.60

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs dropped while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.331.33
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg0.430.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg0.000.50
Cohort 1,SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 8 mg-0.330.00
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg-0.27-0.36
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.060.11

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Dropped Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 25 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs dropped while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.450.000.91-0.33
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.24-0.180.280.06
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin0.240.090.360.21
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.100.000.400.13
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg0.110.440.130.00

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 12: Active Comparator Phase/Efficacy Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs placed correctly while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: BaselineDominant hand: Change at Week 12Non-dominant hand: BaselineNon-dominant hand: Change at Week 12
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg9.56-0.299.56-0.57
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg9.380.009.000.00
Cohort 1, Active Comparator Phase: Oxybutynin10.000.0010.000.00
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg9.890.009.82-0.07
Cohort 2, Efficacy Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg Then 4 mg10.0-0.119.620.00

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Change From Baseline in Number of Pegs Placed Correctly Assessment of Grooved Pegboard Test, 10 Pegs Group at Week 24: Safety Extension Phase

The grooved pegboard test was a manipulative dexterity test that assessed psychomotor speed, fine motor control, and rapid-visual motor coordination. It consisted of a small board of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. Pegs with a key along one side must be rotated to match the hole before they can be inserted. Participants were asked to insert 10 grooved pegs into the holes within the given time limit (up to 300 seconds). In this outcome measure number of pegs placed correctly while putting in the holes were measured. The task needs to be completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. (NCT01557244)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

,,,,,
Interventionpegs (Mean)
Dominant hand: Change at Week 24Non-dominant hand: Change at Week 24
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg-0.33-1.33
Cohort 1, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 8 mg0.000.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg0.000.00
Cohort 1, SEP: Oxybutynin Then Fesoterodine 4 mg Then 8 mg0.000.00
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 2 mg0.070.14
Cohort 2, Safety Extension Phase: Fesoterodine 4 mg0.000.21

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother

Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form symptom bother. Sub-scale range 0-100. Higher numbers are worse (more bother) and lower numbers are better (less bother) (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionsub-scale scores (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy34.61
Anticholinergic Medications27.93

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother

Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form symptom bother. Sub-scale range 0-100. Higher numbers are worse (more bother) and lower numbers are better (less bother) (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionsub-scale scores (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy32.27
Anticholinergic Medications30.74

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life

Overactive Bladder questionnaire-Short Form Quality of Life. Higher scores are better (higher quality of life) and lower scores are worse (poorer quality of life). score range 0-100. (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionsub-scale scores (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy75.71
Anticholinergic Medications81.57

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life

Overactive Bladder questionnaire-Short Form Quality of Life. Higher scores are better (better quality of life) and lower scores are worse (poorer quality of life). sub-score range 0-100. (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventionsub-scale scores (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy73.96
Anticholinergic Medications74.86

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Voids on Bladder Diary

number of voids on 3-day bladder diary (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventioncounts (Mean)
Hypnotherapy25.74
Anticholinergic Medications25.37

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Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes

Percent change in UUI episodes from baseline to 2 months with comparison made between hypnotherapy & pharmacotherapy (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 month follow-up

Interventionpercentage change in median UUI episodes (Median)
Hypnotherapy73
Anticholinergic Medications88.6

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Voids on Bladder Diary

number of voids on 3-day bladder diary (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventioncounts (Mean)
Hypnotherapy25.58
Anticholinergic Medications24.28

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Voids on Bladder Diary

Total Number of voids on 3-day bladder diary. (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventioncounts (Mean)
Hypnotherapy26.4
Anticholinergic Medications25.35

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life

Overactive Bladder questionnaire Short Form Quality of Life. Higher scores are better (better quality of life) and lower scores are worse (poorer quality of life). sub-scale score range 0-100. (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionsub-scale scores (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy75.85
Anticholinergic Medications80.19

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Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form Symptom Bother

Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form symptom bother Scale. Sub-Scale range 0-100. Higher numbers are worse (more bother) and lower numbers are better (less bother) (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 2 months

Interventionscores on a sub-scale (Least Squares Mean)
Hypnotherapy38.17
Anticholinergic Medications35.33

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Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes

Percent change in median UUI episodes from baseline to 12 months with comparison made between hypnotherapy & pharmacotherapy (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionpercentage change in median UUI episodes (Median)
Hypnotherapy85.7
Anticholinergic Medications80.0

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Percent Change in Urgency Urinary Incontinence Episodes

Differences comparing hypnotherapy to pharmacotherapy percent change in median UUI episodes (NCT01829425)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage change in median UUI episodes (Median)
Hypnotherapy85.7
Anticholinergic Medications83.3

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Change in Median Number of UUI Episodes Per Day

To compare the change, from baseline, in median number of UUI episodes per day using a 3-day bladder diary between PTNS plus anticholinergic medication versus PTNS plus placebo in women undergoing treatment for UUI. UUI change score will be calculated [post-treatment UUI/day minus pre-treatment UUI/day]. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

InterventionUrge urinary incontinence episodes/day (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-0.3
Placebo Plus PTNS0.3

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Change in 24hr Pad Weight

To compare the change, from baseline, in 24h pad weight between PTNS plus anticholinergic medication versus PTNS plus placebo. Change in median 24h pad weight from baseline to 6 weeks was compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventiongrams (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-52
Placebo Plus PTNS-8

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Change in the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7)

The IIQ-7 is a 7-question score assessing how urinary incontinence affects a patient's various activities and feelings. The range of possible scores is from 0 (not at all) to 28 (a great deal). Median change in scores from baseline to 6 weeks were compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-9.5
Placebo Plus PTNS-2.4

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Change in the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form (OABq-SF) Part 1

Part 1 of the OABq-SF questionnaire asks about the relative bother a patient experiences with regard to overactive bladder symptoms over the previous 4 weeks. This part of the questionnaire has 6 questions, with scores ranging from 6 (least amount of bother) to 36 (most amount of bother). For this secondary outcome, we are measuring the change in score on the OABq-SF Part 1 from baseline to 6 weeks. Median change in scores were compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-13.3
Placebo Plus PTNS-10

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Change in the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form (OABq-SF) Part 2

Part 2 of the OABq-SF questionnaire asks about the relative bother a patient experiences with regard to overactive bladder symptoms over the previous 4 weeks. This part of the questionnaire has 13 questions, with scores ranging from 13 (least amount of bother) to 78 (most amount of bother). For this secondary outcome, we are measuring the change in score on the OABq-SF Part 2 from baseline to 6 weeks. Median change in scores were compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS9.2
Placebo Plus PTNS0

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Change in the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)

The Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) is a transition scale that is a single question asking the patient to rate their urinary tract condition now, as compared with how it was prior to before beginning treatment on a scale from 1 (Very much better to) 7 (Very much worse). (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-1
Placebo Plus PTNS-1

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Change in the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6)

The UDI-6 is a 6-question inventory of how frequently and how much bother patients have from overactive bladder symptoms. The scores range from 0 (not at all) to 24 (a great deal of bother). We compared the change in scores from baseline to 6 weeks between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS-11.1
Placebo Plus PTNS5.5

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Change in Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, Version Two (TSQMvII) - Side Effects Domain

To compare bother from medication side effects between PTNS plus anticholinergic medication versus PTNS plus placebo using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, version two (TSQMvII). The questionnaire was completed at baseline and at 6 weeks. The TSQMvII side effects domain at each time point was transformed into a score from 0 (extremely dissatisfied) to 150 (extremely satisfied). Median change in scores from baseline to 6 weeks were compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS0
Placebo Plus PTNS0

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Change in Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, Version Two (TSQMvII) - Global Satisfaction Domain

To compare treatment satisfaction between PTNS plus anticholinergic medication versus PTNS plus placebo using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication, version two (TSQMvII). Patients completed the questionnaire at baseline and again at 6 weeks. The TSQMvII satisfaction domains at each timepjoint were transformed into a score from 0 (extremely dissatisfied) to 100 (extremely satisfied). Median change in scores from baseline to 6 weeks were compared between the 2 groups using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. (NCT02176642)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Oxybutynin Plus PTNS83.3
Placebo Plus PTNS70.8

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Number of Patients With Improvement in Hyperhidrosis Severity at Week 1 or Week 4 as Measured by the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS).

A treatment responder is defined as any participant with a change in the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) score from a baseline score of 3 or 4 to a score of 1 or 2 at week 1 or week 4. (NCT02633371)
Timeframe: Week 1 and week 4

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Oxybutynin4

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Genioglossus Muscle Responsiveness to Increased Ventilatory Drive (Esophageal Pressure Swings)

For genioglossus muscle responsiveness, data will be expressed as change in electromyography of genioglossus (GG EMG) for cmH2O change in esophageal pressure. (NCT02908529)
Timeframe: 1 night

Intervention%GG/cmH2O (Median)
Placebo2.2
Combination Product of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin6.3

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Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI, Events/Hour of Sleep)

Based on previous studies the investigators anticipate that Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin will reduce AHI more effectively in subjects with moderate sleep apnea, mildly obese (BMI<32), Vpassive > 50% of Veupnea (ventilation during eupneic ventilatory drive), low muscle compensation (Vactive - Vpassive <1 L/min) (NCT02908529)
Timeframe: 1 night

Interventionevents/hours of sleep (Median)
Placebo28.5
Combination Product of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin7.5

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Average Change in Hot Flash Activity Score From Baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and for High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo

Average change in hot flash activity score from baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo. The hot flash activity will be measured by the weekly average hot flash score (Sloan JA, et. al., 2001), which is a composite entity of both frequency and severity of hot flashes (The Hot Flash Diary collects the following information for Day 1- Day 7 of each week: Number of mild hot flashes, Number of moderate hot flashes, Number of severe hot flashes, Number of very severe hot flashes). This is a count, so it can range from 0 to infinity. (NCT02961790)
Timeframe: Baseline up to day 49

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
High-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group-16.9
Low-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group-10.6
Placebo Group-5.7

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Average Change in Hot Flash Score From Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing High Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo

Average change in Hot Flash Score from Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing High Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo. The least squares (LS) mean was estimated from a mixed-effects model with repeated measures (MMRM) that included low dose oxybutynin, weeks 1-7, no current aromatase inhibitor, age group 18-49, no tamoxifen, hot flash symptom duration < 9 months, and 4-9 hot flashes/day as fixed effects, and participant and error as random effects. The mean change in Hot Flash Score from Week 1 to Week 7 is reported below for the high-dose oxybutynin and placebo groups. (NCT02961790)
Timeframe: Baseline up to day 49

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
High-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group9.8
Placebo Group16.2

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Average Change in Hot Flash Score From Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing Low Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo

Average change in Hot Flash Score from Week 1 to Week 7 Comparing Low Dose Oxybutynin to Placebo. The least squares (LS) mean was estimated from a mixed-effects model with repeated measures (MMRM) that included low dose oxybutynin, weeks 1-7, no current aromatase inhibitor, age group 18-49, no tamoxifen, hot flash symptom duration < 9 months, and 4-9 hot flashes/day as fixed effects, and participant and error as random effects. The mean change in Hot Flash Score from Week 1 to Week 7 is reported below for the low-dose oxybutynin and placebo groups. (NCT02961790)
Timeframe: Baseline up to day 49

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Low-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group8.1
Placebo Group15.6

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Average Change of Severity of Stomach Pain/Cramps Symptoms as Measured by the Symptom Experience Questionnaire From Baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and for High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo

"Average Change of severity of Stomach pain/cramps symptoms as measured by the Symptom Experience Questionnaire From Baseline to Week 7 for Low Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo and for High Dose Oxybutynin vs Placebo The Symptom Experience Questionnaire stomach pain/cramps item (Over the past week, have you experienced stomach pain or cramps?) is scored from 0 to 10 with higher values being worse symptoms. So a negative value means the symptom is improving and a positive score means the symptom is getting worse." (NCT02961790)
Timeframe: Baseline up to day 49

Interventionchange in score on a scale (Mean)
High-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group0.0
Low-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group-0.3
Placebo Group-1.4

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Toxicity, Assessed Using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0 (v4)

"The maximum grade for each type of toxicity will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine toxicity patterns within patient groups. In addition, we will review all adverse event data that is graded as 3, 4, or 5 and classified as either unrelated or unlikely to be related to study treatment in the event of an actual relationship developing. The overall toxicity rates (percentages) for grade 3 or higher adverse events considered at least possibly related to treatment are reported below." (NCT02961790)
Timeframe: Up to 7 weeks

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
grade 3grades 4/5
High-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group10
Low-dose Oxybutynin Chloride Group10
Placebo Group00

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PK Parameter

Cmax (oxybutynin) during first heat period for patch (24-25.5 h) (NCT03205605)
Timeframe: 24 h, 24 h 15 min, 24 h 30 min, 24 h 45 min, 25 h, 25 h 15 min, 25 h 30 min post patch application

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Baseline)3.38
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Heat Exposure)30.75

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PK Parameter

Cmax (oxybutynin) at second heat exposure (30-31.5 h); after patch removed (NCT03205605)
Timeframe: 30 h, 30 h 15 min, 30 h 30 min (patch removed at 30 h)

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Baseline)4.96
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Heat Exposure)22.43

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PK Parameter

Serum concentration (oxybutynin) at 30 h time point (patch removal) (NCT03205605)
Timeframe: 30 h post patch application

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Baseline)4.06
Oxytrol for Women Patch (Heat Exposure)12.99

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PK Parameter

Cmax (oxybutynin) (NCT03205605)
Timeframe: 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 7 h 15 min, 7 h 30 min, 7 h 45 min, 8 h, 8 h 15 min, 8 h 30 min, 8 h 45 min, 9 h, 9 h 15 min, 9 h 30 min, 9 h 45 min, 10 h, 10 h 30 min, 11 h, 11 h 30 min, 12 h post gel application

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Gelnique Gel (Baseline)5.00
Gelnique Gel (Occlusion)71.93

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PK Parameter

Cmax (N-desethyl oxybutynin) (NCT03205605)
Timeframe: 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 7 h 15 min, 7 h 30 min, 7 h 45 min, 8 h, 8 h 15 min, 8 h 30 min, 8 h 45 min, 9 h, 9 h 15 min, 9 h 30 min, 9 h 45 min, 10 h, 10 h 30 min, 11 h, 11 h 30 min, 12 h post gel application

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Gelnique Gel (Baseline)0.36
Gelnique Gel (Occlusion)2.38

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Inflammatory Markers in Urine Will be Measured Using Immunoenzyme Assays to Measure the Interaction of Anticholinergic Treatment and the Inflammatory Milieu.

Statistical testing was used to determine if there was a difference in inflammatory markers in the urine of patients between baseline visit and 6 week visit. 7 markers were chosen and compared, all inflammatory markers present in urine. (NCT04090190)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Baseline CRPFollow-up CRPBaseline IL-12/IL-23p40Follow-up IL-12/IL-23p40Baseline MCP-1Follow-up MCP-1Baseline GM-CSFFollow-up GM CSFBaseline IL-1BFollow-up IL-1BBaseline IL-6Follow-up IL-6Baseline IL-8Follow-up IL-8
Standard of Care Anticholinergic Treatment2.1922.5652.1922.56575.4965.020.1020.2030.2030.4150.6670.9677.2116.116

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The Effectiveness of Anticholinergic Treatment in Relation to the Urinary Microbiome. Culture to Standard Culture Media Will Pickup Aerobic Bacteria and Yeasts After DNA Extraction and End Point PCR for 16S rDNA Genes.

The change in g_lactobacillus from Baseline to Follow-up (6 weeks), which corresponds to before and after anticholinergic treatment. (NCT04090190)
Timeframe: At the 6 week mark

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Standard of Care Anticholinergic Treatment0.001131599

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The Median Time Taken to Discontinue Oxytrol Use by Verified Users Who Did Not Experience Improvement in Their Symptoms After Two Weeks of Treatment.

This outcome measure evaluated the number of days it took for a subject to discontinue use of Oxytrol after their symptoms worsened or had stayed the same after 2 weeks of treatment. This was calculated using diary card data. (NCT04534491)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 weeks from subjects' initial purchase of Oxytrol

InterventionDays (Median)
Oxybutynin (Oxytrol, BAY839380)35

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The Percentage of Participants Who Did Not Stop Use When They Either Developed a New Symptom Referred to Anywhere in the Labeling or When Their Condition Worsened Including Abdominal and/or Pelvic Pain.

"For each participant who was defined as a primary endpoint misuser (i.e., subjects who did not stop using Oxytrol when they either developed a new symptom referred to anywhere in the labeling, with the addition of abdominal and/or pelvic pain, or when their OAB condition worsened) the full case report form was reviewed in order to determine if there were factors that would mitigate the incorrect decision to continue use. For example, if the subject had consulted a physician and was told to continue use, such continuation is acceptable. This process is termed mitigation, because it involves determining if there are mitigating factors in the decision to continue use without posing any significant medical risk. Mitigation was conducted independently post-hoc by an external panel of advisors including two urologists and an urogynecologist and one physician employed by the sponsor." (NCT04534491)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 weeks from subjects' initial purchase of Oxytrol

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pre-mitigationPost-mitigation
Oxybutynin (Oxytrol, BAY839380)14.43.4

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The Percentage of Verified Users Who Did Not Stop Oxytrol Use Within Two Weeks After Experiencing no Improvement in Their Symptoms.

"Factors considered in this mitigation included providing: a response to one or more open ended questions that indicated a thoughtful, informed reason for continuing use; the subject talked to a physician, and the physician advised the subject that it was acceptable to continue using product; the subject had improved by Week 7 and indicated a thoughtful, informed reason for continuing use; as well as other reasons explained in the guidelines.~This outcome measure was analyzed based on pre- and post-mitigation assessments but the post-mitigation analysis includes all subject data and is a better reflection of the subject's overall behavior. This was calculated by dividing the total number of subjects by the number of subjects who used the Oxytrol patch at least once." (NCT04534491)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 weeks from subjects' initial purchase of Oxytrol

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
All Subjects Pre-MitigationAll Subjects Post-Mitigation
Oxybutynin (Oxytrol, BAY839380)22.611.0

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The Percentage of Verified Users Who Misused the Patch (Incorrect Duration of Use or Simultaneous Use).

Factors considered in this mitigation for incorrect duration included most of the duration of patch use being correct, subject indicated understanding of the label but perhaps forgetting for a patch or two, etc. Factors considered in mitigation for simultaneous use include obvious diary errors, a subject stating that she did not do this, or a subject's doctor telling her to wear two patches at a time. (NCT04534491)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 weeks from subjects' initial purchase of Oxytrol

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Total Subjects Pre-MitigationTotal Subjects Post-Mitigation
Oxybutynin (Oxytrol, BAY839380)51.721.2

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The Percentage of Verified Users Who Did Not Stop Use When Their Condition Worsened or They Developed a New Symptom Referred to in the Labeling.

This outcome measure did not include participants who developed abdominal and/or pelvic pain and was more reflective of how consumers stopped use according to the symptoms described on the Oxytrol labeling used in the study. (NCT04534491)
Timeframe: Approximately 15 weeks from subjects' initial purchase of Oxytrol

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Pre-MitigationPost-Mitigation
Oxybutynin (Oxytrol, BAY839380)13.13.2

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Change in Hypoxic Burden (HB) Log10HB[(%*Min)/Hour]

Change in Hypoxic Burden (HB) is calculated as the oxygen desaturation 'area under the curve' in association with individual apneas and hypopneas. Due to the known logarithmic distribution of HB, data are primarily expressed and analyzed as Log10HB 4%[% min/hour]. Events with 4% or greater desaturations were included in the calculation of HB. (NCT04580394)
Timeframe: 1 night (treatment duration) (0-8 hours collected continuously)

InterventionLog10HB4%[%min/hour] (Least Squares Mean)
AD109-0.41
Atomoxetine-0.36
R-oxybutynin-0.04
Placebo-0.06

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		9.0993amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.24504-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		710ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.55206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		4.4811imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.7430acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.1140amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.0810amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		5.2521carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.5820alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.0410cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0810tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.3820halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0510chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0710coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.830monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.2110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		8.0582aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		3.5820amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.98402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.1110sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4920alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		3.0540alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3110
histamine
[no description available]		5.0752aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.6920elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		4.1640diatomic iodinenutrient
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.2110dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.0610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.1140pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.3911monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.1710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		3.570glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.2950monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.7830methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2310hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.01102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.620primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.1310isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0710benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		5.0342p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		7102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.4620monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.1710methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.0410oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		2.4320quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.8261imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.1650acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		3.8530aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		10.49166acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.6120aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		6.7292phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		5.23801,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		5.0240monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5820imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.5840organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.7530secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.5920triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.4160adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.8730acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.9130diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0810dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		4.4260dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.77901-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		5.02120carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.5670dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.6120dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.9740acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.6120nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		1.9910methoxybenzenes
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0810anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.1650pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.110enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.6880benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.2650ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.5670aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen
[no description available]		4.8860amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benfluorex
[no description available]		2.0410benzoate ester
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.57701-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0810benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.7330pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.5820propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		4.0140carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.0410propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.4660(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bifemelane
bifemelane: structure given in first source		2.0510diarylmethane
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0810biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.2850piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		8.82237secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0410organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4220organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7430benzamides
bromperidol
bromperidol: bromine-substituted for chlorine in haloperidol; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure		2.0410aromatic ketone
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.0410aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.4620quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		4.7721aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.4360azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.5670methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
caffeine
[no description available]		5.6990purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.56163aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.5820benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		10.2890dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.5920monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.5820carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9840N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0810carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		5.8261carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		11.9162organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		9.1140ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.0840aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.0840benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.59201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.7790aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.2310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.4360monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		4.7790organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.5670monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		3.8730isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.09401,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.7630diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0810cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.4720aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.8830lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.6580aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.0610
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4720cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.6880aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.7530benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.55702-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clebopride
clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.2110amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0810monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.08101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.9740monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.4360aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.8730tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		9.7690dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		8.83135clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.4720sulfonamide
cloperastine
cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.6980conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0710chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5820carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.8230piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		8.4820hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		4.2750substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		1.9710carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.8930acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		5.45110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.9130primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0410alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.52701,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.0840benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0410aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.2110diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		10.26359amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		10.3370carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5820monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		2.0410benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		6.25101ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0410piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		3.8630piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.2650monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.140organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		5.0870branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.7430benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		8.52132aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.5820morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		5.4870aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.2650dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
cycloadiphenine
cycloadiphenine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzenes
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		2.0710sulfonamide
ebastine
[no description available]		2.4520organic molecular entity
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.110dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.46201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.2310triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etafenone
etafenone: used in therapy of anigna pectoris; RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym baxacor is HCl; structure		210aromatic compound
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.2850aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.6120dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.87301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.0410phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.3150monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		3.61202-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8730carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5870dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.4620diarylmethane
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.6880aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.8930monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0410resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0410azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		15.713426anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.1310organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.140benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		12.46161carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		3.5820aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.4620difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.2750conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		3.8730aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		3.8430N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.2750ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		4.0840benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.5670nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.7990(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		7.04122fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.0410diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.6880(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.5820carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		6.35111chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		9.13112gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0710ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.0940aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.8730aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0810N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.5670sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.5370monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		3.5820aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.9130methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.5540azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.0840acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.92112aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0710haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
heptaminol
Heptaminol: An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism.		2.0710tertiary alcohol
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0410barbiturates
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.0710thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0840azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		6.2252benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.8730benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.4260one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.1140hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		8.83213monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.620primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		17.158329benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0410tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.2850ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		11.49476dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.0840bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		4.140indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.88100aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4620benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.2310amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.4360carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.140azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.07103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.5920benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.1710organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.6880carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.2450catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.4260benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.0840piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.2750cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.7530aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.6680dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		8.02202benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.2850amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0410cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		4.4341furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.2850benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.29501,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.350(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.2650nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.7130aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.2310fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.6120N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.0840benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.930benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.0940biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.2310dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.87100anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.0940aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		5.4841primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.2850diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.2750aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		9.45114adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		7.6663ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.8630piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.5820organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.5820amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.140aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		4.780guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		9.6240benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.4820aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		9.43103beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.2650benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		3.5820organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.6880aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.0940C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.5920aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.4260aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0410dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		5.8261imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		3.5820bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		5.4370dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0840benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		3.5820dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.7530benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.9330monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.5920monoterpenoid
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.9740acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.2310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.8730tetralins
naftopidil
[no description available]		3.4111piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.61201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5820heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.7890aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.7530benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.830quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.5670cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.4360benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		11.32111C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.2950aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.43602-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.4360C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.75301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		12.453013nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.140isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.6120fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.6780organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.26503-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		10.9371aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.6780carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.0840ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.61201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.58201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxeladin
oxeladin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.0210alkylbenzene
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0410benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0410aromatic ether
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0210amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		2.0410carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0710phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
oxyphencyclimine
oxyphencyclimine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (65-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.1140aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.8630phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.5820aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.6280benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.1710aromatic amine
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.88301,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.0840aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.830barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.0840oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.2850piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.0410hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.0840N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.7530acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		5.6932diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		7.110pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.570barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		5.1480aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.8730primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.0710pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimethixene
pimethixene: structure		2.0410thioxanthenes
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		710pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.0840indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.5770aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		3.5180pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.0410aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.9140inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.4520arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.6120isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		5.5580aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol
pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.		2.0410piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiparkinson drug;
muscle relaxant
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.8521amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.5770aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.1140pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.0840benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.2650benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.2310benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.5470N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.4260pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.7330phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.4160phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.460aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		9.91195xanthenes
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		12.57426diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.8530phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		10.88170naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.5820carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.8630pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		3.5820aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.2310benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.620dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.8730benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.6201-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.1650aralkylamine
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.6120benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.2310alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.881001,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.4420organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.5820tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4720butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.2310indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5820organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.0840pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.4860pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.5570ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
imatinib
[no description available]		4.2750aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.8730dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5920quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.2310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.2860isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0710primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.2750
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.4720pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.7530isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8630alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.4620benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		9.31132sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4420naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4620N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0810acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.2310benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8730imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		5.4570furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		9.06185phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.2960diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		7.8595benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.5820phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thiethylperazine
Thiethylperazine: A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457). thiethylperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.		2.0210N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.0740phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.0840aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.140monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.4720aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.0840imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.0840benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tofisopam
tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal		2.0410organic molecular entity
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.4360N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.0740aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		3.8630amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		6.0681monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.0840pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		3.5820triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.0940N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0410organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		4.2350amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0210trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0410phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.2310oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.5270aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.5820
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.0740dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.7890chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		2.7530piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		1.9710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.4260cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.4720aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410alkylbenzene
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.4460carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.8730nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		10.541imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.87301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4620monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		6.9710acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.426011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.071016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.2550alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.7450imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.9130glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.0710nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.1104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.85302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.23101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		5.27200ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.6403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.8830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.084011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		5.912117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		2.582011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.081017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
camylofine
camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.0710phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		10.861pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.1402-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4720chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.2510alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.2650C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		3.5820acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.6880carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.2110glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		13.59362417-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.4720bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.2650aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0710pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0410azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.4360kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		8.57134amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.6620ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.5820amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
penthienate
[no description available]		8.3711heteroarene
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.3811quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.041017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.7790alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.5820penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0410antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.1110formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		6.527217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.8930aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		3.8630mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.140beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		7.9811020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.5420L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.071017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		10.5241arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.0810chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.763011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.0810benzenes
chlorphenoxamine
chlorphenoxamine: minor descriptor (66-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ETHYLAMINES (66-84); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210diarylmethaneanticoronaviral agent
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		3.4160alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.44606-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0810organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.9130organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.5951glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		4.14140pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.6120phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		7.4342mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0210benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		3.2110carbonyl compound
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0710phosphonic ester
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		210toluenes
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.2110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		2.0710trinitrobenzeneexplosive
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0210parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.5520styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		14.82458quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.5920benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		3.5720cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.110alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.4820pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		17.637631mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.4420peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.7430bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4620aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.8930quinolines
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		3.511benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.2510alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		210hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		3.471120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.8330catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.4220azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		210cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.9321isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		8.721621,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.5551diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.110steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.5140phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		3.0510diarylmethane
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4720nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.4620
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		3.0510
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.0710dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.6120mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		3.8530N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		6.28101benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.1310ergoline alkaloid
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.753011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0710diarylmethane
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.211020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		5.233117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.58201-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0710cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.6120bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.7430isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		18.9217538amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.3930ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0410thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.8630amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5920carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1710dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0710arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9710diarylmethane
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4720isothiocyanateinsecticide
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.3920carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
lactulose
[no description available]		3.5920glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.5320diester;
organosulfonic acid
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		6.8571organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.8530acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.5670cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.081017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		12.3123817beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4420
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.1510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		2.1310nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.140ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.3110zinc molecular entity
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.4720benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.2750glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.8832alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.4511tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		3.5820aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		3.5820benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.31102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.4360dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0410organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.0840dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.5220fluorescein isothiocyanate
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.0940antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		3.8730organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.492011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.4720isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5920acridines
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		2.110dioxolane
dimethindene
Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.		2.0210indene
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		3.2150cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.5820azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
terodiline
[no description available]		5.16150diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.5820d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.4920chromium group element atommicronutrient
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.5520manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.0510cobalt group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.520titanium group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		1.9210chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.2510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.1510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.9940pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4720delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		7.1310dihydrogen
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		2.0610
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		3.3860
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		1.9710barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.5311
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.04101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		7.5892selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4720hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.2850monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.140beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.0610organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0410glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.285017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5920
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.31102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.2310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.07101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		3.2310indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.3520benzenes;
phenyl acetates
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		4.73211beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2310bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0710phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.3110
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.11011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
alkenes
[no description available]		2.2510
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.5820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.5870penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.4360timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7530tryptamines
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		2.0410diarylmethane
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		11.361352-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
emepronium
Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.		210diarylmethane
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.6120cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.930catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.0410oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.2310carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.8930amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.6780azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.8730pyrroline
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.4620amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.4260taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.4260beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.4820peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.1140catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.8930ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.28501-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.0410triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0840alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0610catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.1140aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.8960L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.0410penicillin
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0410
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		5.021205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.89301,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
pinaverium
pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710monoterpenoid
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		8.568217beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.0410azepanes
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.5940anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		3.8630aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.5820aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
tiropramide
[no description available]		2.3820phenylalanine derivative
secoverine
secoverine: RN given refers to parent; structure in first source		210
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.7530acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.5820anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		3.6411conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.5820penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.5670aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.5670alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8630cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.4720indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0810one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8630diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0410cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0810nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.2310diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8730cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0410benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.5920
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.6120cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.7530fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.8630monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		3.5311aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.0840
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.0410
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.4360delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.9740aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.5920naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.4620aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.89100delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.7530benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.9840dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.56703-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.6120N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.0410carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		8.15146hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		3.5820aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.140imidazoles
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.09403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		8.7821aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		4.9442naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.0510
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		5.66903-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.4520imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0410
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.2750aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.0410quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0810heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0810adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.58206-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.1401-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.6120methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.8730phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5820beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.9740tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		3.5820pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.4360aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.8830organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.5820benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.8730aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.5820alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.350aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.2850monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		6.1380duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.5820carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.2750biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.58201,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.4420guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.8730oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.08106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8930biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.5820L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		6.6753adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.5520hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.140
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.5820cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.8730acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.140aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.1310D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.08102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0410pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		4.140carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		4.0840acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.0410benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.5920organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
esreboxetine
esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor		2.0410aromatic ether
inaperisone
inaperisone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920aromatic ketone
lercanidipine
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
iganidipine
[no description available]		2.0710
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0410glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.2750benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0410fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.45201,2,3-triazole
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.8220anthocyanidin chloride
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.4160dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.0410
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.0410steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.0410ureas
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		7.4920sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
cloricromen
cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410coumarins
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.5320artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
aprofen
aprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		3.4370
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0810cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		710
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.0410aromatic compound
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.2750aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0410carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.5820razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8730conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.7530organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410benzofurans
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.8130phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.0410
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		5.8471carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.5820hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid
3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid: metabolite of flavoxate; RN in Chemline for the Na salt: 58348-97-3. 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of flavones that is flavone substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 8 by a carboxylic acid group.		1.9710flavones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
rivastigmine
[no description available]		15.547225carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.5820carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5820indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.5770aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.482011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		5.0831organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.0940macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		14.1857233-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.2110
moexipril
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420nucleoside triphosphate analogue
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		5.0631amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		3.250D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.0710cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		2.110
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0810imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0810amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.5670primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.0510
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.4320hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		5.0121alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510benzodiazepine
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410dibenzoazepine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.930benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.6120adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
sr 33557
fantofarone: structure given in first source		2.0710
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		7.5681benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.5820indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.7530bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.2750aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.6120benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.98110dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		7.3644aromatic ether
3-(n-maleimidopropionyl)biocytin
3-(N-maleimidopropionyl)biocytin: thiol-specific biotinylating reagent; structure given in first source		2.0610peptide
tamsulosin
[no description available]		7.591515-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
aq-ra 741
AQ-RA 741: tricyclic cpd; structure given in first source		210benzodiazepine
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4620penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.6120biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
ly 274614
LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer		1.9910
cizolirtine
cizolirtine: structure given in first source; analgesic with no ulcerogenic effects		4.1331
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
desethyloxybutynin
desethyloxybutynin: metabolite of oxybutynin; RN given refers to parent cpd		10.563612benzenes
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.9301,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.930secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
temiverine
temiverine: RN (129927-33-4) & structure given in first source		2.420
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.09409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.6120azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.8830amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.0410methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.5820benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8630aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.8630dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		5.1550isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
rcc 36
RCC 36: structure given in first source		2.420
centchroman
Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.		2.1310
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.4620morpholines
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.98110methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.1710oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.0210organic sulfate salt
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.0710biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.07102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.5920amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		210
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		8.1352
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		8.38411
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		3.8821piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4820divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
lu 25-109
LU 25-109-T: partial muscarinic M1 agonist and presynaptic M2 autoreceptor antagonist		2.0110dihydropyridine
melagatran
[no description available]		2.4420azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0710acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.0410
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		4.2950furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8830benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.7530
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.6120benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.8830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		15.61589isoquinolines
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0410
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cortisone
[no description available]		3.161011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propargylamine
propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.1710
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.8730acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		13.39364
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.89301-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0410aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.4720acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		1.9610
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.8730amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		6.87711,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.110
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		5.9122peptide
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0410D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.6120coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.4920monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.5570cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.0940alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.89301-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.5820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.4620cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.5670L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		7.4120benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.8530acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.1402,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.0410
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		3.8730piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8730L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0810organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.4820aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		3.8730acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.0210
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
mepirodipine
mepirodipine: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (S,S)-isomer		2.0710dihydropyridine
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.61203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		9.5370tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410alkaloidgeroprotector
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0810organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		13.574141-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.0540cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.7430amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.8361retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0210butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.8830resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.5370octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.4560macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		3.6280D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0410dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.5820dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.4420benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.23102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0810alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.0940
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.5820epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.2950macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.0710olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.0410acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.87302'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.0410
teniposide
[no description available]		3.8730aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.1310cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.0410cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.620actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.8730L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.0410fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.2950nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		210acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.110organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.21102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.5320stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.4110olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		14.615319morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		4.3730vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.1710diphosphate ion
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		4.5851oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0410purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.2750pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.4920
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.7330chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.8530ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.4360aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		5.7641N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0410diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.8530aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.140diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.26501,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.9940diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.5670monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		21.948127capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.5920acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.89302-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.2310dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.4260cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.5920
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.6780stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.2310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.5820carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.1240C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.2750
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8830tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.5920aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.0710iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		1.9610alkali metal atom
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		3.711salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.4620steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.1140beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		4.4160cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.61201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.110
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.680
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0510organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
4-nitrocaramiphen
[no description available]		2.0810C-nitro compound
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.0840triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.43602-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
tanikolide
tanikolide: structure in first source		2.0510
quercetin
[no description available]		2.75307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		4.7532prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.4711monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.930D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.1710
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4820prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.8830hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		3.3510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.0410harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.9330antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4620oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		5.86111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8830
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.0840dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		10.8461aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.6120carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		3.87302-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.5820hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
daidzein
[no description available]		2.07107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.0410flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4720quinolines
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.07102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0810amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.2310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0810enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.140retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.2310prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.5820N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
codeine
[no description available]		4.0940morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.88100homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9210hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0810antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.8830acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.462017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		4.8430aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		5.0831morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		4.0940morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.6120pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.2310carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.4620morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		5.71140morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		9.81135organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.620morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.9130antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.6120cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		12.563411
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		15.92277morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0810
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.211011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		210
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.0410dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		12.22498heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		4.1540medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0810isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		3.8630organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0940phenylalanine derivative
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.5820acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
cl 316243
disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0510
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.8830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
su 11248
[no description available]		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.2750dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0810ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.6530alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		6.0881cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.58206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		710morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.2750morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.0840cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8730dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.2310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.6120azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.7890dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.8930styrenes
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.8630dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.1250butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.2510cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.8130carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.8730dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.58203-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		3.86301,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5820cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
ceftazidime
[no description available]		3.8630cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.6120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		10.22123gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		3.4511
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.0410cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
famotidine
[no description available]		4.41601,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		10.3350carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		3.8630beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0810cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.110acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.0410
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.8830azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.0410amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
imidafenacin
imidafenacin: structure in first source		5.280diarylmethane
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.0410carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
himbacine
himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.		210gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
piperidine alkaloid		muscarinic antagonist
everolimus
[no description available]		3.9430cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
oxepins
Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.		2.0310
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0810carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.5820cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.830
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.5370imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.4920isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.0840
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0810roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.6120cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.4620artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.8730macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.8930diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		10.49172diarylmethane
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.8721biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.2310
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		3.1710
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.0410
pnu 200577
5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine: a metabolite of tolterodine		3.821diarylmethane
a-317491
A-317491: structure in first source		2.4520
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ether
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.0710aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		8.671521,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
cp 724714
2-methoxy-N-(3-(4-((3-methyl-4-((6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-6-quinazolinyl)-2-propenyl)acetamide: CP-724714 is the ((2E)-isomer, 1:1.5 succinate); structure in first source		2.1102-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.5220aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
tak 637
TAK 637: structure in first source		2.4120
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.0410
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		3.4711
hki 272
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		7.1710fatty acid ester
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.2110
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		4.1140aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0710
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.5920homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.1110alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination
Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.		2.2510
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5920nystatins
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.1331
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		8.02243
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		3.5320
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.0410
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.6620
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		1.9810
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.0210
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		4.7351peptide hormone
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.8730heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
liraglutide
[no description available]		2.1510lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.3110
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.110
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		5.2101glycoside
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		4.51200
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.6120organosulfonic acid
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0410bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		4.9621
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		19.419040tartrate salt
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		9.97226
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.5911
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.110
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.0440
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		4.3711polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		5.8532ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.89100
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0410
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.8630
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.2850
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		4.1240monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.780benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.4620aromatic amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.47601,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.7530heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4620benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.4260benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.8930sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0410
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8730
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.1710
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0710
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.3110
sorbitan monolaurate
sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol		2.1310
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9210
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.1110
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		2.0210
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.0810
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.110
humulin s
Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.		3.1130
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		2.1510
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		8.22116
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		210
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.0640
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		2.0410
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.61202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		5.17802-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.08103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.4560folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.97110cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		5.02120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.4360dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.4360purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.55702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.0720L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		3.5820piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.4760benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.04102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.5820imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.7990nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.5820formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.5820carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0810citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
vardenafil dihydrochloride
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.		3.4211
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.2750
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
eye
[no description available]		3.5611
quillaja saponins
Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.		2.4820
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		2.1110
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.5520
vamicamide
vamicamide: a potent anticholinergic drug; structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		1.9810
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.4720
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.5320
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		4.3611
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		011.6733
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3620
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.3620
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		124300120
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		017.3613248
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		119.3613248
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		021.6123799
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		123.6123799
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.3870
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.3870
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		09.88135
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		09.88135
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.0710
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.7593
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.91440
Itching
[description not available]		08.34153
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		07.7593
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		08.34153
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		010.41912
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		112.41912
Amentia
[description not available]		08.18133
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		08.18133
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		05.1291
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		010.1291
Bedwetting
[description not available]		09.52217
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		114.15311
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		09.52217
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		011.7872
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		06.7872
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		011.323312
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		011.323312
Pelvic Floor Diseases
[description not available]		03.5210
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		011.861810
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		011.861810
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		06.8493
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.2731
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.732010
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		06.8493
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		02.8220
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		07.8220
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		08.94152
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		013.94152
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		112.5461
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		016.066922
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		118.066922
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		010.7261
Ache
[description not available]		015.448528
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		020.448528
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		05.1831
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		010.1831
Urge Incontinence
[description not available]		011.533020
Urinary Incontinence, Urge
Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).		113.533020
Nycturia
[description not available]		08.395
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5120
Nocturia
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).		08.395
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.250
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		08.250
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.2110
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		010.2262
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		07.52172
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		010.8281
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		07.52172
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		05.79112
Xerophthalmia
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.		02.2510
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		08.4170
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.5720
Eczema, Dyshidrotic
A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		07.5720
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.2510
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		07.1273
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		07.1273
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		04.7132
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.7132
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		010.64197
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		018.824610
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		09.1431
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		014.484332
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.3110
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		014.484332
Bruxism, Nocturnal
[description not available]		02.3110
Bleeding
[description not available]		03.9840
Sweat Gland Diseases
Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.		02.3110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		03.9840
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.7730
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		02.7830
Prodromal Characteristics
[description not available]		03.2310
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		08.52113
Hidrocystoma
A cystic form of sweat gland adenoma (ADENOMA, SWEAT GLAND). It is produced by the cystic proliferation of apocrine secretory glands. It is not uncommon, occurring in adult life in no particular age group, with males and females equally affected. The commonest site is around the eye, particularly lateral to the outer canthus. It is cured by surgical removal. (Stedman, 25th ed; Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2410)		07.1510
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland
[description not available]		02.1510
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		02.1510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.592113
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.592113
Asialia
[description not available]		012.392812
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		012.392812
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		09.23118
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		09.23118
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		011.631410
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		02.1710
Dermal Sinus
[description not available]		03.821
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.1710
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		012.4182
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		07.4182
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		012.342410
Acrania
[description not available]		04.341
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		04.341
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.940
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.940
Recrudescence
[description not available]		012.12014
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.0810
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		07.4820
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.5420
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.0810
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		02.0810
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.63131
Daytime Urinary Incontinence
[description not available]		06.1660
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		015.026220
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		05.9591
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.31121
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.0810
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		07.7830
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.7830
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		07.95165
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		07.95165
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.0110
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		014.134812
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		015.577017
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.0110
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.0110
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		06.6361
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.0110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.0110
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		014.134812
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.1110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.5592
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.5592
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		03.8421
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.0310
Prostatism
Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.		03.0310
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.4620
Acne
[description not available]		03.4420
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.9720
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		03.4420
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.9720
ADDH
[description not available]		08.9584
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		08.9584
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.3820
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		09.94145
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		09.94145
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.5311
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0410
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		04.8771
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.0410
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.0410
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		02.0410
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		02.0410
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		05.0452
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		05.0452
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		07.1182
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		06.5244
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.5244
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.942
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.942
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		04.1431
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		04.1431
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		02.0510
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.0610
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.0610
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		09.82198
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.0610
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		02.0610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		06.5161
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		06.8793
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		06.8793
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		06.5161
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.6530
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.4220
Drooling
[description not available]		04.4441
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.6530
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.4220
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		09.4441
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		08.4186
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		010.04125
Varices
[description not available]		02.0610
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.0610
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		010.0752
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		03.4711
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4920
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.5420
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.0810
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.5420
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.4920
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		05.7771
Encopresis
Incontinence of feces not due to organic defect or illness.		02.0110
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.3420
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.3420
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.411
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		05.7522
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		05.7522
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		09.93118
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.5632
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		09.93118
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.411
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.411
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		05.8481
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9410
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9410
Diverticula, Esophageal
[description not available]		01.9410
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		01.9410
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		01.9410
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.3720
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9410
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9410
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		01.9410
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		01.9410
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9410
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		03.411
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		05.63102
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		05.63102
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.9310
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.9310
Dermatoses
[description not available]		06.7481
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		08.5283
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.9310
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		06.7481
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		03.3770
Cyst
[description not available]		02.9310
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		011.871711
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		011.871711
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.8221
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		015.316012
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0210
Emesis
[description not available]		08.14121
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.8221
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		015.316012
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		08.14121
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.8121
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.8121
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		03.7821
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.7521
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.9410
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.9410
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		04.7521
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		016.666126
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		016.666126
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		06.6761
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		06.6761
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		03.1650
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		03.1650
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		02.0310
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		05.16160
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.0310
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.0310
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		07.43102
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.7130
Allergy, Latex
[description not available]		02.0310
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		07.43102
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.7130
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		010.42165
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		03.2150
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		015.116626
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		015.116626
Impotence
[description not available]		03.4211
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.4211
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.3720
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		03.3720
Convergent Strabismus
[description not available]		02.0310
Esotropia
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.		07.0310
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.0410
Myelopathy
[description not available]		03.4311
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		03.4311
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.4920
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.4920
Bewilderment
[description not available]		06.8381
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.0410
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		0340
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0410
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		0340
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.3720
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		07.3820
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.6930
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		01.9810
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		02.7430
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9810
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		06.9810
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.6630
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.3520
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.3520
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9810
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.910
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.910
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		011.521310
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		011.521310
Heatstroke
[description not available]		06.9910
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		01.9910
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.3760
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.3760
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.420
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.3941
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.420
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		0761
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		0761
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.7721
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3811
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.3811
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.3811
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		08.35173
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		012.271610
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0831
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		08.35173
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		012.271610
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.4620
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.7730
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.7730
Arousal Disorders, Sleep
[description not available]		02.9210
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0110
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0110
Bladder Exstrophy
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.		02.0110
Epispadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.		02.0110
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		03.3411
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		01.9810
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		01.9810
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		01.9710
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		01.9710
Action Tremor
[description not available]		01.9710
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		01.9710
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		01.9710
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		01.9710
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.6630
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		01.9710
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		03.3611
Neuroses
[description not available]		03.3611
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		03.3611
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.7430
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		01.9710
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.7430
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		01.9710
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.4220
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.420
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		01.9610
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		01.9610
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		01.9610
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		012.08246
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		012.08246
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.3110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		08.0693
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		08.0693
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.01111
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		07.01111
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.3110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		05.02120
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		05.02120
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		03.9821
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		010.73138
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		010.73138
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.		02.8530
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		06.5882
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.6920
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		06.5882
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.6920
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		07.9892
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		03.811
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		09.32408
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		09.32408
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.86110
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.86110
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.4110
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.4110
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.610
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.610
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.610
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.610
Allergy, Peanut
[description not available]		06.9142
Peanut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.		06.9142
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		03.9911
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		03.9911
Apoplexy
[description not available]		08.9494
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.5241
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		04.5241
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		08.9494
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.4260
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.4260
Anticholinergic Syndrome
Adverse drug effects associated with CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS. Clinical features include TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTHERMIA; MYDRIASIS, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and HALLUCINATIONS; PSYCHOSES; SEIZURES; and COMA in central anticholinergic syndrome.		02.6620
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		08.55102
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.55102
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.8330
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.8330
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		06.33230
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		06.33230
Adipocere
[description not available]		03.0340
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		03.5911
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		03.5911
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		03.5911
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		013.433320
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		03.5911
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		02.5920
Hives
[description not available]		02.2110
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		02.5920
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.2110
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		09.69116
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		09.69116
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.8530
Benedict Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Light Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.2110
Lassitude
[description not available]		05.1631
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		05.1631
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.930
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.930
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		03.1210
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.5222
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.2510
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.2510
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.2510
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.2510
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.2110
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		03.4820
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		03.4820
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		05.142
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		02.2510
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		05.142
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		02.2510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.3160
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		05.4222
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		05.4222
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.8230
Grippe
[description not available]		05.3362
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		05.3362
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		08.89105
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		08.89105
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		09.22103
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.2510
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		09.22103
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.2510
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		0421
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		0421
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.2510
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.2510
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		02.2510
Pain, Breakthrough
[description not available]		05.1831
Metastase
[description not available]		04.8421
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		04.8421
Breakthrough Pain
Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication.		05.1831
Rubeola
[description not available]		03.4620
Measles, German
[description not available]		03.1710
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		03.4620
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.8830
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.2850
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		09.11119
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.9430
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.2950
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.9430
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.9430
Aura
[description not available]		02.2510
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.2510
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.9421
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		03.9421
Chloasma
[description not available]		03.1710
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		03.1710
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.2510
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.2510
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.6320
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.5920
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		05.1431
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.2510
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.6320
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		05.1431
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.2510
Tachypnea
Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.		02.2510
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		02.8630
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.8630
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.9842
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		05.5172
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		05.5172
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.331
Ectopic Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.2310
Pregnancy, Ectopic
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (		03.2310
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.5320
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.5320
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		02.2510
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.2510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.2510
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.2510
Allergy, Wheat
[description not available]		02.3110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.2160
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		03.2160
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		04.9742
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		02.3110
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		014.322816
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		014.322816
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		04.622
Acute Thrombotic Stroke
[description not available]		03.711
Cardio-embolic Stroke
[description not available]		03.711
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		03.711
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		04.622
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		03.711
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.2350
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		03.2350
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		07.1662
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.3110
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		02.3110
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		02.3110
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.3110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.3110
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		06.3251
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		06.3251
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.3110
Tardive Dystonia
[description not available]		02.3110
Tardive Dyskinesia
Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).		02.3110
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		07.9262
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.5311
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.5420
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.5420
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		06.2571
Sprains
[description not available]		05.0731
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		03.8921
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		05.0731
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		06.2571
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.520
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.520
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.8130
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		02.1510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.6390
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.8130
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		02.1510
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.6390
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.1510
Bed Sores
[description not available]		04.2231
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		04.2231
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.5520
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.5520
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		04.8321
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		04.8321
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1510
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.1510
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		03.5311
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		03.5311
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		03.5311
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		03.5311
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		04.4341
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.1510
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.1510
Childhood Tic Disorders
[description not available]		03.5311
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		03.9421
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		03.9421
Infection
[description not available]		04.8221
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		04.8221
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		05.6732
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.5311
Back Ache
[description not available]		09.5196
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.5311
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		09.5196
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		03.5311
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.231
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.231
Allodynia
[description not available]		06.8264
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0140
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.5220
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.1510
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		09.87124
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		09.87124
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.5320
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.5320
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1510
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.1710
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.1710
Verruca
[description not available]		06.1133
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		06.1133
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.1710
Hay Fever
[description not available]		04.4922
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		16.4922
Salivary Gland Fistula
A fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity.		02.1710
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		03.9221
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		03.9221
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.1710
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1710
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		02.1710
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.		02.1710
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		03.0910
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		04.4811
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		04.4811
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		07.9264
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		07.9264
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.1710
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.1710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.1710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		03.5611
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		03.5611
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5120
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.0910
Blood Clot
[description not available]		03.9320
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		03.9320
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.0910
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.0910
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		05.0242
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		05.0242
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.5220
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.5220
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.1710
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		02.1710
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		06.1632
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		06.1632
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		02.2110
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		02.2110
Menopause, Premature
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.		02.5320
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		08.2352
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		08.2352
Dry Eye
[description not available]		03.9321
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		03.9321
HPV Infection
[description not available]		03.5911
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		03.5911
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		08.6666
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		08.6666
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		03.9420
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.5420
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.5420
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.1710
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		03.9321
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		03.9321
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.7430
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.7430
Frigidity
[description not available]		03.9520
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		03.9520
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		03.9821
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1710
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		03.9821
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		04.4540
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.6120
Gender Dysphoria
A marked difference between the individual’s expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from DSM-5)		02.2110
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.6120
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		04.4540
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.4222
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.5820
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.5820
Stretch Marks
[description not available]		02.2110
Striae Distensae
Linear dermal scars accompanied by epidermal atrophy that affects skin that is subjected to continuous stretching. They usually do not cause any significant medical problems, only cosmetic problems.		02.2110
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		04.8421
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		04.8421
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		05.8141
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.2110
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.2110
Glenoid Labral Tears
[description not available]		02.2110
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		02.2110
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		02.2110
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.		02.2110
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		03.5911
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		03.5911
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.2131
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.2131
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.2110
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		02.2110
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.2110
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.2110
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.2110
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2110
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.2110
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		03.5520
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.2110
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		03.5520
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.5911
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		03.5911
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.0810
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		04.3911
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		04.3911
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		0310
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		0310
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		0310
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.4820
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.4820
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.0810
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.0810
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.0810
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		05.3522
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		05.3522
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.7332
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		04.7332
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.0810
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.0810
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		05.721
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		05.721
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		03.420
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.		02.0810
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		03.8721
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.0810
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		03.8721
Keratosis Seborrheica
[description not available]		03.921
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.4711
Keratosis, Seborrheic
Benign eccrine poromas that present as multiple oval, brown-to-black plaques, located mostly on the chest and back. The age of onset is usually in the fourth or fifth decade.		03.921
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.6461
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.6461
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		05.6432
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		05.6432
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		05.0731
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.110
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.110
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.0810
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		04.3911
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4811
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.4811
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		05.0931
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.4522
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		03.4711
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		03.4711
Joint Pain
[description not available]		0633
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		05.7554
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		0633
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		05.7554
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.420
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		03.420
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		04.411
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		04.411
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4811
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		08.0565
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.4811
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.4811
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral
[description not available]		04.7921
Tennis Elbow
A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.		04.7921
Air Sickness
[description not available]		02.110
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		02.110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.9940
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
[description not available]		012.78192
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.		012.78192
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.110
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.110
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.4811
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.4811
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.4811
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		03.4811
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		04.411
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.4820
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.4820
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4920
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.7830
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.4920
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.7830
Coracohumeral Impingement
[description not available]		04.1831
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Compression of the ROTATOR CUFF tendons and subacromial bursa between the HUMERAL HEAD and the ACROMION of the SCAPULA. This condition is associated with subacromial BURSITIS, as well as rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon INFLAMMATION.		04.1831
Chills
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.		02.110
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.4920
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.7730
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4920
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		02.110
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.110
Breast Pain
[description not available]		04.4111
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		05.8522
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		05.8522
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		05.8522
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		05.8522
Mastodynia
Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.		04.4111
AIDS Nephropathy
[description not available]		03.511
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy
Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.		03.511
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		03.511
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		03.511
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		03.511
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.1110
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.1110
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.1110
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		02.110
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.1110
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.1110
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.1110
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.1110
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.1310
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements
[description not available]		03.9121
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		03.5111
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		03.5111
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.0410
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.0410
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		03.0310
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		03.0310
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		010.71160
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.1310
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.1310
Lentigines
[description not available]		02.1510
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.1510
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.5120
Esophageal Spasm
[description not available]		02.1510
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.5120
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.3221
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		05.3221
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.0610
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.1310
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.1310
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		03.5111
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.1310
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.1310
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.1310
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.1310
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.1310
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.1310
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		03.8921
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		03.8921
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.5111
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3620
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.1510
Injuries, Needlestick
[description not available]		02.1510
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.1510
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.3620
Hydrophobia
[description not available]		02.1310
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.3720
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		02.1310
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		02.1310
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.1310
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.1310
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.1510
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.1510
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		03.0610
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		03.0610
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		03.0610
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
A condition in which a woman suffers from severe depression, irritability, and tension before MENSTRUATION. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) may involve a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms, which are more severe and debilitating than those seen with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and which include at least one mood-related symptom. Symptoms usually stop when, or shortly after, menstruation begins.		03.0610
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		03.0610
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		01.9210
Blue Nevi
[description not available]		01.9210
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		03.4411
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		03.4411
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		03.4411
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.0510
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		04.7721
Bruise
[description not available]		02.9710
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.9710
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.0510
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		02.0510
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.0510
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		02.9710
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.9710
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9210
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		01.9210
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		01.9210
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		01.9210
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.4122
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		07.1243
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		07.1243
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.8621
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.8621
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		05.6232
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		05.6232
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.4511
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		04.3711
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		16.3711
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		04.3711
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0610
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0610
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.9810
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.9810
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		02.9810
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.0710
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0710
As If Personality
[description not available]		04.3911
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		04.3911
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		04.3911
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		04.7821
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		04.7821
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		02.0610
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.0610
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0610
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.		02.0610
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.0610
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		02.0610
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.0610
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0610
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.0610
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		04.0231
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		04.0231
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.0710
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.0710
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.0710
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		02.0710
Activated Protein C Resistance
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.		02.0710
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.0710
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.0710
Glue Abuse
[description not available]		02.0710
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0710
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.0710
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		02.0710
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		03.4611
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		03.4611
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		02.9910
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		03.4611
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		03.4611
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		04.3711
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.		02.0710
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		02.0810
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		07.544
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.0810
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.0810
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.1860
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9310
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9310
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		01.9310
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		01.9210
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		01.9210